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1. Experimental research on the TCV tokamak

Author

B.P. Duval, A. Abdolmaleki, M. Agostini, C.J. Ajay, S. Alberti, E. Alessi, G. Anastasiou, Y. Andrèbe, G.M. Apruzzese, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon-Guerola, F. Bagnato, A. Baillod, F. Bairaktaris, L. Balbinot, A. Balestri, M. Baquero-Ruiz, C. Barcellona, M. Bernert, W. Bin, P. Blanchard, J. Boedo, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, L. Boncagni, M. Bonotto, T.O.S.J. Bosman, D. Brida, D. Brunetti, J. Buchli, J. Buerman, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, D. Busil, J. Caloud, Y. Camenen, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, F. Carpanese, M. Carpita, C. Castaldo, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J.A. Cazabonne, J. Cerovsky, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, G. Ciraolo, S. Coda, C. Colandrea, C. Contré, R. Coosemans, L. Cordaro, S. Costea, T. Craciunescu, K. Crombe, A. Dal Molin, O. D’Arcangelo, D. de Las Casas, J. Decker, J. Degrave, H. de Oliveira, G.L. Derks, L.E. di Grazia, C. Donner, M. Dreval, M.G. Dunne, G. Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud, B. Esposito, T. Ewalds, M. Faitsch, M. Farník, A. Fasoli, F. Felici, J. Ferreira, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, L. Fritz, I. Furno, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, S. Galeani, C. Galperti, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia-Munoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Genoud, R. Gerrú Miguelanez, G. Ghillardi, M. Giacomin, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, C. Giroud, T. Golfinopoulos, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, S. Gorno, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, M. Gruca, T. Gyergyek, R. Hafner, M. Hamed, D. Hamm, W. Han, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Hassabis, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, J-P. Hogge, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, A. Huber, E. Huett, A. Iantchenko, P. Innocente, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A.E. Järvinen, J. Kalis, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, K. Kavukcuoglu, J. Kay, Y. Kazakov, J. Keeling, A. Kirjasuo, J.T.W. Koenders, P. Kohli, M. Komm, M. Kong, J. Kovacic, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, R. Kwiatkowski, B. Labit, L. Laguardia, E. Laszynska, A. Lazaros, K. Lee, E. Lerche, B. Linehan, D. Liuzza, T. Lunt, E. Macusova, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, A. Marinoni, L. Martellucci, Y. Martin, P. Martin, L. Martinelli, F. Martinelli, J.R. Martin-Solis, S. Masillo, R. Masocco, V. Masson, A. Mathews, M. Mattei, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, S.Y. Medvedev, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, I.G. Miron, P.A. Molina Cabrera, A. Moro, A. Murari, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, F. Napoli, R.D. Nem, M. Neunert, S.K. Nielsen, A. Nielsen, M. Nocente, S. Noury, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, F. Oliva, D.S. Oliveira, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, P. Oyola Dominguez, O. Pan, E. Panontin, A.D. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Pau, R.O. Pavlichenko, A.C. Pedersen, M. Pedrini, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, C. Perez Von Thun, F. Pesamosca, D. Pfau, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, U. Plank, V. Plyusnin, Y.R.J. Poels, G.I. Pokol, J. Poley-Sanjuan, M. Poradzinski, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, M.J. Pueschel, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, M. Rabinski, R. Ragona, H. Raj, A. Redl, H. Reimerdes, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Riedmiller, S. Rienäcker, D. Rigamonti, N. Rispoli, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rueda Rueda, P.J. Ryan, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, N. Schoonheere, R.W. Schrittwieser, F. Sciortino, A. Selce, L. Senni, S. Sharapov, U.A. Sheikh, B. Sieglin, M. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, E.R. Solano, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, A. Stagni, P. Strand, G. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, M. Tardocchi, A. Tema Biwole, A. Tenaglia, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, A. Thornton, A.S. Thrysoe, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, H. Torreblanca, B. Tracey, M. Tsimpoukelli, C. Tsironis, C.K. Tsui, M. Ugoletti, M. Vallar, M. van Berkel, S. van Mulders, M. van Rossem, C. Venturini, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, I. Voitsekhovitch, L. Votta, N.M.T. Vu, Y. Wang, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, C. Wüthrich, D. Yadykin, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, J. Zebrowski, P. Zestanakis, M. Zuin, and M. Zurita

Subjects
TCV, review, plasma, SPC, EPFL, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N _2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, β _N ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance ( H _98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.

Published
2024
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2. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author

E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor

Subjects
JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Published
2024
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3. Parallel flows as a key component to interpret Super-X divertor experiments

Author

M. Carpita, O. Février, H. Reimerdes, C. Theiler, B.P. Duval, C. Colandrea, G. Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud, D. Galassi, S. Gorno, E. Huett, J. Loizu, L. Martinelli, A. Perek, L. Simons, G. Sun, E. Tonello, C. Wüthrich, and the TCV Team

Subjects
power exhaust, divertor, detachment, total flux expansion, mach number, parallel flows, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The Super-X Divertor (SXD) is an alternative divertor configuration leveraging total flux expansion at the Outer Strike Point (OSP). While the extended 2-Point Model (2PM) predicts facilitated detachment access and control in the SXD configuration, these attractive features are not always retrieved experimentally. These discrepancies are at least partially explained by the effect of parallel flows which, when self-consistently included in the 2PM, reveal the role of total flux expansion on the pressure balance and weaken the total flux expansion effect on detachment access and control, compared to the original predictions. This new model can partially explain the discrepancies between the 2PM and experiments performed on tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), in ohmic L-mode scenarios, which are particularly apparent when scanning the OSP major radius Rt. In core density ramps in lower Single-Null (SN) configuration, the impact of Rt on the CIII emission front movement in the divertor outer leg—used as a proxy for the plasma temperature in the divertor—is substantially weaker than 2PM predictions. Furthermore, in OSP radial sweeps in lower and upper SN configurations, in ohmic L-mode scenarios with a constant core density, the peak parallel particle flux density at the OSP is almost independent of Rt, while the 2PM predicts a linear dependence. Finally, analytical and numerical modeling of parallel flows in the divertor is presented. It is shown that an increase in total flux expansion can favour supersonic flows at the OSP. Parallel flows are also shown to be relevant by analysing SOLPS-ITER simulations of TCV.

Published
2024
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4. Dynamic maps of human exposure to floods based on mobile phone data

Author

M. Balistrocchi, R. Metulini, M. Carpita, and R. Ranzi

Subjects
Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, TD1-1066, Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Floods are acknowledged as one of the most serious threats to people's lives and properties worldwide. To mitigate the flood risk, it is possible to act separately on its components: hazard, vulnerability, exposure. Emergency management plans can actually provide effective non-structural practices to decrease both human exposure and vulnerability. Crowding maps depending on characteristic time patterns, herein referred to as dynamic exposure maps, represent a valuable tool to enhance the flood risk management plans. In this paper, the suitability of mobile phone data to derive crowding maps is discussed. A test case is provided by a strongly urbanized area subject to frequent flooding located on the western outskirts of Brescia (northern Italy). Characteristic exposure spatiotemporal patterns and their uncertainties were detected with regard to land cover and calendar period. This novel methodology still deserves verification during real-world flood episodes, even though it appears to be more reliable than crowdsourcing strategies, and seems to have potential to better address real-time rescues and relief supplies.

Published
2020
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5. Performance assessment of a tightly baffled, long-legged divertor configuration in TCV with SOLPS-ITER

Author

G. Sun, H. Reimerdes, C. Theiler, B.P. Duval, M. Carpita, C. Colandrea, O. Février, and the TCV Team

Subjects
tokamak, detachment, neutral confinement, long-legged divertor, SOLPS-ITER, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Numerical simulations explore a possible tightly baffled, long-legged divertor (TBLLD) concept in a future upgrade of the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV). The SOLPS-ITER code package is used to compare the exhaust performance of several TBLLD configurations with results from unbaffled and baffled TCV configurations. The investigated TBLLDs feature a range of radial gaps between the separatrix and the divertor baffles, with a smaller gap resulting in tighter baffling. All modeled TBLLDs are predicted to lead to a denser and colder plasma in front of the targets and increase the power handling by factors of 2–3 compared to the present, baffled, divertor and by up to a factor of 12 compared to the original, unbaffled, configuration. This improved TBLLD performance is attributed to an increased neutral confinement with more plasma–neutral interactions in the divertor region. Both power handling capability and neutral confinement increase with tighter baffling. The core compatibility of TBLLDs with nitrogen seeding is also evaluated and the detachment window, with acceptable core pollution, for these TBLLDs is explored, showing a reduction of the required upstream impurity concentration to achieve detachment by up to 18% with tighter baffling.

Published
2023
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6. Design, Implementation and Validation of a Questionnaire for University Teaching Evaluation

Author

D'AMBRA, LUIGI, M. Carpita, Crescenzi, F., Mignani, S., D'Ambra, Luigi, M., Carpita, Mignani, Stefania, and Costa, Michele

Abstract

This paper summarizes the results of a research project supported by CNVSU in 2010. The aim of the project was, firstly, to review the questionnaire used in Italy for university teaching evaluation and, secondly, to propose a guideline for implementing this survey on the web.

Published
2014

7. Asymmetric cascaded bridge converter for high voltage, high dynamics power supply: Small scale prototype test results

Author

M. Carpita and S. Gavin

Subjects
Forward converter, Engineering, Switched-mode power supply, business.industry, Flyback converter, Buck converter, Boost converter, Buck–boost converter, Electronic engineering, Ćuk converter, Electrical engineering, Charge pump, business
Abstract

In this paper, a high voltage power supply based on an asymmetric multilevel cascaded bridge converter is presented. The required power supply shall be able to reach output voltages up to 30kV with rising and falling times shorter than 10 microseconds. Each module of the converter is supplied by an insulated dual bridge DC/DC converter allowing an independent DC-link voltage control with bidirectional capability. In order to validate the principle, a small scale prototype has been successfully built and tested.

Published
2015

10. Power conditioning system using sliding model control

Author

Mario Marchesoni, L. Puglisi, M. Carpita, and M. Oberti

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Control engineering, Measuring equipment, Sliding mode control, law.invention, Capacitor, law, Control theory, Robustness (computer science), Control system, Conditioning, business, Uninterruptible power supply, Electronic circuit
Abstract

A control system for power conditioning and uninterruptible power supply systems is presented. The design is based on the theory of variable-structure systems with sliding mode. Results of an analytical study and digital simulation of both the power and control systems are reported, showing good agreement. The high dynamics and the robustness of the implemented system, indicated by the simulation results, confirm the validity of the control scheme and suggest the possibility of adopting it for three-phase systems, variable frequency supplies, and measuring equipment. >

Published
2003

12. Series connected soft switched IGBTs for high power, high voltage drives applications: experimental results

Author

E. Gilardi, G. Botto, S. Tenconi, and M. Carpita

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, Electronic engineering, Commutation cell, Phase (waves), Electrical engineering, Inverter, Topology (electrical circuits), High voltage, Commutation, Fault (power engineering), business, Power (physics)
Abstract

An inverter phase made of two series connected IGBTs has been operated in a quasi resonant zero voltage switching mode. Commutation losses, achievable switching frequencies, output voltage gradient and performances both in normal and fault condition are discussed and compared to hard switching equivalent topology.

Published
2002

13. Innovative observer algorithm for sensorless control of AC permanent magnet synchronous machines

Author

D. Colombo, M. Carpita, and A. Monti

Subjects
Vector control, Rotor (electric), Stator, Computer science, Frame (networking), Control engineering, Observer (special relativity), Permanent magnet synchronous generator, law.invention, Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes, law, Control theory, Magnet, Synchronous motor
Abstract

In field oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous machines, the knowledge of /spl theta/, the angle between the "dq" reference rotor frame, and the frame of fixed axes connected with stator windings, is fundamental. In this paper the authors present a classical open-loop speed observer for PM synchronous motors, where an innovative correction algorithm is introduced.

Published
2002

14. A generalised approach to torque ripple compensation in permanent magnet machine control

Author

D. Colombo, M. Carpita, and A. Monti

Subjects
Direct torque control, Three-phase, Computer science, Control theory, Magnet, Permanent magnet synchronous generator, Torque ripple, Finite element method, Machine control
Abstract

The traditional approach to permanent magnet machine control is based on the distinction between DC and AC machines. The main difference is that in DC machines, the FEM has a trapezoidal shape, while in the AC machines it has a sinusoidal shape. In the first case, typically a scalar two phase approach is applied, while in the second one a vector three phase approach is the typical structure. In a recent paper, the authors showed that for special purpose machines, it is not so easy to make this kind of distinction, both from modeling and control point of view. Starting from that, a unified approach to the control of isotropic permanent magnet machines is proposed, keeping the minimum of the torque ripple as main task. The algorithm is described in detail and the results are confirmed through experimental experiences.

Published
2002

15. White paper on DC technologies for Switzerland’s electricity transmission and distribution

Author

Dujic, Drazen, Paolone, Mario, Rachidi-Haeri, Farhad, Milovanovic, Stefan, Christe, Alexandre, Utvic, Milan, Wang, Zhaoyang, Razzaghi, Reza, M. Carpita Haute Ecole d'Ingénierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud (HEIG-VD), T. Schultz Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. High Voltage Laboratory (ETHZ HVL), C. M. Franck Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. High Voltage Laboratory (ETHZ HVL), O. Galland Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Fribourg (HES-SO FR), M. Allani Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Fribourg (HES-SO FR), P. Favre-Perrod1 Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Fribourg (HES-SO FR), G. Tsolaridis Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. High Power Electronic Systems (ETHZ HPE), and J. Biela Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. High Power Electronic Systems (ETHZ HPE)

Subjects
SCCER-FURIES, Electrical infrastructure, DC technologies
Abstract

Existing AC power systems, established more than a century ago, are increasingly challenged by DC technologies, enabled by significant advancements in the power electronics and related scientific fields. Three major application areas for DC transmission are established: transferring bulk power over long distances, interconnecting grids and connecting offshore wind. Medium and low voltage DC application become more appealing based on the improved controllability, more effective integration of renewable energy sources, higher power density and better compatibility with underground cables. Such technologies will be attractive for the Swiss energy transition as they might provide more effective solutions for the densification of power systems, the integration of converter-based renewable energy sources and pumped-storage plants. In order to achieve this, several research challenges, however, need to be overcome and standardization must further advance. Several academic partners from Switzerland contribute to these research problems in WP3: “Multi-Terminal AC-DC Grids and Power Electronics” within the SCCER FURIES. In this paper six major topics are presented: -“General overview of DC options” where present and future applications of DC technologies as wells as MVDC grids development issues are discussed. -“MMC-based MVDC converters” where a selection of modular multilevel converter as a platform in order to provide flexibility in addressing a multitude of applications and conversion needs is shown. Several topological adaptations are proposed, leading to novel converter topologies. -“AC/DC resonance analysis” where analysis allowing to find the resonance location and to analyzeres-onance nodes contribution to critical mode. These frequency analysis methods permit to foresee net-work frequency behavior that is becoming an important issue due to the growing number of power electronics converters in the network. -“Overview of HVDC breaker technologies” where basic requirements for fast and reliable HVDC circuit breakers as well as the differences to HVAC technology are introduced. -“HVDC circuit breakers: testing methods and challenges” where the limits of HVDC circuit breakers are explored. In this section, a flexible, modular high current source is presented. The source is intended to act as a hardware-in-the-loop test benchfor future HVDC circuit breakers, by driving highly dynamic and arbitrary current waveforms through dynamic loads (e.g. DC arc). -“Fault location principles” where the significant influence of fault location on the network security of supply and quality is drawn. A newly-developed technique which is based on the electromagnetic time reversal (EMTR) theory that can be applied to radial/meshed AC/DC power transmission or distribution networks is presented and compared to other Travelling Wave –based methods. The outputs and outlooks are drawn in order to conclude the paper.

16. Family lifestyle habits: what is passed down from adults to children?

Author

Borgia, Riccardo, Castellari, Elena, Sckokai, Paolo, M. Carpita, L. Fabbris, Riccardo Borgia, Elena Castellari, and Paolo Sckokai

Subjects
Settore AGR/01 - ECONOMIA ED ESTIMO RURALE, Eating behaviour, Children’s habits, Lifestyle behaviour adoption, Family environment, Children’s habit
Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases are responsible for 70% of deaths worldwide, primarily induced by the use of tobacco, unhealthy dietary habits, lack of physical activity (PA) and abuse of alcohol (WHO, 2017). Among these behaviours, the adoption of healthy eating patterns and a regular physical activity initiated in childhood may reduce the risk of occurrence of overweight and obesity, immediately, and the insurgence of chronic diseases, into adulthood (Nicklas et al., 2001). To promote the early adoption of such healthy practices family has always played a key role (Patrick & Nicklas, 2005). Nevertheless, the children’s daily life environment is deeply and rapidly changing and the central role of family in shaping children lifestyle habits is being called into question. The study focuses on four behaviors indicated as highly – negatively and positively – related to the occurrence of overweight and obesity. The advisable behaviors are i) eating food for breakfast, ii) doing regular PA and iii) consuming five portions of fruit and vegetable (FV) per day. The unadvisable behavior is consuming one or more savory snacks a day. Each habit is studied individually but by means of the same model (i.e. including the same variables). The model employs a multinomial logistic (MNL) regression to relate the occurrence of the four investigated behaviors to the characteristics of the children (age and gender) and the respective household. Specifically the latter outline health and socio-demographic features of the household: share of obese adults, number of children and adults, adults’ education level, share of females, and geographical area. Moreover, to assess the household behavioral environment – main focus of the research – the share of adults manifesting the investigated children behaviors is included in the model. Lastly, the year of data collection is also observed – even if the study is cross-sectional – to monitor any significant variation from 2013 to 2016. The study is performed on the microdata of the Italian Multipurpose Survey on Households Daily Life Aspects provided by ISTAT (years 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016). The dataset consists of 25,265 children belonging to 16,893 households. According to UN, children are identified in the dataset as individuals younger than 18 years old. The main insight provided by the study is that the likelihood of observing the children behaviors increases with the share of adults manifesting the same behavior (except for PA) suggesting that family still plays a role in influencing some children lifestyle habit, although unevenly among behaviors. Indeed, results show that the habit of practicing regular PA is much more likely to be passed down than breakfast-eating, and they are both less likely than daily-snacking. This might suggest that unadvisable behaviors are more liable to be emulated than the advisable ones. Finally, the research suggests priority targets for children health promotion policies: Southern Italy and – limited to some habit – 14-17 years old.

Published
2019

17. simple component analysis as an alternative to principal component analysis and related exploratory methods for the evaluation of customer satisfaction

Author

MILONE, Gabriella, D'AMBRA, LUIGI, M. Carpita, Milone, Gabriella, and D'Ambra, Luigi

Subjects
Principal Component Analysis, Simple Component Analysis, Rotation criteria, Patient Satisfaction
Abstract

Among the exploratory techniques, the Principal Component Analysis has the best properties in the study of the relations between the original variables, but in the customer satisfaction applications it provides all positive correlations (first component is an average or a sum of the scores).This feature entails trivial results of little interest that cannot help to take decisions, or even less, rotations (varimax, etc.) that can improve the interpretation of data structure. The aim of this paper is to highlight, via a comparison of methods, the role of the Simple Component Analysis to improve the interpretability, over and above the lack some desirable property (variance explained, etc.).This comparison will be supported by an application to real data about Patient satisfaction in the Naples’ public hospitals.

Published
2009

18. La valutazione della customer satisfaction: aspetti statistici e recenti sviluppi

Author

D'AMBRA, LUIGI, GALLO M., M. Carpita, L. D'ambra, M. Vichi, G. Vittadini, D'Ambra, Luigi, and Gallo, M.

Abstract

La customer satisfaction (CS) ha la sua origine nei profondi cambiamenti imposti dall’introduzione dei programmi di gestione della qualità totale, che hanno influito sostanzialmente sui modelli organizzativi aziendali. Dai primi anni ‘80 ad oggi, si è avuto una sempre maggiore attenzione del mondo accademico nei confronti della CS soprattutto per il ruolo attribuitole quale fattore di competitività aziendale. Prendendo spunto dalle diverse proposte presenti in letteratura, si propone un nuovo modello concettuale che si basa su due ipotesi fondamentali: a) il cliente può correttamente valutare solo le attività di un servizio di cui effettivamente ha goduto, b) la migliore valutazione della soddisfazione di un cliente (aspetto latente) può essere realizzata mediante uno o pochi item tesi a valutare direttamente l’overall satisfaction.

Published
2006

19. Discovering associations between players' performance indicators and matches' results in the European Soccer Leagues.

Author

Carpita M and Golia S

Abstract

The application of data mining techniques and statistical analysis to the sports field has received increasing attention in the last decade. One of the most famous sports in the world is soccer, and the present work deals with it, using data from the 2009/2010 season to the 2015/2016 season from nine European leagues extracted from the Kaggle European Soccer database. Overall performance indicators of the four roles in a soccer team (forward, midfielder, defender and goalkeeper) for home and away teams are used to investigate the relationships between them and the results of matches, and to predict the wins of the home team. The model used to answer both these demands is the Bayesian Network. This study shows that this model can be very useful for mining the relations between players' performance indicators and for improving knowledge of the game strategies applied by coaches in different leagues. Moreover, it is shown that the ability to predict match results of the proposed Bayesian Network is roughly the same as that of the Naive Bayes model., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s)., (© 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Published
2020
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