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In infusion nursing practice, outcomes research involves identifying and measuring outcomes sensitive to, and most consistent with, current infusion nursing practice and theory. This article discusses what outcomes should be measured in infusion nursing; how to frame the study problem, develop a working research question, and define study variables; and how to design the method for sampling, variable measurement, data collection, and proposed data analysis. The article concludes with a discussion of how to apply research components using retrospective descriptive-comparative and prospective experimental approaches, and details how to write up the final research report.

The Theory of Transcending Options was developed in a grounded theory study of the health behaviors of female single parents. The 2-year study reported in this article is the first statistical test of the associations between the independent variables identified in the theory and the number of health behaviors practiced by divorced women with children. Data on demographics, psychological variables, and social support were collected from 148 women at three points in time over 2 years. These data were entered into three stepwise multiple regression analyses, with health behaviors as the dependent variable. Each analysis was statistically significant. The independent variables that made statistically significant contributions to health behavior practices in one or more of the regression analyses were education, number of years single, depression level, self-esteem, and total social support. The results of this study indicate that further clarification and testing of the theory are warranted.

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Health-Related Hardiness Scale (HRHS). The HRHS was developed to measure the effects of hardiness in individuals with actual health problems. Items were generated that measured the presence, rather than absence, of the hardiness dimensions based on theoretical definitions of health-related control, commitment, and challenge. Two factors were isolated using principal components analysis (n = 389). These two factors, Challenge/Commitment and Control, accounted for 32.1% of variance. Factor loadings were strong, ranging from .41 to .68. Parsimony of the HRHS was achieved by reducing the original 51-item scale to 34 items. Alpha reliability coefficients were .91 for the total scale and .87 for each subscale. Test-retest, reliability coefficients ranged from .74 to .78. The final scale retained only two of the originally conceptualized three dimensions of the health-related hardiness construct.

The prompt ..nu../sub ..mu../ and nu-bar/sub ..mu../ flux produced by 400-GeV protons has been measured with a detector located 56 m from a tungsten target. The cross section for the hadronic production of charm is determined to be 27 +- 4 +- 5 ..mu..b/nucleon subject to the following assumptions: DD-bar production only; A/sup 1/ variation of cross section; and a parametrization of the D-production cross section which is (1-x)/sup 4/ exp(-2m/sub perpendicular/). The ratio of prompt nu-bar/sub ..mu../ flux to prompt ..nu../sub ..mu../ is measured to be 1.12 +- 0.24 +- 0.17, consistent with predominantly DD-bar production.

In an exposure of the Fermilab 15-foot neon-hydrogen bubble chamber to a quadrupole triplet neutrino beam, 49 ..mu../sup -/e/sup +/ and 14 ..mu../sup +/e/sup -/ events with e/sup + -/ momenta greater than 0.3 GeV/c have been observed, yielding ..mu..e rates per charged-current event of (0.73 +- 0.11)% and (1.1 +- 0.3)%, respectively. The ..mu../sup -/e/sup +/ rate shows no strong energy dependence in the range from 30 to 300 GeV. The 18 neutral strange particles observed in the 63 events contain 14 K/sup 0//sub S/, 2 ..lambda.., and 2 ..lambda../K/sup 0//sub S/ ambiguities, suggesting that the events are predominantly D-meson production and decay and that the ..lambda../sup +//sub c/..--> lambda..eX branching ratio is very small. The corrected numbers of neutral strange particles per ..mu../sup -/e/sup +/ and ..mu../sup +/e/sup -/ event are 1.2 +- 0.3 and 0.6/sup +0.6//sub -0.3/, respectively. Properties of the events, including strange-particle production, are compared to ..mu../sup - +/..mu../sup + -/ events in the same experiment and to a charm production and decay model, and good agreement is found, apart from a possible enhancement at approx.5--6 GeV/c/sup 2/ in the mass of the system recoiling against the ..mu../sup +/ in ..mu../sup +/e/sup -/ (and ..mu../supmore » +/..mu../sup -/) events. As reported previously, four events show short-lived-particle decays, and D-meson lifetime estimates are reevaluated using the final event sample. One ..mu../sup +/e/sup +/ and three ..mu../sup -/e/sup -/ events were observed. The ..mu../sup -/e/sup -/ events are consistent with background and lead to a ..mu../sup -/e/sup -//..mu../sup -/e/sup +/ ratio of less than 0.07 (90% confidence level) for e/sup + -/ momenta above 0.8 GeV/c. Five candidates for dilepton production by electron neutrinos and antineutrinos in the beam are consistent with approximately 1% rates. No good three-lepton candidates were found, and one, previously reported, four-lepton candidate was found.« less

In a tungsten beam-dump experiment performed at Fermilab, 1480 neutrino-induced muonless events were observed. The prompt ..nu../sub e/ flux was determined both by subtraction of residual ..nu../sub ..mu../ and nonprompt ..nu../sub e/ interactions and by use of the difference between the longitudinal energy deposition of electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The ratio of the prompt ..nu../sub e/ flux to the ..nu../sub ..mu../ flux was measured to be 0.95 +- 0.12 +- 0.08 for E/sub ..nu../>20 GeV and was consistent with unity throughout the range of energy and transverse momentum accessible to the experiment.

We report observation of a neutrino (antineutrino)-induced event with two electrons, one positron, one positively charged muon, a neutral K meson, and seven gammas in an experiment performed in the FNAL 15-ft. bubble chamber with a 47% atomic mixture of neon in hydrogen. Estimated experimental electron backgrounds are ∼10 −4 per track. At present we have no plausible interpretation of this event.

Examination of a sample of 89 high-energy, neutrino-induced dilepton events produced in the Fermilab 15 ft bubble chamber has resulted in the direct observation of the production and visible semi-leptonic decay of short-lived particles. One charged decay, two neutral decays, and one decay candidate of undetermined charge are found. Assuming these events and the remaining dilepton signal result from D meson decays, we obtain τ D + = 2.5 −1.5 +3.5 × 10 −13 s and τ D 0 = 3.5 −1.7 +3.5 × 10 −13 s, using a maximum likelihood analysis.

The response of a lead-liquid-scintillator calorimeter to electromagnetic and hadronic showers is reported. Operational characteristics, calibration, and the calculation of event energies are discussed. The hadronic resolution is measured to be 0.53 E ( GeV ) ; the electromagnetic resolution 0.27 E ( GeV ) . The charged current interactions of ν e have been identified by exploiting the difference in energy deposition along the beam direction for electron and hadron showers. The efficiency and effectivenes of the technique are discussed.

Muonless events from the prompt-neutrino experiment at Fermilab have been analyzed to set limits on the masses and decays of supersymmetric particles by means of three measurements; (1) the ..nu../sub e//..nu../sub ..mu../ ratio, (2) the rate of events consisting of electromagnetic showers only, and (3) the event rate at large transverse momentum. These limits are based upon the absence of events above our visible energy cutoff of 20 GeV which could be attributed to supersymmetry. Several hypotheses concerning supersymmetric particle decays are considered.

The ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ fluxes from decay of short-lived parents (presumed to be predominantly charmed particles) have been measured in a beam-dump experiment at Fermilab. Novel and important features of the experimental arrangement and procedures are presented and discussed in detail. Details of the analysis of the prompt flux and the backgrounds are presented together with a discussion of the systematic error. The energy and angular distributions of the prompt neutrino flux are presented, and the cross section for charm production is measured to be 57.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8.5 \ensuremath{\mu}b/nucleon. The dependence of the cross section on atomic weight is measured to be ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{c}$\ensuremath{\propto}${A}^{0.75}$. The possibility that charm is produced by a mixture of central and diffractive processes is examined and discussed in the context of these results. The prompt fluxes of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and \ensuremath{\nu}${\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ are roughly equal, as are the prompt fluxes of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$. Quasielastic neutrino interactions were identified and used to provide an independent measurement of the flux which corroborates the energy calibration of the detector. A search for additional sources of prompt neutrinos beyond charm is reported. Negative results were obtained for supersymmetric particles, heavy neutral leptons, and b quarks, subject to the assumption of specific characteristics of the particles and the production mechanisms.

A beam dump experiment has been set up at Fermilab to study prompt neutrino production by 400 GeV protons. It is unusual among experiments seeking evidence for neutrino oscillations in that the neutrino path length is short, only 60 m, while the neutrino energies are high, 10 to 200 GeV. The experiment, expected to take data this spring, will be sensitive to oscillations ν e → ν x for values of ∆m2 between 200 and 10,000 (eV)2 and sin2 2α > 0.2.

Results from a Fermi lab experiment to study prompt neutrino production are presented. Assuming the prompt neutrinos come from the decay of charmed mesons we find a total DD production cross section of approx. 20 μb/nucleon, in good agreement with previous CERN results. We find a ν/ν ratio and a νe/νμ of approx. 1.0. The energy and pT spectra of the prompt neutrinos are consistent with those expected from DD production. Limits on the production of supersymmetric particles have also been obtained.

A sample of 830 neutrino induced lμ events and 752 muonless events recorded in a prompt neutrino experiment at Fermilab was analyzed to yield the following results: i) 0.65 ± 0.30 for the ratio of prompt νμ to νμ flux, ii) 1.0 ± 0.3 for the ratio of prompt νe to νμ flux for Ev > 30 GeV and iii) inclusive DD production cross section σDD¯ = 16 ± 3 (Stat.) ± 3 (Sys) μb per nucleon assuming σDD to be proportional to (1−XF)3 e−2P⊥ and A1 dependence.

Health locus of control, self-esteem, and health status were analyzed for their impact on health-promoting life-style activities in 262 women between 35 and 65 years of age. Negative chance health locus of control, self-esteem, current health status, health worry/concerns, post-high-school education, and internal health locus of control explained 25% of the variance of likelihood to engage in health-promoting life-style activities. Two canonical variates explained 72.8% of the variance in the criterion set, the subscale scores of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Sechrist,Pender, 1987). Internal health locus of control, self-esteem, current health status, and future health status explained 36.3% of the variance of the self-actualization, interpersonal support, and exercise subscales; age, negative chance health locus of control, health worry/concern, and negative (poor) prior health status explained 36.5% of the variance of the health responsibility, nutrition, and stress management subscales. The canonical correlations for the two variates were .78 and .66, respectively. The study results support in part the relationships posited in the Pender health promotion model and previous research on women's health.

The flux of prompt neutrinos from a beam dump has been measured in an experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (E613). Assuming that the charm production has a linear dependence on atomic number and varies as (1−‖×‖)5 e−2mT, a model dependent cross section of 27±5μb/nucleon can be derived. For neutrino energies greater than 20 GeV, the flux of electron neutrinos with respect to muon neutrinos is 0.78±0.19. For neutrinos with energy greater than 30 GeV and p⊥ greater than 0.2, the flux of νu compared to νμ is 0.96±0.22.

The prompt neutrino (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$) flux produced by the interaction of 400-GeV protons with targets of beryllium, copper, and tungsten has been measured in a beam-dump experiment at Fermilab. With the assumption that these neutrinos arise from charm decay, the cross section for charm production by protons on nuclei varies as ${A}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. No significant variation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with neutrino energy is observed.

In a beam-dump experiment at Fermilab the cross section for charm-particle production has been deduced from a measurement of the prompt neutrino flux. The reaction cross section, if we assume only DD-bar and the dependence on atomic weight A/sup 0.75/, is 57.2 +- 2.9 +- 8.5 ..mu..b/nucleon and the dependence on Feynman x and transverse momentum is E/sub D/ d/sup 3/sigma/sub pD//sup 3/proportional(1-x)/sup 3.2/e/sup -1/ .5p/sub perpendicular/ (p/sub perpendicular/ in GeV/c). The data are consistent with as much as 40% diffractive production of ..lambda../sub c/D-bar.

Clients' adaptation is frequently studied in nursing and used to guide nursing practice. Many nurse authors have suggested that adaptation may be a unique conceptual framework for nursing. Other nurse authors have suggested, however, that in focusing on adaptation, nursing limits its focus to changing clients to fit the environment and neglects to change the social system or environment to meet clients' needs. The purpose of this article is to argue that adaptation theory limits the range of clients' acceptable responses to change. Adaptation theory assumes clients are responsible for adjusting to the norms or standards established by a relatively immutable environment. An alternate set of assumptions broadens the range of acceptable responses by clients and targets the environment for change. On the basis of these assumptions, directives are given for nursing research aimed at studying clients' responses to change.