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To investigate and quantitatively analyze preoperative and postoperative photographs posted on social media by oculoplastic surgeons.Pre- and postoperative blepharoplasty photographs posted by oculoplastic surgeons on the social media platform Instagram were identified over a 4-month period. Photographs demonstrating a frontal pose of the periocular region were selected, and image analysis was performed to compare the preoperative and postoperative photographs. Quantitative image analysis was performed with a semiautomated script using ImageJ (v1.52k) software. Image analysis compared magnification, patient position, luminosity, relative color profiles, and edge detection/sharpness. Three oculoplastic surgeons graded these imaging metrics for the same photoset and the consensus grade was assigned to each category. Finally, the quantitative calculations were then compared with the consensus grades to develop receiver operating characteristic curves for further analysis.The study included 104 posts from 35 members of ASOPRS. Regarding patient positioning, 9 postings were 5%-10% offset from the patients' center, and 6 postings were more than 10% from the patients' center. The majority of photosets demonstrated less than or equal to 2.5% difference in magnification (69/104), with 7 postings demonstrating a greater than 5% difference, and 3 postings exhibiting greater than 10% difference in magnification. In the periocular region, 17.3% (18/104) of postings were found to have a greater than 10% difference in luminosity (25.5 pixel-value). A more than 5% difference (12.75 pixel-value) in pre- and postoperative edge-detection measurements was identified in 12 of 104 postings. In 22 of 104 photosets, the mean absolute deviation in color channel ratios was more than 0.01 and 15 of 104 photosets were found to have a mean absolute deviation more than 0.05.Numerous quantifiable photographic inconsistencies were identified in surgical photographs posted on social media by members of ASOPRS. Adoption of an automated image analysis tool that compares before-and-after surgical photographs could promote standardized oculoplastic surgery photography on social media.

Maternal immune dysregulation is a prenatal risk factor for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Importantly, a clinically relevant connection exists between inflammation and metabolic stress that can result in aberrant cytokine signaling and autoimmunity. In this study we examined the potential for maternal autoantibodies (aAbs) to disrupt metabolic signaling and induce neuroanatomical changes in the brains of exposed offspring. To accomplish this, we developed a model of maternal aAb exposure in rats based on the clinical phenomenon of maternal autoantibody-related ASD (MAR-ASD). Following confirmation of aAb production in rat dams and antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer to offspring, we assessed offspring behavior and brain structure longitudinally. MAR-ASD rat offspring displayed a reduction in pup ultrasonic vocalizations and a pronounced deficit in social play behavior when allowed to freely interact with a novel partner. Additionally, longitudinal in vivo structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) at postnatal day 30 (PND30) and PND70, conducted in a separate cohort of animals, revealed sex-specific differences in total and regional brain volume. Treatment-specific effects by region appeared to converge on midbrain and cerebellar structures in MAR-ASD offspring. Simultaneously, in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) data were collected to examine brain metabolite levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Results showed that MAR-ASD offspring displayed decreased levels of choline-containing compounds and glutathione, accompanied by increased taurine compared to control animals. Overall, we found that rats exposed to MAR-ASD aAbs present with alterations in behavior, brain structure, and neurometabolites; reminiscent of findings observed in clinical ASD.

The ExaStar project aims to deliver an efficient, versatile, and portable software ecosystem for multi-physics astrophysics simulations run on exascale machines. The code suite is a component-based multi-physics toolkit, built on the capabilities of current simulation codes (in particular Flash-X and Castro), and based on the massively parallel adaptive mesh refinement framework AMReX. It includes modules for hydrodynamics, advanced radiation transport, thermonuclear kinetics, and nuclear microphysics. The code will reach exascale efficiency by building upon current multi- and many-core packages integrated into an orchestration system that uses a combination of configuration tools, code translators, and a domain-specific asynchronous runtime to manage performance across a range of platform architectures. The target science includes multi-physics simulations of astrophysical explosions (such as supernovae and neutron star mergers) to understand the cosmic origin of the elements and the fundamental physics of matter and neutrinos under extreme conditions.

Bacteriophage Librie was isolated from a soil sample from Clarksville, TN, using the bacterium Microbacterium foliorum . Librie has a 39,941 bp genome with 62 predicted protein-coding genes and 1 predicted gene for tRNA. Based on its gene content similarity to actinobacteriophages, Librie is grouped with phages in cluster EA5.

In response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, teprotumumab production was temporarily halted with resources diverted toward vaccine production. Many patients who initiated treatment with teprotumumab for thyroid eye disease were forced to deviate from the standard protocol. This study investigates the response of teprotumumab when patients receive fewer than the standard 8-dose regimen.This observational cross-sectional cohort study included patients from 15 institutions with active or minimal to no clinical activity thyroid eye disease treated with the standard teprotumumab infusion protocol. Patients were included if they had completed at least 1 teprotumumab infusion and had not yet completed all 8 planned infusions. Data were collected before teprotumumab initiation, within 3 weeks of last dose before interruption, and at the visit before teprotumumab reinitiation. The primary outcome measure was reduction in proptosis more than 2 mm. Secondary outcome measures included change in clinical activity score (CAS), extraocular motility restriction, margin reflex distance-1 (MRD1), and reported adverse events.The study included 74 patients. Mean age was 57.8 years, and 77% were female. There were 62 active and 12 minimal to no clinical activity patients. Patients completed an average of 4.2 teprotumumab infusions before interruption. A significant mean reduction in proptosis (-2.9 mm in active and -2.8 mm in minimal to no clinical activity patients, P0.01) was noted and maintained during interruption. For active patients, a 3.4-point reduction in CAS (P0.01) and reduction in ocular motility restriction (P0.01) were maintained during interruption.Patients partially treated with teprotumumab achieve significant reduction in proptosis, CAS, and extraocular muscle restriction and maintain these improvements through the period of interruption.

BackgroundExposure to elevated interleukin (IL)-6 levels in utero is consistently associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders with a putative neurodevelopmental origin, such as schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum condition (ASC). Although rodent models provide causal evidence for this association, we lack a detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms in human model systems. To close this gap, we characterised the response of hiPSC-derived microglia-like cells (MGL) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) to IL-6 in monoculture.ResultsWe observed that human forebrain NPCs did not respond to acute IL-6 exposure in monoculture at both a protein and transcript level due to the absence of IL-6Ra expression and sIL-6Ra secretion. By contrast, acute IL-6 exposure resulted in STAT3 phosphorylation and increased IL-6, JMJD3 and IL-10 expression in MGL, confirming activation of canonical IL-6R signalling. Bulk RNAseq identified 156 upregulated genes (FDR IRF8, REL, HSPA1A/B and OXTR, which significantly overlapped with an upregulated gene set from post-mortem brain tissue from individuals with schizophrenia. Acute IL-6 stimulation significantly increased MGL motility suggestive of a gain of surveillance function, consistent with gene ontology pathways highlighted from the RNAseq data. Finally, MGLs displayed elevated CCL1, CXCL1, MIP-1A/B, IL-8, IL-13, IL-16, IL-18, MIF and Serpin-E1 secretion post 3h and 24h IL-6 exposure.ConclusionOur data provide evidence for cell specific effects of acute IL-6 exposure in a human model system and strongly suggest microglia-NPC co-culture models are required to study how IL-6 influences human cortical neural progenitor cell development in vitro.

This retrospective study was performed to examine surgical results of five different techniques for lower eyelid margin reconstruction after Mohs surgery: primary closure, semicircular flap, dermal matrix graft, sliding tarsal flap, and tarsoconjunctival flap.Medical records were reviewed in 178 patients undergoing surgery between 2005 and 2020. Outcomes were evaluated (photographic review) by three oculoplastic observers masked to procedure type, both with and without knowledge of the eyelid defect.All patients achieved a good-excellent functional result and 90.4% were asymptomatic after surgery. Tarsoconjunctival flaps were associated with greater need for subsequent interventions (All patients achieved a good-excellent functional result and 87.1% a good-excellent cosmetic result. The semicircular flap was effective for repairing medium sized wounds that could not be closed primarily, creating a continuous lash line, although with a higher incidence of lateral canthal deformities. The sliding tarsal flap was effective for shallow wounds of varying widths. The single-staged dermal matrix graft provided similar results as the tarsoconjunctival flap. Subsequent interventions were more frequent after the tarsoconjunctival flap than other methods.

Purpose: To report the influence of unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair on the upper eyelid position of the contralateral, non-operative side.Methods: An IRB-approved retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair. Patient demographics, etiology of upper eyelid retraction, previous surgeries, and periocular measurements from pre-operative and follow-up visits were reviewed.Results: Thirteen patients who underwent unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair due to thyroid eye disease or iatrogenic retraction secondary to ptosis repair demonstrated an elevation in contralateral eyelid height post-operatively. The mean pre-operative MRD-1 was 6.6 mm in the operative eye and 2.6 mm in the contralateral eye. All patients demonstrated a decreased MRD-1 in the operative eye (mean change: -2.6 mm [-38.4%]; standard deviation [SD]: 1.2 mm) and an increased MRD-1 in the contralateral eye (mean change: +1.3 mm [+62.4%]; SD: 0.6 mm) following unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair. The mean post-operative MRD-1 measurements were 4.0 mm ± 0.5 mm and 3.9 mm ± 0.6 mm in the operative and contralateral eyes, respectively.Conclusions: Unilateral upper eyelid retraction repair may induce an elevation of the contralateral upper eyelid position in some patients. The findings in this report may support unilateral intervention in patients with upper lid retraction, especially in the setting of contralateral blepharoptosis.

Recent studies have highlighted the sensitivity of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) models to electron-capture (EC) rates on neutron-rich nuclei near the N=50 closed-shell region. In this work, we perform a large suite of one-dimensional CCSN simulations for 200 stellar progenitors using recently updated EC rates in this region. For comparison, we repeat the simulations using two previous implementations of EC rates: a microphysical library with parameterized N=50 rates (LMP), and an older independent-particle approximation (IPA). We follow the simulations through shock revival up to several seconds post-bounce, and show that the EC rates produce a consistent imprint on CCSN properties, often surpassing the role of the progenitor itself. Notable impacts include the timescale of core collapse, the electron fraction and mass of the inner core at bounce, the accretion rate through the shock, the success or failure of revival, and the properties of the central compact remnant. We also compare the observable neutrino signal of the neutronization burst in a DUNE-like detector, and find consistent impacts on the counts and mean energies. Overall, the updated rates result in properties that are intermediate between LMP and IPA, and yet slightly more favorable to explosion than both., Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 1 table. Updated Fig 5, minor corrections, renamed SNA to IPA. Accepted by ApJ

To describe a unique ocular presentation of Cat Eye Syndrome and review the ocular and systemic findings associated with the syndrome.Case report with multimodal imaging.A newborn female presented with a unilateral Peters anomaly with contralateral microphthalmia with cyst. The patient's other systemic findings included a hypoplastic right heart, persistent ductus arteriosus, intrauterine growth retardation, bilateral anotia, preauricular ear pits and skin tags, micrognathia, hypoplastic female genitalia, and unilateral cranial nerve VII palsy. Chromosomal microarray testing showed tetrasomy of chromosome 22 in the q11.1-q11.21 region consistent with Cat Eye Syndrome. The patient ultimately underwent a successful optical iridectomy on one side and orbitotomy with excision of the cystic mass on the other.The co-occurrence of unilateral Peters anomaly with contralateral microphthalmia with cyst in Cat Eye Syndrome is rare and demonstrative of the syndrome's phenotypic variability. The medical and surgical management of these patients may require a multidisciplinary approach and must be tailored to the individual findings and overall systemic health of the patient.

Purpose Well-differentiated neuroendocrine or carcinoid tumors are found most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract. When metastatic to the orbit, they tend to have a propensity for the extraocular muscles. The purpose of this study was to better understand the diversity in presentation of orbital carcinoid disease and to determine predictors for survival. Methods In this observational cross-sectional cohort study, data from 8 tertiary orbital practices were compiled. Demographic, clinical, pathologic, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage and grade, imaging, and management data were extracted for all the patients. Descriptive statistics were calculated. Subgroups were compared utilizing analysis of variance analyses and Kaplan-Meier curves. Time to progression and disease-specific and overall mortality were calculated. Comparisons were performed for the following a priori pairs: unknown versus known primary tumor, single versus multiple extraocular muscle involvement, unilateral versus bilateral orbital disease, extraocular muscle versus other orbital involvement, and excisional versus incisional surgery. Results A total of 28 patients with carcinoid tumors of the orbit were identified. Of these, 57.1% of patients were female, the mean age at diagnosis of the primary tumor was 58.8 years and the mean age at diagnosis of orbital disease was 62.6 years. At primary presentation, all patients were American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III or IV and 21.4% demonstrated carcinoid syndrome. Muscle involvement was noted in 78.6% of patients, and of these, 72% were noted to have single muscle disease. Eight patients had no primary tumor identified; 3 of these 8 demonstrated disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. The overall 5-year survival rate was 81.8% from diagnosis of primary tumor and 50% from diagnosis of orbital disease. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with unilateral orbital disease when compared with bilateral orbital disease had a longer progression-free survival and time to death from all causes (p = 0.025). Patients with disease localized to the orbit at presentation had longer time to death than those with disseminated disease. Treatment with surgery, radiation, or octreotide did not appear to affect survival. Patients managed with systemic chemotherapy had a shorter time of survival than the rest of the group. All other subgroup comparisons were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusions Neuroendocrine tumors of the orbit represent a wide spectrum of disease, with some cases being part of disseminated disease, while others being localized presentations. This heterogeneity may be responsible for the slightly higher overall survival in these patients than others with metastatic carcinoid tumors in other locations.

The nuclear equation-of-state (EOS) describing newly formed proto-neutron stars (PNSs) in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) is yet uncertain, and varying its prescription affects multimessenger signatures in CCSN simulations. Focusing on the gravitational wave (GW) signal, we demonstrate the effect of varying parameter values in the EOS. We conclude that an especially important parameter is the effective mass of nucleons which affect thermal properties and subsequently the PNS compactness, regulating the GW signal in both amplitude and frequency. By radially decomposing the GW emission, we show where in the PNS the GWs originate from.

Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma (EMPSGC) is a rare, low-grade adnexal neoplasm with predilection for the periorbital skin of older women. Histologically and immunophenotypically, EMPSGC is analogous to another neoplasm with neuroendocrine differentiation, solid papillary carcinoma of the breast. Both lesions are spatially associated with neuroendocrine mucinous adenocarcinomas of the skin and breast, respectively. EMPSGC is ostensibly a precursor of neuroendocrine-type mucinous sweat gland adenocarcinoma (MSC), a lesion of uncertain prognosis. Non-neuroendocrine MSC has been deemed locally aggressive with metastatic potential, and previous works speculated that EMPSGC-associated (neuroendocrine-type) MSC had similar recurrence and metastatic potential with implications for patient follow-up. Only 96 cases of EMPSGC have been reported (12 cases in the largest case series). Herein, we present 63 cases diagnosed as "EMPSGC" in comparison with aggregated results from known published EMPSGC cases. We aim to clarify the clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance of the neuroendocrine differentiation of EMPSGC and its associated adenocarcinoma and to determine the nosological relevance of EMPSGC association in the spectrum of MSC histopathogenesis. Results established an overall female predominance (66.7%) and average presenting age of 64 years. EMPSGC lesions were associated with adjacent MSC in 33.3% of cases. The recurrence rate for neuroendocrine-type MSC was ~21%, less than the reported 30% for non-neuroendocrine MSC. There were no cases of metastasis. EMPSGC and neuroendocrine-type MSC are distinct entities with more indolent behavior than previously reported, supporting a favorable prognosis for patients.

Purpose: To determine the clinical course of patients with chorioretinal folds (CRF) in thyroid eye disease (TED).Methods: A multi-center retrospective case series of patients with TED who develope...

Purpose Piezosurgical tools utilize high-frequency ultrasonic oscillations to selectively cut mineralized bone and minimize damage to soft tissue and mucosa. The purpose of this study was to directly compare outcomes in external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) using a piezoelectric ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) versus a high-speed electric drill with a diamond burr. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on 145 consecutive patients who underwent external DCR by a single oculoplastic surgeon between 2012 and 2017. Collected data included baseline patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, operative details and complications, and postoperative symptoms. Results One hundred and seventy-three primary external DCRs performed on 145 patients were included in this study. In total, 61.3% of cases were performed with the UBA and 38.7% with the high-speed drill. Most patients were white (92.4%) and female (67.6%), with a mean age of 57.6 years (range 1-93). Surgical success was achieved in 94.3% of patients in the UBA group and 94.0% in the drill group, with no significant differences between the two arms (p=0.36). Patients who experienced persistent nasolacrimal duct obstruction after surgery underwent endoscopic revision. Operative time was shortened for cases utilizing the UBA (38.9 mins) instead of the high-speed drill (44.7 mins; p=0.01). No significant intraoperative complications occurred in either group. Conclusion The UBA offers comparable outcomes and complication rates to more conventional surgical tools for external DCR. Excellent outcomes, ease of adoption, and potential surgical time savings make the UBA an appealing option for both novice and experienced surgeons.

Purpose: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with thyroid eye disease (TED) who present with predominate superior rectus/levator complex involvement.Methods...

PURPOSE: To report the surgical technique and functional outcomes of the medial canthoplasty for the treatment of exposure keratopathy. PATIENTS/METHODS: An IRB approved, retrospective review of patients who underwent medial canthoplasty for exposure keratopathy was performed. Patient demographics, reported symptoms, and clinical examination findings were collected and analyzed from pre-operative and follow-up visits. RESULTS: The study included 73 consecutive cases in which the medial canthoplasty was performed in patients with exposure keratopathy. The average follow-up period was 7.9 months (median: 4.7 months; range: 1–150 months). Complete or partial improvement in ocular symptoms (dryness; pain/irritation; tearing) was achieved in 95% (69/73). Clinically, 85% (41/48) of patients demonstrated a post-operative reduction in lagophthalmos and 90% (60/67) showed improvement in ocular surface findings. Complications were rare (1/73) and reversal of medial canthoplasty was not required in any case. CONCLUSIONS: The medial canthoplasty appears to be a safe and effective technique to narrow the palpebral fissure, provide lower eyelid support, and improve keratopathy. It is an uncomplicated procedure that may be considered for the treatment of exposure keratopathy caused by facial paralysis and lower eyelid malposition.

Observations of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) reveal a wealth of information about the dynamics of the supernova ejecta and its composition but very little direct information about the progenitor. Constraining properties of the progenitor and the explosion requires coupling the observations with a theoretical model of the explosion. Here, we begin with the CCSN simulations of Couch et al 2020 ApJ 890 127, which use a non-parametric treatment of the neutrino transport while also accounting for turbulence and convection. In this work we use the SuperNova Explosion Code to evolve the CCSN hydrodynamics to later times and compute bolometric light curves. Focusing on SNe IIP, we then (1) directly compare the theoretical STIR explosions to observations and (2) assess how properties of the progenitor's core can be estimated from optical photometry in the plateau phase alone. First, the distribution of plateau luminosities (L$_{50}$) and ejecta velocities achieved by our simulations is similar to the observed distributions. Second, we fit our models to the light curves and velocity evolution of some well-observed SNe. Third, we recover well-known correlations, as well as the difficulty of connecting any one SN property to zero-age main sequence mass. Finally, we show that there is a usable, linear correlation between iron core mass and L$_{50}$ such that optical photometry alone of SNe IIP can give us insights into the cores of massive stars. Illustrating this by application to a few SNe, we find iron core masses of 1.3-1.5 solar masses with typical errors of ~0.05 solar masses. Data are publicly available online (\url{https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6631964})., 23 pages, Accepted to ApJ. Data available online https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6631964

Non-spherical structure in massive stars at the point of iron core collapse can have a qualitative impact on the properties of the ensuing core-collapse supernova explosions and the multi-messenger signals they produce. Strong perturbations can aid successful explosions by strengthening turbulence in the post-shock region. Here, we report on a set of $4\pi$ 3D hydrodynamic simulations of O- and Si-shell burning in massive star models of varied initial masses using MESA and the FLASH simulation framework. We evolve four separate 3D models for roughly the final ten minutes prior to, and including, iron core collapse. We consider initial 1D MESA models with masses of 14-, 20-, and 25 $M_{\odot}$ to survey a range of O/Si shell density and compositional configurations. We characterize the convective shells in our 3D models and compare them to the corresponding 1D models. In general, we find that the angle-average convective speeds in our 3D simulations near collapse are three to four times larger than the convective speeds predicted by MESA at the same epoch for our chosen mixing length parameter of $\alpha_{\rm{MLT}}=1.5$. In three of our simulations, we observe significant power in the spherical harmonic decomposition of the radial velocity field at harmonic indices of $\ell=1-3$ near collapse. Our results suggest that large-scale modes are common in massive stars near collapse and should be considered a key aspect of pre-supernova progenitor models., Comment: Submitted to AAS Journals. 19 pages, 19 figures, all four 3D CCSN progenitor models available publicly at https://zenodo.org/record/4895094#.YOYPwhNKjzg

Radioactive isotopes produced in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) provide useful insights into the underlying processes driving the collapse mechanism and the origins of elemental abundances. Their study generates a confluence of major physics research, including experimental measurements of nuclear reaction rates, astrophysical modeling, and $\gamma$-ray observations. Here we identify the key nuclear reaction rates to the nucleosynthesis of observable radioactive isotopes in explosive silicon-burning during CCSNe. Using the nuclear reaction network calculator SkyNet and current REACLIB reaction rates, we evolve temperature-density-time profiles of the innermost $0.45~M_\odot$ ejecta from the core collapse and explosion of a $12~M_\odot$ star. Individually varying 3403 reaction rates by factors of 100, we identify 141 reactions which cause significant differences in the isotopes of interest, namely, $^{43}$K, $^{47}$Ca, $^{44,47}$Sc, $^{44}$Ti, $^{48,51}$Cr, $^{48,49}$V, $^{52,53}$Mn, $^{55,59}$Fe, $^{56,57}$Co, and $^{56,57,59}$Ni. For each of these reactions, we present a novel method to extract the temperature range pertinent to the nucleosynthesis of the relevant isotope; the resulting temperatures lie within the range $T = 0.47$ to $6.15~$GK. Limiting the variations to within $1\sigma$ of STARLIB reaction rate uncertainties further reduces the identified reactions to 48 key rates, which can be used to guide future experimental research. Complete results are presented in tabular form., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, Accepted by The Astrophysical Journal

Purpose Periocular inverted papilloma (IP) is a rare, locally aggressive tumor with a propensity for recurrence and malignant transformation. Historically treated via wide excision, this study examines the characteristics and management of periocular IP, comparing those confined to the nasolacrimal system with those invading the orbit. Methods An Institutional Review Board-approved, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant retrospective, comparative case series was conducted in patients with IP of the orbit or nasolacrimal system across 15 clinical sites. Results Of 25 patients, 22 met inclusion criteria with 9 limited to the nasolacrimal system and 13 invading the orbit. Mean age was 60.4 years, 55% were women, all were unilateral. Mean follow-up was 48 months. Rates of smoking, dust and/or aerosol exposure, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and inflammatory polyps were elevated compared to rates in the general population (45%, 18%, 18%, and 14%, respectively). Bony erosion on computed tomography scans was statistically significantly associated with orbit-invading IP (p = 0.002). Treatment involved all confined IP undergoing surgery alone while 39% of orbit-invading IP also received radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy (p = 0.054). Orbit-invading IP was more likely to be excised with wide margins than IP confined to the nasolacrimal system (85% vs. 22%, p = 0.007). Overall rates of malignancy, recurrence, and patient mortality from IP were found to be 27%, 23%, and 9%, respectively. Conclusions IP invading the orbit typically requires aggressive therapy, while IP confined to the nasolacrimal system may be treated more conservatively. Using risk factors, characteristics, and outcomes, a treatment algorithm was created to guide management.

A first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition (PT) may take place in the protocompact star (PCS) produced by a core-collapse supernova (CCSN). In this work, we study the consequences of such a PT in a non-rotating CCSN with axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations. We find that the PT leads to the collapse of the PCS and results in a loud burst of gravitational waves (GWs). The amplitude of this GW burst is $\sim30$ times larger than the post-bounce GW signal normally found for non-rotating CCSN. It shows a broad peak at high frequencies ($\sim2500-4000$ Hz) in the spectrum, has a duration of $\lesssim5 {\rm ms}$, and carries $\sim3$ orders of magnitude more energy than the other episodes. Also, the peak frequency of the PCS oscillation increases dramatically after the PT-induced collapse. In addition to a second neutrino burst, the GW signal, if detected by the ground-based GW detectors, is decisive evidence of the first-order QCD PT inside CCSNe and provides key information about the structure and dynamics of the PCS., 6 pages, 4 figures, with Supplementary Materials. Corrected characteristic strain spectra, Fig. 4 and Fig. S3(b). Conclusion of original version is not affected. See also the PRL erratum

The core collapse of a massive star results in the formation of a proto-neutron star (PNS). If enough material is accreted onto a PNS it will become gravitationally unstable and further collapse into a black-hole (BH). We perform a systematic study of failing core-collapse supernovae in spherical symmetry for a wide range of presupernova progenitor stars and equations of state (EOSs) of nuclear matter. We analyze how variations in progenitor structure and the EOS of dense matter above nuclear saturation density affect the PNS evolution and subsequent BH formation. Comparisons of core-collapse for a given progenitor star and different EOSs show that the path traced by the PNS in mass-entropy phase space $M_{\mathrm{grav}}^{\mathrm{PNS}}-\tilde{s}$ is well correlated with the progenitor compactness and almost EOS independent, apart from the final endpoint. Furthermore, BH formation occurs, to a very good approximation, soon after the PNS overcomes the maximum \textit{gravitational} mass supported by a hot NS with constant entropy equal to $\tilde{s}$. These results show a path to constraining the temperature dependence of the EOS through the detection of neutrinos from a failed galactic supernova., 22 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables

In humans, midget and parasol ganglion cells account for most of the input from the eyes to the brain. Yet, how they encode visual information is unknown. Here, we perform large-scale multi-electrode array recordings from retinas of treatment-naive patients who underwent enucleation surgery for choroidal malignant melanomas. We identify robust differences in the function of midget and parasol ganglion cells, consistent asymmetries between their ON and OFF types (that signal light increments and decrements, respectively) and divergence in the function of human versus non-human primate retinas. Our computational analyses reveal that the receptive fields of human midget and parasol ganglion cells divide naturalistic movies into adjacent spatiotemporal frequency domains with equal stimulus power, while the asymmetric response functions of their ON and OFF types simultaneously maximize stimulus coverage and information transmission and minimize metabolic cost. Thus, midget and parasol ganglion cells in the human retina efficiently encode our visual environment.

The gravitational wave (GW) signal resulting from stellar core collapse encodes a wealth of information about the physical parameters of the progenitor star and the resulting core-collapse supernova (CCSN). We present a novel approach to constrain CCSN progenitor properties at collapse using two of the most detectable parts of the GW signal: the core-bounce signal and evolution of the dominant frequency mode from the protoneutron star. We focus on the period after core bounce but before explosion and investigate the predictive power of GWs from rotating CCSNe to constrain properties of the progenitor star. We analyze 34 2D and four 3D neutrinoradiation-hydrodynamic simulations of stellar core collapse in progenitors of varied initial mass and rotation rate. Extending previous work, we verify the compactness of the progenitor at collapse to correlate with the early ramp-up slope, and in rotating cases, also with the core angular momentum. Combining this information with the bounce signal, we present a new analysis method to constrain the pre-collapse core compactness of the progenitor. Because these GW features occur less than a second after core bounce, this analysis could allow astronomers to predict electromagnetic properties of a resulting CCSN even before shock breakout., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures; Published in ApJ

Background: The prevalence of food allergy (FA) among European school children is poorly defined. Estimates have commonly been based on parent-reported symptoms. We aimed to estimate the frequency of FA and sensitization against food allergens in primary school children in eight European countries. Methods: A follow-up assessment at age 6-10 years of a multicentre European birth cohort based was undertaken using an online parental questionnaire, clinical visits including structured interviews and skin prick tests (SPT). Children with suspected FA were scheduled for double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges (DBPCFC). Results: A total of 6105 children participated in this school-age follow-up (57.8% of 10 563 recruited at birth). For 982 of 6069 children (16.2%), parents reported adverse reactions after food consumption in the online questionnaire. Of 2288 children with parental face-to-face interviews and/or skin prick testing, 238 (10.4%) were eligible for a DBPCFC. Sixty-three foods were challenge-tested in 46 children. Twenty food challenges were positive in 17 children, including seven to hazelnut and three to peanut. Another seventy-one children were estimated to suffer FA among those who were eligible but refused DBPCFC. This yielded prevalence estimates for FA in school age between 1.4% (88 related to all 6105 participants of this follow-up) and 3.8% (88 related to 2289 with completed eligibility assessment). Interpretation: In primary school children in eight European countries, the prevalence of FA was lower than expected even though parents of this cohort have become especially aware of allergic reactions to food. There was moderate variation between centres hampering valid regional comparisons. © 2020 The Authors. Allergy published by European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Shock revival in core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) may be due to the neutrino mechanism. While it is known that in a neutrino-powered CCSN, explosion begins when the neutrino luminosity of the proto-neutron star exceeds a critical value, the physics of this condition in time-dependent, multidimensional simulations are not fully understood. \citet{Pejcha2012} found that an `antesonic condition' exists for time-steady spherically symmetric models, potentially giving a physical explanation for the critical curve observed in simulations. In this paper, we extend that analysis to time-dependent, spherically symmetric polytropic models. We verify the critical antesonic condition in our simulations, showing that models exceeding it drive transonic winds whereas models below it exhibit steady accretion. In addition, we find that (1) high spatial resolution is needed for accurate determination of the antesonic ratio and shock radius at the critical curve, and that low resolution simulations systematically underpredict these quantities, making explosion more difficult at lower resolution; (2) there is an important physical connection between the critical mass accretion rate at explosion and the mass loss rate of the post-explosion wind: the two are directly proportional at criticality, implying that, at criticality, the wind kinetic power is tied directly to the accretion power; (3) the value of the post-shock adiabatic index $\Gamma$ has a large effect on the length and time scales of the post-bounce evolution of the explosion larger values of $\Gamma$ result in a longer transition from the accretion to wind phases., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures; corrected typos in arXiv metadata; updated to final published version