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One of the most effective ways leaders can promote change is by generating visions with image-based rhetoric (“make children smile”). By conjuring visual snapshots of the future, leaders paint a po...

I review the empirical literature on leadership, focusing on papers published since 2010. To do so, I introduce a framework composed of two features: whether theories ( a) involve the study of leaders or leading (i.e., the person versus the process) and ( b) conceptualize leadership as a cause or a consequence (i.e., an independent versus dependent variable). This framework can enable future research to accumulate in a more programmatic fashion and help scholars determine where their own studies are located within the landscape of leadership research. I end the review by critically evaluating existing work, arguing that the most popular subcategory of leadership research—lumped conceptualizations of leading, in which scholars examine multiple leader behaviors within a single construct—has significant limitations and may need to be replaced by a greater focus on split conceptualizations of leading, wherein scholars isolate single leader behaviors.

Elopement is a common and potentially dangerous form of problem behavior. Results of a functional analysis found that the elopement of a child with autism was maintained by access to stereotypy in the form of door play. We implemented functional communication training and contingency-based delays dependent on the absence of elopement and increased the amount of time the participant waited prior to engaging in stereotypy. We also conducted treatment-extension probes, with the participant waiting up to 10 min without elopement.

Older cancer patients are underrepresented in clinical trials. We aimed to evaluate the enrollment of older women aged 70 years old (yo) or over with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in clinical trials.We used the national Epidemio-Strategy and Medical Economics MBC Data Platform, a French multi-center real-life database. We selected MBC women over 70yo, without central nervous system metastases, with at least one line of systemic treatment, between January 1st, 2008 and December 31st, 2016, and had no other cancer in the 5 years before MBC. The primary objective was to evaluate the proportion of patients enrolled in clinical trials according to their age. Secondary objective was to identify variables associated with enrollment in older ones.5552 women were aged ≥ 70 (median 74yo; IQR 72-77). 14,611 were less than 70. Of the older ones, 239 (4%) were enrolled in a clinical trial during first line of treatment, compared with 1529 (10.5%) for younger ones. Multivariable analysis of variables predicting for enrollment during first line of treatment in older patients were younger age (OR 0.50 [95%CI 0.33-0.76] for the 80-85yo class; OR 0.17 [95%CI 0.06-0.39] for the 85yo and more class), good ECOG Performance Status (PS 0-1) (OR 0.15 [95%CI 0.08-0.27] for the PS 2-4 class), HER2 + disease (OR 1.78 [95%CI 1.27-2.48]), type of treatment (chemotherapy/targeted therapy/immunotherapy OR 5.01 [95%CI 3.13-8.18]), and period (OR 1.65 [95%CI 1.22-2.26] for 2012-2016, compared to 2008-2011).In this large database, few older MBC patients were enrolled in a trial compared with younger ones.

Despite remarkably high levels of education and income, Asian Americans remain underrepresented at the top of the organizational hierarchy. Existing work suggests that a mismatch between the prototypical characteristics of business leaders (e.g., dominance) and stereotypes associated with Asian Americans (e.g., submissiveness) lowers the likelihood that Asian Americans will emerge as leaders. We predict that this reluctance to appoint Asian Americans will be attenuated when organizations experience performance decline because decision makers believe Asian Americans are inclined to sacrifice their self-interest to improve the welfare of others. We found support for these predictions using a multimethod approach. In an archival study of 4,951 CEOs across five decades, we find that Asian Americans were appointed almost two-and-a-half times more often during decline than nondecline (Study 1). Then, in three studies, we show that this pattern occurs because evaluators (a) prefer self-sacrificing leaders more when organizations are experiencing decline than success (Study 2); (b) expect Asian Americans leaders to behave in self-sacrificing ways in general (Study 3); and, consequently, (c) perceive that Asian Americans are better equipped to be leaders during decline than success (Study 4). We consider these findings in tandem with a set of exploratory analyses. This includes our finding that organizations experience decline only 12% of the time, suggesting that evaluators deem Asian Americans to be suitable leaders in circumstances that occur infrequently and are short-lived. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Although many virtuous leaders are guided by the ideal of prioritizing the needs and welfare of their subordinates, others advance their self-interest at the expense of the people they purport to serve. In this article, we discuss conspiracy theories as a tool that leaders use to advance their personal interests. We propose that leaders spread conspiracy theories in service of four primary goals: 1) to attack opponents; 2) to galvanize followers; 3) to shift blame and responsibility; and 4) to undermine institutions that threaten their power. We argue that authoritarian, populist, and conservative leaders are most likely to spread conspiracy theories during periods of instability.

Evidence suggests that organizational leaders can inspire employees by communicating a vision of the future with image-based rhetoric—words and phrases that are readily envisioned in the mind’s eye...

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of an intensive laparoscopic training course incorporating structured assessment and immediate feedback on residents' operative performance in animal lab.Surgical residents participated in a 2-day intensive laparoscopic training course. They performed the same procedures on two consecutive days on live pigs. Junior residents (PGY1-2) performed laparoscopic cholecystectomy and incisional hernia repair and the senior residents (PGY3-5) performed laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, splenectomy, and low anterior colon resection. Assessment tools with proven validity evidence (global and procedure-specific rating tools for operative assessment of laparoscopic skills) were used to assess their operative performance. Faculty assessment and self-assessments were completed immediately after each procedure on both days. The Wilcoxon rank test was used to examine the effect of training on resident performance after one repetition.Forty surgical residents (20 junior and 20 senior residents) participated. There was a significant improvement in general laparoscopic skills during incisional hernia repair and Nissen fundoplication using global rating scales (p 0.05). Moreover, there was an improvement in their performance during cholecystectomy, incisional hernia repair, and low anterior colectomy when procedure-specific skills assessments were used (p 0.05). There was a positive correlation between residents' self-reported confidences and their operative performance CONCLUSION: Trainees showed significant improvements in performance in general and procedure-specific laparoscopic skills in a wide range of procedures after an intensive training course. This study demonstrates the benefit of a structured training curriculum in improving operative performance in basic and advanced laparoscopic skills in a simulated environment. Future studies are needed to examine the duration of training required to achieve skill retention and competency.

BACKGROUND Trans-thoracic echo (TTE) is a commonly performed non-invasive investigation for the cardiovascular assessment of critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Raised cardiac biomarkers are commonly cited as an indication for TTE, however the significance of these biomarker elevations in the critical care setting is unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe findings on TTE in an Irish ICU cohort and to determine if there was any correlation between these findings and serum N-terminal pro b-type natiuretic (NT-proBNP) and high sensitivity troponin T (HsTnT) levels. METHODS Patients admitted to the ICU and who received a TTE between January 2018 and February 2019 were identified. Based on TTE findings, patients were divided into two groups: ‘Normal group’ and ‘Abnormal group’. For the purpose of this study, minor abnormalities including concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and hyper-dynamic left ventricular function were included in the Normal group. The Abnormal group included reductions in LV function, regional wall motion abnormalities and significant valvular heart disease. Continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile range. The groups were compared using the z-test for continuous variables and fishers exact test for categorical variables, with a p value of < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS There were 358 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. The mean age was 59.8 ± 17 years and over half of the patients (55%) were male. One hundred and fifteen patients (32%) had a reported TTE, of which 55% were normal and 22% had minor abnormalities (Normal group). The remaining 23% showed significant abnormalities (Abnormal group). The prevalence of a NT-proBNP result over 4 times the upper limit of normal (>4xULN) was not significantly different between groups (67% in Normal group vs 71% in Abnormal group, Fisher exact test statistic value is 0.7887, p < .05). However a HsTnT value >4xULN was more common in the Abnormal group than the Normal group (73% vs 46%, Fisher exact test statistic value is 0.0231, p < .05). Similarly, Median NT-proBNP did not differ significantly between the groups; (2254pg/mL; IQR: 11,758 in the Normal group vs 6428pg/mL; IQR: 5,789 in the Abnormal group, p = 0.52218) but Median HsTnT level was significantly higher in the Abnormal group than Normal group; (123ng/L ; IQR: 656 vs 51ng/L; IQR: 163.5 ,p = 0.0278). CONCLUSION TTE is performed commonly in the ICU, with one-third of ICU admissions receiving a TTE. Over 75% were reported as normal or showing only minor abnormalities. NT-Pro BNP was commonly significantly elevated but did not correlate with the subsequent diagnostic yield of significant abnormalities on echocardiography. HsTnT levels were more commonly significantly raised in patients with abnormal TTE results and the role of troponin in this setting requires further evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Deficits in spatial navigation are characteristic and disabling features of typical Alzheimer's disease (tAD) and posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). Visual cues have been proposed to mitigate such deficits; however, there is currently little empirical evidence for their use. METHODS: The effect of visual cues on visually guided navigation was assessed within a simplified real‐world setting in individuals with tAD (n = 10), PCA (n = 8), and healthy controls (n = 12). In a repeated‐measures design comprising 36 trials, participants walked to a visible target destination (an open door within a built environment), with or without the presence of an obstacle. Contrast and motion‐based cues were evaluated; both aimed to facilitate performance by applying perceptual changes to target destinations without carrying explicit information. The primary outcome was completion time; secondary outcomes were measures of fixation position and walking path directness during consecutive task phases, determined using mobile eyetracking and motion capture methods. RESULTS: Results illustrate marked deficits in patients’ navigational ability, with patient groups taking an estimated two to three times longer to reach target destinations than controls and exhibiting tortuous walking paths. There were no significant differences between tAD and PCA task performance. Overall, patients took less time to reach target destinations under cue conditions (contrast‐cue: 11.8%; 95% CI: [2.5, 20.3]) and were more likely initially to fixate on targets. INTERPRETATION: The study evaluated navigation to destinations within a real‐world environment. There is evidence that introducing perceptual changes to the environment may improve patients’ navigational ability.

Objectifs Plusieurs modeles existent pour predire le risque d’envahissement ganglionnaire pelvien mais aussi le risque de recidive biologique apres prostatectomie dans le cancer de prostate localise. Ces scores ont ete valides dans des populations en majorite caucasienne. Peu de donnees sont disponibles pour les populations d’ascendance africaine. L’objectif etait d’evaluer, d’une part, la performance des scores Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC) et Briganti dans la prediction de l’invasion ganglionnaire, et d’autre part, celle de la classification de D’Amico et des scores de CAPRA et CAPRA-S dans la prediction de la recidive biologique dans deux populations ethno-geographique differentes avec un acces aux soins similaires. Methodes Nous avons realise une etude retrospective bicentrique entre janvier 2000 et decembre 2017 incluant 3249 patients ayant justifie une prostatectomie radicale pour cancer de prostate localise (1830 Afro-antillais et 1419 Caucasiens). Les patients etaient classes par groupe de risque selon les classifications D’Amico et scores CAPRA et CAPRA-S. Parmi eux, 1065 patients justifiaient une lymphadenectomie pelvienne etendue (259 Afro-antillais et 806 Caucasiens). Les scores MSKCC et BRIGANTI 2012 etaient calcules a partir des donnees preoperatoires. La recidive biologique a ete definie par le dosage de 2 PSA consecutifs superieur a 0,2 ng/mL. La performance de ces scores etait testee par l’index C de discrimination de Harrell ou l’analyse de l’aire sous la courbe (AUC) des courbes ROC. Par ailleurs, des courbes de calibration etaient construites illustrant la relation entre les risques estimes et les proportions observees. Resultats L’âge median etait 64 ans (41–81). Le suivi median etait de 3,1 ans (0–22). Au total, 667 (21 %) patients ont presente une recidive biologique : 457 (25 %) Afro-antillais et 210 (15 %) Caucasiens. Le curage ganglionnaire etait positif chez 35 patients (3,3 %) : 15 sur 259 (5,8 %) dans le groupe Afro-antillais et 20 sur 806 (2,5 %) dans le groupe Caucasiens. Toutes les valeurs de C index etait plus faible chez les Afro-antillais par rapport a la cohorte caucasienne, respectivement ; D’Amico (0,62 vs 0,65), CAPRA (0,67 vs 0,68), CAPRA-S (0,69 vs 0,73). La performance de l’outil du MSKCC etait superieure dans le groupe Afro-antillais par rapport au groupe Caucasien (AUC respectivement a 0,69 et 0,65) (Tableau 1). Conclusion La performance des principaux scores predictifs d’envahissement ganglionnaire et de recidive biologique utilises de nos jours n’est pas equivalente au sein de deux populations francaises d’origine ethno-geographique differentes. Dans la population Afro-antillais, nos resultats suggerent d’utiliser le score MSKCC pour predire l’envahissement ganglionnaire et le score CAPRA-S pour predire la recidive biologique.

Background Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy (TCM) is an acute cardiac condition independent of epicardial coronary obstruction, mimicking an acute coronary syndrome and is characterised by acute heart failure with reversible ventricular wall motion abnormalities. It is associated with a wide variety of physical, psychological and emotional stressors. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are exposed to significant stressors and so may be at an increased risk of developing TCM. There are limited data outlining the prevalence of TCM in the ICU. As a result the quoted figures vary considerably in the literature, with reported prevalences ranging from 0.9 to 28%. In this study, we sought to define the prevalence of regional wall motion abnormalities consistent with TCM in patients admitted to the ICU in our centre. Methods A retrospective cross sectional study was performed in our centre. This included all patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in Tallaght University Hospital over a 13 month period: January 2018 - February 2019. Baseline, demographic, clinical, laboratory and technical data was collected for all patients using our IT system and a database was formed. An independent cardiologist retrospectively reviewed all echocardiograms performed within the study period. Results There were 358 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. The mean age was 59.8±17 years, over half of the patients (55%) were male. One hundred and fifteen patients (32%) had a reported transthoracic echocardiogram on our system. Of these echocardiograms 58 (50%) were reported as completely normal and 27 (23%) had minor abnormalities, including concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, n=12; hyper-dynamic LV function, n=6; diastolic dysfunction, n=9. Significant abnormalities were identified in 25 cases (22%). These included moderate-severe reductions in LV function, n=9; and LV hypokinesia/akinesia/dyskinesia, n=16. Of the 16 patients with LV hypokinesia/akinesia/dyskinesia, 10 had new regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) potentially consistent with TCM. Indications for ICU admission within this group included: urosepsis, respiratory sepsis, ischemic bowel, acute pancreatitis and seizures. Only 3 of these patients (0.84% of total ICU admissions) had a repeat echocardiogram confirming recovery of RWMA consistent with TCM. The majority of these patients had no follow up echocardiogram (N=7). Of note, 50% of this cohort did not survive to discharge. Of the 10 patients with potential or confirmed TCM, the ICU length of stay was longer when compared to all other ICU admissions for the same period (Median 17.36 days, IQR 15.83 vs 3.79 days, IQR 7.13, p=0.00694). The rate of survival to hospital discharge rate was numerically lower in this cohort but this did not reach statistical significance (50% vs 68%, p=0.169). Conclusion Echocardiography was performed on one-third of patients admitted to the ICU. Of these echocardiograms, 73% of studies were reported as normal or showing only minor abnormalities. Wall motion abnormalities potentially consistent with TCM were identified in 3% of all patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Two-thirds of patients with new or indeterminate RWMA in the ICU did not receive follow up investigations. As such, RWMA consistent with TCM were confirmed in only 3 patients, resulting in a prevalence of 0.84% in our study population. A more standardised approach may help determine the true prevalence of this condition.

Background Trans-thoracic echo (TTE) is a commonly performed non-invasive investigation for the cardiovascular assessment of critically ill patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Raised cardiac biomarkers are commonly cited as an indication for TTE, however the significance of these biomarker elevations in the critical care setting is unclear. Aim The aim of this study was to describe findings on TTE in an Irish ICU cohort and to determine if there was any correlation between these findings and serum N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high sensitivity troponin T (HsTnT) levels. Methods We identified all patients admitted to the ICU from January 2018 to February 2019 and a database was formed. We then determined how many of these patients received TTE. Based on TTE findings, patients were divided into two groups: ‘Normal TTE’ and ‘Abnormal TTE’. For the purpose of this study, minor abnormalities including concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction and hyper-dynamic left ventricular function were included in the ‘Normal TTE’ group. The abnormal TTE group included reductions in LV function, regional wall motion abnormalities and significant valvular heat disease. Continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile range. The groups were compared using the z-test for continuous variables and fishers exact test for categorical variables, with a p value of Results There were 358 patients admitted to the ICU during the study period. The mean age was 59.8±17 years and over half of the patients (55%) were male. One hundred and fifteen patients (32%) had a reported transthoracic echocardiogram on our system. Of these echocardiograms, 55% were reported as completely normal and 22% had minor abnormalities. The remaining 23% showed significant abnormalities and were included in the ‘Abnormal TTE group’. The prevalence of a NT-proBNP result over 4 times the upper limit of normal (>4xULN) was not significantly different between groups (67% in Normal TTE group vs 71% in Abnormal TTE group, Fisher exact test statistic value: 0.7887, not significant at p 4xULN was more common in the Abnormal TTE group than the Normal TTE group (73% vs 46%, Fisher exact test statistic value is 0.0231, p Conclusion TTE is performed commonly in the ICU, with one-third of ICU admissions receiving a TTE in our study. However, over 75% of studies were reported as normal or showing only minor abnormalities. NT-proBNP was commonly significantly elevated in the intensive care setting and this did not correlate with the subsequent diagnostic yield of significant abnormalities on echocardiography. HsTnT levels were more commonly significantly raised in patients with abnormal TTE results and the role of troponin in this setting requires further evaluation.

Paintings could offer insight into the varied experiences of people with different dementias. In this project, a single exercise - the painting of a group of objects in still-life - was used to capture artistic production in four artists with different diagnoses of dementia and four healthy artists. Whilst quantitative studies provide important insights into the neuroanatomical supports for artistic actions, autonomous art exercises may yield deeper understanding of the individual creative experience in the context of neurodegenerative disease.

Members of work groups are highly interdependent and often share incompatible values, objectives, and opinions. As a result, conflict frequently arises. Given the profound impact of conflict on group effectiveness, scholars have sought to identify strategies that can mitigate its downsides and leverage its upsides. Yet research on conflict management strategies has accumulated inconsistent results. In this Perspectives piece, we argue that these inconsistent findings can be resolved if scholars take a more expansive view of the consequences of conflict management strategies: whereas existing research considers how individual strategies influence a single group conflict type (relational, status, process, or task), we consider the impact of individual strategies on all four conflict types. After building a typology by organizing strategies according to the conflict type that each is best equipped to manage, we argue that the strategies most appropriate for managing one type of conflict may systematically backfire by escalating other conflict types. For example, the adoption of a superordinate identity is likely to resolve relational conflict, yet exacerbate status conflict. In addition to uncovering these instances of “negative spillovers,” we shed light on the rarer phenomena of “positive spillovers,” which occur when conflict management strategies resolve conflict types they were not originally designed to influence. By highlighting how individual conflict management strategies influence multiple conflict types—often in contrasting ways—this Perspectives article reconciles conflicting findings and redirects the literature by providing scholars with new recommendations on how to study conflict management in work groups.

Accumulated knowledge on organizational justice leaves little reason to doubt that organizational members benefit when leaders adhere to interpersonal justice rules. However, upon considering how j...

Over the past couple of decades, organizational scholars have been particularly active in investigating biases and barriers that prevent women and minorities from entering and remaining in the uppe...

BACKGROUND: Memory for music has attracted much recent interest in Alzheimer's disease but the underlying brain mechanisms have not been defined in patients directly. Here we addressed this issue in an Alzheimer's disease cohort using activation fMRI of two core musical memory systems. METHODS: We studied 34 patients with younger onset Alzheimer's disease led either by episodic memory decline (typical Alzheimer's disease) or by visuospatial impairment (posterior cortical atrophy) in relation to 19 age-matched healthy individuals. We designed a novel fMRI paradigm based on passive listening to melodies that were either previously familiar or unfamiliar (musical semantic memory) and either presented singly or repeated (incidental musical episodic memory). RESULTS: Both syndromic groups showed significant functional neuroanatomical alterations relative to the healthy control group. For musical semantic memory, disease-associated activation group differences were localised to right inferior frontal cortex (reduced activation in the group with memory-led Alzheimer's disease); while for incidental musical episodic memory, disease-associated activation group differences were localised to precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (abnormally enhanced activation in the syndromic groups). In post-scan behavioural testing, both patient groups had a deficit of musical episodic memory relative to healthy controls whereas musical semantic memory was unimpaired. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings define functional neuroanatomical substrates for the differential involvement of musical semantic and incidental episodic memory in major phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. The complex dynamic profile of brain activation group differences observed suggests that musical memory may be an informative probe of neural network function in Alzheimer's disease. These findings may guide the development of future musical interventions in dementia.

Morgagni hernias are a rare form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia, accounting for 2%–3% of cases. The presence of a simultaneous Morgagni hernia and paraesophageal hernia (PEH) is even more rare, with only a few reported cases in the surgical literature. Both open and laparoscopic surgical approaches have been previously described. Herein we discuss a robotic-assisted surgical approach to the repair of simultaneous Morgagni hernia and PEH in a 65-year-old woman. Simultaneous repair of Morgagni hernia and PEH is indicated mainly when symptoms are generally indistinctive. The use of robotic technology allowed for both hernias to be repaired both primarily and with mesh reinforcement.

One key responsibility of leaders involves crafting and communicating two types of messages--visions and values--that help followers understand the ultimate purpose of their work. Although scholars have long considered how leaders communicate visions and values to establish a sense of purpose, they have overlooked how these messages can be used to establish a shared sense of purpose, which is achieved when multiple employees possess the same understanding of the purpose of work. In this research, we move beyond the traditional focus on leader rhetoric and individual cognition to examine leader rhetoric and shared cognition. We suggest that a specific combination of messages--a large amount of vision imagery combined with a small number of values--will boost performance more than other combinations because it triggers a shared sense of the organization's ultimate goal, and, in turn, enhances coordination. We found support for our predictions in an archival study of 151 hospitals and an experiment with 62 groups of full-time employees. In light of these findings, we conducted exploratory analyses and discovered two dysfunctional practices: leaders tend to (1) communicate visions without imagery and (2) over-utilize value-laden rhetoric

Background Surgical training requires development of both technical and cognitive skills. The study analyzed feedback by faculty and residents' self-assessments during a laparoscopic training course to identify structure of feedback in this context and compared the focus of trainees to faculty. Methods This study collected assessments by surgical residents and faculty during an intensive laparoscopic training course at a single institution. The residents' operative performance was assessed using validated assessment tools including free text feedback. Assessments were completed immediately following procedures. Feedback was analyzed using qualitative method. Results Eighty (80) residents participated. Three themes were identified: Assessment, instruction and occasion. Faculty provided significantly more feedback than trainees. Moreover, the content of feedback was different. Residents focused on technical performance, while faculty commented on technical and cognitive skills, efficiency and level of independence. Errors were mainly addressed by faculty. Conclusion This study demonstrated differences in cognitive focus of trainees and faculty. Text feedback is informative in understanding perceived challenges. Faculty provided explicit assessment and instruction for improvement. The effectiveness of self-assessment and feedback should be further studied.

Laparoscopic surgery is considered the standard approach for the treatment of paraesophageal hernias (PEH). Despite its advantages, this approach is technically demanding with a significant learning curve. It is also important to emphasize that some of the complications overlap with but they are different. Although postoperative morbidity and mortality seem to be lower after laparoscopic operations, there are a number of specific complications related to this technique that require cautious analysis. Even though, there is some overlap between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and PEH the patient population and complications are different. Herein, we describe the most common side effects and complications after PEH.

The French national health database (SNIIRAM) proved to be very useful for epidemiology, health economics, evaluation, surveillance or public health. However, it is a complex database requiring important resources and expertise for being used. The REDSIAM network has been set up for promoting the collaboration of teams working on the Sniiram. The main aim of REDSIAM is to develop and validate methods for analyzing the Sniiram database for research, surveillance, evaluation and public health purposes by sharing the knowledge and experience of specialized teams in the fields of diseases identification from the Sniiram data. The work conducted within the network is devoted to the development and the validation of algorithms using Sniiram data for identifying specific diseases. The REDSIAM governance includes the Steering Committee composed of the main organizations in charge of producing and using the Sniiram data, the Bureau and the Technical Committee. The network is organized in thematic working groups focused on specific pathological domains, and a charter defines the rules for participation in the network, the functioning of the thematic working groups, the rules for publishing and making available algorithms. The articles in this special issue of the journal present the first results of some of the thematic working groups.

The purpose of this panel symposium is to generate discussion between the micro and macro community of scholars on how the psychological and social processes of organizational leaders affect firm o...

Racial slurs are prevalent in organizations; however, the social context in which racial slurs are exchanged remains poorly understood. To address this limitation, we integrate three intergroup theories (social dominance, gendered prejudice, and social identity) and complement the traditional emphasis on aggressors and targets with an emphasis on observers. In three studies, we test two primary expectations: (1) when racial slurs are exchanged, whites will act in a manner more consistent with social dominance than blacks; and (2) this difference will be greater for white and black men than for white and black women. In a survey (n = 471), we show that whites are less likely to be targets of racial slurs and are more likely to target blacks than blacks are to target them. We also show that the difference between white and black men is greater than the difference between white and black women. In an archival study that spans five years (n = 2,480), we found that white men are more likely to observe racial slurs than are black men, and that the difference between white and black men is greater than the difference between white and black women. In a behavioral study (n = 133), analyses showed that whites who observe racial slurs are more likely to remain silent than blacks who observe slurs. We also find that social dominance orientation (SDO) predicts observer silence and that racial identification enhances the effect of race on SDO for men, but not for women. Further, mediated moderation analyses show that SDO mediates the effect of the interaction between race, gender, and racial identification on observer silence.

Although subgroups are a widely studied component of work teams, much of the literature on subgroups has remained loosely connected and key questions remain unanswered. We integrate research on faultlines, diversity, and intergroup processes to develop a theory composed of a typology of subgroups and a depiction of the formation, processes, and outcomes associated with subgroups. The key insight from our theory is that subgroups are characterized by three underlying factors: identity, resources, and knowledge.

We investigate the organizational pursuit of seemingly impossible goals—commonly known as stretch goals. Building from our analysis of the mechanisms through which stretch goals could influence organizational learning and performance, we offer a contingency framework evaluating which organizations are positioned to benefit from such extreme goals and which are most likely to pursue them. We conclude that stretch goals are, paradoxically, most seductive for organizations that can least afford the risks associated with them.

In this study, we analyzed data from 57,293 Major League Baseball games to test whether high temperatures interact with provocation to increase the likelihood that batters will be hit by a pitch. Controlling for a number of other variables, we conducted analyses showing that the probability of a pitcher hitting a batter increases sharply at high temperatures when more of the pitcher’s teammates have been hit by the opposing team earlier in the game. We suggest that high temperatures increase retaliation by increasing hostile attributions when teammates are hit by a pitch and by lowering inhibitions against retaliation.