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Trollius L. – plant genus of Ranunculaceae Juss. family that has decorative and practical applications. Onthe territory of Siberia, the greatest diversity of representatives is noted. During the study, a population genetic analysis for7 populations of T. asiaticus, 2 populations of T. vitalii and 1 population of T. sibiricus was carried out. Revealed 114 loci,the total polymorphism of which is 98.25 %. The number of amplified fragments is related to the primer and range from27 (17899A) to 32 (ISSR-17 and HB14). GST is 0,5186, therefore, the studied populations have a high degree of differentiation according to the classification of Wright’s classification and are divided into separate species. On the dendrogram of population similarity, 2 clusters are distinguished, one of which is formed by populations belonging to the speciesT. sibiricus. The second cluster includes populations of T. asiaticus and T. vitalii. A separate group that, probably, belongsto T. austrosibiricus Erst et Luferov is formed by the Baikal and Idzhim populations. When constructing a tree for individual representatives, a clear division of populations into separate groups is observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotidesequences of the ITS regions, chloroplast genes matK and rbcL revealed the absence of significant differences between thespecies T. asiaticus, T. vitalii, T. kolonok, T. europaeus L., T. altaicus, and T. sibiricus. SNPs were noted in the matK sequences in T. europaeus, T. altaicus, and T. kolonok.

The karyotypes (chromosome sets) of Trollius austrosibiricus, T. kytmanovii, and T. riederianus have been investigated for the first time. The karyotype formula has been obtained as 2n = 2x =16 = 2m + 2m/sm + 12sm for Trollius austrosibiricus and T. riederianus, and 2n = 2x =16 = 4m + 12sm for T. kytmanovii. A comparative analysis of the chromosome sets was conducted for these three species and the previously studied Trollius altaicus, T. asiaticus, T. ledebourii, and T. lilacinus (Hegemone lilacina) for several karyological parameters. The average absolute nuclear DNA content (2?-value) was originally determined for Trollius austrosibiricus, T. kytmanovii, T. ledebourii, and T. riederianus by flow cytometry.

The article presents the results of measuring the DNA content by flow cytometry for 6 species of thegenus Trapa L.: Trapa manshurica Fler. (2C = 1.03 pg), T. hankensis Pshenn. (2C = 1.47 pg), T. incisa Siebold & Zucc.(2C = 0.83 pg), T. maximowiczii Korsh. (2C = 0.94 pg), T. pseudoincisa Nakai (2C = 2.18 pg). For T. japonica Fler. twocytotypes 1.12 and 2.07 pg. were identified. Thus, plant flow cytometry is a fast and efficient way to study representativesof the genus Trapa to look for variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy levels.

Trichoderma isolates (SSBGT07, SSBGT08, SSBGT09, SSBGT10) were isolated from the soil samples of the South-Siberian Botanical Garden and identified using morphological observation and ITS region analysis as Trichoderma harzianum, T. asperellum, T. ghanense, and T. longibranchiatum. Antagonistic activity against Cladosporium sp. and Botrytis sp. was evaluated in vitro. All isolates showed antagonistic effect by competition against Cladosporium sp. T. asperellum and T. longibranchiatum showed antagonism against Botrytis sp. All isolates showed hyper sporulation on the sclerotia of Botrytis sp. (except the T. ghanense) and colonies of the Cladosporium sp. Our study provides new isolates that affect the Cladosporium sp. and Botrytis sp.

For the territory of the Altay Mountain are the location of new fern species belonging to families of Athyriaceae, Cryptogrammaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Hypolepidaceae, Onocleaceae, Polypodiaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Woodsiaceae.

Data on differentiation of the polyploid complex of Suaeda corniculata (C.A. Mey.) Bunge in East Siberia based on variability of morphological characteristics, karyological analysis, and genetic polymorphism in inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were given for the first time. It was established that the samples studied belonged to three cytotypes: diploids (2n = 2x = 18), tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36) and hexaploids (2n = 6x = 54). The analysis of variability of morphological characteristics by the method of principal coordinates showed division of the samples into three separate groups. On the basis of morphological and molecular-genetic methods, a genetically differentiated diploid population was revealed in Yakutia.

The flow cytometry-based DNA analysis of leaf blade cells from 18 species and one subspecies of the subfamily Chenopodioideae (Amaranthaceae) revealed three histogram peaks typical for the presence of endopolyploidy. Although endopolyploidy is the most common ploidy in plants, this phenomenon was not previously found in such a large number of wild species of Chenopodioideae. It was also so far not reported for Suaeda, Dysphania and Oxybasis. Neither analysis of ploidy level by light microscopy nor flow cytometry revealed endopolyploid nuclei in root meristems. Endopolyploid cells were found in leaf blades and stems in all samples. The highest level of endopolyploidy was found in Suaeda. We also found that endopolyploidy is usually found in diploid species of Chenopodium, Dysphania, Oxybasis and Suaeda. The endopolyploidy from hexaploid samples of Suaeda tuvinica and octaploid Suaeda sibirica was not revealed.

Fifteen Brunnera sibirica cenopopulations have been studied. Morphological and genetic investigations reveal increasing variability and high level of correlation between morphological features (according to decreased sizes of vegetation organs) during the first years after deforestation in fir and aspen forests. High morphological and genetic variability is typical for mountain fir forests, pine–birch, and pine forests.

In our study, 15 representatives of the genus Potentilla L. were analyzed to obtain the relative DNA content and monoploid genome size in the seeds by flow cytometry method. For these Potentilla species, except P. argentea and P. norvegica, DNA content and genome size are revealed for the first time. As a result, the following data were obtaining: representatives of the older section Desertae are diploids with the large monoploid genome size. The genome of P. asiatica (Chrysanthae section) are decrease up to 0.35 pg, while the ploidy is increased to 4. Representatives of the Multifidae and Supinae section are presented with tetra- and hexaploid species with the 0.3 pg of the monoploid genome size. In section Tanacetifoliae are observed a further decrease of the genome size, representatives basically tetraploids. Thus, in the genome size evolution of a Potentilla genera are observed the increase of ploidy with significant reductions in monoploid genome size. This fact proves the general theory of genome evolution of angiosperms, directed towards its reduction. Linear regression analysis was showed a positive correlation between chromosome number and genome size of the representatives of the Potentilla genera. This suggests that between genome size and the number of chromosomes in Potentilla species are linear dependence. Pearson correlation analysis confirmed this result: the correlation coefficient is 0.97 at P

As a result of the research we obtained a cDNA library, sequences and carried out de novo assembly and functional annotation of the transcriptome of systematically complex, almost cosmopolitan Taraxacum officinale. Systematics of the species is complicated because of separation of many microspecies and intraspecific taxa, which may be explained by the presence of ploidy races, the phenomenon of apomixis and significant polymorphism. Attempts of separation of microspecies and closely related species based on sequencing of chloroplast and nuclear DNA fragments, did not give acceptable results. We have made the first attempt to analyze the transcriptome for understanding the genome evolution of agamospermous-sexual complex of the species. A total of 84440 reads were obtained with a total 31,540,710 bp. As a result of the de novo assembly, we obtained 13902 contigs, with an average GC content equal to 38.1% and a maximum length of 5255 bp. In total, we received 3798 annotated genes. According to the functional annotation based on sequence homology, 2687 contigs were attributed to biological processes (19.32%), 3299 – to molecular functions (23.7%), 2157 – to the cellular component (15.51%) and 7497 contigs – with unknown functions. In the first category “single-organism cellular process”, “response to stimulus”, “photosynthesis-light reaction”, “oxidation-reduction” and “translation” have dominated. In the category of molecular function “nucleic acid binding”, “hydrolase activity”, “transferase” and “oxidoreductase” activities have dominated. In the cellular component category “integral component of membrane”, “chloroplast thylakoid membrane”, “photosystems” and “nucleus” have dominated.

For the territory of the Altay Mountain are the location of a number of new species of ferns belonging to families of Aspleniaceae, Botrychiaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Polypodiaceae, Sinopteridaceae.

Simplicillium lanosoniveum isolate SSBG2 was isolated from the diseased C. hesper collected from Schefflera octophylla in greenhouse of the South-Siberian Botanical Garden, and identified based on morphological observation and ITS region analysis. The infected plants were inoculated with conidial suspension of the isolate SSBG2 in concentrations 1.0*105/mL. It was showed that after inoculation the C. hesper female adults were more vulnerable to infection. Larvae are affected to a lesser extent. The mycelium grows under the scale and cause the death of the insect. It was indicated that S. lanosoniveum had high infectivity against C. hesper. Infection symptoms appeared on day 7 after the inoculation, the infection reached the peak on day 20. Our study provides a new isolate that affects the Coccus hesperidum.

We presented results of variations in the ploidy level and the genome size of the R. acetosa regenerants. These regenerants was obtained by indirect and direct morphogenesis in in vitro culture. Explants were prepared from seedlings on the three-leaf stage of plant development. More than 100 explants were used to stimulate the indirect and direct morphogenesis. Mesophilic explants were cultured on the MS nutrient medium containing auxin to callus proliferation (2 mg/L NAA, 1 mg/L BA). Cultivation of the callus was maintained for 4 weeks followed by an indirect morphogenes. Indirect morphogenesis stimulated on the MS medium with cytokinin and gibberellic acid predominance (0.5 mg/L BA, 0.2 mg/L GA3). Direct stimulate morphogenesis from the apical meristem of seedlings on nutrient media with a predominance of cytokinins (1 mg/L BA, 0.25 mg/L NAA). Rhizogenesis have stimulated by transferring of the regenerants to the ½MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L of NAA. Research of a ploidy level and genome size was performed by flow cytometry used propidium iodide staining with Vicia faba cv “Innovec” (2C=26.90 pg) as internal DNA standard. We calculated the relative DNA content (2C) for R. acetosa equal to 6,98 pg. Cytogenetical analisis showed that the maximum genome size variation recorded for regenerants obtained through the indirect morphogenesis. Variations in the genome size of the regenerants obtained by direct morphogenesis deviates from the control group to 0.30 pg (2С=7.28 pg) and after indirect morphogenesis to 1.04 pg (2С=8.2 pg). Cytogenetical analysis of the regenerated plants showed the presence of different somatic chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 14 to 2n = 28. The relative DNA content of tetraploid forms was 11.87 pg. In our study was shown, that the most effective method of plant conservation in the in vitro culture is a direct morphogenesis. Analysis of the relative nuclear DNA content and chromosome counts of regenerants obtained by indirect morphogenesis from the callus cultures showed significant variations in the DNA content, as well as the appearance of polyploid forms. Therefore, long-term cultivation of callus cultures increases the probability of genomic aberrations, which reduces the stability of the plant genome.

The article discusses the species independence of Polystichum subtripteron Tzvel. The spore structure and size of 2 closely related species – P. subtripteron and P. tripteron were studied. Morphological differences of fronds fit into the overall range of variation; there are no differences in the spore external structure. DNA fragment analysis (ISSR) of 19 specimens of both species was conducted. Fragment analysis revealed no significant differences between P. tripteron and P. subtripteron samples. All differences are probably due to genetic isolation of populations, and the island populations are closer together. On the basis of the research we conclude that in the Far East one species Polystichum tripteron grows, and P. subtripteron can be considered its synonym.

The increase of bacterial resistance to synthobiotics makes it relevant to search for new medicinal materials with antibiotic properties. Antimicrobials based on plants represent a huge untapped source of medicines. Antibiotic properties of 34 plant species of Altai flora are studied in this paper. Extracts from plants were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide. Antimicrobial activity of these extracts was determined by micromethod of serial dilutions in liquid media. Escherichia coli XL-1 blue and Staphylococcus aureus 209 strains were used as test-cultures. Upon the results of the study, the extracts from raw material of Penthaphylloides fruticosa and Ribes nigrum can be considered as the most promising for further pharmacological evaluation as new medicinal materials

Detergents represent a unique class of chemical compounds. They can alter surface and interphase bonds, and form micellar systems. These detergent properties allow to alter wettability of surfaces, stabilize or destabilize dispersed systems, and modify the properties of liquid phases. Therefore, the use of detergents is virtually unlimited in chemical synthesis and processing, medicine, biological systems and agricultural biology. The article includes the studies of the feasibility of application of 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane modified by polyalkylene oxide in combination with allyloxypolyethyleneglycol in the ratio of 10:1 as a detergent for agrobacterial-mediated transformation. Tween 20 detergent was used as a means of control in the concentration of 5%. As a result of histochemical analysis of transformed tissues, a significant difference was determined in expression of beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. The study of gene expression by calculating the relative content of mRNA showed that the initial number of mRNA copies of genetic makers transfected by co-culturing in a liquid medium with addition of Tween 20 is on the average 32% lower than when using modified heptamethyltrisiloxane

Two new taxa of Potentilla found in the Altai mountain region are described and illustrated: P. smirnovii from Central Altai, P. schmakovii from Mongolian Altai. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

In this article problems of standardization in flow cytometry researches are discussed. Authors propose some new species of greenhouse plants to use as standards. Data of the relative nuclear DNA content of the species is presented. Nuclear genome sizes have been reported: Ficus benjamina 2С = 1.07 pg, Euryops chrysanthemoides 2С = 2.70 pg, Schefflera octophylla 2С = 4.65 pg, ×Fatshedera lizei 2С = 6.34 pg, Davallia mariesii 2С = 15.37 pg, Zamioculcas zamiifolia 2С = 48.35 pg., В сообщении обсуждаются проблемы, возникающие при установлении стандартов в исследованиях по проточной цитометрии. Авторами предлагается к использованию ряд новых видов оранжерейных растений в качестве стандартов. Приводятся данные об относительном содержании их ДНК. Установлено, что для Ficus benjamina 2С = 1,07 пг, Euryops chrysanthemoides 2С=2,70 пг, Schefflera octophylla 2С = 4,65 пг, × Fatshedera lizei 2С = 6,34 пг, Davallia mariesii 2С = 15,37 пг, Zamioculcas zamiifolia 2С = 48,35 пг.

Stachys sylvatica – реликт третичных широколиственных лесов гор Южной Сибири. Проведен анализ модификационной и генетической изменчивости признаков 11 ценопопуляций Stachys sylvatica, произрастающих в сообществах гор Южной Сибири. Выявлено, что данный вид встречается в хвойных (пихтовых, сосновых, кедровых, кедрово-пихтовых и кедрово-сосновых), осиновых, липовых лесах, а также в прирусловых ивняках и черемушниках. Климатический ареал вида ограничен годовым количеством осадков 500–1250 мм, суммами активных температур 1600–2050 °С и высотным распространением от 150 до 700 м над ур. м. При изучении состояния ценопопуляций S. sylvatica определяли численность, проективное покрытие, оценивали морфологическую изменчивость вегетативных и генеративных признаков. Для установления достоверности различий между среднепопуляционными значениями одноименных признаков использовали однофакторный дисперсионный анализ. Выявлено, что большинство морфометрических признаков характеризуются средним и высоким уровнем изменчивости. Генетическую вариабельность вида выявляли с помощью метода RAF-PCR (Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting). Проведенный анализ генетической изменчивости ценопопуляций Stachys sylvatica, показал, что для изучаемого вида характерен очень высокий уровень внутрипопуляционного полиморфизма. Максимальный уровень генетической изменчивости отмечен в ценопопуляции, произрастающей на границе ареала. Генофонды всех изученных ценопопуляций характеризуются удовлетворительным состоянием и могут самостоятельно воспроизводиться. Все изученные ценопопуляции чистеца лесного слабо дифференцированы и не проявляют тенденции к образованию новых таксонов. Причем, сходную генетическую структуру обнаруживают ценопопуляции, произрастающие не только в разных частях ареала, но и в сообществах, кардинально различающихся по экологическим и фитоценотическим факторам. При усилении антропогенного воздействия на ценопопуляции наблюдается увеличение размеров генеративных органов Stachys sylvatica. На основе анализа морфологических признаков S. sylvatica выявлено разделение совокупности особей по географическому принципу. Выявлено, что данный вид обладает сравнительно широкой экологической амплитудой и слабой конкурентной способностью. Может поддерживать высокий уровень полиморфизма в стрессовых для других неморальных реликтов условиях. Характеризуется высоким уровнем внутрипопуляционной генетической изменчивости и слабой степенью дифференциации популяций., Stachys sylvatica is Tertiary nemoral relict from the Sout Siberian mountains. Modification and genetic variability of 11 Stachys sylvatica populations from South Siberian mountains were studied. Investigations revealed that S. sylvatica grew in coniferous (spruce, pine, Siberian stone pine, fir, and mixed forests), aspen, linden forests and floodplain habitats. Climatic area of the species is limited to an annual precipitation of 500–1250 mm, effective heat sum 1600–2050 ºC and altitude from 150 to 700 m a.s.l. In the study of the state of the S. sylvatica coenopopulations we determined the population size, projective cover, evaluated the morphological variability of vegetative and genera­tive characteristics. To establish the significance of differences between the average values of the same characters we used ANOVA. It was revealed that most of the morphometric characters had medium and high level of variability. The genetic variability of species we detected by RAF-PCR method (Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting). The analysis of genetic variation of the S. sylvatica coenopopulations showed that the studied species was characterized by a very high level of intra-population polymorphism. The maximum level of genetic variability was observed in the population growing on the border of the species area. Gene pools of all studied coenopopulations have a satisfactory condition and can be reproduced by itself. All studied coenopopulations of Stachys sylvatica are poorly differenti­ated and do not show the tendency to the formation of new taxa. Moreover, a similar genetic structure we have seen in the coenopopulations growing not only in different parts of the area, but also in communities radically different in environmental and phytocenotic conditions. With increasing of anthropogenic impact on coenopopulations we have observed an increase of the size of the generative organs of Stachys sylvatica. The separation of individuals on a geographical basis was revealed based on the analysis of morphological characters of S. sylvatica. Investigations revealed that Stachys sylvatica had wide ecological amplitude and significant variability in the stressed environmental conditions (compared to other nemoral (Tertiary) relicts). It is characterized by a high level of intrapopulation genetic variability and low degree of population differentiation.

The interaction of linear DNA molecules (hydrolysis products of Lambda phage DNA) with nanoscale modifications of titanium dioxide with anatase and η-TiO2 structures is studied. The photosensitization of adsorption and degradation processes of DNA under the effects of visible light is revealed. It is established that the anatase exhibits increased activity towards DNA in a low salt buffer, while η-TiO2 has a higher adsorption capacity in a buffer with high ionic strength. Recommendations on the practical application of nanoscale modifications of titanium dioxide with the structures of anatase and η-TiO2 are given.

В сообщении анализируется подход для генотипирования сортов мягкой и твердой пшениц сибирской селекции. Показано, что при использовании RAF-анализа сорта твердых и мягких пшениц достоверно распределяются в отдельные кластеры с небольшим перекрытием. Однако чистота семенного материала не позволяет определять конкретные сорта достаточно точно, без использования в качестве поверочного контроля эталонных образцов., The report analyzes the approach to genotyping varieties of common and durum wheat. It is shown that using of RAF-analysis 2 separate clusters of common wheat varieties and durum wheat varieties with little overlap. However, the purity of seeds doesn’t allow us to determine the specific varieties for sure without the use of reference samples.

Целью исследований стало изучение влияния способа выделения протопластов на жизне- способность интактных клеток Hippophae rhamnoides L. Основными задачами являлись выделение протопластов H. rhamnoides из каллусной массы комбинацией механического и энзиматического воздействия, а также оценка общего состояния протопластов после выделения и очистки. Объектом исследований стали клетки мезофилла и экспланты мезофилла листа, введенные в культуру in vitro. Предполагается, что значительные повреждения при механическо-энзиматическом способе выделения достигаются не только за счет механических воздействий, но и вследствие выделения полифенольных продуктов жизнедеятельности и распада компонентов клеток. Кроме того, протопласты каллусов являются дедифференцированными и позволяют упростить процесс специализации клеток при проведении различных селекционных и биотехнологических процессов. В результате был установлен оптимальный метод выделения протопластов H. rhamnoides со сниженным уровнем повреждения клеток. Установлено, что важными факторами для максимального выхода протопластов является подбор концентраций D-маннита, выступающего в качестве осмотически активного вещества; подбор концентраций мацерозима R10 и целлюлазы R10; использование тиосульфата натрия в качестве антиоксиданта, а также подбор времени инкубации листовых эксплантов на среде с энзимами., The aim of research was to study the effect of a method of protoplast isolation on Hippophae rhamnoides cell viability. The main objectives were the release of protoplasts H. rhamnoides from callus tissue by a combination of mechanical and enzymatic effects, as well as evaluation of the general state of isolated cells after isolation and purification. The objects of studies were mesophyll cells and leaf mesophyll explants introduced in culture in vitro. It is assumed that considerable damage of cells in the process of mechanical-enzymatic treatment is not only a result of mechanical impact, but also an effect of the release of metabolic products (polyphenolic components) of cells and their decay. Also protoplasts are dedifferentiated and simplify the process of differentiation in various breeding and biotechnological experiments. As a result of the work, an optimized method of H. rhamnoides protoplast isolation with decreased levels of cell damage is set up. It is revealed that important factors for high yield of viable protoplasts are: proper concentration of D-mannite as an osmoticum; proper concentration of cellulase R10 and macerozime R10; use of sodium tiosulfate as an antioxidante; proper time of incubation of leaf explants in medium with enzymes.