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Resumen El linfoma anaplasico de celulas grandes asociado a implantes mamarios (BIA-ALCL segun sus siglas en ingles) es un tipo raro de linfoma no Hodgkin que se ha descrito en el contexto de la cirugia reconstructiva y estetica de mama mediante implantes. Este segundo articulo presenta la parte del consenso de la Sociedad Espanola de Senologia y Patologia Mamaria (SESPM) sobre el tratamiento quirurgico, medico, radioterapico, pronostico y seguimiento.

Resumen El linfoma anaplasico de celulas grandes asociado a implantes mamarios (BIA-ALCL segun sus siglas en ingles) es un tipo raro de linfoma no Hodgkin que se ha descrito en el contexto de la cirugia reconstructiva y estetica de mama mediante implantes. Estos articulos presentan un consenso de la Sociedad Espanola de Senologia y Patologia Mamaria (SESPM) con la idea de unificar, en esta primera parte, los criterios de diagnostico de esta enfermedad describiendo asimismo la epidemiologia y la etiopatogenia.

Hand metastasis represents between 0.007 and 0.2 % of all metastatic lesions [1, 2]. Renal cell carcinoma accounts for only 10–12 % [3, 4] of these infrequent lesions. Finger metastases are commonly misdiagnosed due to their low frequency and because they can resemble an infectious condition [5]. We report a case of renal clear cell carcinoma with distal phalangeal metastasis and review the related literature. This case highlights the need to consider acrometastasis in the differential diagnosis of digital lesions in patients with renal clear cell carcinoma. Case Report A 53-year-old right-handed man was seen by his family physician for pain and swelling in right fifth finger after a minor trauma; he had a history of disseminated renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) with radiation-resistant metastases in lung and fourth lumbar and was under combined treatment with sunitinib and everolimus. The initial diagnosis was an infection, which was unsuccessfully treated with NSAIDs, cloxacillin and topic antiseptics, observing a continued increase in the swelling and the development of ulcers and necrotic areas (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Clinical appearance of distal phalangeal metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma. Swollen fifth finger with necrotic and fibrinous areas resembling an infectious process Plain radiographs of the right hand revealed a permeative osteolytic lesion in the distal phalanx of the right hand fifth finger with an ill-defined radiolucent mass. The cortex was thinned out and destroyed in places, but the adjacent joint surface was uninvolved and the remaining bones were unremarkable (Fig. 2). Serum levels of rheumatoid factor, uric acid, calcium, phosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were within normal limits, and puncture-aspiration samples were cultured without bacterial growth. Fig. 2 Plain radiographs confirm the presence of an expansile, lytic lesion at the distal phalanx of the right fifth finger with diffuse cortical break. The radiologic appearance is consistent with metastasis or infection Six weeks after the initial local symptoms, the patient was referred to our hand surgery unit for assessment. Metastatic involvement was strongly suspected and, because the finger was not viable, it was amputated through the proximal phalanx without previous biopsy. Specimen samples were sent for microbiologic and pathologic studies. The bacterial cultures were negative. Histopathological study revealed metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma that caused distal phalanx destruction and partial skin ulceration. The features of the acrometastasis were similar to those of the primary tumor diagnosed 5 years earlier. The lesion was composed of multiple nodules of cells with clear cytoplasm, moderate nuclear atypia, poor vascular proliferation, and scant mitosis (2/10 high power fields). Surgical margins were negative (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 Cross-section of proximal phalanx with metastasis of renal clear cell carcinoma causing proximal phalanx destruction and partial skin ulceration (a). Panoramic image of histological section of the lesion stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) ( ... There was a good recovery from the amputation, with an improvement in the hand pain. However, new lesions were observed on the third right hand finger tip, facial skin, and lips within a few weeks post-surgery, and the patient died after 3 months due to respiratory failure related to metastatic lung disease.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), a difficult to transform plant, has been effectively infected with either Ri or Ti plasmid-bearing agrobacteria and several transformed tissues (tumors and hairy roots) were established and its transgenic nature confirmed. Hypocotyl of intact seedlings was the most responsive material and the response depended on both bacterial strain and plant variety. Transformed tissues were cultured and stabilized in vitro and showed the characteristic traits of fast and phytohormone-independent growth as well as high incidence of lateral branching and abundance of root hairs in the case of roots. The presence of some nitrogen compounds, metabolites of pharmaceutical implication, has been assayed in these transformed roots. Atropine, choline and muscarine were detected at quantitative levels in transformed roots and untransformed plant material of C. sativa. Further, the three compounds are present in hairy roots at concentrations quantitatively higher than in untransformed control tissues. Finally, hemp transformed roots exhibited a high callusing response, with calli that grew vigorously and developed compact and green nodular areas on the surface, a priori indicative of organogenesis capacity, but that were unable of shoot regeneration.

We review mammalian maternal behavior, its hormonal regulation, and the neurobiology involved in the onset and offset of specific behavioral patterns. We introduce topics that have flourished recently, e.g., the impact of maternal behavior on the maternal brain. We discuss neuroanatomical changes occurring in the ‘experienced’ mother's brain that translate into more efficient behavior and may underlie enhanced cognition and reduced fear and anxiety. We draw attention to little-explored topics, e.g., timing and the use of maternal behavior as an animal model for exploring specific aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders such as the exaggerated expression of stereotyped motor patterns.

Experimental conditions were optimized for hemp, a difficult to transform plant, to be effectively infected with either Ri or Ti plasmid-bearing agrobacteria and to establish stably transformed tissues. Hypocotyl of intact seedlings was the most responsive material and the response depended on both bacterial strain and plant variety. Transformed tissues, hairy roots and tumors, were cultured and stabilized in vitro and showed the characteristic traits of fast and phytohormone-independent growth as well as high incidence of lateral branching and abundance of root hairs in the case of roots. They all contained T-DNA of the corresponding Ri or Ti plasmid as revealed by PCR analysis with specific primers and further hairy roots induced by AR10GUS strain showed normal pattern of β-glucuronidase positive staining. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported protocol for the establishment of Cannabis sativa hairy root cultures.

La osteoporosis (OP) es una enfermedad muy prevalente, cuya consecuencia final, las fracturas, supone un importante deterioro en la calidad de vida de las personas que las sufren. Conocemos ampliamente que afecta mayoritariamente a la mujer, aunque no por eso debemos olvidar que la osteoporosis tambien afecta a los hombres. En el varon se retrasa la aparicion de fractura de cadera unos 10 anos con respecto a la mujer, pero su mortalidad es mayor. A los 60 anos el 25% de los hombres sufrira una fractura osteoporotica y a los 90 el 16,6% sufrira una fractura de cadera. La mayoria de los casos de OP diagnosticados en el varon son de causa secundaria (40-60%), los mas frecuentes son debidos a hipogonadismo y a excesiva ingesta de alcohol de forma cronica, pero tambien a la ingesta de glucocorticoides, la baja ingesta de calcio o la escasa actividad fisica. En este articulo resumimos las causas mas frecuentes de OP en el varon, la forma de evaluar a estos pacientes, las pruebas diagnosticas necesarias para su estudio y los diferentes tratamientos que podemos utilizar realizando para todo ello un enfoque desde Atencion Primaria.

A probability distribution function F is said to be symmetric when 1 - F(x) - F(-x) = 0 for all x E R. Given a sequence of alternatives contiguous to a certain symmetric Fo, the authors are concerned with testing for the null hypothesis of symmetry. The proposed tests are consistent against any nonsymmetric alternative, and their power with respect to the given sequence can easily be optimized. The tests are constructed by means of transformed empirical processes with an adequate selection of the underlying isometry, and the optimum power is obtained by suitably choosing the score functions. The test statistics are very easy to compute and their asymptotic distributions are simple.

We previously found that the ethylene inhibitor Ag+ could overcome the inhibitory effect of nitrate on nodulation of soybean (Glycine max) cv. Bragg. The same treatment increased nodulation quantitatively under non-inhibitory conditions, strongly suggesting involvement of ethylene in the control of nodulation in this species. Supernodulation mutants that lack internal autoregulation of nodulation, however, had biosynthesis capacity similar to the wild type. In the present work, the effects of ethylene on nodulation of ‘Bragg’ and two separate, but allelic, supernodulating mutants (nts382 and nts1007) were compared. The nodulation process appeared much more sensitive than plant growth and development to ethylene, which reduced the number of nodules per plant, but nearly twofold more in the wild type than in the supernodulation mutants. The cause–effect relationship is established by the counteracting effect of Ag+ and the fact that the stronger the inhibition by ethylene, the higher the recovery of nodulation ability with the ethylene antagonist. This higher tolerance of or lower sensitivity to ethylene in nts382 persists even under low inoculum dose, where nodule number and mass could be decreased to wild-type levels. Differences between the mutant and the wild type in the triple response test do not appear to support differences in ethylene perception on a whole-plant basis. The results suggest that sensitivity of nodulation to ethylene might have been affected in supernodulation mutants.

The evolution of growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and activities of root-nodule enzymes related to sucrose breakdown (sucrose synthase, alkaline invertase), pentose phosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), malate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, were followed over the complete life-cycle of faba bean in a growth chamber. The aim was to study the ontogenic changes of these parameters to obtain information on the carbon metabolism in nodules ofVicia faba, an amide-exporting legume. The maximum values of the relative growth rate and the specific acetylene-reducing activity were registered during the vegetative period. At pod-filling, the specific and total acetylene-reducing activity per plant declined in parallel with the enzyme activities of carbon metabolism. Contrary to reports for other legume species, inV. fabaroot nodule activity of sucrose synthase exceeded alkaline invertase values by 2-fold or more during the vegetative period. The activity of the two enzymes was similar at flowering and pod formation. The enzymes of carbon metabolism registered two maxima, one before and one after a trough (day 32), which marked the change from the vegetative to the reproductive period.

Summary Root ethylene biosynthesis has been studied in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) cv. Bragg plants and its supernodulating (nts382 and nts1007) and non-nodulating (nod49 and nod139) mutants. Regardless of NO3 treatment, inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum significantly increased root ethylene evolution rate, reaching a plateau between 24 and 48 h after inoculation, with the rates being significantly higher in 8 mmol L−1 fed roots (high) than in those given 1 mmol L-1 (low) during the time of experiment. This Inoculation Stimulated Ethylene Release (ISER) response appears to be related to the infection process and nodule development, as treatment with Ag+ (an inhibitor of ethylene action) at the moment of inoculation markedly increased nodule number of Bragg plants under both high and low NO3 concentrations. Compared with the parental Bragg, the near-isogenic nodulating mutants used in this study showed normal ethylene biosynthesis ability (ethylene evolution and ACC oxidase activity), although significant quantitative differences were detected among them. Whether these differences are causally related to the nodulation phenotype is not known. Our previous observations on the involvement of endogenous ethylene in the control of nodule number in alfalfa are therefore also applicable to soybean, a determinate nodule type legume. The results further suggest that effects other than an alteration of ethylene biosynthesis might have also been caused by the nts mutations.

This study was conducted to obtain information on the properties of the nitrate (NO3 ‐) uptake system in Vicia faba. The results showed that in plants grown in the absence of NO3 ‐, they cannot absorb it upon initial exposure to this anion. When this plant makes contact with environmental NO3 ‐, NO3 ‐uptake by the roots is progressively induced. However, in NO3 ‐‐grown plants, the uptake system is yet induced so they had the ability to take up NO3 ‐ at high rates from the beginning. The Michaelis’ constant (K,M) and maximum uptake rate (Vmax) were estimated from measurements of NO3 ‐ depletion in the uptake medium. The apparent KM value for net NO3 ‐ uptake in induced V. faba plants was 60 μM and the corresponding Vmax 0.44 umol NO3 ‐ (g FW)‐1 h‐1. This last value was low compared with that of other species, while KM is in the range for other higher plants. From the results of our experiments at low and high NO3 ‐ concentrations, we discuss the possibility of the existence of two NO3 ‐ uptake sys...

The short term effect of NO 3 − (12 mM) on nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) activity has been studied in the roots, nodules and leaves of different genotypes of Vicia faba L. at the end of vegetative growth. Root and leat NR activity responded positively to NO 3 − , while nodule activity, where detected, proved to he strongly inhibited. The withdrawal of this NO 3 − from the solution consistently reduced activity in the roots and leaves but, surprisingly, promoted a significant increase in nodule activity, which matched or surpassed that of control plants. On the other hand, nodules developed in the presence of 8 mM NO 3 − expressed an on average 141% higher level of NR activity than did controls. This effect was observed even in nodules with negligible control activity. In any case, a naturally occurring mutant (VF17) lacking root and nodule NR activity is described. The results indicate that in V. faba, the effects of NO 3 − and plant genotype on NR activity depended on plant organ and time of NO 3 − application, but the distribution of NO 3 − reduction through the plant was mainly dependent on plant genotype, and to a lesser extent on NO 3 − supply and plant age

To study liver lesions in morbidly obese patients who underwent liver biopsy at the time of bariatric surgery to define histological lesions, especially inflammatory infiltrate, diagnostic categories and the possible influence of gender in this respect.110 biopsies (36 males-M- and 76 females -F-) were evaluated and categorised, according to the NAS (NAFLD -non alcoholic fatty liver disease- Activity Score) system and other criteria, as non-NAFLD (15.5%, F predominance), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (16.5%, M predominance), non-alcoholic hepatosteatosis (NAHS) (21%, F predominance) and, the most numerous group, NASH-borderline (NASH-BORD) (47%), with three subgroups, characterised by centrozonal lesions, portal area preferential involvement or affecting both areas. The predominant form of hepatocytesteatosis was mixed with a multivesicular component that was present in most cases with fibroinflammatory portal involvement. Nuclear glycogenosomes were found in greater number of biopsies in patients in the third and sixth decades. Portal inflammation was present in a large number of cases (M predominance); the application of immunohistochemical techniques (myeloperoxidase and CD68 antibodies) to evaluate lobular inflammation revealed "surgical hepatitis" in one third of the cases, and the presence of microgranulomas (CD68+) (M predominance), which were more abundant with increasing lesion severity.Portal inflammation and multivesicular hepatocytesteatosis are highly prevalent in morbidly obese patients. This study identifies a new subtype of NASH-BORD characterized by centrizonal and porto-periportal area involvement and the existence of liver biopsies without steatosis. CD68+ microgranulomas constitute an unequivocal marker of lobular inflammation in surgical biopsies and of lesion severity, which is gender-related.

Twenty-nine genotypes of Vicia faba were grown in the presence or absence of NO3− to study variability in root and nodule nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) and nodule cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) activities. These V. faba lines apparently lack constitutive root NR activity (NRA), whereas inducible activity was detected in all of them except line VF17. Although a marked genotypic variability was found for this activity (F-value = 400), the major factor affecting its expression was nitrate (95% of the total effect observed). Most of the lines, however, showed appreciable rates of constitutive NRA in their nodules, that further declined with 4 mM NO3−. High genotypic variability was also found for the level of GS activity from the plant fraction of V. faba nodules. This activity, little affected by 2 mM NO3−, was generally declined by 4 m m for a week at the end of the experiment. No correlation was found between the activities measured here and measurements of symbiotic performance. Nodule NR, however, correlated inversely with both GS and nodule protein content.

The authors report an unusual case of flexor tenosynovitis, severe carpal tunnel syndrome, and triggering at the carpal tunnel as the first manifestation of gout. A 69-year-old man presented with digital flexion contracture and severe carpal tunnel syndrome of his right hand and was treated surgically. A flexor tenosynovectomy and a median nerve neurolysis were performed through an extended carpal tunnel approach. The sublimis and the profundus tendons were involved. Partial ruptures and multiple whitish lesions suggestive of tophacceous infiltration of the flexor tendons were seen. Macroscopically, the removed synovial tissue was involved by multiple whitish nodules that were milimetric in size and was suggestive of monosodium urate crystals deposits. By light microscopy examination, numerous nonnecrotizing granulomas of different sizes were observed that were compounded by large aggregations of acellular nonpolarized material, surrounded by epithelioid histiocytes, mononuclear cells, and foreign body multinucleated giant cells. Postoperatively, the patient recovered with resolution of the median nerve symptoms and a near-to-full range of motion of the affected digits. To the authors’ knowledge, this patient is the first case report with flexor tendons tophacceous infiltration as the first clinical sign of gout. Gouty flexor tenosynovitis can occur in the absence of a long history of gout. A high index of suspicion is paramount to the initiation of proper management. Operative treatment of gouty flexor tenosynovitis is mandatory to debulk tophaceous deposits, improve tendon gliding, and decompress nerves. Routine uric acid determination could be helpful in the preoperative evaluation of patients with flexor tenosynovitis.

Rabbit does nurse their pups once a day with circadian periodicity and pups ingest up to 35% of their body weight in milk in 5 min. In the doe, there is a massive release of prolactin. We hypothesised that periodic suckling synchronises dopaminergic populations that control prolactin secretion. We explored this by immunohistochemical colocalisation of PER1 protein, the product of the clock gene Per1 on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) cells in three dopaminergic populations: tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA), periventricular hypophyseal dopaminergic (PHDA) and incertohypothalamic dopaminergic (IHDA) cells. PER1/TH colocalisation was explored every 4 h through a complete 24-h cycle at postpartum day 7 in does that nursed their pups either at 10.00 h (ZT03) or at 02.00 h (ZT19; ZT0 = 07.00 h, time of lights on). Nonpregnant, nonlactating females were used as controls. In control females, there was a rhythm of PER1 that peaks at ZT15. By contrast, in nursed does, the PER1 peak shifted in parallel to scheduled nursing in TIDA and PHDA cells but not in IHDA cells, which are not related to the control of prolactin. Next, we determined that the absence of suckling for 48 h significantly decreases the number of PER1/TH colocalised cells in PHDA but not TIDA cells. Locomotor behaviour in control subjects was maximal at around the time of lights on but, in nursed females, shifted at around the time of scheduled nursing. Finally, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, there is a maximal expression of PER1 at ZT11 in the three groups. However, this maximal expression was significantly lower in the nursed groups in relation to the control group and in the groups deprived of nursing for 48 h. We conclude that suckling synchronises dopaminergic cells related to the control of prolactin and appears to be a nonphotic stimulus for the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Hygroscopic expansion of resin materials is a common phenomena due to water adsorption into the resin matrix. This expansion is dependent upon the chemical structure of the material. Water sorption of resin dental material may contribute to stress release immediately after polymerization shrinkage has occurred. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of water storage on nanohybrid composite by assessment of marginal enamel sealing of restorations.30 human teeth extracted for periodontal or orthodontic reasons were used in these study. Cavities were prepared and restored using a nanohybrid composite (Ceramix Mono, Dentsply DeTrey) and a total-etch adhesive system (PrimeBond NT, Dentsply DeTrey). The teeth were then randomly divided in three groups which were stored for various times in deionized water (one hour, 24 hours and 7 days). After the storage period, the teeth were immersed in methylen blue 1% for 24 h. Then specimens were axially cut and the dye penetration within the occlusal enamel interface was evaluated using optic microscope.Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences of dye penetration between the long-term hydrated groups and the group hydrated for only one hour (p0.05). The mean value of dye penetration decreased from 0.04 mm to 0.1 mm after water storage for both 24 hours and 7 days. However, good sealing in enamel margins of restorations was observed even without hydration.Our results confirm that nanohybrid composites used with total etch adhesives systems have good ability to seal the enamel margins and water sorption can improve this sealing.

Five inbred lines and a commercial cultivar of field-bean (Vicia faba) were inoculated with a strain of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and grown, with or without nitrate, under axenic conditions in a growth chamber. There were significant (p

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA; EC 1.6.6.1) was measured in leaves, stems and roots of Pisum sativum cv. Lincoln supplied with different nitrate concentrations and inoculated with selected Rhizobium leguminosarum strains. As a control, noninoculated plants were grown in the same nutrient medium. NRA was determined by an in vivo‐nitrate assay. Although differences in tissue NRA were mainly related to nitrate concentration in the growing medium, nodulation much affected the NRA in the different plant organs, especially in root. An increased proportion of total plant NRA occurred in the leaves and stems as nitrate concentration was increased. Nitrate accumulation in leaves, stems and roots was correlated with the concentration of this ion in the nutrient solution. Nodulation also affects the nitrate accumulation in the different plant organs.

Previously, we reported (a) a positive correlation between the nitrate concentrations in growth medium and ethylene evolved from uninoculated and inoculated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) roots and (b) a negative correlation between ethylene evolution and nodulation. Here, we report that the inhibitory effect of NO(3) (-) on nodulation of alfalfa can be eliminated by the ethylene inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). This effect was probably related to the strong inhibition (90%) of ethylene biosynthesis caused by AVG in these inoculated and NO(3) (-)-treated roots. These results support our hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of NO(3) (-) is mediated through the phytohormone ethylene. A possible role of endogenous ethylene in the autoregulation of nodulation also is discussed. AVG at 10 micromolar significantly (P < 0.05) increased total nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in 2.5 and 5 millimolar NO(3) (-)-fed plants probably as a result of the very high stimulation of nodulation.

This growth chamber study was designed to determine rates of nitrogen fixation, growth, productivity and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus during vegetative growth, flowering and the beginning of the fruiting and ripening period in Pisum sativum plants supplied with different concentrations of nitrate and nodulated by various strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Noninoculated control plants were grown under the same nutritional conditions. Nodulated and unnodulated plants responded differently to treatment. The effects of inoculation with Rhizobium and the nitrate treatments on the parameters of growth and nitrogen content varied with plant age. Although the presence of nitrate in the culture medium inhibited nodulation and acetylene reducing activity (ARA), the different Rhizobium strains used in the inoculations led to variations in tolerance to combined nitrogen.

Activities of nitrate reduction enzymes, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and nitrite reductase activity (NiRA) from roots and nodules of 5 mutant genotypes and one commercial cultivar (Alameda) of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) grown in the presence of N2 alone or with additional NO−3 in the medium have been studied. A naturally occurring mutant (VFM109) with impaired ability to reduce nitrate in its nodules is described. All the other cultivars of V. faba showed nodule NRA, although the range was very wide, from almost negligible (VFM72) up to 2 μmol h−1 (g FW)−1. This activity was entirely of plant origin. Root NRA also ranged widely accross cultivars. However, the level of activity expressed as well as the response of NRA to nitrate followed a pattern opposite to that observed in nodules. Roots and nodules of all cultivars showed very high rates of NiRA, respectively 50 and 150-fold higher than NRA, thus precluding accumulation of nitrite in these tissues. Root enzymes were significantly stimulated by nitrate while negative (NRA) or little effect (NiRA) was found for nodules. Nitrate and nitrite reduction are carried out by inducible enzymes in roots of V. faba and by constitutive enzymes in nodules, indicating that there may be different forms of these enzymes in each tissue. Differences in the plant genotype were a major cause of the variability in nitrate and nitrite reduction by nodulated root systems of V. faba.

We describe a capillary zone electrophoresis method coupled to electrospray ionization (ion trap) mass spectrometry (CZE-ESI-MS) for the identification and determination of choline and atropine compounds in hairy root extracts from Cannabis sativa L. Fused-silica capillary and an alkaline solution of 20 mM ammonium acetate at pH 8.5 are used being the most suitable for the analysis of choline and atropine in less than 10 min. Under the optimized conditions, including CE and ESI-MS parameters, the method resolved both compounds with very high sensitivity. The system exhibited good linear response in the range of 25-500 mg/L and 500-1000 microg/L for choline and atropine, respectively. The detection limit of choline was 18 mg/L and 320 microg/L for atropine. Finally, the developed method was applied to the analysis of these compounds in transgenic root cultures of Cannabis sativa L.

This book provides a complete approach to the economics of financing medicines and policy implications for the efficiency and equity of health systems. In all health systems with majority public financing, pharmaceutical reimbursement is one of the key factors in policies of change and transformation of health services in order to face the future with guarantees of financial sustainability.

Semisolid olive-mill residues, pine chips, and mixtures of both residues contain phytotoxic components capable of inhibiting germination and vegetative growth in plants. Solid-state cultures of Phanerochate flavido-alba on pine chips or mixtures of both residues reduce these phytotoxic effects in fermented substrates. The phenol and lipid contents in cultures detoxified by this fungus also decreases.

The levels of different cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in roots of Glycine max [L.] Merr. cv. Bragg and its supernodulating mutant nts382 were compared for the first time. Forty-eight hours after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium, quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the root's endogenous hormone status between cultivar Bragg and the mutant nts382. The six quantified cytokinins, ranking similarly in each genotype, were present at higher concentrations (30-196% on average for isopentenyl adenosine and dihydrozeatin riboside, respectively) in mutant roots. By contrast, the ABA content was 2-fold higher in Bragg, while the basal levels of IAA [0.53 micromol (g DW)(-1), on average] were similar in both genotypes. In 1 mM NO3(-)-fed Bragg roots 48 h post-inoculation, IAA, ABA and the cytokinins isopentenyl adenine, and isopentenyl adenosine quantitatively increased with respect to uninoculated controls. However, only the two cytokinins increased in the mutant. High NO3- (8 mM) markedly reduced root auxin concentration, and neither genotypic differences nor the inoculation-induced increase in auxin concentration in Bragg was observed under these conditions. Cytokinins and ABA, on the other hand, were little affected by 8 mM NO3-. Root IAA/cytokinin and ABA/cytokinin ratios were always higher in Bragg relative to the mutant, and responded to inoculation (mainly in Bragg) and nitrate (both genotypes). The overall results are consistent with the auxin-burst-control hypothesis for the explanation of autoregulation and supernodulation in soybean. However, they are still inconclusive with respect to the inhibitory effect of NO3-.