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With modern power systems and uninterruptable power supplies, there is a need for alternative energy storage solutions with higher levels of power delivery and energy storage. Energy can be stored in kinetic form using flywheels. Traditional flywheels are high-inertia slow-speed units whereas modern flywheels are high strength composites with low inertia and high speed rotation. The suspension and control of the wheel is difficult and energy losses due to friction and windage needs to be minimized. Vacuums can be used to reduce air friction and magnetic bearings can be used to reduce bearing friction. Superconductors can be applied for levitation. The electro-mechanical energy conversion unit has to have high efficiency; the use of permanent magnet machines is often advocated. Superconducting machines can also give high efficiency conversion.This paper reviews some current flywheel technologies in terms of high power for short term bursts in applications such as power system support for transient outages and subway operation where trains rapidly stop and start. The work will address issues such as design, operation, magnetic levitation, energy conversion and superconducting applications. Examples will be addressed.

AIM: Individuals with a history of childhood cancers treated with cranial radiotherapy are suggested to be at subsequent increased risk of intracranial meningiomas. When the childhood cancer is leukaemia these children are not routinely followed up in “late-effects” clinics with surveillance MR imaging. METHODS: We report our experience of patients with a history of childhood leukaemia treated with cranial radiotherapy and subsequently went on to develop intracranial meningiomas in adulthoood. RESULTS: All patients had a belated presentation and all underwent surgical resection. CONCLUSION: Considering the causal relationship between exposure of the cranium to ionising radiation and subsequent development of meningiomas is now recognised, there should be an expectation that affected individuals are followed up in regional “late-effects” clinics with surveillance MR imaging from mid-teenage years. It is our experience that childhood leukaemic patients in contrast to paediatric brain tumour patients both of which receive cranial radiotherpay are not routinely followed up. There should be clinician and patient/parent awareness of such complications and any concern on imaging should result in early involvement of the loco-regional neuro-oncology service.

We report the first large-scale screening of mitochondrial (mt) DNA in 77 Caucasian patients with relapsing-remitting or secondary progressive form of multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 84 Caucasian controls by using the method of restriction site polymorphism and haplotype analysis. No pathogenic mtDNA mutation was found in association with MS. However, mtDNA haplotypes K * and J * defined by the simultaneous presence of Ddel restriction sites at nucleotides 10,394 and 14,798 of the mtDNA in haplogroups K and J showed association with MS at a P-value of 0.001. A relative increase of MS patients compared to controls either with the J * or with the K * haplotype (+10,394DdeI/+ 14,798Ddel in haplogroup J or K) also was detected (each with a P

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of the T-786C endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphism on changes in renal hemodynamics and blood pressure due to Na(+) loading. Twenty-eight older (63+/-1 years), moderately obese (39+/-2 % fat) hypertensives had their glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), blood pressure (BP) and plasma nitric oxide (NO(x)) levels determined after eight days of low (20 mEq) and high (200 mEq) Na(+) diets. The two Na(+) diets were separated by a 1-week washout period. Subjects were genotyped for the eNOS-786 site and were grouped on whether they were homozygous or heterozygous for the C allele (TC+CC, n=13) or only homozygous for the T allele (TT, n=15). The TC+CC genotype group had a significantly greater increase in diastolic (P=0.021) and mean arterial (P=0.018) BP and a significant decline in both RPF (P=0.007) and GFR (P=0.029) compared to the TT genotype group with Na(+) loading. Furthermore, Na(+) loading resulted in a significant (P=0.036) increase in plasma NO(x) in the TT, but not in the TC+CC genotype group as well as a trend (P=0.051) for an increase in urine NO(x) in TC+CC, but not in the TT genotype group. The increase in BP during Na(+) loading in older hypertensives was associated with the eNOS genotype and may be related to changes in renal hemodynamics due to changes in NO metabolism.

Genetic paternity testing can provide sire identity data for offspring when females have been exposed to multiple males. However, correct paternity assignment can be influenced by factors determined in the laboratory and by size and genetic composition of breeding groups. In the present study, DNA samples from 26 commingled beef bulls and their calves from the Nebraska Reference Herd-1 (NRH1), along with previously reported Illinois Reference/Resource Families data, were used to estimate the impact of sire number and sire relatedness on microsatellite-based paternity testing. Assay performance was measured by exclusion probabilities and probabilities of unambiguous parentage (PUP) were derived. Proportion of calves with unambiguous parentage (PCUP) was also calculated to provide a readily understandable whole-herd measure of unambiguous paternity assignment. For NRH1, theoretical and observed PCUP values were in close agreement (85.3 and 85.8%, respectively) indicating good predictive value. While the qualitative effects on PUP values of altering sire number and sire relatedness were generally predictable, we demonstrate that the impacts of these variables, and their interaction effects, can be large, are non-linear, and are quantitatively distinct for different combinations of sire number and degree of sire relatedness. In view of the potentially complex dynamics and practical consequences of these relationships in both research and animal production settings, we suggest that a priori estimation of the quantitative impact of a given set of interacting breeding group-specific and assay-specific parameters on PUP may be indicated, particularly when candidate sire pools are large, sire relatedness may be high, and/or loci numbers or heterozygosity values may be limiting.

This study investigated whether an increase in microvascular surface area as a result of endurance training, which increases human skeletal muscle capillarity, would translate to greater capacity for fluid filtration compared with strength training, which does not affect capillary supply. Values for filtration capacity, Kf, derived from the slope of calf volume change, Jv, measured by venous occlusion plethysmography, against cuff pressure during a protocol of small cumulative pressure steps, were significantly higher in endurance athletes (5.78 +/- 0.88 mL min(-1) 100 mL(-1) mmHg(-1) x 10(-3), P < 0.05) than controls (3.38 +/- 0.32 mL min(-1) 100 mL(-1) mmHg(-1) x 10(-3) whereas strength-trained athletes had values similar to control (4.08 +/- 0.56 mL min(-1) 100 mL(-1) mmHg(-1) x 10(-3), ns), suggesting that surface area is important. However, when sedentary subjects underwent either a 4-week unilateral dynamic plantarflexion training programme (70% peak power, 20 min day(-1), 5 days week(-1) or a calf muscle electrical stimulation programme (8 Hz, 3 x 20 min day(-1), 5 days week(-1), neither of which caused limb blood flow to alter after training nor would be expected to increase capillarity, only the stimulation group showed a significant increase in Kf (6.68 +/- 0.62 mL min(-1) 100 mL(-1) mmHg(-1) x 10(-3) post-training vs. 3.38 +/- 0.38 pre-training, P < 0.05). This may be because stimulation enhances perfusion preferentially to glycolytic fibres, or maintains high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or changes lymph clearance.

The authors have measured the concentrations of 26 Al in lunar rock samples 15555,859 and 60025,28 with a multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer, obtaining concentrations of 167±14 and 255±10 dpm/kg for the two rocks, respectively. Computer modelings were carried out on both samples of the 26 Al production rates from cosmic-ray bombardment using consistent values of cosmic-ray parameters and reasonable values of surface erosion to see if an inconsistency in values needed for a fit between measurement and modeling could be found which would suggest the presence of surface-implanted 26 Al in one or both samples. The final result was that both of the samples could be fitted by the computer models using omnidirectional SEP flux and rigidity shape values of 125 protons/cm 2 /s>10 MeV and 125 MV/unit charge, respectively, and with the reasonable surface erosion rates of 0–0.24 mm/Myr for rock 15555,859, and 1.6 mm/Myr for 60025,28.

SummaryTreatment of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) via triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) is widely accepted as the treatment that best preserves the existing hip joint. TPO, however, has several important disadvantages. In an effort to avoid some of the difficulties associated with TPO an alternative method of creating acetabular ventroversion (AW) was sought. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of placement of a wedge in the sacroiliac (SI) joint on A W and to compare this to the effect of TPO on A W . On one hemipelvis a 30° pelvic osteotomy plate was used for TPO. The contralateral hemipelvis had a 28° SI wedge inserted into the SI joint. Pre- and postsurgical radiographs of each pelvis were taken and the angular measurements were recorded. On average, the 28° SI wedge resulted in 20.9° of A W, the 30° canine pelvic osteotomy plate resulted in 24.9° A W . Significant differences were not found (p >0.05) between the two techniques. Sacroiliac wedge rotation effectively creates A W and has several theoretical advantages when compared to TPO. The in vivo effects of sacroiliac wedge rotation should be studied in order to evaluate the clinical effect of the technique.Sacroiliac wedge rotation was tested as an alternative method to increase the angle of acetabular ventroversion. This technique effectively rotated the acetabulum and has several theoretical advantages when compared to triple pelvic osteotomy.

Characterization of the plasma density and temperature at the last closed flux surface (the separatrix) of a tokamak requires accurate knowledge of the location of the separatrix. In this paper we discuss the effect of inaccuracy in the separatrix location on the measured parameters in DIII-D [Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), p. 159] An uncertainty in the separatrix position of ±0.5 cm, as expected in this device using magnetic reconstruction to determine the location of the separatrix, leads to unacceptably large uncertainty in the plasma parameters. Several techniques to improve the accuracy obtained from magnetic reconstruction are discussed. A new technique that is based on a characterization of the electron temperature profile is proposed. A comparison of the separatrix location defined in this manner with that obtained using magnetic reconstruction techniques suggests a systematic error in the reconstruction when the plasma is far from the walls and magnetic diagnostics. Determination of the perpendicular transport coefficients is given as an example of the improved statistics obtained using the new technique of defining the separatrix position.

A multidimensional gamma-ray spectrometer with innovative, low-cost pulse-height analysis system is described which is particularly adapted to use in modest laboratories. The system is well suited to measuring many kinds of geophysical and environmental samples. At present, it is set up to measure 26 Al in lunar and meteorite samples, and it is capable of measuring that radioisotope in such samples down to the order of 0.3 dpm/sample. Representative measurements are included on 26 meteorite samples.

The application of neural networks to excitation control of a synchronous generator is considered here. A radial basis function (RBF) network was constructed using a hybrid training algorithm, combining linear optimization of the output layer weights with singular-value decomposition, and non-linear optimization of the centres and widths using second-order gradient descent BFGS. The Jacobian of the RBF network was calculated to provide instantaneous linear models of the plant, which were then used to form linear controllers. Generalized minimum variance, Kalman, and internal model control schemes were implemented on an industry-standard VME platform linked to a network of Inmos transputers, and the performance of the neural models and neural control schemes were investigated on a 3 kVA laboratory micromachine system. Comparison was made with a self-tuning regulator, employing a generalized minimum variance strategy. The results presented illustrate that not only is it possible to successfully implement neural controllers on a generator system, but also their performance is comparable with a benchmark self-tuning controller, while avoiding the significant supervisory code needed to ensure robust operation of the self-tuning controller.

Non-diabetic first degree relatives of non-insulin-dependent diabetic (NIDDM) families are at increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus, and have been studied to identify early metabolic abnormalities. Hormone concentrations measured by specific enzyme immunoassays were assessed in non-diabetic relatives of North European extraction, and control subjects with no family history of diabetes were matched for age, sex and ethnicity. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was conducted and those with newly diagnosed NIDDM were excluded. Basal insulin resistance was determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), and hepatic insulin clearance by C-peptide:insulin molar ratio. Relatives (n = 150) were heavier (BMI: p < 0.0001) than the control subjects (n = 152), and had an increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (15 vs 3 %, p < 0.01). The relatives had increased fasting proinsulin levels and decreased C-peptide levels following the glucose load, while insulin levels were increased at all time points. To examine whether the differences in hormone levels were secondary to the differences in glucose tolerance and adiposity, we studied 100 normal glucose tolerant relatives and control subjects pair-matched for age, sex, waist-hip ratio and BMI. The differences in proinsulin levels were no longer apparent. However, the relatives remained more insulin resistant, and had decreased C-peptide levels and C-peptide:insulin ratios at all time points. In conclusion, we have identified several metabolic abnormalities in the normal glucose tolerant relatives, and propose that the decreased hepatic insulin clearance helps to maintain normoglycaemia in the face of combined insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. [Diabetologie (1997) 40: 1185–1190]

Fusidic acid is metabolized and excreted by the liver. It is generally assumed that renal impairment has no effect on serum concentrations. However, there are few data on the pharmacokinetics of fusidic acid in patients with chronic renal failure, particularly in those requiring dialysis. Seven patients with chronic renal failure on haemodialysis were given 500 mg sodium fusidate orally every 8 h for the 48 h between dialysis. Seven patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were given the same dosage regimen for seven doses. Fusidic acid concentrations were measured by HPLC. Accumulation was seen, and in 12 of the 14 patients steady-state pharmacokinetics had not been achieved by the third day. In haemodialysis patients, mean (range) C max values for the first dose were 13.0 (2.0-25.5) mg/L and for the sixth dose were 40.5 (10.1-69.9) mg/L. Serum concentrations were not reduced by haemodialysis. In CAPD patients mean C max values for the first dose were 16.0 (4.8-33.8) mg/L and for the seventh dose were 33.9 (23.4-61.9) mg/L. Fusidic acid concentrations of 1.0-2.3 mg/L were detected in peritoneal dialysis fluid in six of the seven CAPD patients. In both patient groups there was a tendency towards increased T 1/2 with repeated dosing. Protein-binding of fusidic acid in patient serum samples was 87.6-94.6%.

Electron density, temperature and parallel pressure measurements at several locations along field lines connecting the midplane scrapeoff layer (SOL) with the outer divertor are presented for both attached and partially-detached divertor cases: Ip = 1.4 MA, q95 = 4.2 and Pinput ∼ 6.7 MW under ELMing H-mode conditions. At the onset of the Partially Detached Divertor (PDD), a high density, low temperature plasma forms in the divertor SOL (divertor MARFE). The electron pressure drops by a factor of 2 between the midplane separatrix and the X-point and then an additional ∼ 3–5 times between the X-point and the outboard separatrix strike point. These results are in contrast to the attached (non-PDD) case, where electron pressure in the SOL is reduced by, at most, a factor of two between the midplane and the divertor target. Divertor MARFEs generally have only marginal adverse impact on important H-mode characteristics, such as confinement time. In fact, PDD discharges at low input power (i.e., approximately twice the L-H-mode threshold power) maintain good H-mode characteristics until a high density, low temperature plasma abruptly forms inside the separatrix near the X-point (X-point MARFE). Concurrent with the appearance of this X-point MARFE is a degradation in both energy confinement and the plasma fueling rate and an increase in the carbon impurity concentration inside the core plasma. The formation of the X-point MARFE is consistent with a thermal instability resulting from the temperature dependence of the carbon radiative cooling rate in the range ∼ 7–30 eV.

We have obtained the first measurements of n{sub e} and T{sub e} in the DIII-D divertor region with a multi-pulse (20 Hz) Divertor Thomson Scattering (DTS) system. Eight measurement locations are distributed vertically up to 21 cm above the divertor plate. Two-dimensional distributions have been obtained by sweeping the divertor plasma across the DTS measurement location. Several operating modes have been studied, including ohmic, L-mode, Elming H-mode, and Radiative Divertor operation with puffing of D{sub 2} and impurities. Mapping of the data to either the (L{sub pol}, {phi}) or (R, Z) planes with the EFIT equilibrium is used to analyze the 2D profiles. We find that in ELMing H-mode: n{sub e}, T{sub e}, and P{sub e} are relatively constant along field lines from the X-point to the divertor plate, especially near the separatrix field line. With D{sub 2} puffing, the DTS profiles indicate that T{sub e} in a large part of divertor region below the X-point is dramatically reduced from {approximately}30-40 eV in ELMing H-mode to 1-2 eV. This results in a fairly uniform low-T{sub e} divertor, with an increased electron density in the range of 2 to 4 x 10{sup 20} m{sup -3}. Detailed comparisons of the spatial profiles of n{sub e}, T{sub e}, and electron pressure P{sub e}, are presented for several operating modes. In addition, these data are compared with initial calculations from the UEDGE fluid code.

Fiber Optic Sensing is an emerging technology that can provide a means to measure a broad range of downhole events that span geophysics, completion and production engineering applications. All these measurements can be performed by installation of a single fiber optic cable; assuming reliability and life-cycle cost(s) are sufficiently robust. The multiple applications of fiber optic technology provide an effective way to maximize data collection from a single well. This data can result in a better understanding of the subsurface, which can help make more efficient and effective commercial and development decisions. For the Unconventional Gas and Light Tight Oil projects, Shell has completed a number of wells across North America with fiber permanently conveyed on the outside of the production casing and across the completion interval for the primary purpose of capturing hydraulic fracture (HF) stimulation data. Multiple fibers can be deployed in a single cable, enabling simultaneous data gathering from distinct optical technologies. As such, the installed fibers have also been used to detect micro-seismic events, capture VSP data, and to analyze stimulation flow-back and production inflow profiles. In order to fully realize the potential of fiber optic technology for the multiple applications, it is necessary that the fiber optics remain operational for a sufficient length of time to gather the desired data sets over the well life. This has proven quite challenging in this severe environment: often fiber optic cables fail prematurely during, or shortly after, deployment or during HF stimulation operations. These failures have been categorized into three general groups: downhole, surface, and supporting data collection systems. Before this technology can fully mature, it is critical that the current reliability issues are addressed. This paper will study the status of Shell fiber wells across North America, illustrate the temperature and acoustic response when a fiber fails during HF stimulation, and share the results of reliability testing on several different fiber optic cable designs.

Ground-state two-proton (2p) radioactivity is a decay mode found in isotopes of elements with even atomic numbers located beyond the two-proton drip line. So far, this exotic process has been experimentally observed in a few light and medium-mass nuclides with Z less than or equal to 30. In this study, using state-of-the-art nuclear density functional theory, we globally analyze 2p radioactivity and for the first time identify 2p decay candidates in elements heavier than strontium. We predict a few cases where the competition between 2p emission and alpha decay may be observed. In nuclei above lead, the alpha decay mode is found to be dominating and no measurable candidates for the 2p radioactivity are expected., Comment: 1 page, 2 encapsulated-postscript figures; this work has been accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters

The introduction of a divertor Thomson scattering system in DIII‐D [J. Luxon et al., International Conference on Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1986), p. 159] has enabled accurate determination of the plasma properties in the divertor region. Two plasma regimes are identified: detached and attached. The electron temperature in the detached regime is about 2 eV, much lower than 5–10 eV determined earlier. Fluid models of the DIII‐D scrape‐off layer plasma successfully reproduce many of the features of these two regimes, including the boundaries for transition between them. Detailed comparison between the results obtained from the fluid models and experiment suggest the models underestimate the spatial extent of the low‐temperature region associated with the detached plasma mode. Low‐temperature atomic physics processes that are not included in the present models may account for this discrepancy.

Although rapid growth of the heart during early postnatal development ceases with maturation of the organism, the potential for cardiomyocyte growth is not lost and may be observed even in senescent hearts. Rapid developmental heart growth is accompanied by a proportional growth of capillaries but not always of larger vessels, and thus coronary vascular resistance gradually increases. Growth of adult hearts can be enhanced by thyroid hormones, catecholamines and the renin-angiotensin system hormones, but these do not always stimulate growth of coronary vessels. Likewise, chronic exposure to hypoxia leads to growth, mainly of the right ventricle and its vessels but without vascular growth elsewhere in the heart. On the other hand, ischaemia is a potent stimulus for the release of various growth factors involved in the development of collateral circulation. Heart hypertrophy develops in response to training, pressure or volume overload. Training usually leads to growth of larger coronary vessels but little growth of capillaries, except in young animals. However, growth of the capillary bed, but not the resistance vasculature capacity, can be induced by either increased coronary blood flow, bradycardia (electrically or pharmacologically induced) or increased inotropism, all of which are involved in the training stimulus. Thus, what actually promotes growth of larger vessels as opposed to capillaries in training is unclear. Pressure overload hypertrophy is mediated by both the renin-angiotensin system and the response of cardiomyocytes to stretch; both lead to activation of early oncogenes (c-fos, c-jun, c-myc) and angiotensin II activates several protein kinases involved in cell growth. In this condition, growth of larger vessels is inadequate, although some capillary growth may occur. Volume overload leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia and some increase in vascular supply. Deficits in capillary supply in pressure or volume overload hypertrophy can be reversed by chronic administration of ACE inhibitors, dipyridamole, the bradycardic drug alinidine or pacing-induced bradycardia respectively, but in neither case is training effective. Mechanical and humoral factors are involved in growth of cardiomyocytes and vessels. For cardiomyocytes, stretch is most important, activating oncogenes, protein kinases and possibly the inositol phosphate pathway, but not ion channels, with regulation by the balance of angiotensin II, TGF-beta 1 and IGF-1, but not FGFs. For vessels, growth is stimulated by stretch and shear stress, possibly with involvement of VEGF. Increased shear stress disrupts the glycocalyx on the luminal side of vessels and releases plasminogen activator and metalloproteinases which disrupt the basement membrane and enable endothelial cell migration and proliferation. It also causes rearrangement of the endothelial cytoskeleton and transmission of mechanical signals to the abluminal side disturbing extracellular matrix and causing distortion of capillary basement membrane. Stretch acting from the abluminal side has a similar effect resulting also in basement membrane disruption and endothelial cell proliferation.

A full aperture backscatter station (FABS) target diagnostic has been activated on the first four beams of the National Ignition Facility. FABS measures both stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering with a suite of measurement instruments. Digital cameras and spectrometers record spectrally resolved energy for both P and S polarized light. Streaked spectrometers measure the spectral and temporal behavior of the backscattered light. Calorimeters and fast photodetectors measure the integrated energy and temporal behavior of the light, respectively. This article provides an overview of the FABS measurement system and detailed descriptions of the diagnostic instruments and the optical path.

Previous research has seen difficulties in establishing clear discrimination by principal component analysis (PCA) between drug-treated cells analysed by single point SR-FTIR spectroscopy, relative to multisampling cell monolayers by conventional FTIR. It is suggested that the issue arises due to signal mixing between cellular-response signatures and cell cycle phase contributions in individual cells. Consequently, chemometric distinction of cell spectra treated with multiple drugs is difficult even with supervised methods. In an effort to separate cell cycle chemistry from cellular response chemistry in the spectra, renal carcinoma cells were stained with propidium iodide and fluorescent-activated cell sorted (FACS) after exposure to a number of chemotherapeutic compounds; 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and a set of novel gold-based experimental compounds. The cell spectra were analysed separately by PCA in G1, S or G2/M phase. The mode of action of established drug 5FU, known to disrupt S phase, was confirmed by FACS analysis. The chemical signature of 5FU-treated cells discriminated against both the control and gold-compound (KF0101)-treated cell spectra, suggesting a different mode of action due to a difference in cellular response.

From December 1997 to April 1998, disposable sticky lures (1608 lure days) were trialled in homes in north Jakarta, Indonesia as surveillance tools for Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae), referenced to indoor resting adult collections (92 × 10 min). The lures collected 89.4% of the total of 1339 Ae. aegypti and 92.1% of the total of 1272 Cx. quinquefasciatus collected by all methods. Because there were no significant differences with respect to numbers collected in bedrooms, living rooms and kitchens, bedrooms were selected for subsequent trials for reasons of convenience. The main trials involved a replicated complete block design with L-lysine and sodium carbonate. Lures without attractant or with four different dilutions of L-lysine collected 3.4-8.5 times more Ae. aegypti and 4.2-8.1 times more Cx. quinquefasciatus than were collected by mouth aspirator. Lures with or without dilutions of sodium carbonate collected 2.7-5.0 times more Ae. aegypti and 1.8-4.2 times more Cx. quinquefasciatus than aspirator collections. The precision associated with catches of sticky lures was better than that for aspirator collections. Although olfactants generally improved the numbers of mosquitoes collected, the differences in catch between lures with and without attractants were usually non-significant. Any deficit in catch may be offset by increasing the surveillance period to ≥30 days to detect all four dengue serotypes from infected mosquitoes.

We study the consistency of parton distribution functions in the presence of target mass corrections (TMCs) at low Q^2. We review the standard operator product expansion derivation of TMCs in both x and moment space, and present the results in closed form for all unpolarized structure functions and their moments. To avoid the unphysical region at x > 1 in the standard TMC analysis, we propose an expansion of the target mass corrected structure functions order by order in M^2/Q^2, and assess the convergence properties of the resulting forms numerically., 24 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. C

All-electron variational and diffusion quantum Monte Carlo calculations of the ground state energies of the first row atoms (Li to Ne) are reported. We use trial wavefunctions of four types: single determinant Slater-Jastrow wavefunctions; multi-determinant Slater-Jastrow wavefunctions; single determinant Slater-Jastrow wavefunctions with backflow transformations; multi-determinant Slater-Jastrow wavefunctions with backflow transformations. At the diffusion quantum Monte Carlo level and using our best trial wavefunctions we recover 99% or more of the correlation energy for Li, Be, B, C, N, and Ne, 97% for O, and 98% for F., 6 pages, 4 figures

A field trial to assess the efficacy of Bistar 80 SC as a barrier treatment of Australian military tents was conducted over 10 d at Mount Bundey Military Training Area, Northern Territory, Australia, in March 2003. Four pairs of standard eight-person tents were erected, with a single tent in each pair treated with 0.1% Bistar 80 SC as a course spray, and the remainder left as untreated control tents. Carbon dioxide-baited traps were operated in each tent nightly, and biting collections conducted over 8 nights. There was a mean increase in protection of 81% for mosquitoes entering treated tents and 90.4% increase in protection against biting of predominantly Culex annulirostris Skuse. In addition, bifenthrin applied to the military tents enhances the protection of occupants against bites from this important arbovirus vector.

Industrial control applications have been dominated by the use of proportional, integral, derivative (PID)-type algorithms and are likely to remain so in the near future. This chapter adds a modern flavour to the traditional usage by describing recent PI-PD control strategies, and extending the methodology into a discrete-time multi-input multi-output (MIMO) version. The algorithm can be cast as a general second-order linear regulator and its parameters can thus be systematically chosen by pole-placement. More importantly, the design permits the derivation of an appropriate multivariable decoupling strategy. This is a key improvement and the effectiveness of the proposed multivariable controller has been validated experimentally in real-time motion tracking and vibration control of an asymmetrical flexible manipulator moving in the horizontal and vertical planes under gravity. The PI-PD control performance can be comparable to that of a decoupling MIMO pole-placement controller while being less sensitive to initial transient errors and having a simpler implementation.

Six infrared cameras measure temperature changes on the protective graphite armor inside the DIII‐D vacuum vessel. Simultaneous time‐dependent temperature measurements are made on armor tiles located on the centerpost and divertor regions, and on both outboard limiters. The nearly complete poloidal coverage is useful in measuring both the plasma heat flux distributions inside the vessel and the plasma power balance. Spatial resolution of each camera system is ≲1 cm, while the minimum resolvable time is 125 μs. Data from the IR TV systems are recorded on video tape, and are post‐processed serially, using an image processor with an AT‐compatible microcomputer. The processing system controls all VCRs, interprets DIII‐D timing pulses, digitizes video data in the predetermined regions of interest, averages digitized signals to reduce noise, and constructs data files which are then stored as part of the permanent shot record.

Carpenter [Phys. Rev. E 61, 532 (2000)] succeeded in determining a single universal model, called the P1 model, that could describe the ellipsometric critical adsorption data from the liquid-vapor interface of four different critical binary liquid mixtures near their critical demixing temperatures. The P1 model also recently has been used to describe neutron reflectometry data from a critical liquid mixture/crystalline quartz interface. However, in another recent study, the P1 model failed to simultaneously describe x-ray reflectometry and ellipsometry data from the liquid-vapor surface of the critical mixture n -dodecane + tetrabromoethane (DT). In this paper, we resolve this discrepancy between x-ray and ellipsometric data for the DT system. At large length scales (far from the interface) the local concentration is described by the P1 model in order to correctly reproduce the temperature dependence of the ellipsometric data. Close to the interface, however, the molecular structure must be correctly accounted for in order to quantitatively explain the x-ray data. An important conclusion that arises from this study is that neutron or x-ray reflectometry is most sensitive to short-range interfacial structure, but may provide misleading information about long-range interfacial structure. Ellipsometry provides a more accurate measure of this long-range interfacial structure. Complex interfacial structures, possessing both short- and long-range structure, are therefore best studied using multiple techniques.