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El uso de la Toxina Botulínica es frecuente en procedimientos de Cirugía Cosmética. Sin embargo, todavía quedan muchos aspectos que necesitan ser aclarados tales como los tipos de pacientes y la duración de su efecto. Si agrupamos los pacientes en diferentes modelos según su función muscular, podremos predecir la duración de ese efecto e informar adecuadamente a los pacientes. Estos modelos los denominamos cinético, hipercinético y hipertónico. El modelo cinético es el de aquellos pacientes que presentan una concordancia entre su expresividad facial y sus emociones y que muy probablemente solo necesitarán un tratamiento al año. El modelo hipercinético incluye a aquellos pacientes que no mueven sus músculos de acuerdo con su mímica; sus músculos faciales se contraen más rápidamente. En este caso la duración del tratamiento variará de los 4 a los 6 meses. El modelo hipertónico lo encontramos en aquellos pacientes que son incapaces de relajar sus músculos faciales, en los que la duración del tratamiento solo será de 2 a 3 meses. Esto es lo que puede hacer que en estos casos el tratamiento defraude tanto al paciente como al médico. Mediante esta comprensión del comportamiento muscular, cada paciente debe ser encajado en su grupo correspondiente de acuerdo a sus características musculares, lo que nos permitirá predecir la duración del efecto y guiar futuros tratamientos.The use of Botulinum Toxin is frequent in non surgical cosmetic procedures. Many aspects, though, still need clarification such as patient types and the duration of effect. By grouping the patients in different muscle pattern, the duration can be predicted and informed to patients. These groups consist of kinetic, hyperkinetic and hypertonic patterns. The kinetic pattern indicates that patients present a concordance with facial expression and emotions and they will probably need only one treatment per year. The hyperkinetic pattern refers to patients who do not move their muscles according to their mimicry. Facial muscles contract faster and the duration of the treatment will vary from 4 to 6 months. The hypertonic pattern is found in those patients that are unable to relax their facial muscles and the duration may be only from 2 to 3 months. That makes the treatment disappointing both for patients and injectors. By understanding the muscle behavior, the patient approach and their grouping according to specific muscle patterns, enables the prediction of duration and guidelines to future treatments.

Piana di Palermo is characterized by the presence of two different aquifers: one shallow, constituted by calcarenites and the other deep in fractured carbonates. The calcarenitic aquifer presents a low potential compared to the carbonatic aquifer. The chemistry of the water in both aquifers reflects water-rock interaction, seawater intrusion, ionic exchange etc. The application of SINTACS method showed that about 80% of the study area can be classified as of high to very high vulnerability.

La evaluación de la vulnerabilidad de los acuíferos a la contaminación por fuentes superficiales es un tema de discusión entre geólogos e hidrogeólogos debido a los aspectos cualitativos involucrados en la mayoría de los métodos paramétricos. El Taller sobre Vulnerabilidad y Riesgo de Acuíferos, AVR-03, realizado en Salamanca, México, a fines de mayo de 2003, ofreció oportunidades para que los especialistas en aguas subterráneas presentaran, discutieran y analizaran nuevos enfoques y experiencias en este campo de la hidrogeología moderna. Este número de Geofísica Internacional presenta una selección de artículos del taller. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2004.43.4.772

This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of frailty on the relationship between cognition and symptoms of depression in individuals aged ≥65 and to explore differences between four European regions (West, North, South, and East). A cross-sectional analysis was conducted with 29,094 participants (16,365 women) from 27 countries, aged ≥65 years, who responded to wave 8 of the SHARE project. The variables analysed were depression (12-item EURO-D scale), frailty, and a general cognition index (CogId). A higher CogId was associated with less depression. Western and Northern European countries indicated better cognitive performance, lower depression symptomology, and frailty scores than those in the South and East. A pre-frail and frail status was a significant moderator, increasing the association between depression and cognition in the East, South, North, and West regions, respectively. The interaction effects between CogId and frailty were found in the West and East regions. Comparatively, the moderating role of frailty in countries in the Western region differed significantly from those in the North. In turn, countries in the South and East differed from those in the North region. Frailty was a moderator of depression symptoms, increasing its association with cognition. Strategies to prevent frailty are important to reduce the burden of depression and cognitive deficits in Europe., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to American Aging Association.)

Cardiometabolic risk factors such as obesity, raised blood pressure, high blood glucose and dyslipidemia are emerging health concerns worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the combined association between physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean adults. Data was obtained from the National Health Survey of Chile 2016-2017, with a sample of 5995 adult participants. Assessment of Physical activity and depressive symptoms were done using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and the CIDI ShortForm (CIDI-SF), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate the combined association of physical activity and depressive symptoms with cardiometabolic risk factors. Participants in the category ≥ 150 min/Depressive symptoms had the highest prevalence of overweight (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.05), obesity (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.49-2.59) and high waist circumference (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39-1.92). Participants in the < 150 min/No depressive symptoms category had a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.60-0.78) and a 25% reduced high triglycerides prevalence, in comparison with the active category with no depressive symptoms. There is a positive association between depressive symptoms and overweight, obesity and waist circumference among subjects that complete physical activity recommendations but have depressive symptoms., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical approval: The protocol was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) (records no. 224/2022). The protocol of each wave of the National Healthy Survey from Chile was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Pontifical Catholic University of Chile - (records no. 16–019), institution in charge of the studies. Participants signed an informed consent to take part in the study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Loneliness and depression are serious public mental health problems. Meaning in life (MIL) is associated with reduced loneliness and depression. This study aimed to: (1) investigate associations between loneliness, MIL, and depression, differentiated by sex in individuals aged ≥ 50 years, residing in 26 European countries and Israel, and (2) to examine in men and women separately whether MIL mediated the relationship between loneliness and depression. We included 41,372 individuals (23,789 women) who responded to wave 8 of the SHARE project. The variables analyzed were loneliness (UCLA), depression (EURO-D scale), and MIL (CASP-19). The analytical procedures included regression analysis and exploratory mediation analysis. Among men and women, the odds of loneliness increasing depression were 3.6 and 3.3 times higher, respectively. Among men, feeling MIL sometimes or often had odds for reducing depression by 0.53 and 0.21, respectively. In women, feeling MIL sometimes or frequently reduced the odds of depression by 0.37 and 0.19, respectively. Regardless of sex, mediation analyses showed a positive association between loneliness and depression, while MIL was negatively associated with loneliness and depression. MIL partially mediated the association between LON and depression in male and female models by approximately 83.2% and 80.7%, respectively. No differences were found between men's and women's mediation models. Regardless of sex, high levels of MIL seem to be effective in benefiting the mental health of Europeans aged 50 and over. MIL proved to be a significant mediator of the relationship between loneliness and depression, while loneliness and depression strengthened each other., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The SHARE protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim and by the Ethics Council of the Max-Planck-Society for the Advancement of Science, verifying the procedures to guarantee confidentiality and data privacy. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Muscle strength and balance abilities have been related to game performance injury prevention. This study aimed to (1)  assess knee muscle strength performance based on intra- and inter-limb asymmetries, (2)  investigate the relationships between knee muscle strength, body composition, and balance, and (3) analyze the variance in the overall stability index (OSI) explained by knee muscle strength indicators after controlling for age and body composition., Methods: The sample included 104 young male soccer players (16.0 ± 1.6 years). Body composition, knee muscle strength, and balance ability were assessed. A paired samples t-test was used to examine differences between the preferred leg (PL) and the non-preferred leg (NPL). Pearson correlations and hierarchical multiple regression were conducted to explore the relationships between strength, body composition, and balance., Results: No significant inter-limb asymmetries were detected for the knee flexors (KF) and knee extensors (KE) performance. The hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio does not suggest the existence of intra-limb asymmetries (p = 0.06). Significant and negative correlations were found between KF (r = -0.38, p ≤ 0.01) and KE (r = -0.58, p ≤ 0.01) for the PL. Concerning the NPL, KE also revealed a significant and negative relationship with balance (r = -0.30, p ≤ 0.01). Significant and positive relationships were found between bodyweight, fat-free mass, and balance. After controlling for age and body composition, knee muscle strength could explain between 13% and 30% of the variance observed in the OSI (NPL and PL, respectively)., Conclusions: The results underline knee muscle strength as an important predictor of balance. Thus, training programs targeting knee muscle strength development should be considered during the season periodization by coaches and their staff throughout the players' developmental stages., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to evaluate whether the type and degree of physical activity commitment (i.e., team sport athletes, highly active individuals, sedentary behavior) influence body image and exercise behavior. A total of 96 participants (46 women and 50 men; age: 22.7 ± 2.7 years; height: 170 ± 8.6 cm; weight: 67.6 ± 10.8 kg) were divided in six groups: female volleyball and male football players (student athletes classified as Tier 2), highly physically active women and men, with high sitting time completed the Body Image Dimensional Assessment and the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale to evaluate body dissatisfaction and level of dependency on exercise. The Body Image Dimensional Assessment is a silhouette-based scale, where three direct indices are derived from the participants' responses: body dissatisfaction, sexual body dissatisfaction, and comparative body dissatisfaction. The Exercise Dependence Scale is a six-point Likert scale that evaluates seven dimensions of exercise dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, intention effects, lack of control, time, reductions in other activities, and continuance) and provides an overall score. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of different levels of physical activity, team sport participation (volleyball and football), and sedentary behavior (i.e., high sitting time) on participants' body image indices and dimensions of exercise dependence according to sex. Volleyball players showed significantly higher body dissatisfaction than football players ( d = 0.99) and the physically active men group ( d = 2.31), who had lower values than sedentary women group ( d = 1.68). Football players had lower comparative body dissatisfaction values than volleyball players ( d = 1.70) and sedentary women ( d = 1.69), who had higher values than sedentary men ( d = 1.04). Sedentary women had a significantly lower exercise dependence scale score than volleyball players ( d = 1.71), football players ( d = 1.12), and physically active men ( d = 1.21). The findings highlight the impact of regular physical activity on body dissatisfaction and the variance in body image perceptions between the sexes. Moreover, the high exercise dependence values found in volleyball and football players and physically active men suggest an effect of intense training and maladaptive exercise behaviors, underlining the need for comprehensive strategies to address exercise dependence.

Background: In the older population, depression, loneliness, and quality of life are closely related, significantly influencing health status. This paper aimed (1) to investigate autoregressive and cross-lagged associations over 2 years between depression, loneliness, and quality of life, and (2) to examine sex-related differences in the 2-year associations between depression, loneliness, and quality of life in a large sample of European citizens aged ≥ 50 years., Methods: This is a longitudinal analysis. We included 7.456 individuals (70.89 ± 7.64 years; (4.268 females) who responded to waves 7 (2017) and 8 (2019) of the SHARE project. The variables analyzed in both waves were depression, loneliness, and quality of life., Results: Comparatively, females indicated higher depression and loneliness scores than males and a lower perception of quality of life. Autoregressive associations pointed that past depression, loneliness, and quality of life predicted their future episodes 2 years later (p < 0.001). The cross-lagged analysis of males showed positive and significant bidirectional associations between depression and loneliness 2 years later. Females also showed a positive and significant association between depression and loneliness, but loneliness was not associated with depression 2 years later. In turn, previous high levels of quality of life had a protective role in late depression and loneliness up to 2 years., Conclusions: This study highlighted the need to simultaneously assess and manage depression, loneliness, and quality of life in the older European population. It is suggested that sex-specific policies can be created, including social support, in order to reduce depression and loneliness, and promote quality of life., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Grip strength (GS) is associated to both multimorbidity and depression, however its possible moderating effect is unknown. This study aimed to investigate GS moderating effect on the association between multimorbidity and depression., Methods: Data from SHARE wave 8 was used. Participant were 41457 middle-aged and older adults (17954 men) from 18 European countries. A regression analysis was conducted for the moderating effect of sex- and age-specific GS quartiles (W) on the association between number of chronic diseases (X 1 ) or multimorbidity (X 2 ) and depression symptoms (Y)., Results: More chronic diseases were associated with greater depressive symptomatology (men: B = 0.39, 95 % CI: 0.35, 0.42; women: B = 0.42, 95 % CI: 0.39, 0.45). On the other hand, being in a higher GS quartile was associated with fewer depression symptoms, and this association was stronger the higher the quartile was. Having a higher GS represented a decrease in depression symptoms associated with multimorbidity for men (quartile 1: B = 0.85, 95 % CI = 0.74, 0.95 vs. quartile 4: B = 0.49, 95 % CI = 0.38, 0.61) and women (quartile 1: B = 1.08, 95 %CI = 0.97, 1.19 vs. quartile 4: B = 0.59, 95 %CI: 0.47, 0.70)., Conclusions: Strategies aiming to reduce the impact of multimorbidity on mental health should promote muscle-strengthening physical activity among middle-aged and older adults., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None to declare., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aimed (1) to investigate autoregressive and cross-lagged associations between frailty and cognition over 4 years in a large sample of European citizens aged ≥50 years, (2) to examine the 4-year temporal associations' differences between sex and between active and inactive physical behaviour, and (3) to explore in the years 2011, 2013, and 2015 associations between cognitive performance and the pre-frailty and frailty conditions., Materials and Methods: This longitudinal analysis was conducted with 20,857 individuals (11,540 women) from 12 countries aged ≥50 years who responded to waves 4, 5, and 6 of the SHARE project. The variables analysed were frailty (SHARE-FI) and a general cognition index (Cogindex) calculated for each wave from verbal fluency, immediate recall, and delayed recall., Results: A greater propensity for cognitive impairment was found in women, as well as in pre-frail and frail individuals. There were no significant differences between the sexes for the autoregressive effect of frailty and Cogindex over 4 years. On the other hand, sedentary and active individuals differed in frailty between Time 1-2. Cross-lagged analyses indicated a significant difference for the sexes between frailty and Cogindex Time 1-3 and between Cogindex and frailty of Time 2-3. Sedentary and active differed significantly in the path of frailty on Cogindex between Time 2-3., Conclusion: Health policies should increase surveillance of frailty, cognition, and level of physical activity in the older European population, with a special focus on women., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they are not aware of competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the information presented in article entitled “Dynamic associations between frailty and cognition over 4 years: a population-based study on adults aged ≥50 from 12 European countries”., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: We examined the association between individual lifestyle risk factors with all-cause and cause-specific mortality., Methods: Prospective cohort study including 155,002 participants from the Mexico City Prospective Study. Cox regression models were used to estimate the association between individual lifestyle risk factors and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Participants with prevalent diseases at baseline and participants who died during the first 2, 5, 10, and 15 years of follow-up were excluded to account for reverse causation., Results: 27,469 people died during 18.3 years of follow-up years. Overweight and moderate alcohol consumption were inversely associated with all-cause mortality, while low physical activity and smoking were positively associated when all participants were included, regardless of prevalent disease or duration of follow-up. The direction of the association of overweight with all-cause mortality changed from inverse to positive after excluding the first 10 years of follow-up. Compared with normal weight, the hazard ratio (95 % confidence interval) was 1.17 (1.13,1.22) for obesity after excluding those who died in the first 5 years of follow-up and 1.71 (1.59,1.84) after excluding the first 15 years of follow-up. The magnitude of the association of alcohol intake, low physical activity, and smoking with mortality attenuated, whereas for fruits and vegetables increased, after excluding longer periods of follow-up., Limitations: The data were collected exclusively in Mexico City; lifestyle risk factors were self-reported and thus prone to misclassification bias., Conclusions: Reverse causation may influence both the magnitude and the direction of the associations between lifestyle risk factors and mortality., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None declared., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology non-sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) have been associated with the presence of non-ischaemic left ventricular scar (NLVS) in athletes. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify clinical and electrocardiogram (ECG) predictors of the presence of NLVS in athletes with RBBB VAs., Methods and Results: Sixty-four athletes [median age 39 (24-53) years, 79% males] with non-sustained RBBB VAs underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement in order to exclude the presence of a concealed structural heart disease. Thirty-six athletes (56%) showed NLVS at CMR and were assigned to the NLVS positive group, whereas 28 athletes (44%) to the NLVS negative group. Family history of cardiomyopathy and seven different ECG variables were statistically more prevalent in the NLVS positive group. At univariate analysis, seven ECG variables (low QRS voltages in limb leads, negative T waves in inferior leads, negative T waves in limb leads I-aVL, negative T waves in precordial leads V4-V6, presence of left posterior fascicular block, presence of pathologic Q waves, and poor R-wave progression in right precordial leads) proved to be statistically associated with the finding of NLVS; these were grouped together in a score. A score ≥2 was proved to be the optimal cut-off point, identifying NLVS athletes in 92% of cases and showing the best accuracy (86% sensitivity and 100% specificity, respectively). However, a cut-off ≥1 correctly identified all patients with NLVS (absence of false negatives)., Conclusion: In athletes with RBBB morphology non-sustained VAs, specific ECG abnormalities at 12-lead ECG can help in detecting subjects with NLVS at CMR., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: none declared., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they are not aware of competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the information presented in article entitled “Exploring sex differences regarding the mediation of the relationship between depression and quality of life via moderate and vigorous physical activity in old age: A longitudinal study”.

Sedentary behavior and inadequate energy expenditure are serious global public health concerns among youngsters. The exponential growth in technology emerges as a valuable opportunity to foster physical activity, particularly through active video games. We performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus to provide a comprehensive view of the literature on energy expenditure levels among adolescents while playing active video games. Among the 574 manuscripts identified at the first screening stage, 23 were retained for analysis. Ten studies were characterized by longitudinal and thirteen by cross-sectional designs. The results showed that short-term active video games elicited energy expenditure values comparable to moderate-intensity physical activity (3-6 METs). However, in intervention programs (with at least six weeks) the results indicate no significant effects of active video games on youngsters' energy expenditure levels and physical activity profiles between baseline and follow-up assessments. Overall, active video games based on sports and dance were the most used, and boys tended to achieve higher energy expenditure than girls. The diversity of methods implemented limits comparing results and drawing generalized conclusions. However, considering its attractiveness to youth, active video games might emerge as a complementary tool to traditional physical activities promoted in schools and local communities. Details regarding gender differences and contradictory results of longitudinal approaches should be considered in future research based on standardized methods.

Background: Aesthetic treatment directed at improving facial emotional messages and social attributes may maximize patient satisfaction with treatment results. The MD Codes™ is an approach to facial aesthetic treatment that accounts for emotional messages and social attributes while minimizing variability in patient assessment, injection technique, injection sites, and treatment outcomes., Objective: To assess the impact of the MD Codes systematic treatment approach on emotional and social attributes and natural appearance after facial aesthetic treatment with hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in patients treated with 12 mL of HA fillers (Juvéderm ® Vycross™ products) per patient using the MD Codes. Study injectors, experienced clinician observers, clinical staff, laypeople, and patients evaluated impact of treatment on emotional and social attributes and natural appearance based on pre- and post-treatment photographs of patients., Results: Twelve patients and 49 external observers, from 12 countries, evaluated the images. More than 90% of patients named "eye bags" as the facial area most in need of aesthetic treatment; >55% of external observers identified "cheeks." The top 3 facial emotional attributes noted by all evaluators after treatment were, in order, "less tired", "less saggy", and "younger." All patients reported a visible and positive change in emotional attributes except for "less sad." After 9 months, most patients reported looking "less tired" (n=11/12), "less saggy" (n=8/12), and "less sad" (n=6/12). At months 6 and 9, all patients rated their appearance as natural looking. At least 90% of external observers considered the frontal view results natural for all but 1 patient. Patients reported improved positive social attributes (eg, "looking friendlier") and improvements in well-being after treatment. No serious side effects were reported., Conclusion: Implementing the MD Codes for facial aesthetic treatment may improve facial emotional attributes as well as enhance social attributes and well-being, with natural-looking results., Competing Interests: All authors are consultants for Allergan Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company. No honoraria or payments were made for authorship. Dr Elian Brenninkmeijer also reports participation within the internal mentorship team of Mauricio de Maio, Allergan Medical Institute. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2023 de Maio et al.)

Background: Brugada syndrome poses significant challenges in terms of risk stratification and management, particularly for asymptomatic patients who comprise the majority of individuals exhibiting Brugada ECG pattern (BrECG). The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term prognosis of a large cohort of asymptomatic patients with BrECG., Methods: Asymptomatic patients with BrECG (1149) were consecutively collected from 2 Italian centers and followed-up at least annually for 2 to 22 years. For the 539 asymptomatic patients (men, 433 [80%]; mean age, 46±13 years) with spontaneous type 1 documented on baseline ECG (87%) or 12-lead 24-hour Holter monitoring (13%), an electrophysiologic study (EPS) was proposed; for the 610 patients with drug-induced-only type 1 (men, 420 [69%]; mean age, 44±14 years), multiple ECGs and 12-lead Holter were advised in order to detect the occurrence of a spontaneous type-1 BrECG. Arrhythmic events were defined as sudden death or documented ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia., Results: Median follow-up was 6 (4-9) years. Seventeen (1.5%) arrhythmic events occurred in the overall asymptomatic population (corresponding to an event-rate of 0.2% per year), including 16 of 539 (0.4% per year) in patients with spontaneous type-1 BrECG and 1 of 610 in those with drug-induced type-1 BrECG (0.03% per year; P <0.001). EPS was performed in 339 (63%) patients with spontaneous type-1 BrECG. Patients with spontaneous type-1 BrECG and positive EPS had significantly higher event rates than patients with negative EPS (7 of 103 [0.7% per year] versus 4 of 236 [0.2% per year]; P =0.025). Among 200 patients who declined EPS, 5 events (0.4% per year) occurred. There was 1 device-related death., Conclusions: The entire population of asymptomatic patients with BrECG exhibits a relatively low event rate per year, which is important in view of the long life expectancy of these young patients. The presence of spontaneous type-1 BrECG associated with positive EPS identifies a subgroup at higher risk. Asymptomatic patients with drug-induced-only BrECG have a minimal arrhythmic risk, but ongoing follow-up with 12-lead Holter monitoring is recommended to detect the appearance of spontaneous type-1 BrECG pattern., Competing Interests: Disclosures None.

Background: Several elements, including age, influence judgments of beauty and attractiveness. Aging is affected by intrinsic factors (e.g., genetics, race/ethnicity, anatomical variations) and extrinsic factors (e.g., lifestyle, environment)., Aims: To provide a general overview of minimally invasive injectable procedures for facial beautification and rejuvenation to meet the aesthetic goals of patients across their lifespan, organized by decade., Methods: This case study review describes aesthetic considerations of females in their third to sixth decade of life (i.e., 20-60 years of age or beyond). Each case study reports the treatments, specifically botulinum toxin type A and soft tissue fillers, used to address aesthetic concerns., Results: Signs of aging, as well as aesthetic goals and motivations, vary by age groups, cultures, and races/ethnicities. However, there are overarching themes that are associated with each decade of life, such as changes in overall facial shape and specific facial regions, which can be used as a starting point for aesthetic treatment planning. Appropriate patient selection, thorough aesthetic evaluation, product knowledge, and injection technique, as well as good physician-patient communication, are essential for optimal treatment outcomes., Conclusions: Nonsurgical facial injectable treatments can successfully enhance and rejuvenate facial features across different age ranges. A comprehensive understanding of facial aging and the aesthetic considerations of patients by the decade contributes to optimal treatment planning and maintenance., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Incorrect postural habits developed already at an early age are predictors of low back pain and functional limitations in adult life. Postural education programs (PEPs) are activities developed in Physical Education classes with the aim of promoting healthy habits. One tool used by PEPs is comics. The objective of this study was to develop comics and apply them as a teaching tool in PEPs for students aged seven to ten years. The procedures were based on individual empowerment principles, including creation activities, reading, painting, crosswords, and discussion of comics. The activities strengthened the students' interactions, gaining new knowledge that required cognitive and expressive resources to interpret, associate, and conceptualize themes of correct body posture. During six weeks of intervention, knowledge about body posture, anatomy, and health promotion exercises increased significantly in relation to the beginning of activities. The comic book proved to be an effective, attractive, and low-cost didactic resource.

This study aims to report what motivates individuals to be physically active, to determine whether motivating factors influence physical activity (PA) levels, and whether this differs across the lifespan. This is a cross-sectional study with 498 individuals: 117 adolescents, 306 adults, and 75 older adults. PA was assessed using Baecke’s questionnaire, and motivating factors for practicing sports were investigated using a scale with twelve questions. The factor analysis identified three motivating factors for sports practice: psychosocial, bodily, and well-being. The scale’s overall reliability and internal consistency indicated a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.885. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for sex indicated the three factors as having a significant effect on PA (p < 0.050); however, only the well-being factor showed a significant interaction with age groups (p = 0.023, ηp2 = 0.030). Subsequently, the effect of the well-being factor on PA scores in each age group was explored through regression analyses. Only older adults showed a significant association in the unadjusted [OR = 0.378, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.243] and the sex-adjusted analysis [OR = 0.377, p = 0.001, R2 = 0.288]. These results help us to better understand the underlying motivational reasons in different age groups for engaging in sports.

One of the most challenging issues professional football players face throughout their careers is injuries. Those injuries often result from suboptimal training programs that were not designed according to the players' individual needs. This prospective study aimed to examine in detail the effects of sports injuries on professional football players' weekly external load performances. Thirty-three male professional football players were monitored using 10-Hz Global Positioning System (GPS) units (Apex pro series, StatSports) during an entire season. The variables considered in the analysis were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC). The comparisons were made between the four-week block before injury (-4T), four-week block after return (+4T), and players' season averages (S). Players displayed significantly higher values of TD, HSR, ACC, and DEC in the -4T, compared to the other two moments (+4T and S). Furthermore, the comparison between the +4T and S showed no significant variations in the GPS metrics. It was shown that a significant increase in players' weekly external load performance over a four-week period may have a negative effect on the occurrence of injuries from a professional football standpoint. Future research should consider the effects of injury severity on players' external load variations.

Objectives: To systematically review articles that reported the impacts of social isolation on the physical and mental health of healthy older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) quarantine., Methods: Electronic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and BIREME databases. It included cohort and cross-sectional studies published between January 2020 and January 2022 which evaluated the impacts of social isolation on the physical and mental health of older adults during quarantine. The study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021269720)., Results: Out of 8,505 studies identified, 17 met the inclusion criteria, with moderate to excellent quality. The majority of the older population perceived changes in their physical and mental health. Impacts differed in cohorts according to sex, age group, income, social participation, exercising before and during confinement, and living alone or with other people., Conclusions: The long period of social isolation dictated by the COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in most older adults`, reducing levels of physical activity and/or generating depression, anxiety, fear, and mood problems. Follow-up studies are necessary to observe the evolution of these impacts., Clinical Implications: Public policies must be developed to promote the emotional and physical health of the older adult population in the post-pandemic period.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and neurodegenerative disorder defined by physical symptoms such as hand disability and postural instability. To counteract the detrimental effects of PD, physical activity programs showed improvements in overall aspects of physical functioning. Therefore, this protocol will aim to evaluate the effect a of postural and fine motor skills training program in older adults with PD. PD individuals, with mild to moderate stage PD, aged between 65 to 80 years, will be voluntary selected from the Nursing Home Residences and Rehabilitation Centers. Subsequently, they will be randomly assigned to intervention group (PD) to receive a combined training program (postural control and fine motor skills exercises) or to the Control group (CON) to receive a stretching program. Before (PRE) and after (POST) a 12-week program both groups will perform wobble board (WB) and grooved pegboard (GPT) tests. Different performances between groups will be expected: (1) no significant differences between PD and CON group for WB and GPT test values before the beginning of the training intervention (PRE); (2) significantly better WB and GPT test values in PD subjects after the training intervention (POST) when compared to the base values (PRE); and (3) no significant differences in WB and GPT test values in CON subjects after the training intervention (POST) when compared to the base values (PRE). The findings of the present study protocol could be used for future studies investigating clinical populations, such as PD, and the effects of different rehabilitative interventions aiming to improve postural control and fine motor skills performances assessed by WB and GPT tests.

Background: This study aimed to examine the association between frailty and depressive symptoms., Methods: Cross-sectional and five-year longitudinal study. Data were from the population-based Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) waves six (2015) and eight (2020). Frailty was assessed using the SHARE-Frailty Instrument. Fatigue, appetite, walking difficulties, and physical activity were self-reported, and grip strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. The EURO-D 12-item scale was used to measure depressive symptoms., Results: The sample comprised 25,771 older adults (56.2% female) with a mean age of 66.5 (95% CI 66.4, 66.6) years. The prevalence of frailty was 4.2% (95% CI 3.9, 4.4) in 2015 and 6.7% (95% CI 13.5, 14.3) in 2020. Among frail participants, 72.5% and 69.6% had depression in 2015 and 2020, respectively. Frailty was associated with depression over the 5 years. Those with pre-frailty and those with frailty in 2015 had 1.86 (95% CI 1.71, 2.01) and 2.46 (95% CI 2.14, 2.83) greater odds of having depressive symptoms in 2020., Conclusions: Frailty is a predictor of depression in older adults, and frail participants had greater odds of presenting depressive symptoms.

Background: Regardless of the treatment protocol, stability in Class III patients always represents a major concern. The aim of this study was to assess the short and long-term skeletal and dentoalveolar modifications in a group of class III patients treated with hybrid rapid maxillary expander (RME) and facemask (FM). Indeed, no long-term studies have been conducted yet with the objective of evaluating the effects of this kind of approach when applied to patients who have already gone thought their peak of growth., Material and Methods: 27 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were treated using hybrid RME according to alternating rapid maxillary expansion and constriction (ALT-RAMEC) protocol, followed by 4 months of facemask therapy. After the orthopaedic phase, each patient underwent orthodontic treatment with fixed multibracket appliances. A mean follow-up of 7 years, 10 months was performed. Pre-treatment (TO), post-treatment (T1) and follow up (T2) cephalometric tracing were analysed, comparing dental and skeletal measurements., Results: Point A advanced by a mean of 3.5 mm with respect to VerT, then relapsed by 0.7 in the post-facemask period, thereby yielding of a mean advancement of 2.7 at T2. The sagittal relationship significantly changed after RME + facemask protraction (3.8° of ANB and 5.189 mm of Wits). Although both Wits and ANB values worsened over time, the improvement from T0 is still appreciable at T2., Conclusion: Despite the physiological relapse due to mandibular growth, the long-term cephalometric follow-up confirms the maintenance of all positive outcomes of the previous orthopaedic treatment with hybrid RME and facemask., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Injuries are one of the most significant issues for elite football players. Consequently, elite football clubs have been consistently interested in having practical, interpretable, and usable models as decision-making support for technical staff. This study aimed to analyze predictive modeling of injury risk based on body composition variables and selected physical fitness tests for elite football players through a sports season. The sample comprised 36 male elite football players who competed in the First Portuguese Soccer League in the 2020/2021 season. The models were calculated based on 22 independent variables that included players' information, body composition, physical fitness, and one dependent variable, the number of injuries per season. In the net elastic analysis, the variables that best predicted injury risk were sectorial positions (defensive and forward), body height, sit-and-reach performance, 1 min number of push-ups, handgrip strength, and 35 m linear speed. This study considered multiple-input single-output regression-type models. The analysis showed that the most accurate model presented in this work generates an error of RMSE = 0.591. Our approach opens a novel perspective for injury prevention and training monitorization. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to identify risk factors associated with injury prediction in elite soccer players, as this is a rising topic that requires several analyses performed in different contexts.