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1. Mise à jour des connaissances concernant quatre maladies délaissées en Haïti : mansonellose, tungose, lèpre, charbon

Author

C. P. Raccurt, L Mondésir, J. Boncy, L L Andrecy, P Dély, P Adrien, A. Existe, M Chatelier, R M A Jean-Baptiste, and R Honoré

Subjects
education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, Tunga penetrans, Public health, Population, Prevalence, Mansonelliasis, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Monitoring program, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Geography, Environmental health, medicine, Tungiasis, Rural area, education
Abstract

Haiti, like most limited-resources countries in the world, faces numerous neglected infectious diseases. They represent a real public health issue with lethal consequences especially in children. We are reviewing here the available literature on four neglected infectious diseases, mansonelliasis, tungiasis, leprosy and anthrax. Filariasis, due to Mansonella ozzardi, has been totally neglected since its discovery in 1920 in Haiti; it persists in coastal homes with a high prevalence in adults when an effective treatment is available. The skin lesions caused by Tunga penetrans have existed since the pre-Columbian period in Haiti. They persist in the most retreated and hard-to-reach areas where the population lives in precarious conditions and in extreme poverty. New available research data show the importance of the problem with very high prevalence rates in some rural communities far away from any healthcare center. Cases of leprosy are recently reemerging as no monitoring program has been in place since 2004. Finally, anthrax is still endemic; small epidemics resurfacing periodically in families in rural areas. Screening of people for these diseases and managing the cases are necessary to improve health and reduce morbidity and mortality in Haiti.

Published
2018

2. Représentations des pratiques éducatives parentales et estime de soi chez des enfants placés en fratrie versus séparément

Author

C. Guerini, Anne-Sophie Deborde, C. Danner Touati, M. Chatelier, Laboratoire Paragraphe (PARAGRAPHE), and Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY)

Subjects
05 social sciences, 050109 social psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, General Psychology, 050104 developmental & child psychology, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract

Resume Cette etude visait a examiner les representations parentales et l’estime de soi chez 33 participants places en fratrie et 25 places separement, tous âges entre 10 et 18 ans. Puis, les relations entre representations parentales et estime de soi ont ete examinees dans chacun des groupes. Ces deux dimensions ont ete respectivement mesurees par l’echelle d’estime de soi de Rosenberg et par le Parental Bonding Instrument. Les resultats ont montre que les participants places en fratrie etaient moins deprimes et avaient une meilleure estime d’eux-memes que ceux places separement. De plus, en depit du fait que, dans les deux groupes, les soins parentaux etaient defaillants, les participants places en fratrie avaient des representations des soins parentaux plus positives. Enfin, les liens entre les representations parentales et l’estime de soi etaient differents dans les deux groupes. Chez les enfants places en fratrie, plus l’image des parents etait positive et plus l’estime de soi etait faible, confirmant ainsi l’hypothese selon laquelle une representation positive des soins parentaux pourrait renforcer l’idee negative que ces enfants ont d’eux-memes.

Published
2019

3. [Update of knowledge on Neglected Diseases in Haiti: Mansonelliasis, Tungiasis, Leprosy, and Anthrax]

Author

C P, Raccurt, J, Boncy, R M A, Jean-Baptiste, R, Honoré, L L, Andrecy, P, Dély, L, Mondésir, M, Chatelier, A, Existe, and P, Adrien

Subjects
Adult, Male, Adolescent, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Neglected Diseases, Middle Aged, Haiti, Filariasis, Anthrax, Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Leprosy, Tungiasis, Mansonelliasis, Prevalence, Animals, Humans, Female, Child, Aged
Abstract

Haiti, like most limited-resources countries in the world, faces numerous neglected infectious diseases. They represent a real public health issue with lethal consequences especially in children. We are reviewing here the available literature on four neglected infectious diseases, mansonelliasis, tungiasis, leprosy and anthrax. Filariasis, due toComme dans la plupart des pays pauvres de la planète, les maladies infectieuses négligées sont nombreuses en Haïti où elles représentent un réel problème de santé publique avec des conséquences létales, surtout pour les enfants. Nous faisons le point des données accessibles pour quatre d'entre elles. Totalement délaissée depuis la découverte de sa présence en Haïti en 1920, la filariose due à

Published
2017

4. Tore Supra: Toward Steady State in a Superconducting Tokamak

Author

C. De Michelis, B. Saoutic, and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Joint European Torus, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, Superconducting magnet, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Limiter, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The superconducting tokamak Tore Supra was built in the 1980s, when the Joint European Torus (JET) started operation, with the aim of addressing technological and scientific questions relevant to long-pulse operation, in complement to JET objectives. The past 20 years of operation have confirmed that it was essential to integrate within a single device the features of high-performance long pulses in order to progress on the technological side with the level of effort needed for integration and interface management. Besides the 20 years of successful operation of the superconducting magnet, successive developments of the actively cooled plasma-facing components have allowed us to increase progressively the level of performance of Tore Supra. Since 2001, Tore Supra has been operated with an actively cooled toroidal pump limiter, complemented by actively cooled antenna protections and wall protection [Composants Internes et Limiteur (CIEL) project], capable of removing up to 20 to 25 MW of power. The high-performance long-pulse capability of Tore Supra culminated in 2003 with record discharge durations of 6 min driven by lower hybrid current drive (LHCD). Although Tore Supra has a circular cross section, which departs from the favorite divertor edge configuration, it has been possible to address original physics questions that are of importance for current and future scientific choices of ITER and beyond, e.g., plasma discharges driven by LHCD or ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) (no neutral beams), carbon wall environment at constant temperature, ergodic edge, pellet/supersonic gas injection, electron cyclotron resonances heating-assisted mode control or plasma breakdown, etc. The large heat exhaust margin available with the CIEL components has made possible the current installation of a new LHCD power system with 16 upgraded 700-kW klystrons and an actively cooled passive/active lower hybrid antenna, which opens the prospects for larger-density operation and larger ICRHcoupling and therefore higher-performance plasmas (higher bootstrap fraction) over discharges of the same or longer duration. This paper briefly sketches the research reported in this special issue of Fusion Science and Technology dedicated to the Tore Supra tokamak. It briefly sketches its history, describes its mission, and outlines its physics and technology results.

Published
2009

5. Integration of high power, long pulse operation in Tore Supra in preparation for ITER

Author

M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Magnetohydrodynamics, Reflectometry, Pulse-width modulation
Abstract

Tore Supra routinely addresses the physics and technology of very long-duration plasma discharges, thus bringing key information on critical issues of long pulse/steady-state operation of ITER. During the last two years, its scientific programme has entered a new phase towards higher power long pulse. Considerable progress has been accomplished towards reliable and safe operation at multi-MW power level in an actively cooled plasma facing components (PFCs) environment. Discharges lasting several resistive times, with combined lower hybrid current drive and ion cyclotron resonant heating at high power level, in plasmas close to the Greenwald limit and Ti close to Te have been obtained. Improved confinement has been maintained together with q(0) ~ 1.5 for durations up to 20 s. An advanced scheme for the physics and operational integration of plasma scenarios has been developed, and discharges at 7 MW total injected power level have been controlled in an MHD stable region for 60 s. The unique capability of the reflectometry system of Tore Supra has allowed detailed studies of particle/energy transport, and a weak dependence of confinement with β is corroborated by fluctuation measurements. A new mechanism is proposed to explain the D retention observed in long pulses. Analysis of large parallel flows in the scrape off layer (SOL) lends credence to the hypothesis that the SOL is fed by long range transport events that are created near the outboard midplane. Finally, new technological developments for in situ follow-up of PFCs ageing are reported.

Published
2007

6. Effects of supra-thermal particle impacts on Tore Supra plasma facing components

Author

Richard E. Nygren, R. Mitteau, M. Chatelier, M. Lipa, J.J. Cordier, G. Martin, and V. Basiuk

Subjects
Long pulse, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics, Plasma, Tore Supra, Fusion power, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Thermal, Particle, General Materials Science, Power flux, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Actively cooled plasma facing components (PFCs) for Tore Supra (TS) have been designed basically for heat exhaust of ‘normal’ (convected and radiated) plasma power. However, in some cases, fast particles have been observed, which locally increased the power flux density, leading to damage of these PFCs and other inner vessel components. Three different examples for irreversible component damage, such as component melting and water leaks, are described involving runaway and supra-thermal particle strikes. In view of the capability for TS to handle larger input powers and to control the particles over long pulse durations, inner vessel components have been completely redesigned. The improved design concepts retained for the CIEL upgrade and preliminary results in the new configuration are presented.

Published
2003

7. Magnetic fusion devices-status and prospects

Author

M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Magnetic fusion, Field-reversed configuration, Systems engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Fusion power, Condensed Matter Physics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
Abstract

After a quick overview of the accomplishments in magnetic fusion throughout the last 30 years, the most recent information is given on the current situation of physics and technological development. The features of the ITER project are described with particular emphasis put on its aims on the route to a commercial fusion reactor.

Published
2002

8. Physics and design interplay phenomena in an actively cooled tokamak: Tore Supra

Author

M. Chatelier

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Tokamak, Long pulse, law, Nuclear engineering, Active cooling, Water pipe, Plasma, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention
Abstract

In order to achieve long pulse high performance plasma discharges, actively cooled plasma facing components (PFCs) have been installed since the beginning of Tore Supra in 1988. So far, up to 280 MJ of energy could be removed within a single discharge of 2 mn duration. Active cooling creates a specific environment, like, e.g., constant low wall temperature (

Published
2001

9. Simulation of different pumping configurations for the CIEL project on Tore Supra

Author

M. Chatelier, D. Reiter, F. Faisse, A. Grosman, Ph. Chappuis, and E. Tsitrone

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Toroid, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Nuclear engineering, Limiter, Flux, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Tore Supra
Abstract

In the framework of the CIEL project, allowing to improve Tore Supra heat and particle exhaust capability, a toroidal pump limiter will be implemented in the bottom of the machine. This paper presents the study of the pumping system associated with this limiter, in terms of pumping efficiency and extracted flux. Simulations have been performed for different configurations, using the EIRENE neutral transport code, and show that the pumping system should provide efficient density control for the scenarios contemplated for CIEL.

Published
1999

10. Design, fabrication and testing of an improved high heat flux element, experience feedback on steady state plasma facing components in Tore Supra

Author

Ph. Chappuis, D Guilheim, G. Tonon, M. Chatelier, R. Mitteau, L Plöchl, M. Lipa, E. Tsitrone, J. Schlosser, and A. Durocher

Subjects
Materials science, Fabrication, Mechanical Engineering, Welding, Heat sink, Tore Supra, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, law, Limiter, Brazing, General Materials Science, Graphite, Composite material, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Actively cooled plasma facing components (PFC) have been developed and used in Tore Supra since 1985. One of the main technological problem is due to the expansion mismatch between graphite armour and metallic heat sink material. A first technology used graphite tiles with or without a reinforcement and a compliant layer, brazed with titanium copper–silver (TiCuAg) alloy. The next technology used carbon fiber material (CFC) tiles with a 2 mm pure copper compliant layer, since the good mechanical strength of the CFC allowed the reinforcement layer to be suppressed. No destructive inspection during the manufacturing procedure was found to be essential to insure a good reliability of the elements. A recent technology was developed for the new actively cooled toroidal pump limiter of Tore Supra (designed to remove up to 15 MW during 1000 s with incident heat flux up to 10 MW m−2). This new technology uses an active metal casting (AMC) of copper onto CFC tiles whose surface is prepared by a laser treatment. Copper compliant layer is then electron-beam welded to the heat sink. This technology is silver free and could be ITER relevant. The first bonding is X-ray controlled and the second one ultrasonic (US) tested. Finally all the elements are controlled by an infrared imaging technique during a hot water test.

Published
1998

11. Runaway electron damage to the Tore Supra Phase III outboard pump limiter

Author

Richard E. Nygren, M. Chatelier, David S. Walsh, T.J. Lutz, D. Guilhem, T. Loarer, and G. Martin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Leading edge, Range (particle radiation), Tokamak, Toroid, Mechanics, Plasma, Electron, Tore Supra, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Limiter, General Materials Science
Abstract

Operation of the Phase III outboard pump limiter (OPL) in Tore Supra in 1994 was terminated prematurely when runaway electrons during the current decay following a disruption pierced leading edge tube on the electron side and caused a water leak. The location, about 20 mm outside the last closed flux surface during normal operation, and the infrared (IR) images of the limiter indicate that the runaways moved in large outward steps, i.e. tens of millimeters, in one toroidal revolution. For plasma (runaway) currents in the range of 155 to 250 kA, the drift orbits open to the outside. Basic trajectory computations suggest that such motion is possible under the conditions present for this experiment. Activation measurements made on sections of the tube to indicate the area of local damage are presented here. An understanding of this event may provide important guidance regarding the potential damage from runaways in future tokamaks.

Published
1997

12. ICRF/Edge Interaction Guidelines for ICRF Antenna Design and Initial ICRF/Edge Interaction Experiments on the Tore Supra Tokamak

Author

D. Fraboulet, M. Chatelier, W. Hess, Donald B. Batchelor, P.M. Ryan, J. Walter, F.W. Baity, C. Christopher Klepper, H. Kuus, Taner Uckan, Mark D. Carter, C. E. Thomas, B. Saoutic, S. J. Tobin, D. Guilhem, J. H. Harris, J.T. Hogan, D.J. Hoffman, R.C. Isler, A. Grosman, A. Becoulet, G. R. Haste, B. Beaumont, and T. Loarer

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Cyclotron, General Engineering, Shields, Plasma, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Computational physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Limiter, Antenna (radio), Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Faraday cage
Abstract

Understanding ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) antenna interaction with the edge/scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma is crucial to building antennas that can survive long-pulse or steady-state high-power operation in plasmas. The global effects of ICRF/edge interactions are discussed. The present knowledge of ICRF-induced sheath interactions with the edge and SOL plasmas in magnetic fusion experiments is quantitatively reviewed and added to. The design principles and equations governing plasma heat loading and the sputtering of Faraday shields and the bumper limiters of ICRF antennas for long-pulse and steady-state devices are presented. Electrostatic sheaths on Faraday shields and bumper limiters are discussed, and an analytic estimate of the induced direct-current (dc) plasma potential at the lateral protection (bumper limiters) of ICRF antennas is given. This is a new result. This estimated dc voltage is used to give the total power flow to the lateral protection, and an expression for the power flux is given-also with new results. Equations to use in estimating impurity production (sputtering) and principles for minimizing impurity production are reviewed. Similar equations and estimates for electromotive radio-frequency sheaths are given, and new scaling laws for the dc voltage and power flow to the ICRF antenna lateral protection due to electromotive sheaths are proposed. The initial results from the ICRF/edge interaction experiments on Tore Supra are presented and discussed in light of the theoretical and heuristic results given.

Published
1996

13. Fuelling and particle exhaust in present day and next step tokamaks

Author

M Chatelier

Subjects
Physics, Tokamak, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Particle transport, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, chemistry, law, Particle, Atomic physics, Instrumentation, Particle control, Helium
Abstract

Particle control in next step tokamaks is required to ensure balanced D and T concentrations in the plasma core (burn control), high divertor density (highly radiating divertor, detached operation) and not too large scrape off density conditions (access to H mode and critical density). This requires proper exhaust and fuelling schemes to be operated, compatible with helium ash removal requirements. Particle transport, as well as exhaust and fuelling methods, are reviewed. The present scheme foreseen for ITER and related prospects are also discussed.

Published
1996

14. Particle exhaust with a vented pump limiter on Tore Supra

Author

J.J. Cordier, B. Pégourié, A. Grosman, Ph. Chappuis, M. Chatelier, D. Guilhem, P.K. Mioduszewski, Philippe Ghendrih, T. Loarer, Larry W Owen, and E. Tsitrone

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, Mechanics, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Plenum space, Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemistry, Deuterium, Heat flux, Limiter, Particle, Ohmic contact, Helium
Abstract

Experiments performed with the Tore Supra vented pump limiter (Vented-PL) demonstrate that a vented structure exhibits a significant particle exhaust capability while allowing moderate heat flux density on the whole head surface. An experimental comparison is presented between a classical pump limiter with throats (Throat-PL) and the test Vented-PL for both deuterium and helium ohmic discharges. It is shown that, without active pumping, the deuterium and helium pressures in the Vented-PL plenum are typically 3 times lower than those measured in the Throat-PL plenum. However, when pumping is activated, this pressure is demonstrated to be high enough to allow the Vented-PL to control actively the plasma density. With only one modular Vented-PL, an exhaust efficiency (defined as the global recycling coefficient reduction) as high as 6% has already been measured for a deuterium plasma

Published
1996

15. Particle exhaust experiments with pump limiter, ergodic divertor and vented limiter in Tore Supra

Author

M. Chatelier, Taner Uckan, T. Hutter, C. Christopher Klepper, P.K. Mioduszewski, Eric Gauthier, J.T. Hogan, B. Pégourié, C. Grisolia, E. Tsitrone, Larry W Owen, A. Grosman, and T. Loarer

Subjects
Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Divertor, Limiter, Ergodic theory, Particle, Mechanics, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Ohmic contact, Ion, Plasma density
Abstract

In Tore Supra, plasma particle exhaust has been studied by means of modular pump limiters, with either throats (ion collection) or vented structures (neutral collection), and with an ergodic divertor. Detailed study of active plasma density control has been performed in these three configurations for ohmic conditions.

Published
1995

16. Radiative layer control experiments within an ergodized edge zone in Tore supra

Author

R. Guirlet, M. Chatelier, Eric Gauthier, C. DeMichelis, B. Beaumont, B. Saoutic, C. Chamouard, P. Monier-Garbet, Philippe Ghendrih, J.C. Vallet, D. Guilhem, J. Lasalle, A. Grosman, and J. Valter

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Divertor, Cyclotron, chemistry.chemical_element, Tore Supra, Effective radiated power, law.invention, Ion, Neon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Limiter, Radiative transfer, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Experiments on strong radiative layers have been undertaken in Tore supra. They have been performed in ohmic and auxiliary heated (by means of ion cyclotron resonant waves) plasmas. The high radiation level has been triggered by either deuterium or gaseous (generally neon) impurity injection. The ergodic divertor activation has provided an enhanced radiated fraction compared to the limiter case. Radiated power could be as high as 5.5 MW, corresponding to about 80% of the total injected for a bulk neon concentration lower than 1%.

Published
1995

17. Experiments on steady state particle control in Tore Supra and DIII-D

Author

T. Hutter, B. Pégourié, C. Grisolia, M. R. Wade, A. Grosman, Taner Uckan, T. Loarer, Ph. Ghendrih, Larry W Owen, C. Christopher Klepper, Dongkyu Lee, M.A. Mahdavi, P.K. Mioduszewski, M J Schaffer, M. Chatelier, C. E. Thomas, Rajesh Maingi, D. L. Hillis, M.M. Menon, and J.T. Hogan

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Tokamak, DIII-D, Chemistry, Mechanics, Plasma, Fusion power, Tore Supra, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Limiter, Particle, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Particle control is playing an increasingly important role in tokamak plasma performance. The present paper discusses particle control of hydrogen/deuterium by wall pumping on graphite or carbonized surfaces, as well as by external exhaust with pumped limiters and pumped divertors. Wall pumping is ultimately a transient effect and by itself not suitable for steady state particle exhaust. Therefore, external exhaust techniques with pumped divertors and limiters are being developed. How wall pumping phenomena interact and correlate with these inherently steady state, external exhaust techniques, is not well known to date. In the present paper, the processes involved in wall pumping and in external pumping are investigated in an attempt to evaluate the effect of external exhaust on wall pumping. Some of the key elements of this analysis are: (1) charge-exchange fluxes to the wall play a crucial role in the core-wall particle dynamics, (2) the recycling fluxes of thermal molecules have a high probability of ionization in the scrape-off layer, (3) thermal particles originating from the wall, which are ionized within the scrape-off layer, can be directly exhausted, thus providing a direct path between wall and exhaust which can be used to control the wall inventory. This way, the wall can be kept in a continuous pumping state in the sense that it continuously absorbs energetic particles and releases thermal molecules which are then removed by the external exhaust mechanism. While most of the ingredients of this analysis have been observed individually before, the present evaluation is an attempt to correlate effects of wall recycling and external exhaust.

Published
1995

18. First measurements of ICRF and edge/SOL plasma interactions on TORE SUPRA

Author

S. J. Tobin, T. Loarer, C. E. Thomas, P.M. Ryan, Mark D. Carter, J. H. Harris, J. Valter, D.J. Hoffman, B. Saoutic, D. Guilhem, H. Kuus, B. Beaumont, G. R. Haste, F.W. Baity, M. Chatelier, C. Christopher Klepper, A. Grosman, J.-Y. Pascal, A. Becoulet, D. Fraboulet, and J.T. Hogan

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Chemistry, business.industry, Cyclotron, Fusion power, Tore Supra, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Dielectric heating, Limiter, General Materials Science, Antenna (radio), business, Overheating (electricity)
Abstract

Heat fluxes considerably larger than anticipated appear to be incident on the lateral protection of the TORE SUPRA Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) antennas. The antenna lateral protection shows overheating for ICRF power levels greater than 2 MW in dipole mode or 1 MW in monopole mode. A possible cause for overheating is a DC sheath voltage created on the antenna structure by the ICRF.

Published
1995

19. In-service experience feedback of the Tore Supra actively cooled inner first wall

Author

L. Garampon, J. Schlosser, J.J. Cordier, M. Lipa, Ph. Chappuis, D. Guilhem, M. Chatelier, P. Deschamps, and R. Mitteau

Subjects
High energy, Tokamak, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Carbon fibers, Mechanical engineering, Materials testing, Fusion power, Tore Supra, law.invention, Service experience, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Material defect, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Over 12 000 plasma shots (some of them with up to 8 MW of additional power and some as long as 60 s) have been achieved in Tore Supra, with a significant number of them limited by the inner first wall. This actively water-cooled wall is covered with brazed graphite tiles. High power, high energy experiments have shown that reliability of the graphite tile-heat sink joint and accurate alignment of the wall are needed. This paper summarizes the experience gained with this component, and the developments in progress to improve the performance of such an inner first wall.

Published
1995

20. Contribution of Tore Supra in preparation of ITER

Author

B. Saoutic, J. Abiteboul, L. Allegretti, S. Allfrey, J.M. Ané, T. Aniel, A. Argouarch, J.F. Artaud, M.H. Aumenier, S. Balme, V. Basiuk, O. Baulaigue, P. Bayetti, A. Bécoulet, M. Bécoulet, M.S. Benkadda, F. Benoit, G. Berger-by, J.M. Bernard, B. Bertrand, P. Beyer, A. Bigand, J. Blum, D. Boilson, G. Bonhomme, H. Bottollier-Curtet, C. Bouchand, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, S. Bourmaud, C. Brault, S. Brémond, C. Brosset, J. Bucalossi, Y. Buravand, P. Cara, V. Catherine-Dumont, A. Casati, M. Chantant, M. Chatelier, G. Chevet, D. Ciazynski, G. Ciraolo, F. Clairet, M. Coatanea-Gouachet, L. Colas, L. Commin, E. Corbel, Y. Corre, X. Courtois, R. Dachicourt, M. Dapena Febrer, M. Davi Joanny, R. Daviot, H. De Esch, J. Decker, P. Decool, P. Delaporte, E. Delchambre, E. Delmas, L. Delpech, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, T. Dittmar, L. Doceul, D. Douai, H. Dougnac, J.L. Duchateau, B. Dugué, N. Dumas, R. Dumont, A. Durocher, F.X. Duthoit, A. Ekedahl, D. Elbeze, M. El Khaldi, F. Escourbiac, F. Faisse, G. Falchetto, M. Farge, J.L. Farjon, M. Faury, N. Fedorczak, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, M. Firdaouss, Y. Frauel, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, J.L. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, E. Gauthier, O. Gaye, A. Géraud, M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, I. Giacalone, S. Gibert, C. Gil, G. Giruzzi, M. Goniche, V. Grandgirard, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, A. Grosman, R. Guigon, D. Guilhem, B. Guillerminet, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, O. Gurcan, S. Hacquin, J.C. Hatchressian, P. Hennequin, C. Hernandez, P. Hertout, S. Heuraux, J. Hillairet, G.T. Hoang, C. Honore, M. Houry, T. Hutter, P. Huynh, G. Huysmans, F. Imbeaux, E. Joffrin, J. Johner, L. Jourd'Heuil, Y.S. Katharria, D. Keller, S.H. Kim, M. Kocan, M. Kubic, B. Lacroix, V. Lamaison, G. Latu, Y. Lausenaz, C. Laviron, F. Leroux, L. Letellier, M. Lipa, X. Litaudon, T. Loarer, P. Lotte, S. Madeleine, P. Magaud, P. Maget, R. Magne, L. Manenc, Y. Marandet, G. Marbach, J.L. Maréchal, L. Marfisi, C. Martin, G. Martin, V. Martin, A. Martinez, J.P. Martins, R. Masset, D. Mazon, N. Mellet, L. Mercadier, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, O. Meyer, L. Million, M. Missirlian, P. Mollard, V. Moncada, P. Monier-Garbet, D. Moreau, P. Moreau, L. Morini, M. Nannini, M. Naiim Habib, E. Nardon, H. Nehme, C. Nguyen, S. Nicollet, R. Nouilletas, T. Ohsako, M. Ottaviani, S. Pamela, H. Parrat, P. Pastor, A.L. Pecquet, B. Pégourié, Y. Peysson, I. Porchy, C. Portafaix, M. Preynas, M. Prou, J.M. Raharijaona, N. Ravenel, C. Reux, P. Reynaud, M. Richou, H. Roche, P. Roubin, R. Sabot, F. Saint-Laurent, S. Salasca, F. Samaille, A. Santagiustina, Y. Sarazin, A. Semerok, J. Schlosser, M. Schneider, M. Schubert, F. Schwander, J.L. Ségui, G. Selig, P. Sharma, J. Signoret, A. Simonin, S. Song, E. Sonnendruker, F. Sourbier, P. Spuig, P. Tamain, M. Tena, J.M. Theis, D. Thouvenin, A. Torre, J.M. Travère, E. Tsitrone, J.C. Vallet, E. Van Der Plas, A. Vatry, J.M. Verger, L. Vermare, F. Villecroze, D. Villegas, R. Volpe, K. Vulliez, J. Wagrez, T. Wauters, L. Zani, D. Zarzoso, X.L. Zou, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés (SIMaP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dept. Accelerateurs - XFEL, Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels (IUSTI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Matériaux et Mécanique des Composants (EDF R&D MMC), EDF R&D (EDF R&D), EDF (EDF)-EDF (EDF), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Département de Recherche sur la Fusion Contrôlée (DRFC), Laboratoire d'Interaction Laser Matière (LILM), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) (DPHN), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, School of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Division, ITER organization (ITER), CEA Cadarache, Centre de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA ISIS, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville - FR 2488 (IRSTV), Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Eau et Environnement (IFSTTAR/GERS/EE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre of Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME)/Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), University of Algarve [Portugal], Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques (LP3), Centre d'Histoire 'Espaces et Cultures' (CHEC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers (CRCNA), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (CHU Angers), PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM)-Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Hôpital Laennec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Faculté de Médecine d'Angers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Centre d'investigation clinique en cancérologie (CI2C), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs (LEMMA), Université de La Rochelle (ULR), CMCR des Massues, Croix rouge française, Laboratoire Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux (PIMM), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Réserve Naturelle Nationale Baie St-Brieuc, Réserves Naturelles de France-Réserves Naturelles de France, Géoazur (GEOAZUR 6526), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Direction des Jardins botaniques et zoologiques, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente e per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile (DIASS), Dipartimento Ingn Ambiente & Sviluppo Soste, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2), Equipe Dynamique des Systemes Complexes, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Laboratoire de physique des milieux ionisés et applications (LPMIA), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 (UHP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Service de Chimie Physique (SCP), Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques (LAPHAP), Université de Poitiers, Institut d'Electronique du Solide et des Systèmes ( InESS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Science et Ingénierie des Matériaux et Procédés ( SIMaP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire ( LAL ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) ( LMD ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -École des Ponts ParisTech ( ENPC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies ( FEMTO-ST ), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard ( UTBM ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques ( ENSMM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institut universitaire des systèmes thermiques industriels ( IUSTI ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), EDF - R&D Department MMC and MAI, EDF R&D ( EDF R&D ), EDF ( EDF ) -EDF ( EDF ), Association EURATOM-CEA ( CEA/DSM/DRFC ), Département de Recherche sur la Fusion Contrôlée ( DRFC ), Laboratoire d'Interaction Laser Matière ( LILM ), Département de Physico-Chimie ( DPC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Département de Physique Nucléaire (ex SPhN) ( DPHN ), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers ( IRFU ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Centre de Thermique de Lyon ( CETHIL ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand ( ICCF ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ) -Sigma CLERMONT ( Sigma CLERMONT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques de la Ville ( IRSTV ), Université d'Angers ( UA ) -Université de Nantes ( UN ) -École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ) -EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Eau et Environnement ( IFSTTAR/GERS/EE ), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux ( IFSTTAR ) -PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans ( UNAM ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies ( LIST ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier ( ISEM ), Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Lasers, Plasmas et Procédés photoniques ( LP3 ), Centre d'Histoire 'Espaces et Cultures' ( CHEC ), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ), Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes ( CHU Nantes ), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie / Nantes - Angers ( CRCNA ), CHU Angers-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes ( CHU Nantes ) -Hôtel-Dieu de Nantes-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Hôpital Laennec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Faculté de Médecine d'Angers, Centre d'investigation clinique en cancérologie ( CI2C ), IFP Energies nouvelles ( IFPEN ), Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] ( MATEIS ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon ( INSA Lyon ), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution ( ESE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux en Milieux Agressifs ( LEMMA ), Université de La Rochelle ( ULR ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Croix-rouge française, Procédés et Ingénierie en Mécanique et Matériaux [Paris] ( PIMM ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] ( CNAM ), Institut de Microélectronique, Electromagnétisme et Photonique - Laboratoire d'Hyperfréquences et Caractérisation ( IMEP-LAHC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Savoie Mont Blanc ( USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] ) -Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble ( INPG ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology ( Grenoble INP ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Géoazur ( GEOAZUR ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Réserve de la Haute Touche, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ), Department of Information Technology ( INTEC ), Ghent University [Belgium] ( UGENT ), Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Ambiente e per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile ( DIASS ), Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier ( ICGM ICMMM ), Université Montpellier 1 ( UM1 ) -Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques ( UM2 ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier ( ENSCM ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Physique des milieux ionisés et applications ( LPMIA ), Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1 ( UHP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon ( CRCL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) ( BRGM ), Catalyse par les métaux, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers ( IC2MP ), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Service de Chimie Physique ( SCP ), Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activités Physiques ( LAPHAP ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes (UN)-École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-EC. ARCHIT. NANTES-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS)

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], Plasma parameters, Ripple, Plasma, Tore Supra, Collisionality, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, symbols.namesake, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, symbols, Langmuir probe, Electron temperature, 010306 general physics, Power density
Abstract

International audience; Tore Supra routinely addresses the physics and technology of very long-duration plasma discharges, thus bringing precious information on critical issues of long pulse operation of ITER. A new ITER relevant lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) launcher has allowed coupling to the plasma a power level of 2.7 MW for 78 s, corresponding to a power density close to the design value foreseen for an ITER LHCD system. In accordance with the expectations, long distance (10 cm) power coupling has been obtained. Successive stationary states of the plasma current pro le have been controlled in real-time featuring (i) control of sawteeth with varying plasma parameters, (ii) obtaining and sustaining a `hot core' plasma regime, (iii) recovery from a voluntarily triggered deleterious magnetohydrodynamic regime. The scrape-off layer (SOL) parameters and power deposition have been documented during L-mode ramp-up phase, a crucial point for ITER before the X-point formation. Disruption mitigation studies have been conducted with massive gas injection, evidencing the difference between He and Ar and the possible role of the q = 2 surface in limiting the gas penetration. ICRF assisted wall conditioning in the presence of magnetic eld has been investigated, culminating in the demonstration that this conditioning scheme allows one to recover normal operation after disruptions. The effect of the magnetic eld ripple on the intrinsic plasma rotation has been studied, showing the competition between turbulent transport processes and ripple toroidal friction. During dedicated dimensionless experiments, the effect of varying the collisionality on turbulence wavenumber spectra has been documented, giving new insight into the turbulence mechanism. Turbulence measurements have also allowed quantitatively comparing experimental results with predictions by 5D gyrokinetic codes: numerical results simultaneously match the magnitude of effective heat diffusivity, rms values of density uctuations and wavenumber spectra. A clear correlation between electron temperature gradient and impurity transport in the very core of the plasma has been observed, strongly suggesting the existence of a threshold above which transport is dominated by turbulent electron modes. Dynamics of edge turbulent uctuations has been studied by correlating data from fast imaging cameras and Langmuir probes, yielding a coherent picture of transport processes involved in the SOL.

Published
2011

21. Pellet ablation studies on TORE SUPRA

Author

B. Pégourié, A. Geraud, J.-M. Picchiottino, M. Chatelier, and H.-W. Drawin

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Debye sheath, Materials science, Pellets, Penetration (firestop), Plasma, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, symbols.namesake, Deuterium, Pellet, symbols, Plasma channel, Atomic physics
Abstract

The penetration of deuterium pellets into ohmically heated TORE SUPRA plasmas has been studied for various plasma conditions (ne = 1 × 1019-6 × 1019 m3, Te = 1-4 keV) and pellet characteristics (Np = 2 × 1020-1.3 × 1021 atoms/pellet, Vp = 0.6-2.4 km/s - i.e. an increase of about 1 km/s from the velocity range covered by the available data for pellet studies). The measured penetration depths compare well with the predictions of the NGS model. A refined NGPS model is presented, in which the plasma channel radius is computed self-consistently and the heating of the neutral cloud by the 'cold' plasma sheath is taken into account explicitly. When the value of ne is sufficiently high, it fits the experimental penetration values well, and the computed matter deposition profile compares well with the measured Hα signal. The same model has been shown to fit the experimental scaling laws deduced from the JET and ASDEX data

Published
1993

23. Industrial medicine

Author

A M, CHATELIER

Subjects
Occupational Medicine, Humans, Industry, Occupations
Published
2010

24. Modeling of core-wall particle dynamics in Tore Supra pumping experiments

Author

Taner Uckan, P.K. Mioduszewski, Larry W Owen, C. Christopher Klepper, L.D. Horton, Th. Loarer, M. Chatelier, and J.T. Hogan

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle number, Chemistry, Flux, Plasma, Tore Supra, Core (optical fiber), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Limiter, Particle, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Diffusion (business)
Abstract

Particle control experiments in Tore Supra have shown that the change in core plasma density with pumping at the outboard pump limiter amounts only to a small fraction of the total number of particles extracted by the outboard pump limiter system. To develop a model for the core-wall particle exchange at the level of individual basic physical processes, the particle exchange between the core plasma and the wall has been modeled in detail for a series of Tore Supra discharges. Core and scrape-off layer particle balance and wall diffusion calculations were performed using a radial transport code and a 1D wall diffusion code. Core-wall particle exchange for the case of the outboard pump limiter is found to be mediated by the localized charge exchange flux in the near limiter region. The wall particle efflux required for detailed balance does not match that calculated to be available from the near limiter wall region unless some local heating of the wall is assumed.

Published
1992

25. Transport in the plasma edge and specific connexion to the wall in the Tore Supra ergodic divertor experiments

Author

H. Capes, F. Nguyen, M. Goniche, A. Geraud, D. Guilhem, Philippe Ghendrih, C. Grisolia, C. DeMichelis, T.E. Evans, P. Monier-Garbet, W. Hess, A. Samain, G. Harris, J.C. Vallet, A. Grosman, L. Poutchy, and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Field line, Chemistry, Plasma parameters, Divertor, Mechanics, Electron, Edge (geometry), Tore Supra, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Electromagnetic shielding, Particle, General Materials Science
Abstract

The ergodic divertor experiments in Tore Supra can be analysed along two main lines. The first one refers to the change of the heat and particle transport in the ergodized zone. This is especially true for the electron heat transport which is enhanced in the edge layer. But other distinctive features give evidence of the importance of the parallel connexion length between the plasma edge and the wall. The field lines, which are stochastic in the major part of the perturbed layer (10–15 cm) are such that, in the outermost layer (3 cm), the connexion topology is regular. This has obvious effects on the particle and power deposition, but also on the plasma parameters, and consequently influences the particle recycling and impurity shielding processes. The Tore Supra ergodic divertor experiments are reviewed in this framework.

Published
1992

26. Effect of impurities on particle collection studies with a modular pump limiter on Tore Supra

Author

P.K. Mioduszewski, M. Chatelier, L.D. Horton, T. Loarer, and Taner Uckan

Subjects
Overall pressure ratio, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Hydrogen, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Tore Supra, Fusion power, Plenum space, Gas analyzer, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Limiter, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Particle collection experiments with a modular pump limiter in Tore Supra, for ohmic and additional power heating, are reported. The essential feature of these experiments is that the pressure buildup in the pump limiter plenum is only driven by the hydrogen influx whereas the total ion influx in the throat is shown to be partly due to impurities. This is consistent with experimental results which show similar evolution of Z eff in the plasma and of the ratio Γ T / p of the total ion influx Γ T in the throat to the pressure p in the plenum. Particle collection efficiency, in terms of the hydrogen influx Γ D to the pressure ratio Γ D / p , is shown to be roughly constant over the density (ohmic) and additional power ranges studied.

Published
1992

27. Actively cooled pump limiters and power scrape-off length measurements in Tore-Supra

Author

Ph. Chappuis, P. Lecoustey, T. Loarer, J. Schlosser, M. Chatelier, A. Seigneur, D. Guilhem, W. Hess, A. Grosman, L. Poutchy, P. Deschamps, and C. DeMichelis

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Toroid, Chemistry, Critical heat flux, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, Tore Supra, Magnetic field, Subcooling, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Limiter, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

Tore-Supra is a superconducting tokamak aimed at studying long plasma pulses (>30 s). It is equipped with two types of pump limiters (PL). A provisional type, semi-inertially cooled between shots, has been used for plasma scrape-off characterization. The e-folding length λ q for power deposition on these components has been unfolded (1.0 q 19 n e 19 m −3 ), of power level up to 4 MW and of toroidal magnetic field (1.5 B t I p 1/2 ). The second type used for long pulse operation, is actively cooled during shots, its thermal constant being less than 2 s. Experiments using this ITER relevant technology are presented. Three of the actively cooled limiters have been successfully tested in a steady state regime with a surface temperature less than 1000°C ( I p =1.6 MA). The design value for power removal on this type of limiters has been obtained. Peak power fluxes of 10 MW/m 2 (3.5 MW/m 2 on average) have been estimated. This represents a breakthrough for high heat flux components since critical heat flux and burnout with subcooled flow boiling are major aspects for this kind of design.

Published
1992

28. Effects of ionizing scrape-off layers on local recycling in Tore Supra pump limiter experiments

Author

Larry W Owen, T. Loarer, M. Chatelier, J.T. Hogan, Taner Uckan, C. Christopher Klepper, and P.K. Mioduszewski

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Chemistry, Plasma, Tore Supra, Fusion power, law.invention, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Torr, Ionization, Limiter, General Materials Science, Atomic physics
Abstract

A series of ohmic discharges with active pumping in the Tore Supra outboard pump limiter has been analyzed with the DEGAS neutrals transport code and an analytic scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma model. Pumping speed and plenum pressure measurements indicated 5–10 Torr 1/s throughput with only modest effects on density (d N core /d t + source rate from ionization and dissociation of wall-desorbed molecules is seen to peak very near the radial position of the limiter throat. Consequently, a strong recycling vortex is created in the region of the limiter, with the ion flux amplified by factors of ≈ 2 at the outer limiter surfaces and > 3 within the limiter throat. The calculations indicate that less than 30% of the pump throughput is due to first generation ions from the core efflux, with the balance from local recycling in the strongly ionizing SOL.

Published
1992

29. Investigation of steady-state tokamak issues by long pulse experiments on Tore Supra

Author

Nicolas Crouseilles, R. Guirlet, J. Hourtoule, W. Xiao, J. L. Gardarein, Frédéric Schwander, E. Delchambre, A. Martinez, F. Bouquey, D. Boilson, M. Richou, L. Allegretti, V. Lamaison, T. Loarer, B. Lacroix, A. Vatry, W. Zwingmann, D. Ciazynski, J. Decker, P. Hertout, A. Bécoulet, R. Abgrall, M. Chatelier, B. Guillerminet, J. Lasalle, Yannick Marandet, M. Lipa, S. Nicollet, C. Reux, F. Benoit, E. Delmas, P. Reynaud, J. Y. Journeaux, F. Jullien, H. Bottollier-Curtet, Y. Buranvand, M. Schneider, D. Moreau, Karl Vulliez, M. Tena, P. Pastor, C. Le Niliot, S. Balme, G. Falchetto, V. Martin, L. Svensson, S. H. Hong, C. Laviron, M. Houry, J. M. Theis, S. Madeleine, T. Hutter, T. Salmon, L. Manenc, C. Bouchand, M. Davi, S. Rosanvallon, N. Dolgetta, Pascale Roubin, Eric Nardon, L.-G. Eriksson, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, O. Chaibi, Patrick Mollard, Didier Mazon, J. P. Gunn, Marie Farge, M. Prou, M. Thonnat, L. Begrambekov, J. Garcia, Philippe Ghendrih, L. Colas, Jacques Blum, J. Clary, P. Spuig, C. Gil, M. Kocan, Ph. Lotte, Paolo Angelino, B. Saoutic, M. Ottaviani, P. Devynck, X. Courtois, L. Doceul, Gilles Berger-By, Patrick Tamain, Marc Missirlian, K. Schneider, Yanick Sarazin, Lena Delpech, J.M. Ané, Pascale Hennequin, A. Durocher, Patrick Maget, P. Huynh, David Henry, P. Decool, Marc Goniche, F. Clairet, Julien Hillairet, A. Geraud, J. Signoret, Stéphane Heuraux, P. Bayetti, T. Gerbaud, X. L. Zou, Y. Peysson, H. Parrat, L. Million, Jérôme Bucalossi, S. Hacquin, Clarisse Bourdelle, F. Samaille, Bernard Bertrand, E. Sonnendruker, G. Chevet, A. Simonin, Ph. Cara, J. L. Maréchal, J. Johner, M. S. Benkadda, J. C. Hatchressian, R. Magne, J. Schlosser, A. Grosman, F. Brémond, R. Masset, Estelle Gauthier, S. Song, G. Giruzzi, M. Nannini, Caroline Hernandez, H.P.L. de Esch, P. Garibaldi, R. J. Dumont, Stanislas Pamela, M. Geynet, C. Nguyen, L. Zani, A. Casati, Cyrille Honoré, G. Gros, Fabrice Rigollet, A. Argouarch, Yann Corre, A. Marcor, H. Dougnac, E. Tsitrone, C. Grisolia, D. Pacella, Guillaume Latu, Céline Martin, T. Aniel, G. Darmet, R. Daviot, J.P. Martins, J. L. Farjon, P. Magaud, A. Ekedahl, Francesca Turco, D. Elbeze, P. Beyer, S. Carpentier, Roger Reichle, F. Faisse, X. Litaudon, R. Guigon, F.G. Rimini, F. Linez, L. Gargiulo, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, G. Marbach, Alexandre Torre, P. Monier-Garbet, N. Ravenel, Laure Vermare, J.-M. Travere, Xavier Garbet, R. Mitteau, H. Roche, C. Desgranges, V. Moncada, F. Villecroze, Jean-François Luciani, G. Ciraolo, F. Kazarian, J. Roth, C. Brosset, F. Saint-Laurent, H. Nehme, T. Parisot, Nicolas Fedorczak, F. Escourbiac, D. Guilhem, J. L. Duchateau, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, D. Yu, A. L. Pecquet, V. Petrzilka, E. Trier, Roland Sabot, G. T. A. Huysmans, G. T. Hoang, E. Joffrin, L. Meunier, P. Chantant, C. Portafaix, D. Voyer, J. C. Vallet, S. Salasca, J. L. Segui, A. Santagiustina, J.F. Artaud, G. Dunand, M. Lennholm, Frederic Imbeaux, V. Grandgirard, A. Escarguel, F. Leroux, Y. Lausenaz, P. Chappuis, V. Basiuk, F. Lott, Hinrich Lütjens, Sylvain Brémond, D. Villegas, Marina Becoulet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, fusion, Tokamak, MHD, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Ultra-high vacuum, Electron, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 52.35, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, plasma heating, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract

The main results of the Tore Supra experimental programme in the years 2007–2008 are reported. They document significant progress achieved in the domain of steady-state tokamak research, as well as in more general issues relevant for ITER and for fusion physics research. Three areas are covered: ITER relevant technology developments and tests in a real machine environment, tokamak operational issues for high power and long pulses, and fusion plasma physics. Results presented in this paper include test and validation of a new, load-resilient concept of ion cycotron resonance heating antenna and of an inspection robot operated under ultra-high vacuum and high temperature conditions; an extensive experimental campaign (5 h of plasma) aiming at deuterium inventory and carbon migration studies; real-time control of sawteeth by electron cyclotron current drive in the presence of fast ion tails; ECRH-assisted plasma start-up studies; dimensionless scalings of transport and turbulence; transport experiments using active perturbation methods; resistive and fast-particle driven MHD studies. The potential role of Tore Supra in the worldwide fusion programme before the start of ITER operation is also discussed.

Published
2009

30. Particle exhaust studies in Tore Supra with a pump limiter

Author

P. Bonnel, B. Pégourié, G. Martin, C. Grisolla, Taner Uckan, C. Christopher Klepper, J.G. Watkins, G. R. Haste, M. Chatelier, L.D. Horton, J.L. Bruneau, P.K. Mioduszewski, L. Rodriguez, T. Loarer, and C. Gil

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, Residual gas analyzer, Chemistry, Instrumentation, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, Mechanics, Tore Supra, symbols.namesake, Outgassing, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, symbols, Limiter, Langmuir probe, General Materials Science
Abstract

The aim of the Tore Supra pump limiter program is to study particle exhaust with a pump limiter system in long-pulse discharges with continuous pellet fueling and strong auxiliary heating. The pump limiter system consists of six vertical modules, located at the bottom of the machine, and one horizontal module at the outer midplane. The results presented here, were obtained with the horizontal module only. This module was equipped with two titanium pumps with a total pumping speed of 100000 L/s. The instrumentation of the limiter included pressure gauges, a residual gas analyzer, Langmuir probes, a spectrometer viewing the neutralizer plate for Hα and impurity measurements, and water calorimeters. All diagnostics have been commissioned and are operational. Initial results were obtained in low-density discharges, with no gas puffing during the shot. While only a modest effect on the plasma density was observed, large exhaust fluxes were measured in the pump limiter. The most likely source of this gas was outgassing of the graphite walls. Straightforward particle balance between the plasma efflux and the pump limiter exhaust, as applied in previous pump limiter experiments, did not apply. The core plasma and the edge plasma seemed to be largely decoupled and a multi-layer model is being developed to explain the experimental results.

Published
1990

31. Power deposition to the facing components in Tore-Supra

Author

D. Guilhem, J. Watkins, Ph. Chappuis, J. Koski, and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Chemistry, Infrared, Divertor, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, Tore Supra, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Limiter, Deposition (phase transition), General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Ohmic contact, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

The modifications of the power scrape-off length, λ q and power deposition are studied for various configurations in ohmic Tore-Supra plasmas. The plasma is either touching the horizontal limiter alone, the full set of six pump limiters or the inner bumper limiter. All configurations are with and without the ergodic divertor system energized. From a comparison of the infrared images of the limiter we derived that the λ q for power deposition was slightly less than 9 ± 1 mm in ohmic plasmas which is in agreement with the predicted design value of 10 mm. Using the six limiters, instead of one, does not modify λ q significantly, but leads to small asymmetries. The power is shared by all the limiters and the maximum surface temperature on the horizontal limiter decreases. These λ q values have been independently determined by calorimetric measurements on the integrated energy deposition on the horizontal limiter and other internal structures 5 cm into the scrape-off layer. These values agree with the infrared measurements in the two cases. In the presence of the ergodic divertor we observe a broadening of the scrape-off layer, the e-folding length for power deposition reaching 2.5 cm. Large asymmetries in the power deposition can be seen on the front face of the limiter, leading to the formation of hot spots at the leading edges.

Published
1990

32. Plasma edge control in TORE SUPRA

Author

B. Pégourié, D. Guilhem, L. D. Horton, Philippe Ghendrih, M. Mattioli, A. Grosman, A. Geraud, P.K. Mioduszewski, H. Capes, J.C. Vallet, C.A. Foster, Todd Evans, M. Chatelier, T. Loarer, P. Monier-Garbet, A. L. Pecquet, G. R. Haste, C. Grisolia, T. Hutter, T. Fall, C. DeMichelis, and A. Samain

Subjects
Tokamak, Materials science, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, Plasma edge, law.invention, Power (physics), Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, Limiter, Particle, Joule heating
Abstract

TORE SUPRA is a large superconducting tokamak designed for sustaining long inductive pulses (t approximately 30 s). In particular, all the first wall components have been designed for steady-state heat and particle exhaust, particle injection, and additional heating. In addition to these technological assets, a strict control of the plasma-wall interactions is required. This has been done at low power: experiments with ohmic heating have been mainly devoted to the pump limiter, ergodic divertor and pellet injection experiments. Some specific problems arising in large tokamaks are encountered; the pump limiter and the ergodic divertor yield the expected effects on the plasma edge. The effects on the bulk are discussed.

Published
1990

33. Developments for an Actively Cooled Toroidal Pump Limiter for Tore Supra

Author

P. Garin, J.P. Cocat, L. Doceul, G. Tonon, J. Schlosser, L Plöchl, Ph. Chappuis, E. Tsitrone, M. Chatelier, R. Mitteau, L. Garampon, and A. Moal

Subjects
Pressure drop, Materials science, Toroid, Nuclear engineering, Cathode ray, Limiter, Head (vessel), Particle, Plasma, Tore Supra
Abstract

For power (25 MW) and particle exhaust in Tore Supra, a Toroidal Pump Limiter (TPL) structure is under development. The elementary elements in front of the plasma, hereafter called fingers are water cooled and form altogether a flat toroidal ring located in the bottom of the machine with one throat on the low field side to collect the particles. The fingers made of hardened copper (CuCrZr) are covered with CFC (Carbon Fibre Composite) tiles. Many calculations and tests were performed in order to demonstrate the feasibility of such a limiter. Sub-scale and scale one fingers were developed, manufactured and tested under cycling heat load in the FE200 electron beam facility (up to 3300 cycles at 10 MW/m2). Insulation of the head of the limiter, pressure drop and water distribution through the different fingers were also tested by means of scale one mock-ups.

Published
1997

34. Particle exhaust of helium plasmas with actively cooled outboard pump limiter on Tore Supra

Author

D. Guilhem, T. Lutz, M. Chatelier, R.E. Nygren, P.K. Mioduszewski, Mahdavi, T. Loarer, and Taner Uckan

Subjects
Deuterium, Physics::Plasma Physics, Chemistry, Drop (liquid), Limiter, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Turbomolecular pump, Atomic physics, Tore Supra, High input, Helium
Abstract

The superconducting tokamak Tore Supra was designed for long-pulse (30-s) high input power operation. Here observations on the particle-handling characteristics of the actively cooled modular outboard pump limiter (OPL) are presented for helium discharges. The important experimental result was that a modest pumping speed (1 m{sup 3}/s) of the OPL turbomolecular pump (TMP) provided background helium exhaust. This result came about due to a well-conditioned vessel wall with helium discharges that caused no wall outgasing. The particle accountability in these helium discharges was excellent, and the well-conditioned wall did not play a significant role in the particle balance. The helium density control, 25% density drop with OPL exhaust efficiency of {approximately}1%, was possible with TMP although this may not be the case with reactive gases such as deuterium. The observed quadratic increase of the OPL neutral pressure with helium density was consistent with an improvement of the particle control with increasing plasma density.

Published
1995

35. Active density control with ergodic divertor and pump limiters on Tore Supra

Author

Ph. Ghendrih, P.K. Mioduszewski, Piergiorgio Sonato, C. Chamouard, A. Grosman, Taner Uckan, T. Loarer, and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Steady state, Chemistry, Divertor, Plasma, Effective radiated power, Tore Supra, Boundary layer, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Limiter, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Ohmic contact
Abstract

Active plasma density control with the ergodized boundary layer has been achieved in Tore Supra with the plasma leaning on the ergodic divertor and on the vertical pump limiters. Ohmic experiments are reported which show that active pumping yields a satisfactory exhaust capability. It is also shown that the wall particle content is partially depleted by the active pumping and that no modification of the radiated power fraction is recorded with active pumping. Plasma density control can be achieved with 70% of radiated power in steady state with intrinsic impurities, but when the radiated power reaches 100%, the plasma density cannot be actively controlled.

Published
1995

36. Conceptual design of a high heat flux toroidal pumped limiter for Tore Supra

Author

Ph. Chappuis, F. Faisse, G. Tonon, A. Grosman, M. Chatelier, R. Mitteau, C. Deck, L. Doceul, J. Schlosser, and J.P. Cocat

Subjects
Convection, Materials science, Toroid, Carbon fiber composite, Heat flux, Conceptual design, Nuclear engineering, Limiter, Plasma, Tore Supra
Abstract

In the frame of the Tore-Supra upgrade, where it is planned to inject up to 25 MW during a time up to 1000 s, a complete toroidal pumped limiter covered of CFC (Carbon Fiber Composite) tiles is being designed. The design is based on the important experience gained from the operation on Tore Supra of actively cooled plasma facing components and pumped limiters. This toroidal limiter covers 7.5 m 2 of the bottom part of the inner vessel and is composed of 576 elementary components. Each element is built from dispersion strengthened copper (DSCu) protected by brazed CFC flat tiles and cooled by pressurised water at 150°C. This limiter is designed to sustain 15 MW of convective power.

Published
1995

37. ORNL CENTRIFUGE PELLET FUELING SYSTEM

Author

M. Chatelier, A. Geraud, C.A. Foster, H. Drawin, Michael J Gouge, Wayne A Houlberg, M.J. Grapperhaus, S.L. Milora, and G. Gros

Subjects
Centrifuge, Materials science, Thermonuclear fusion, law, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Pellet fuel, Pellet, Pellets, Injector, Tore Supra, law.invention
Abstract

A centrifuge pellet injecter designed and built at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is in operation on Tore Supra. This injector has the capability of injecting up to 100 pellets at speeds up to 800 M/s. The solid deuterium pellets can be formed with a variable mass from 3 to 10 torr-L and are fired at a rate of up to 10 pellets per second. The experimental program that is under way combines repetitive pellet fueling with the ergodic divertor and pump limiters to establish and understand long-pulse plasmas in which the pellet fuel source is in balance with the particle exhaust. With lower hybrid current drive, pulse lengths of up to 2 min might be achieved. To prepare for these extended pulse lengths, the pellet source on the centrifuge will be extended to provide a 300- to 500-pellet capability. A similar system extended to steady-state pellet fabrication technology and designed for a radiation and tritium environment would be a candidate for a fueling system for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Analysis of pellet-fueled ITER discharges using the WHIST code shows the potential for controlling the radial fuel deposition point to achieve the desired core density while maintaining themore » edge density and temperatures so as to minimize the diverter plate erosion. A centrifuge fueling system would have the capability of taking the D-T exhaust directly from the cryopumping systems, recondensing and purifying the fuel, and injecting the reconstituted pellets into the plasma, thereby minimizing the tritium inventory.« less

Published
1993

38. Preface

Author

M. Chatelier

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, General Materials Science, Civil and Structural Engineering
Published
2009

39. Observation of Temporal Echoes in a Mirror-Confined Plasma

Author

M. Chatelier, A. Samain, and P. Lecoustey

Subjects
Physics, Optics, Waves in plasmas, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, Electromagnetic electron wave, Magnetic reconnection, Plasma, Atomic physics, business, Magnetosphere particle motion, Charge exchange
Published
1974

40. Ion-Cyclotron Instability in the TFR Tokamak

Author

M. Cotsaftis, J. Adam, J. F. Bonnal, J. P. Bussac, M. Chatelier, C. Breton, P. Brossier, A. Bresson, R. Cano, and J. Breton

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Tokamak, Materials science, law, Cyclotron, General Physics and Astronomy, Microwave scattering, Plasma, Instability, law.invention, Ion, Plasma control
Published
1978

41. Un dispositif de mesure, resolu dans le temps et en energie, de la radioactivite induite par les electrons decouples d’un tokamak

Author

L. Dubail, P. Bonnel, M. Chatelier, and M. Altman

Subjects
Tokamak, Magnetic structure, Field (physics), Chemistry, Turbulence, General Engineering, Induced radioactivity, Plasma, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Diode
Abstract

Runaway electrons are often produced in tokamaks. They are obvious tracers of the magnetic structure, especially of magnetic turbulence which probably determines anomalous transport. Time- and energy- resolved measurements of runaway induced radioactivity have been done using pneumatic shuttle carrying samples between the tokamak and a Ge(Li) diode. The deactivation spectrum of a sample irradiated near the plasma can be measured immediately after the shot. Energy resolution is obtained using in a given sample several elements with different energy thresholds for photonuclear reactions. A parametric study using this apparatus has been done on TFR. A striking result is that magnetic turbulence is 10 times more efficient at low (3 T) toroidal field than at higher (4 T) field.

Published
1983

42. A fast neutron spectrometer for fusion experiments

Author

A. Lagattu, M. Chatelier, J. Idmtal, and A. Lepers

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Fusion, Discriminator, Tokamak, Spectrometer, business.industry, General Engineering, Analytical chemistry, Scintillator, law.invention, Data acquisition, Optics, law, Neutron, business
Abstract

A fast neutron spectrometer (2 × 105 events s−1) has been developed for the TFR Tokamak. It consists of a NE 213 scintillator coupled to a fast photomultiplier, a fast γ-neutron discriminator of a new type, and a fast data acquisition system. Preliminary experiments carried out either on an accelerator or on the TFR are satisfactory: a spectrum could be measured within 60 ms on the accelerator and within a single shot (500 ms) on the TFR.

Published
1981

43. Contribution of Coulomb collisions to plasma relaxation in the DECA mirror machine

Author

J. Tachon, P. Lecoustey, D. Launois, M. Chatelier, and J. Kesner

Subjects
Magnetic mirror, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Distribution function, Distribution (number theory), Coulomb, Relaxation (physics), Plasma, Atomic physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Anisotropy, Ion
Abstract

The relaxation of the ion distribution function was measured for a plasma (n 1012 cm−3, Ēi = 200 eV) confined in a circularized, stabilized magnetic mirror well. The results were compared with the predictions of a Fokker-Planck computer code. The evolution of an initially skewed angular distribution function appeared to be in good accord with the theoretical model. However, the final anisotropy of the plasma was greater than the calculated one.

Published
1972

44. Methode de calcul d'angles solides definis par un ensemble de diaphragmes de formes quelconques

Author

D. Launois and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Physics, Experimental physics, Work (thermodynamics), Computer Science::Systems and Control, Mathematical analysis, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Solid angle, Point (geometry), General Medicine, Coaxial, Space (mathematics)
Abstract

In experimental physics, it is often necessary to know the solid angle subtended by several diaphragms when viewed from an arbitrary point in space. We propose here a general approach to this problem and work out more completely the case of two coaxial circular apertures.

Published
1972

45. Science and technology research and development in support to ITER and the Broader Approach at CEA

Author

A. Bécoulet, G.T. Hoang, J. Abiteboul, J. Achard, T. Alarcon, J. Alba-Duran, L. Allegretti, S. Allfrey, S. Amiel, J.M. Ané, T. Aniel, G. Antar, A. Argouarch, A. Armitano, J. Arnaud, D. Arranger, J.F. Artaud, D. Audisio, M. Aumeunier, E. Autissier, L. Azcona, A. Back, A. Bahat, X. Bai, B. Baiocchi, D. Balaguer, S. Balme, C. Balorin, O. Barana, D. Barbier, A. Barbuti, V. Basiuk, O. Baulaigue, P. Bayetti, C. Baylard, S. Beaufils, A. Beaute, M. Bécoulet, Z. Bej, S. Benkadda, F. Benoit, G. Berger-By, J.M. Bernard, A. Berne, B. Bertrand, E. Bertrand, P. Beyer, A. Bigand, G. Bonhomme, G. Borel, A. Boron, C. Bottereau, H. Bottollier-Curtet, C. Bouchand, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, J. Bourg, S. Bourmaud, S. Brémond, F. Bribiesca Argomedo, M. Brieu, C. Brun, V. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, H. Bufferand, Y. Buravand, L. Cai, V. Cantone, B. Cantone, E. Caprin, T. Cartier-Michaud, A. Castagliolo, J. Belo, V. Catherine-Dumont, G. Caulier, J. Chaix, M. Chantant, M. Chatelier, D. Chauvin, J. Chenevois, B. Chouli, L. Christin, D. Ciazynski, G. Ciraolo, F. Clairet, R. Clapier, H. Cloez, M. Coatanea-Gouachet, L. Colas, G. Colledani, L. Commin, P. Coquillat, E. Corbel, Y. Corre, J. Cottet, P. Cottier, X. Courtois, I. Crest, R. Dachicourt, M. Dapena Febrer, C. Daumas, H.P.L. de Esch, B. De Gentile, C. Dechelle, J. Decker, P. Decool, V. Deghaye, J. Delaplanche, E. Delchambre-Demoncheaux, L. Delpech, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, J. Dias Pereira Bernardo, G. Dif-Pradalier, L. Doceul, Y. Dong, D. Douai, H. Dougnac, N. Dubuit, J.-L. Duchateau, L. Ducobu, B. Dugue, N. Dumas, R. Dumont, A. Durocher, F. Duthoit, A. Ekedahl, D. Elbeze, A. Escarguel, J. Escop, F. Faïsse, G. Falchetto, J. Farjon, M. Faury, N. Fedorzack, P. Féjoz, C. Fenzi, F. Ferlay, P. Fiet, M. Firdaouss, M. Francisquez, B. Franel, J. Frauche, Y. Frauel, R. Futtersack, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, J. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, P. Garin, D. Garnier, E. Gauthier, O. Gaye, A. Geraud, M. Gerome, V. Gervaise, M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, I. Giacalone, S. Gibert, C. Gil, S. Ginoux, L. Giovannangelo, S. Girard, G. Giruzzi, C. Goletto, R. Goncalves, R. Gonde, M. Goniche, R. Goswami, C. Grand, V. Grandgirard, B. Gravil, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, A. Grosman, J. Guigue, D. Guilhem, C. Guillemaut, B. Guillerminet, Z. Guimaraes Filho, R. Guirlet, J. P. Gunn, O. Gurcan, F. Guzman, S. Hacquin, F. Hariri, F. Hasenbeck, J.C. Hatchressian, P. Hennequin, C. Hernandez, P. Hertout, S. Heuraux, J. Hillairet, C. Honore, G. Hornung, M. Houry, I. Hunstad, T. Hutter, P. Huynh, V. Icard, F. Imbeaux, M. Irishkin, L. Isoardi, J. Jacquinot, J. Jacquot, G. Jiolat, M. Joanny, E. Joffrin, J. Johner, P. Joubert, L. Jourd'Heuil, M. Jouve, C. Junique, D. Keller, C. Klepper, D. Kogut, M. Kubič, F. Labassé, B. Lacroix, Y. Lallier, V. Lamaison, R. Lambert, S. Larroque, G. Latu, Y. Lausenaz, C. Laviron, R. Le, A. Le Luyer, C. Le Niliot, Y. Le Tonqueze, P. Lebourg, T. Lefevre, F. Leroux, L. Letellier, Y. Li, M. Lipa, J. Lister, X. Litaudon, F. Liu, T. Loarer, G. Lombard, P. Lotte, M. Lozano, J. Lucas, H. Lütjens, P. Magaud, P. Maget, R. Magne, J.-F. Mahieu, P. Maini, P. Malard, L. Manenc, Y. Marandet, G. Marbach, J.-L. Marechal, L. Marfisi, M. Marle, C. Martin, V. Martin, G. Martin, A. Martinez, P. Martino, R. Masset, D. Mazon, N. Mellet, L. Mercadier, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, P. Messina, O. Meyer, L. Millon, M. Missirlian, J. Moerel, D. Molina, P. Mollard, V. Moncada, P. Monier-Garbet, D. Moreau, M. Moreau, P. Moreau, P. Morel, T. Moriyama, Y. Motassim, G. Mougeolle, D. Moulton, G. Moureau, D. Mouyon, M. Naim Habib, E. Nardon, V. Négrier, J. Nemeth, C. Nguyen, M. Nguyen, L. Nicolas, T. Nicolas, S. Nicollet, E. Nilsson, B. N'Konga, F. Noel, A. Nooman, C. Norscini, R. Nouailletas, P. Oddon, T. Ohsako, F. Orain, M. Ottaviani, M. Pagano, F. Palermo, S. Panayotis, H. Parrat, J.-Y. Pascal, C. Passeron, P. Pastor, J. Patterlini, K. Pavy, A.-L. Pecquet, B. Pégourié, C. Peinturier, T. Pelletier, B. Peluso, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, E. Pignoly, R. Pirola, C. Pocheau, E. Poitevin, V. Poli, S. Poli, F. Pompon, I. Porchy, C. Portafaix, M. Preynas, P. Prochet, M. Prou, A. Ratnani, D. Raulin, N. Ravenel, S. Renard, B. Ricaud, M. Richou, G. Ritz, H. Roche, P. Roubin, C. Roux, K. Ruiz, F. Sabathier, R. Sabot, A. Saille, F. Saint-Laurent, R. Sakamoto, S. Salasca, T. Salmon, F. Samaille, S. Sanchez, A. Santagiustina, B. Saoutic, Y. Sarazin, P. Sardain, J. Schlosser, M. Schneider, J. Schwob, J. Segui, N. Seguin, G. Selig, D. Serret, J. Signoret, A. Simonin, M. Soldaini, B. Soler, C. Soltane, S. Song, F. Sourbier, J. Sparagna, P. Spitz, P. Spuig, A. Storelli, A. Strugarek, P. Tamain, M. Tena, J. Theis, O. Thomine, D. Thouvenin, A. Torre, L. Toulouse, J. Travère, E. Tsitrone, B. Turck, J. Urban, J.-C. Vallet, J. Vallory, A. Valognes, J. Van Helvoirt, S. Vartanian, J.-M. Verger, L. Vermare, C. Vermare, D. Vezinet, K. Vicente, J. Vidal, N. Vignal, T. Vigne, F. Villecroze, E. Villedieu, B. Vincent, B. Volpe, D. Volpe, R. Volpe, J. Wagrez, H. Wang, T. Wauters, O. Wintersdorff, E. Wittebol, B. Zago, L. Zani, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zhang, W. Zhong, X.L. Zou, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, Tokamak, business.industry, Superconducting magnet, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Phase (combat), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Procurement, Runaway electrons, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Systems engineering, 010306 general physics, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Équipe 107 : Physique des plasmas chauds; International audience; In parallel to the direct contribution to the procurement phase of ITER and Broader Approach, CEA has initiated research & development programmes, accompanied by experiments together with a significant modelling effort, aimed at ensuring robust operation, plasma performance, as well as mitigating the risks of the procurement phase. This overview reports the latest progress in both fusion science and technology including many areas, namely the mitigation of superconducting magnet quenches, disruption-generated runaway electrons, edge-localized modes (ELMs), the development of imaging surveillance, and heating and current drive systems for steady-state operation. The WEST (W Environment for Steady-state Tokamaks) project, turning Tore Supra into an actively cooled W-divertor platform open to the ITER partners and industries, is presented.

46. Experimental determination of the diffusion rate in a mirror machine by means of trapped particle echoes

Author

A. Samain and M. Chatelier

Subjects
Physics, Distribution function, Turbulence, Electric field, Diffusion, General Engineering, Spin echo, Coulomb, Plasma, Atomic physics, Magnetic field
Abstract

Echoes associated with the bounce motion of ions are observed in a mirror fusion device. The echoes are initiated by means of two sucessive perturbations of the confining magnetic field. The characteristic time for echo cancellation under diffusion in velocity space is measured. This time is somewhat less than the predicted classical time for Coulomb collisions. The discrepancy may be accounted for either by rf turbulent fields at ωci or by impurities both of which provide an enhancement of the diffusion coefficient.

Published
1977

47. [Update of knowledge on Neglected Diseases in Haiti: Mansonelliasis, Tungiasis, Leprosy, and Anthrax].

Author

Raccurt CP, Boncy J, Jean-Baptiste RMA, Honoré R, Andrecy LL, Dély P, Mondésir L, Chatelier M, Existe A, and Adrien P

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Filariasis epidemiology, Haiti epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Young Adult, Anthrax epidemiology, Leprosy epidemiology, Mansonelliasis epidemiology, Neglected Diseases epidemiology, Tungiasis epidemiology
Abstract

Haiti, like most limited-resources countries in the world, faces numerous neglected infectious diseases. They represent a real public health issue with lethal consequences especially in children. We are reviewing here the available literature on four neglected infectious diseases, mansonelliasis, tungiasis, leprosy and anthrax. Filariasis, due to Mansonella ozzardi , has been totally neglected since its discovery in 1920 in Haiti; it persists in coastal homes with a high prevalence in adults when an effective treatment is available. The skin lesions caused by Tunga penetrans have existed since the pre-Columbian period in Haiti. They persist in the most retreated and hard-to-reach areas where the population lives in precarious conditions and in extreme poverty. New available research data show the importance of the problem with very high prevalence rates in some rural communities far away from any healthcare center. Cases of leprosy are recently reemerging as no monitoring program has been in place since 2004. Finally, anthrax is still endemic; small epidemics resurfacing periodically in families in rural areas. Screening of people for these diseases and managing the cases are necessary to improve health and reduce morbidity and mortality in Haiti., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare

Published
2018
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48. A dual flowing continuum approach to model denitrification experiments in porous media colonized by biofilms.

Author

Delay F, Porel G, and Chatelier M

Subjects
Bacteria metabolism, Biodegradation, Environmental, Biofilms, Porosity, Water Movements, Denitrification, Models, Theoretical, Nitrates metabolism
Abstract

We present a modeling exercise of solute transport and biodegradation in a coarse porous medium widely colonized by a biofilm phase. Tracer tests in large laboratory columns using both conservative (fluorescein) and biodegradable (nitrate) solutes are simulated by means of a dual flowing continuum approach. The latter clearly distinguishes concentrations in a flowing porous phase from concentrations conveyed in the biofilm. With this conceptual setting, it becomes possible to simulate the sharp front of concentrations at early times and the flat tail of low concentrations at late times observed on the experimental breakthrough curves. Thanks to the separation of flow in two phases at different velocities, dispersion coefficients in both flowing phases keep reasonable values with some physical meaning. This is not the case with simpler models based on a single continuum (eventually concealing dead-ends), for which inferred dispersivity may reach the unphysical value of twice the size of the columns. We also show that the behavior of the dual flowing continuum is mainly controlled by the relative fractions of flow passing in each phase and the rate of mass transfer between phases. These parameters also condition the efficiency of nitrate degradation, the degradation rate in a well-seeded medium being a weakly sensitive parameter. Even though the concept of dual flowing continuum appears promising for simulating transport in complex porous media, its inversion onto experimental data really benefits from attempts with simpler models providing a rough pre-evaluation of parameters such as porosity and mean fluid velocity in the system., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2013
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