Search

Abstract Typical waveforms used for the simulation of pressure and volume-controlled ventilation in medical ventilators have been extensively studied in the literature. The majority of simulation studies reported employ the step pattern or ramp pattern to model the pressure and flow variations in pressure/volume-controlled ventilation. It was observed that the above waveforms tend to add to the discomfort level of patients due to the presence of jerks in derivatives of pressure/flow variations; the pressure/flow variation of air and oxygen mixture should be smooth so that the patient discomfort is kept at a minimal level. To overcome the above-mentioned drawback, a careful study of the flow/pressure simulation using a cycloidal pattern during the inhalation and exhalation phases of the breath cycle was proposed and investigated in this work. Based on transient analysis of the pressure variation simulation, it was observed that the air and oxygen mixture delivered to the patient was relatively jerk-free due to the finite values of first and second-order derivatives of pressure/flow curves. Mathematical models of the proposed simulation study of the cycloidal pattern of flow variation in both pressure/volume-controlled ventilation, are formulated and presented for use by ventilator designers. A comparative study of the simulation of step, ramp and cycloidal profiles applied to the breath cycle in a typical pressure-controlled ventilation is carried out and a marginal decrease in tidal volumes was observed in the case of cycloidal profiles for a given set of ventilator settings and the results are discussed. A typical natural breath pattern of a healthy adult was experimentally measured using a CITRIX breath analyser and the above mathematical model for the volume-controlled ventilation was found to closely describe the natural breathing process, using statistical parameters. Thus, the proposed cycloidal profile of pressure/flow variations in medical ventilators will be a better alternative, when compared to the step/ramp profiles investigated in this work; further, the proposed cycloidal profile matches closely with the natural breath pattern, based on typical experimental studies.

High-end commercial silicon chips used in aerospace and other industries utilize technology nodes at deep sub-micron levels. Efforts are underway to assess the feasibility of integrating even smaller nano-scale devices for secure communication, high-speed computing, and data storage. Due to radiation impacts, these nanoscale technologies are susceptible to both temporary and permanent errors. Various mitigation techniques have been employed to address these errors, Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) being the most widely used, despite its 200% area overhead (without the voter block). Digital FIR filtering is a versatile tool with a wide range of applications in RADAR signal processing, telecommunication systems, image and speech processing, and fault-tolerant FIR filters (FTFIR) are crucial for some applications. This work proposes an area-efficient TMR architecture based on a fast 3-parallel FIR structure. Instead of the default TMR approach of triplicating the FIR filters, a polyphase-decomposed parallel fast FIR filter algorithm (FFA) is used. This three-parallel structure reduces hardware requirements hence area, and enhances performance. Compared to conventional TMR designs, the proposed fast 3-parallel architecture implemented in 45nm technology with a matching voter is more efficient, saving 51% of the area and 77% of the power.

In this article, a new class of sets namely neutrosophic resolvable sets in neutrosophic topological space have been introduced. We present the neutrosophic resolvable functions between neutrosophic topological spaces by neutrosophic resolvables sets. Also we examine the characteristics of neutrosophic resolvable sets and neutrosophic resolvable functions with the existing sets.

This paper deals with three-dimensional differential system of nonlinear fractional order problem $ \begin{align*} D^{\alpha}_{0^{+}}\upsilon(\varrho) = f(\varrho,\omega(\varrho),\omega^{\prime}(\varrho),\omega^{\prime\prime}(\varrho),...,\omega^{(n-1)}(\varrho)), \; \varrho \in (0,1),\\ D^{\beta}_{0^{+}}\nu(\varrho) = g(\varrho, \upsilon(\varrho),\upsilon^{\prime}(\varrho),\upsilon^{\prime\prime}(\varrho),...,\upsilon^{(n-1)}(\varrho)), \; \varrho \in (0,1),\\ D^{\gamma}_{0^{+}}\omega(\varrho) = h(\varrho,\nu(\varrho),\nu^{\prime}(\varrho),\nu^{\prime\prime}(\varrho),...,\nu^{(n-1)}(\varrho)), \; \varrho \in (0,1), \end{align*} $ with the boundary conditions, $ \begin{align*} \upsilon(0) = \upsilon^{\prime}(0) = ... = \upsilon^{(n-2)}(0) = 0,\; \upsilon^{(n-1)}(0) = \upsilon^{(n-1)}(1),\\ \nu(0) = \nu^{\prime}(0) = ... = \nu^{(n-2)}(0) = 0,\; \nu^{(n-1)}(0) = \nu^{(n-1)}(1),\\ \omega(0) = \omega^{\prime}(0) = ... = \omega^{(n-2)}(0) = 0,\; \omega^{(n-1)}(0) = \omega^{(n-1)}(1), \end{align*} $ where $ D^{\alpha}_{0^{+}}, D^{\beta}_{0^{+}}, D^{\gamma}_{0^{+}} $ are the standard Caputo fractional derivative, $ n-1 < \alpha, \beta, \gamma \leq n, \; n \geq 2 $ and we derive sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to the fraction order three-dimensional differential system with boundary value problems via Mawhin's coincidence degree theory, and some new existence results are obtained. Finally, an illustrative example is presented.

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) solutions has led to a significant increase in cyber-attacks targeting IoT networks. Securing networks and especially wireless IoT networks against these attacks has become a crucial but challenging task for organizations. Therefore, ensuring the security of wireless IoT networks is of the utmost importance in today’s world. Among various solutions for detecting intruders, there is a growing demand for more effective techniques. This paper introduces a network intrusion detection system (NIDS) based on a deep neural network that utilizes network data features selected through the bagging and boosting methods. The presented NIDS implements both binary and multiclass attack detection models and was evaluated using the KDDCUP 99 and CICDDoS datasets. The experimental results demonstrated that the presented NIDS achieved an impressive accuracy rate of 99.4% while using a minimal number of features. This high level of accuracy makes the presented IDS a valuable tool.

The pancreas plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis through the secretion of hormones from the islets of Langerhans. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by the pancreatic β-cell is the main mechanism for reducing elevated plasma glucose. Here we present a systematic modeling workflow for the development of kinetic pathway models using the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML). Steps include retrieval of information from databases, curation of experimental and clinical data for model calibration and validation, integration of heterogeneous data including absolute and relative measurements, unit normalization, data normalization, and model annotation. An important factor was the reproducibility and exchangeability of the model, which allowed the use of various existing tools. The workflow was applied to construct a novel data-driven kinetic model of GSIS in the pancreatic β-cell based on experimental and clinical data from 39 studies spanning 50 years of pancreatic, islet, and β-cell research in humans, rats, mice, and cell lines. The model consists of detailed glycolysis and phenomenological equations for insulin secretion coupled to cellular energy state, ATP dynamics and (ATP/ADP ratio). Key findings of our work are that in GSIS there is a glucose-dependent increase in almost all intermediates of glycolysis. This increase in glycolytic metabolites is accompanied by an increase in energy metabolites, especially ATP and NADH. One of the few decreasing metabolites is ADP, which, in combination with the increase in ATP, results in a large increase in ATP/ADP ratios in the β-cell with increasing glucose. Insulin secretion is dependent on ATP/ADP, resulting in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The observed glucose-dependent increase in glycolytic intermediates and the resulting change in ATP/ADP ratios and insulin secretion is a robust phenomenon observed across data sets, experimental systems and species. Model predictions of the glucose-dependent response of glycolytic intermediates and biphasic insulin secretion are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Our model predicts that factors affecting ATP consumption, ATP formation, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and ATP/ADP-dependent insulin secretion have a major effect on GSIS. In conclusion, we have developed and applied a systematic modeling workflow for pathway models that allowed us to gain insight into key mechanisms in GSIS in the pancreatic β-cell.

The focus of this article is to introduce a new class of sets namely neutrosophic semi j-open and neutrosophic semi j-closed sets in neutrosophic topological space. Using this, we present the new spaces neutrosophic hyperconnected and neutrosophic semi j-hyperconnected. Also we explore the characteristics of neutrosophic semi j-open sets, neutrosophic semi j-closed set, neutrosophic hyperconnectedness. Finally we examine the properties of neutrosophic semi j-hyperconnectedness with some existing sets.

Aims: It is unclear how the prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians in urban India compares to that of race/ethnic groups in the US that may have different underlying susceptibilities. Therefore, we examined ethnic variations in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, iIFG, iIGT, IFG + IGT, and the associated risk factors in Asian Indians in Chennai, India, and Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in the United States. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses, using representative samples of 4867 Asian Indians aged 20–74 years from Chennai, India, in the Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia study (CARRS) (2010–2011) and 6512 US Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics aged 20–74 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2012). Results: The age-adjusted prevalence of type 2 diabetes was highest in Asian Indians (men: 28.4, 95% CI: 25.9, 31.0; women: 30.6, 95% CI, 27.5, 33.9) and lowest in Caucasians (men: 12.2, 95% CI, 10.3, 14.4, women: 9.5, 95% CI, 7.9, 11.5). Asian Indians had the lowest prediabetes prevalence (men: 19.0, 95% CI, 17.2, 20.8; women: 27.2, 95% CI, 22.8, 32.1) and Caucasians had the highest (men; 46.5, 95% CI, 43.5, 49.6, women: 34.4, 95% CI, 31.7, 37.3). However, there were differences in prediabetes prevalence by gender and prediabetes state. The inclusion of HOMA-β in standardized polytomous logistic regression models resulted in a greater odds of diabetes in Blacks and Hispanics compared to Asian Indians. Conclusions: The high prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians may be due to innate susceptibilities for β-cell dysfunction in this high risk population.

The next generation wireless communication system aims at supporting multimedia services with different Quality of Services (QoS) and bandwidth requirements. Therefore effective management of limited resources is important to enhance network performance. Access Service Network Gateway (ASN GW) relocation is the process of changing the traffic’s Anchor Point (AP) from one GW to another which is independent of Mobile Station’s (MS’s) Link Layer (LL) handover. The existing standards have details about the ASN relocation procedures, but do not specify when the ASN GW relocation has to be performed. As relocation is closely related to Admission Control, the proposed system combines gateway relocation and Admission Control to determine when to perform ASN GW relocation. This novel Bandwidth based Admission Control (BAC) Scheme considers the size of requests from each MS rather than taking the number of MSs as a whole. This mobility management scheme defined for WiMAX networks minimizes handover delay, packet loss, handover dropping probability, new call blocking probability and maximizes the throughput.

Pyrazole-1H-4-yl-acrylic acids (3a-j) were prepared from pyrazole-1H-4-carbaldehydes which in turn were prepared by the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction of phenyl hydrazone derivatives (1a-j). The reaction of pyrazole-1H-4-yl-acrylic acids to 3-(1, 3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) propanoic acids (4a-j) was carried out using Pd-charcoal and diimide methods and % yields were compared. Though the yields may be slightly less in diimide method, the method was found to be economical, highly effective with simple operating procedure.

Individuals using various online services are increasingly concerned with securing and protecting their personal information from unauthorized access. There are numerous authentication systems available to safeguard data, with password-based authentication being one of the most common. Given the rise in information sharing, internet usage, ecommerce, and data transfer, ensuring the security and effectiveness of passwords has become crucial. However, the complexity of strong passwords leads to users forgetting them. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel algorithm for generating robust passwords, differing from existing random password generators. This study utilizes user-provided information to create passwords that are easier for users to remember. This system is tested with various synthetic input data and verified the strength of the generated passwords using four popular online password checkers. The results indicate that the passwords are highly reliable. Furthermore, this system effectively defends against two common types of password attacks: the dictionary attack and the brute force attack. This system is implemented in Python. The passwords generated by this system are not only easy for users to recall but also possess strong, secure characteristics that make them resistant to cracking attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neurosurgical patients require special care not only during the hospital stay but also at home after discharge. Long-term care at home is provided by the caregivers of the patients at their home. Caregivers are referred to as "secondary patients," who face a lot of difficulties while caring for neurosurgical patients at home. Aim: The present study aims to assess the effectiveness of a nurse-led rehabilitation package on knowledge and skill regarding homecare management among caregivers of neurosurgical patients at a selected hospital in Chennai. Method: The research approach was quantitative and pre-experimental, with a one-group pre- and post-test design and a post-test-only design used. The study was conducted among 60 caregivers of neurosurgical patients from a selected hospital in Chennai. The samples were selected using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The interview schedule consists of semistructured items to collect the demographic data. A structured questionnaire to assess the knowledge and a checklist to assess the skills of caregivers. Results: The study findings revealed that the mean score for preintervention knowledge was 64.0 with a standard deviation of 13.270. The post-intervention mean score was 80.50 with a standard deviation of 9.509. There was a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-interventional levels of knowledge at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between pre and post-interventional levels of knowledge at the 5% level of significance. There was a high, positive, and significant correlation between postinterventional knowledge and skill in homecare management among caregivers at p=0.01. The study findings showed that a nurse-led rehabilitation package on homecare management was effective in improving the knowledge and skills among caregivers of neurosurgical patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pancreas plays a critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis through the secretion of hormones from the islets of Langerhans. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by the pancreatic β-cell is the main mechanism for reducing elevated plasma glucose. Here we present a systematic modeling workflow for the development of kinetic pathway models using the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML). Steps include retrieval of information from databases, curation of experimental and clinical data for model calibration and validation, integration of heterogeneous data including absolute and relative measurements, unit normalization, data normalization, and model annotation. An important factor was the reproducibility and exchangeability of the model, which allowed the use of various existing tools. The workflow was applied to construct a novel data-driven kinetic model of GSIS in the pancreatic β-cell based on experimental and clinical data from 39 studies spanning 50 years of pancreatic, islet, and β-cell research in humans, rats, mice, and cell lines. The model consists of detailed glycolysis and phenomenological equations for insulin secretion coupled to cellular energy state, ATP dynamics and (ATP/ADP ratio). Key findings of our work are that in GSIS there is a glucose-dependent increase in almost all intermediates of glycolysis. This increase in glycolytic metabolites is accompanied by an increase in energy metabolites, especially ATP and NADH. One of the few decreasing metabolites is ADP, which, in combination with the increase in ATP, results in a large increase in ATP/ADP ratios in the β-cell with increasing glucose. Insulin secretion is dependent on ATP/ADP, resulting in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The observed glucose-dependent increase in glycolytic intermediates and the resulting change in ATP/ADP ratios and insulin secretion is a robust phenomenon observed across data sets, experimental systems and species. Model predictions of the glucose-dependent response of glycolytic intermediates and biphasic insulin secretion are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Our model predicts that factors affecting ATP consumption, ATP formation, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and ATP/ADP-dependent insulin secretion have a major effect on GSIS. In conclusion, we have developed and applied a systematic modeling workflow for pathway models that allowed us to gain insight into key mechanisms in GSIS in the pancreatic β-cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparative efficacy of combination of ricobendazole with ivermectin, fenbendazole with ivermectin, ivermectin and fenbendazole alone was examined against gastrointestinal nematodes at the University Goat Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala. Faecal sample examination of 60 animals revealed the presence of eggs/ova of Trichuris, Strongyles and Strongyloides species. Out of these, 28 animals infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were selected for the study. The were treated with combination of ricobendazole with ivermectin (group A), fenbendazole with ivermectin (group B), ivermectin alone (group C) and fenbendazole alone (group D). Faecal eggs per gram (EPG) of the selected animals were evaluated at day 0, 7 and 14. The group A showed better effect on the Strongyle and Strongyloides species, whereas group B showed comparatively good results on Trichuris species in Malabari goats. The study concluded that combination of anthelmintic drugs could be used effectively for the treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]