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Safinamide is a new add-on drug to levodopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with motor fluctuations. Due to the recent incorporation of safinamide into routine clinical practice, no post-authorisation phase IV studies on the safety of safinamide have been conducted to date. This study provides clinical management guidelines for safinamide based on the opinion of a group of experts in movement disorders. This project was developed in 2 phases: 16 local meetings in phase 1 and a national meeting in phase 2. The meetings followed a pre-established agenda. The present clinical practice guidelines are based on the main conclusions reached during the national meeting. The group concluded that safinamide is effective in reducing motor and non-motor fluctuations. PD patients with mild-to-moderate fluctuations benefit most from treatment, although the drug may also improve the clinical status of patients with advanced PD. The dose of other dopaminergic drugs may be reduced after introducing safinamide, which would contribute to reducing such adverse reactions as impulse control disorder. At doses higher than those usually prescribed, safinamide may also improve dyskinesia. The experts agreed that safinamide is well tolerated and causes few adverse reactions when compared with placebo. Resumen: La safinamida es un nuevo fármaco para el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) con fluctuaciones como tratamiento complementario a levodopa. Dado que por el momento aún no existen estudios de fase IV postautorización debido a la reciente incorporación de la safinamida a la práctica clínica habitual, el interés de este proyecto radica en el desarrollo de una guía de manejo clínico de la safinamida basada en las opiniones de expertos de trastornos del movimiento. Este proyecto se desarrolló en 2 fases: una primera fase que constó de 16 reuniones locales y una segunda fase que consistió en una reunión nacional. Dichas reuniones siguieron un guion de trabajo preestablecido. Tras la reunión nacional se recopilaron las principales conclusiones de los expertos, que han supuesto la base para redactar la presente guía clínica. Se concluyó que la safinamida es eficaz en la reducción de las fluctuaciones motoras y no motoras. Los pacientes con EP con fluctuaciones leves-moderadas son los que más se benefician del tratamiento, si bien el fármaco puede contribuir a mejorar diversos problemas clínicos en pacientes con EP avanzada. Se ha destacado la posibilidad de reducir la dosis de otros fármacos dopaminérgicos tras la introducción de la safinamida, lo cual contribuiría a reducir efectos adversos como el trastorno de control de impulsos. Se hipotetizó sobre el posible efecto de la safinamida sobre la mejoría de las discinesias a dosis más altas de las habitualmente utilizadas. Se ha consensuado que la safinamida es bien tolerada y presenta un perfil de efectos adversos favourable frente a placebo.

Introduction. In a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), it is important to establish clinical stages that allow to know the course of the disease. Our aim was to analyze whether a scale combining Hoehn and Yahr’s motor stage (H&Y) and the nonmotor symptoms burden (NMSB) (assessed by the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS)) provides information about the disability and the patient’s quality of life (QoL) with regard to a defined clinical stage. Materials and Methods. Cross-sectional study in which 603 PD patients from the COPPADIS cohort were classified according to H&Y (1, stage I; 2, stage II; 3, stage III; 4, stage IV/V) and NMSB (A: NMSS = 0–20; B: NMSS = 21–40; C: NMSS = 41–70; D: NMSS ≥ 71) in 16 stages (HY.NMSB, from 1A to 4D). QoL was assessed with the PDQ-39SI, PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL8 and disability with the Schwab&England ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scale. Results. A worse QoL and greater disability were observed at a higher stage of H&Y and NMSB (p

We introduce a new mobile, simultaneous terrestrial and aerial, geodata collection and post-processing method: mapKITE. By combining two mapping technologies such as terrestrial mobile mapping and unmanned aircraft aerial mapping, geodata are simultaneously acquired from air and ground. More in detail, a mapKITE geodata acquisition system consists on an unmanned aircraft and a terrestrial vehicle, which hosts the ground control station. By means of a real-time navigation system on the terrestrial vehicle, real-time waypoints are sent to the aircraft from the ground. By doing so, the aircraft is linked to the terrestrial vehicle through a “virtual tether,” acting as a “mapping kite.” In the article, we entail the concept of mapKITE as well as the various technologies and techniques involved, from aircraft guidance and navigation based on IMU and GNSS, optical cameras for mapping and tracking, sensor orientation and calibration, etc. Moreover, we report of a new measurement introduced in mapKITE, that is, point-and-scale photogrammetric measurements [of image coordinates and scale] for optical targets of known size installed on the ground vehicle roof. By means of accurate posteriori trajectory determination of the terrestrial vehicle, mapKITE benefits then from kinematic ground control points which are photogrametrically observed by point-and-scale measures. Initial results for simulated configurations show that these measurements added to the usual Integrated Sensor Orientation ones reduce or even eliminate the need of conventional ground control points –therefore, lowering mission costs– and enable selfcalibration of the unmanned aircraft interior orientation parameters in corridor configurations, in contrast to the situation of traditional corridor configurations. Finally, we report about current developments of the first mapKITE prototype, developed under the European Union Research and Innovation programme Horizon 2020. The first mapKITE mission will be held at the BCN Drone Center (Collsuspina, Moià, Spain) in mid 2016.

This paper addresses the key aspects of the sensor orientation and calibration approach within the mapKITE concept for corridor mapping, focusing on the contribution analysis of point-and-scale measurements of kinematic ground control points. MapKITE is a new mobile, simultaneous terrestrial and aerial, geodata acquisition and post-processing method. On one hand, the acquisition system is a tandem composed of a terrestrial mobile mapping system and an unmanned aerial system, the latter equipped with a remote sensing payload, and linked through a 'virtual tether', that is, a real-time waypoint supply from the terrestrial vehicle to the unmanned aircraft. On the other hand, mapKITE entails a method for geodata post-processing (specifically, sensor orientation and calibration) based on the described acquisition paradigm, focusing on few key aspects: the particular geometric relationship of a mapKITE network – the aerial vehicle always observes the terrestrial one as they both move –, precise air and ground trajectory determination – the terrestrial vehicle is regarded as a kinematic ground control point – and new photogrammetric measurements – pointing on and measuring the scale of an optical target on the roof of the terrestrial vehicle – are exploited. In this paper, we analyze the performance of aerial image orientation and calibration in mapKITE for corridor mapping, which is the natural application niche of mapKITE, based on the principles and procedures of integrated sensor orientation with the addition of point-and-scale photogrammetric measurements of the kinematic ground control points. To do so, traditional (static ground control points, photogrammetric tie points, aerial control) and new (pointing-and-scaling of kinematic ground control points) measurements have been simulated for mapKITE corridor mapping missions, consisting on takeoff and calibration pattern, single-pass corridor operation potentially performing calibration patterns, and landing and calibration pattern. Our preliminary results show that the exterior orientation, interior orientation and tie points precision estimates are better when using kinematic control with few static ground control, and even with excluding the latter. We conclude then that mapKITE can be a breakthrough on the UAS-based corridor mapping field, as precision requirements can be achieved for single-pass operation with no need for traditional static ground control points.

In this paper, we present mapKITE, a new mobile, simultaneous terrestrial and aerial, geodata collection and post-processing method. On one side, the method combines a terrestrial mobile mapping system (TMMS) with an unmanned aerial mapping one, both equipped with remote sensing payloads (at least, a nadir-looking visible-band camera in the UA) by means of which aerial and terrestrial geodata are acquired simultaneously. This tandem geodata acquisition system is based on a terrestrial vehicle (TV) and on an unmanned aircraft (UA) linked by a 'virtual tether', that is, a mechanism based on the real-time supply of UA waypoints by the TV. By means of the TV-to-UA tether, the UA follows the TV keeping a specific relative TV-to-UA spatial configuration enabling the simultaneous operation of both systems to obtain highly redundant and complementary geodata. On the other side, mapKITE presents a novel concept for geodata post-processing favoured by the rich geometrical aspects derived from the mapKITE tandem simultaneous operation. The approach followed for sensor orientation and calibration of the aerial images captured by the UA inherits the principles of Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) and adds the pointing-and-scaling photogrammetric measurement of a distinctive element observed in every UA image, which is a coded target mounted on the roof of the TV. By means of the TV navigation system, the orientation of the TV coded target is performed and used in the post-processing UA image orientation approach as a Kinematic Ground Control Point (KGCP). The geometric strength of a mapKITE ISO network is therefore high as it counts with the traditional tie point image measurements, static ground control points, kinematic aerial control and the new point-and-scale measurements of the KGCPs. With such a geometry, reliable system and sensor orientation and calibration and eventual further reduction of the number of traditional ground control points is feasible. The different technical concepts, challenges and breakthroughs behind mapKITE are presented in this paper, such as the TV-to-UA virtual tether and the use of KGCP measurements for UA sensor orientation. In addition, the use in mapKITE of new European GNSS signals such as the Galileo E5 AltBOC is discussed. Because of the critical role of GNSS technologies and the potential impact on the corridor mapping market, the European Commission and the European GNSS Agency, in the frame of the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation “Horizon 2020,” have recently awarded the “mapKITE” project to an international consortium of organizations coordinated by GeoNumerics S.L.

We investigate the advantages of using what we call sensor state parameters or sensor state to describe the geometrical relationship between a sensor and the 3D space or the 4D time-space that extend the traditional image pose or orientation (position and attitude) to the image state. In our concept, at some point in time t, the sensor state is a 12-dimensional vector composed of four 3-dimensional subvectors p(t), v(t), γ(t) and ω(t). Roughly speaking, p(t) is the sensor’s position, v(t) its linear velocity, γ(t) its attitude and ω(t) its angular velocity. It is clear that the state concept extends the pose or orientation ones and attempts to describe both a sensor’s statics (p(t), γ(t)) and dynamics (v(t), ω(t)). It is also clear that if p(t), γ(t) are known for all t within some time interval of interest, then v(t) and ω(t) can be derived from the former. We present three methods to compute the state parameters, two for the continuous case and one for the discrete case. The first two methods rely on the availability of inertial measurements and their derived time-Position-Velocity-Attitude (tPVA) trajectories. The first method extends the INS mechanization equations and the second method derives the IMU angular velocities from INS mechanization equations' output data. The third method derives lineal and angular velocities from relative orientation parameters. We illustrate how sensor states can be applied to solve practical problems. For this purpose we have selected three cases: multi-sensor synchronization calibration, correction of image motion blur (translational and rotational) and accurate orientation of images acquired with focal-plane shutters.

In a large number of scenarios and missions, the technical, operational and economical advantages of UAS-based photogrammetry and remote sensing over traditional airborne and satellite platforms are apparent. Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) or combined optical/SAR operation in remote areas might be a case of a typical "dull, dirty, dangerous" mission suitable for unmanned operation – in harsh environments such as for example rain forest areas in Brazil, topographic mapping of small to medium sparsely inhabited remote areas with UAS-based photogrammetry and remote sensing seems to be a reasonable paradigm. An example of such a system is the SARVANT platform, a fixed-wing aerial vehicle with a six-meter wingspan and a maximumtake- of-weight of 140 kilograms, able to carry a fifty-kilogram payload. SARVANT includes a multi-band (X and P) interferometric SAR payload, as the P-band enables the topographic mapping of densely tree-covered areas, providing terrain profile information. Moreover, the combination of X- and P-band measurements can be used to extract biomass estimations. Finally, long-term plan entails to incorporate surveying capabilities also at optical bands and deliver real-time imagery to a control station. This paper focuses on the remote-sensing concept in SARVANT, composed by the aforementioned SAR sensor and envisioning a double optical camera configuration to cover the visible and the near-infrared spectrum. The flexibility on the optical payload election, ranging from professional, medium-format cameras to mass-market, small-format cameras, is discussed as a driver in the SARVANT development. The paper also focuses on the navigation and orientation payloads, including the sensors (IMU and GNSS), the measurement acquisition system and the proposed navigation and orientation methods. The latter includes the Fast AT procedure, which performs close to traditional Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) and better than Direct Sensor Orientation (DiSO), and features the advantage of not requiring the massive image processing load for the generation of tie points, although it does require some Ground Control Points (GCPs). This technique is further supported by the availability of a high quality INS/GNSS trajectory, motivated by single-pass and repeat-pass SAR interferometry requirements.

Orientation and calibration of photogrammetric and remote sensing instruments is a fundamental capacity of current mapping systems and a fundamental research topic. Neither digital remote sensing acquisition systems nor direct orientation gear, like INS and GNSS technologies, made block adjustment obsolete. On the contrary, the continuous flow of new primary data acquisition systems has challenged the capacity of the legacy block adjustment systems – in general network adjustment systems – in many aspects: extensibility, genericity, portability, large data sets capacity, metadata support and many others. In this article, we concentrate on the extensibility and genericity challenges that current and future network systems shall face. For this purpose we propose a number of software design strategies with emphasis on rigorous abstract modeling that help in achieving simplicity, genericity and extensibility together with the protection of intellectual proper rights in a flexible manner. We illustrate our suggestions with the general design approach of GENA, the generic extensible network adjustment system of GeoNumerics.

This paper presents a method based on the use of straight lines as tie features for simultaneous orientation and calibration of Frame Camera (FC) and Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) images. For the orientation and calibration of FC images, various methods have been investigated in the past. From those, FC Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) has established as the most accurate and robust one. More recently, ISO block adjustment techniques have been successfully applied to ALS orientation and calibration. As of today, for the combined ALS and FC image data sets there are no well-defined procedures as compared to the other two scenarios. Our proposed method essentially reduces to the use of straight line segments as tie features between FC and ALS images. The concept is similar and compatible to the use of tie points in FC ISO and of planar surfaces in ALS ISO thus allowing for the simultaneous orientation and calibration of ALS and FC images that involve, point, line and planar surface tie features. In the paper we describe and derive the two observation equations that relate (1) FC image point measurements to straight lines and (2) distance-parallelism measures between straight lines and planes. The concept and models are validated with a small FC and ALS block with real data. The preliminary results indicate the potential of the approach and confirm its feasibility.

Nowadays most airborne photogrammetric and remote sensing systems are equipped with GNSS receivers and inertial sensors that allow the use of various orientation methods: from Direct Sensor Orientation (DiSO) to Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO), all the way to "Fast Aerial Triangulation" (Fast AT), a new orientation method recently proposed by the authors of this paper. On the one hand, DiSO is the fastest method. It only needs the INS/GNSS time-position-attitude aerial control information and the previously calibrated system constants as the lever-arm vectors and boresight matrices. On the other hand, ISO is the most accurate and robust orientation and calibration method. It uses all the available information: a large number of image coordinates, some ground control points and the INS/GNSS time-position-attitude aerial control information. Fast AT is a new orientation method that combines the image measurement of few ground control points, the coordinates of these ground control points and the time-position-attitude aerial control information. Fast AT is clearly an alternative to DiSO, even an alternative to ISO depending on project specifications. Our preliminary results with regular blocks indicate that Fast AT performances are closer to the ISO than to the DiSO results. In the light of the good results for block aerial mapping, in this paper we investigate Fast AT performance for corridor aerial mapping: we briefly review the concept, discuss its geometry and analyse its potential for corridor aerial mapping.

This paper presents the work carried out on recovering, manipulating, unificating, labeling and processing of documents developed within the congresses of TAEE (Technologies Applied to the Teaching of Electronics). The process developed consists of the creation of digital objects and documents arising from the extraction of metadata which define each digital object as a learning object. With the joint between a learning object and its metadata some information extrapolation is possible in multiple environments. Thus, these units of information permit the implementation of web environments, the study and analysis of their contents and the creation of file structures for their incorporation in repositories in a massive way.

The institutional repository created at UNED (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain) is a project, originating, from the UNED Library computer services, that aims to provide coverage to members and academic staff at the University. The project, currently in full operation, offers a set of services for the management, preservation and access over the Internet of digital materials created by its members. Derived from these services, the purpose of the repository is the spread of the documentary funds as a tool of consultation and divulgation to researchers, scientists and educators in general. This document describes the functional and technical features of the repository, whose implementation keeps Fedora as backend application as well as Fez as Web interface. Both are freeware distributed under GPL license, making it suitable for academic environments, due to reduced costs for computer equipment and constant upgrading resulting in a permanent immunity to obsolescence. Among the features presented in this paper, there are: the visualization of multiple presentations, the dynamic transformation of the contents with subsequent adaptation to environments outside the repository and the definition of relationships between objects.

The current study analyzes the structure of the attack of the two best classified teams in the XVII World Championship, celebrated in Portugal in 2003, respect to its space parameters. Eighteen handball games (the nine played by each team in the Championship) were observed and their data were transferred to a computer. We analyzed the distances from which finalized the attack against 6:0 and 5:1 defensive systems when the initial offensive system were transformed and when not. The results indicate that both teams used different strategies at the time of making responsible to a player or another one in transforming the system. Also, we found significant differences in Croatian team when they finalized against 5:1 defensive system from 6 to 9m. playing with and without transformation (p=,021). In the same way, the Croatian team was significantly more effective playing with transformation when finalized from that distance (6 to 9m.) than when they did it from more than 9m (p=,013) KEY WORDS: Handball; Offensive system; Transformation; Defensive systems.

[es] Se estudia la distribución actual de los terrenos abancalados en la principal comarca montañosa de la isla de Mallorca, y se analizan sus usos actuales. Se establecen los factores físicos a los que se ajusta la distribución de las terrazas, entre los cuales destaca la influencia de la litología, la pendiente y la altitud. Se cuantifica el proceso de desaparición de esta forma de acondicionamiento del terreno y su transición hacia su conversión en sectores ocupados por vegetación natural, de modo que a lo largo de los últimos 25 años en cerca de un 25% de los terrenos abancalados el aterrazamiento ha desaparecido. [fr] On a étudié la distribution actuelle des terrains aménagés en terrasses dans la principale contrée montagneuse de l'Ile de Majorque. On a analysé leurs usages actuels et on a établi les facteurs naturels qui ont déterminé la distribution en terrasses, facteurs parmi lesquels les plus importants sont la lithologie, la pente et l'altitude... On a quantifié le processus de disparition de cette forme d'aménagement du terrain et sa transition vers une transformation en secteurs occupés par la végétation naturelle. Ainsi au cours des 25 dernières années, cette disposition en terrasses a disparu dans presque 25% de ces terrains ainsi aménagés.