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KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene. Targeted therapies have been developed against mediators of key downstream signaling pathways, predominantly components of the RAF/MEK/ERK kinase cascade. Unfortunately, single-agent efficacy is limited both by intrinsic and acquired resistance. Survival of drug-tolerant persister cells within the heterogeneous tumor population and/or acquired mutations that reactivate receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling can lead to outgrowth of tumor initiating cells (TICs) and drive therapeutic resistance. Here, we show that targeting the key RTK/RAS pathway signaling intermediates SOS1 or KSR1 both enhanced the efficacy of, and prevented resistance to, the MEK inhibitor trametinib inKRAS-mutated lung (LUAD) and colorectal (COAD) adenocarcinoma cell lines depending on the specific mutational landscape. The SOS1 inhibitor BI-3406 enhanced the efficacy of trametinib and prevented trametinib resistance by targeting TICs inKRASG12- orKRASG13-mutated LUAD and COAD cell lines that lackedPIK3CAco-mutations. Cell lines withKRASQ61and/orPIK3CAmutations were insensitive to combination therapy with trametinib and BI-3406. In contrast, deletion of the RAF/MEK/ERK scaffold proteinKSR1prevented drug-induced TIC upregulation and restored trametinib sensitivity across all testedKRASmutant cell lines in bothPIK3CA-mutated andPIK3CAwildtype cancers. Our findings demonstrate that vertical targeting of RTK/RAS signaling is an effective strategy to targetKRAS-mutated cancers, but the specific combination is dependent both on the specific KRAS mutant and underlying co-mutations. Thus, selection of optimal therapeutic combinations inKRAS-mutated cancers will require a detailed understanding of functional dependencies imposed by allele-specific KRAS mutations.Significance StatementWe provide an experimental framework for evaluating both adaptive and acquired resistance to RAS pathway-targeted therapies and demonstrate how vertical inhibition of RAS signaling enhances the effectiveness of MEK inhibitors inKRAS-mutated cancer cells. Targeting RAS pathway signaling intermediates SOS1 or KSR1 inhibited tumor initiating cell formation to prevent trametinib resistance. The contribution of either effector to resistance was dependent upon the mutational landscape: SOS1 inhibition synergized with trametinibKRASG12/G13-mutated cells expressing WT PI3K but not inKRASQ61-mutated cells or ifPIK3CAis mutated.KSR1deletion is effective in cells that are unresponsive to SOS1 inhibition. These data show that optimal therapeutic combinations require a detailed understanding of functional dependencies imposed both by allele-specificKRASmutations and specific co-mutations.

The New England – Acadian Forest (NEAF) is an ecoregion spanning 24 million hectares of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. The region is characterized as a transitional forest naturally composed of both boreal and temperate species. The term “borealization” is sometimes used to describe various processes driving the NEAF toward a more boreal character at the expense of its temperate forest species and ecological communities. That the NEAF has undergone significant landscape-scale change in the last four centuries since European settlement is well understood. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature on the forest composition and dynamics of this region to investigate whether past, current, and (or) predicted future processes of change are indeed driving the forest toward a more boreal character. We examine studies on the historical forest composition and impacts of past and current land-use practices, as well as indirect anthropogenic changes that are predicted to influence future forest compositions of the NEAF. We review over 100 peer-reviewed scientific journal articles and government reports related to this issue. We find ample evidence to suggest that, at the landscape scale, there has been widespread replacement of temperate tree species by boreal species since European settlement. Five primary drivers have facilitated borealization across the NEAF: logging and high-grading, natural reforestation of abandoned farmland, industrial clearcutting, anthropogenic fire, and boreal conifer plantations. Furthermore, the borealization of the NEAF has continued to occur in direct contrast to the predicted impacts of climate change. We encourage future scholarship to tackle these aspects of borealization in the NEAF, including its social, economic, and ecological implications.

Understanding how urban nature is important to the public can broaden management objectives and give citizens a say in how nature is managed in the places where they live. However, studies on the topic do not usually integrate multiple research methods: and case studies, or have an opportunity to reflect on an understanding of the value-elicitation process, which is vital for strengthening future research. This article synthesizes multiple qualitative and quantitative research studies that focused on developing an understanding of how the public values the urban forest. Investigating urban-forest public values provides opportunities to understand how the public assigns importance to urban nature in a context where the benefits of nature to humans are less tangible. The studies took place in four Canadian and three Colombian cities, and elicited values from 1289 participants and respondents with the use of field tours, personal diaries, focus groups, photo-elicitation, interviews, and side-walk interception surveys. The synthesis presented here merged the value codes from all case studies to develop a general framework of urban forest public values, and analysed the relationship between the value codes, case studies, and research methods, using qualitative and quantitative meta-analysis techniques. By integrating these rich data sets, we reveal the complex structure of the aesthetic, ecological, economic, environmental, health, psychological, and socio-cultural ideas that these members of the public associate with the urban forest. The quantitative research methods in our studies mostly elicited aesthetic and environmental values, while the qualitative methods elicited all types of values, while enriching descriptions of psycho-social and natural-ecological values. Future research on public values associated with nature can be strengthened by deepening the natural experience of participants, and by using open-ended and collective value-elicitation mechanisms.

Research examining the relationship between trust, public engagement, and natural resource management asserts that trust fosters positive behavior and enhanced cooperation. Yet some scholars are finding that certain kinds of distrust are helpful in achieving democratic outcomes by providing would-be participants with the motivation to engage in issues of public concern. This article seeks to clarify this apparent disjuncture in the trust literature by examining the multidimensional nature of trust as it relates to public engagement on energy-related issues in Canada. Based on a national online survey (n = 3000) we use a binary probit model to explore the connections between trust, knowledge, and public engagement. About 70% of respondents had participated in at least one form of public engagement over the last 3 years. Drawing on a two-dimensional conception of trust, we find that general trust on its own is not positively linked to public engagement. A combination of general trust and skepticism,...

Hydroelectricity is an old yet reliable form of renewable energy, with acknowledged social and ecological impacts. A tension currently exists between such concerns and energy needs, with dam construction and removal ongoing around the world. It is critical to better understand the implications of both on local citizens. We performed map elicitation interviews with 20 locals around the prematurely-aging Mactaquac Dam and headpond, in New Brunswick, Canada, to understand if and how they came to accept the dam landscape, and what they want for its future. A Baselines of Acceptability conceptual framework was developed to guide the interpretation. Respondents demonstrated attachment to the dam-in-place landscape, even those initially disadvantaged by its construction, and a preference for keeping the headpond intact. Despite this demonstrated adaptability, the paper calls for improved transparency, scope and justice in energy landscape decision-making, as well as further testing of the framework with different demographics, infrastructure case studies and over time.

Landscape impacts are commonly cited as barriers to new energy infrastructure, but rarely are perceptions of such impacts monitored over time. Built in the mid-1960s, the Mactaquac hydroelectric generating station in New Brunswick, Canada, is degrading, and its future is under review. We took locals on houseboats to learn how they felt about the dam, the landscape it altered, and the future of the facility. Using the concept of cultural imaginaries we observe important themes about how landscape changes are experienced, perceived and reinterpreted by local residents over time. Despite the initial trauma of construction, most residents expressed a deep sense of place, identity and appreciation of the headpond’s aesthetic and recreational value, as well as its renewable energy. Our methods revealed social pressures at play: collective discussions endorsed keeping the reservoir intact, whether or not energy continues to be produced, while individuals alone were more likely to appreciate the former river, with some participants privately open to its restoration. The establishment within a generation of connection to this site of energy production suggests the value of taking a long view to understanding landscape transitions, which cuts both ways, providing possible consolation to proponents of renewable and conventional energy alike.

Drawing inspiration from the literature on social imaginaries and cultural models, this study explores contending perspectives on energy and sustainability, moving beyond a simplistic understanding of support or opposition to specific energy developments. With a comparative study in three regions of Canada, we use Q methodology to identify five key discourses on energy issues: (1) climate change is a primary concern, (2) maintain the energy economy, (3) build on the resilience of nature and local energy systems, (4) markets and corporations will lead and (5) renewable energy sources are the path forward. We find several under-examined perspectives on energy and society – one discourse that attempts to balance growth in the energy economy with environmental concern and another discourse that promotes the resilience of natural and local energy systems. We also find a proclivity towards science, ingenuity and technological innovation as a strategy to resolve contemporary challenges in the energy sector. This...

Elbow tendinopathy is the most common cause of elbow pain affecting active populations. Surgical excision is reserved for patients with refractory symptoms. Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy performed under local anesthesia also removes degenerated tissue and therefore provides an alternative treatment option to surgical excision. This investigation prospectively documented the safety and 1-year efficacy of ultrasonic percutaneous tenotomy performed by a single operator.Nineteen patients, aged 38 to 67 years, in whom6 months of conservative management for medial (7) or lateral (12) elbow tendinopathy had failed were prospectively studied. All patients were treated with percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy of the elbow by a single operator. Visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the 11-item version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick DASH) index, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) were assessed by an independent observer before treatment and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after treatment.No procedural complications occurred. Total treatment time was15 minutes, and ultrasonic energy time averaged 38.6 ± 8.8 seconds per procedure. Average VAS scores were significantly improved from 6.4 to 2.6 at 6 weeks and were 0.7 at 12 months (P .0001). Similar improvement occurred with the Quick DASH (pretreatment, 44.1; 12 months, 8.6, P .0001) and MEPS (pretreatment, 59.1; 12 months, 83.4; P .0001).Percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy performed under local anesthesia appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for chronic, refractory lateral or medial elbow tendinopathy up to 1 year after the procedure.

Spatial inhomogeneities in the polarization of a light field can show fascinating effects in focusing, propagation, illumination, and imaging. This paper provides examples of these effects and describes how deterministic stress on the periphery of an optical element can be used in fundamental studies of beam propagation, as well as applications such as polarimetry.

The province of New Brunswick (NB), Canada and the state of Maine (ME), USA are heavily forested jurisdictions whose forests provide many social, ecological, and economic functions. Roughly a third of NB and ME’s forested land is owned by private, non-industrial owners [sometimes called family forests or woodlot owners]. The choices of thousands of individual parcel owners of forest land determine the fate of these ecosystems. Ownership of forest land implies a social contract between the landowners and the rest of society. Previous research has focused on utilitarian conceptions of land use such as landowner rights and motivations. This study contributes to the discussion by inviting small-scale forest landowners in NB and ME to articulate their notions of landowner responsibilities. Through qualitative methods, this study ascertains participants’ self-reported behaviors that indicate their overall attitudes about the responsibility of forestland ownership. Respondents from both NB and ME expressed strong sentiments toward using and/or managing their land in ways they considered beneficial to both themselves and to the ecosystems in which they are embedded, or as Leopold (A sand county almanac: and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press, New York, 1949) described, the biotic community. Results varied with regard to responsibility to other entities such as: their immediate families, wildlife and the public or broader society. The results offer insight into what and who influences landowners and, what they value.

This paper addresses the ownership and control of farmland, presents a conceptual model of landed property, and uses it to examine landlord-tenant relations in Wisconsin. A profile of farmland owners is constructed using survey data from two agricultural counties, Particular attention is paid to who controls farm management decisions on rented land. Results suggest that tenants enjoy much latitude in managing rented land and that relations between landlords and tenants seem satisfactory to both parties.

Distinctions between rural and urban populations are well documented in environmental sociology literature. Rural and urban places may exert different influences on participation in environmentally supportive behavior (ESB) as well as on other forms of environmental concern (EC). The influence of these distinct geographies may be due to present circumstances or because of childhood socialization in these places. Using data from a national survey in Canada (n51 664), we use cognitive (basic values, environmental worldview, and environmental attitude) and behavioral indicators (public and private sphere) of EC to explore differences among rural and urban populations and we include analyses accounting for place of socialization. We extend the conventional private sphere category of ESB by including stewardship behaviors. Results showed few differences between rural and urban residents on indicators of EC. Rural residents, however, scored higher on altruistic values, placed a higher priority on the environment, and reported higher participation in recycling and stewardship behaviors. Analysis that included place of socialization showed differences on environmental worldview, basic values, and some ESB. In terms of ESB, we conclude that residence and place of socialization may be less of a factor than opportunity and highlight the importance of providing services and facilities. We recommend future research on residence and ESB include a variety of behaviors that reflect opportunities for both rural and urban residents.

Social values issues are becoming increasingly prominent in discussions of forest management and forest policy. This represents an evolution in thinking from the time, only a few decades ago, when a majority believed that virtually all resource management problems had technical, science-based solutions. This article first describes the ascendance of scientific forestry and its subsequent evolution into a more explicitly sociological endeavour. Specifically, it addresses the challenge of educating foresters to have the awareness, understanding, tools and ethical framework to deal with the complex social, political and values-based issues that permeate all of forestry. Key words: foresters' education, professional socialization, social issues, ethics, teaching tools and strategies

Old-growth forests have declined significantly across the world. Decisions related to old growth are often mired in challenges of value diversity, conflict, data gaps, and resource pressures. This article describes old-growth values of citizens and groups in Nova Scotia, Canada, for integration in sustainable forest management (SFM) decision-making. The study is based on data from 76 research subjects who participated in nine field trips to forest stands. Research subjects were drawn from Aboriginal groups, environmental organizations, forestry professionals, and rural and urban publics. Diaries, group discussions, and rating sheets were used to elicit information during the field trips. Findings show that different elicitation techniques can influence the articulation of intensity with which some values are held. In addition, certain values are more often associated with old-growth than with other forest-age classes. Some values associated with old-growth are considered more important than others, and some silvicultural treatments are perceived to compromise old-growth values more than others. Demographic characteristics, such as constituency group, gender, and age, are shown to influence value priorities. Ideas on how to incorporate old-growth values into SFM decision-making are highlighted.

Williams and Patterson (2007) raise provocative points in their response to our article. We welcome the opportunity to reflect on the trajectory of our collaboration and to further clarify our own ...

Sense-of-place research has grown in recent years and has attracted interest from a diverse range of disciplines. Beckley (2003) suggests that it may be possible to disaggregate persons' attachment to biophysical versus sociocultural aspects of sense of place. Stedman (2003) and Beckley (2003) challenge researchers to experiment with new methods for examining the subject. This research addresses the challenges through the use of resident-employed photography. The method was used to elicit sense-of-place values in four communities across Canada. Participants took photographs of things that most attached them to their communities or region. Participants were interviewed about their photographs, and 937 photo-narrative data points were created and analyzed. The analysis involved ascribing photo-narratives to single response categories. Residents distributed their photographs fairly evenly between sociocultural and biophysical dimensions of their communities; however, many attachments involve both sociocultur...

To determine how forest policy is developed, the perceptions of senior policy-makers involved in developing the New Brunswick protected natural areas policy were examined. They represented three main stakeholder groups: the New Brunswick provincial government, forest industry, and environmental organizations. Three analytical methods revealed the evolution of events over time, recurring themes, and the use of social power. The results suggest that development of forest policy is facilitated when both forest science and human values are taken into account, when information is shared among stakeholders, and when a "win–win" solution is sought. Key words: forest policy development, New Brunswick, power, protected areas policy, qualitative research, stakeholders

New Brunswick is in the midst of a forest policy debate regarding wood supply. This paper outlines the historical context, presents recent data and provides a detailed update on policy activities related to this debate. In 2004, the bi-partisan Legislative Select Committee on Wood Supply produced a report complete with recommendations for action. We report on the provincial government response to those recommendations, which has been to: broaden public input into forest management and planning; broaden the range of forest values considered in forest management/policy; and employ new tools, indicators and analysis to provide information to policy-makers. Key words: New Brunswick, wood supply, Crown land policy history, policy debate, socio-economic indicators, public participation in forest management

Collectively, current resource-development literature has given little attention to organizational features of ownership as important variables in community resilience. By drawing from six local buyout cases in Canada's forest sector, we reveal the complexity and numerous constraints on local ownership and expose a more nuanced context than most sociologists tend to consider. Our findings suggest that the meaning of local ownership and community resilience varies depending upon the composition (e.g., private vs. public; mill vs. forest license vs. coupled mill & forest license), type (social, cooperative, trust and/or direct-share ownership), extent of ownership (percentage of local versus extra-local shares), and the level of control (e.g., proportion of locally held seats on the Board of Directors) associated with ownership. Future research on local ownership should more carefully differentiate between the nature of local ownership and its associated outcomes.

Despite the interest community forestry generates, there is little published literature on the array of initiatives currently taking place across Canada. This paper presents the results of nationwide survey of community forestry initiatives on public land. The survey focused on basic characteristics such as objectives, organizational structures, and tenure types. The research revealed that there are over one hundred community forest initiatives currently taking place on public land, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Most of them are run through local government organizations. Approximately 60% operate on Crown land while the remaining 40% operate on land owned fee simple by local governments. The median land base is 4200 ha. The average age of community forests is 10 years. Key words: community forestry, community-based management, public participation, local governance, forest management organizations, Canada

We have studied the degradation of MgB/sub 2/ thin films, grown by hybrid physical-chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD), by submerging MgB/sub 2/ films into de-ionized water at different temperatures. The thickness, room temperature resistance, and superconducting transition were measured as a function of time in water and the temperature of the water. Results show that the films degrade faster at room temperature than at 0/spl deg/C. The room temperature resistance increases with time. The thickness of the MgB/sub 2/ films decreases rapidly initially, but then saturates. The resultant material is amorphous and insulating. Both T/sub c/(onset) and T/sub c/(0) of the MgB/sub 2/ films decrease with time in water, while the superconducting transition become broader. The effects of the exposure to other solvents and photoresist were also studied, and it was found that isopropanol does not cause MgB/sub 2/ films to degrade.

The forest products sector is a major employer in much of rural Canada, and it is often assumed by policy makers that increased timber harvest is a viable means of rural economic development. Despite burgeoning research in the United States, relatively little attention has focused on the relationship between forest dependence and well-being in rural Canada. Especially lacking are macrocomparisons of regions and of forest sectors. This note presents an overview of the relationship between forest dependence and well-being in Canada. Analysis of 1996 Statistics Canada data revealed a great deal of variation in the effect of forest dependence on indicators of well-being (e.g., human capital, unemployment, income): some sectors had fairly positive outcomes (e.g., pulp and paper); others had more negative outcomes (e.g., logging). These relationships, however, vary a great deal by region, suggesting the need for more mid-range explanatory models that incorporate the particulars of place and sector.

Research on attachment to high amenity places has usually focused on visitors, despite the fact that many of these settings also may hold permanent residents. Visitor employed photography (VEP) has...

The well-being of residents of resource dependent communities is a question of traditional interest to rural sociologists. The label “resource dependent” obscures how this relationship may vary between particular resource industries, regions, or indicators of well-being. Few analyses have compared the relationship between well-being and resource dependence across different industries, nor tested competing theories about the relationship between resource dependence and well-being. Our paper presents an overview of the relationship between resource dependence—agriculture, fisheries, mining, energy, forestry—and human well-being in Canada. Analysis of 1996 Statistics Canada data revealed a great deal of variation in the effect of “resource” dependence on indicators of well-being (e.g., human capital, unemployment, income): some industries exhibit fairly positive outcomes (e.g., agriculture), others more negative outcomes (e.g., fishing). Consistent with analyses conducted in the United States, these relationships vary by region, suggesting the need for models that incorporate the particulars of place and industry.

In the early 1990s, two Canadian newsprint mills formerly owned by large corporations were purchased locally through management or employee/management buyouts. This effectively established local control and decision making over mill and forestry operations for substantial amounts of land in Ontario and Manitoba. Over the last decade there has been considerable discussion in the literature regarding community forestry. Local ownership and control appear to be the most important criteria for determining whether community forestry exists. Our question is, "Do these examples of locally owned and operated forestry operations constitute community forestry?" We review definitions of community forestry, describe the circumstances of the two cases, and analyze qualitative interview data from both communities. Some criteria of community forestry are fulfilled in these cases, while others are not. The local buyouts did not last more than 6 years, but interestingly, the new corporate owners maintained some elements o...

Social, political and economic conditions are changing in rural Canada. The forest industry has operated in rural communities throughout the nation for several centuries and the relationships between forest companies and communities have evolved over that time. This paper outlines a model for company-community relations that will foster sustainable communities given the new realities that exist in rural Canada. The model will benefit forest industry firms as well as the communities that host them. Six problems that inhibit sustainability in timber-dependent communities are outlined and several ideas for corporate action to address these challenges are offered. Among these are supporting human capital development, leadership development, and entrepreneurship; nurturing healthy communities; and ensuring that costs and benefits associated with timber-dependence are distributed evenly across regions where specific companies have a sphere of influence and within specific communities where companies operate. Key words: Company-community relations, human capital, entrepreneurship, leadership development, equity, corporate responsibility.

Research on forest management in North America has traditionally focussed on large, industrial forest tenures (involving both public and private land), or small, private woodlot management. Recent discussion and experiments in Canada involve new institutions for forest management. These alternative forest management systems — namely, co-managed forests and community forests — are compared to traditional forest management along several dimensions, including: locus of decision-making, nature of decision-making, scope of decision-making, tenure structure, scale, and knowledge base. There exists a gap between abstract discussions and practical applications of these models. Prospects for the continued development of these alternative management systems are evaluated. Key words: co-management, community forestry, decision making, forest tenure, forest management objectives

Economic base analysis is a limited but useful tool for measuring forest dependence. It cannot measure the full range of forest values (e.g., subsistence, amenity, bequest, and existence values). However, economic base analysis utilizes widely available census data to provide accurate measures of communities dependent on industrial forest activity. This analysis includes Indian reserves and rural census subdivisions previously excluded in studies of economic base dependence. Economic base dependence measures are further improved by including a transfer payment sector. This paper presents findings of forest industry dependence measures using 1991 census data. Results show that including Indian reserves and other rural census subdivisions in the analysis increases the number of forest industry dependent places and population in the Prairie Provinces. The addition of the transfer payment sector to the economic base provides a more comprehensive account of the sources that contribute to the economic diversity of rural locations. These geographical and sectoral refinements to economic base calculations result in a more accurate accounting of forest industry dependence.

Previous research on forest dependence has been limited by (1) an incomplete treatment of the topic (an overemphasis of timber dependence) and (2) careless specification of inferences based on data employed. This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the nested nature afforest dependence, and demonstrates how forest dependence changes when examining progressively smaller units of analysis. North Americans derive a wide variety of goods and services from their forests. A combination of human uses, including timber use, tourism/recreation use, subsistence, other nontimber use, and ecological use, comprises forest dependence at any given unit of analysis. Available data from the northeastern United States are used to show how forest dependence differs as one shifts between nested, spatial units of analysis.

This article examines issues surrounding the potential applicability of nonmarket valuation techniques to indigenous peoples. A conceptual model examines relationships between natural and cultural environments and value systems. Problems of valuation identified include eliciting values for individuals, aggregating individual values into measures of social welfare, and comparisons of welfare across culturally different groups. The influence of sacred or taboo goods, the potential for satiation, and variations in property rights are factors to address in assessing individual values. Differences in political and property rights systems, and unique demographic structures are seen as limits to aggregating values for randomly selected individuals. Since valuation is endogenous to specific social environments, aggregations of indigenous and nonindigenous measures of social welfare may be inappropriate.

Systematic changes in stratigraphic architecture and reservoir quality of Upper Miocene Stevens sandstones at North and South Coles Levee fields, San Joaquin basin reflect tectono-eustatic controls on deposition. Two depositional sequences (330–500 m thick) are present in the Coles Levee Stevens. The upper sequence contains sandstones deposited by sediment-gravity flows in water depths of 300–500 m. Backstepping (retrogradational) reservoir compartments in this sequence overlie vertically stacked to prograding compartments. Although the backsteps are the better reservoirs with higher permeabilities and porosities, the vertically stacked to prograding compartments are volumetrically more important. Curiously, the upper Stevens section is sand-rich (60–80% ss) on structural highs that were also palaeotopographic highs. Thicker sections with less and characterise the flanks. These sand distributions are anomalous since sediment-gravity flows preferentially deposit in bathymetric lows. Apparently, the flanks of Stevens palaeohighs subsided faster than the crests. Consequently, accomodation increases were greatest on the flanks and resulted in aggradation with preservation of section. Less accommodation on the crests resulted in progradation with erosion and reworking. Through lobe-switching processes some sand reached all parts of the depocenter. Subsequent progradation with erosion of shale interbeds and attendant reworking by density currents created sand-rich sections in slowly subsiding areas (crests). Concurrent aggradation preserved shale interbeds and created shale-dominated sections in rapidly subsiding areas (flanks). Greater compaction of thicker, shale-dominated flanks equalised thicknesses of flank and crest sections. Thus, the reservoir architecture represents the integrated effects of compensation (lobe-switching), accommodation (subsidence + sea level), and compaction.

Sociology has made only minor contributions to forest management and policy in the past. Changes in the dominant paradigm of forest management have opened a window of opportunity for practical applications of sociology in a forestry context. Sociological analyses of stakeholder values, social movements, conflict and its resolution, poverty in forest-dependence regions, complex organizations, and global restructuring may provide insight and valuable data to forest managers and policy makers. Recent theoretical advances with respect to community stability may also have important policy implications. Key words: Community stability, social movements, public involvement, stakeholder values, rural poverty

(1995). Community stability and the relationship between economic and social well‐being in forest‐dependent communities. Society & Natural Resources: Vol. 8, Society and Non‐Timber Forest Products in Asia, pp. 261-266.

Optical fields whose coherence and/or polarization properties appear to change under propagation have intrigued researchers for many years. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a class of optical fields whose polarization content at any transverse plane spans a disk-like region within the Poincare sphere. When examined through a paraxial focal region, the disk rotates under propagation, spanning all possible states of polarization. We map the change in Stokes parameters through focus for each case, comparing experiment with the theoretical predictions.

Stress-engineered optical elements have potential applications in snapshot polarimetry, in which a single irradiance image is used to measure a spatially varying polarization. In this paper, we present star test polarimetry which is a method of polarization retrieval by analyzing a single frame point spread function. A trigonally stressed window placed at the pupil plane of an imaging system is used to produce point spread functions which are then processed to extract the polarization state of the incoming beam under investigation. We outline several methods which are used to recover the Stokes parameters of a beam of unknown polarization from the irradiance distribution of its point spread function.

We study the effect on the degree of polarization as unpolarized light passes though a stressed optical element and propagates through a paraxial focus.

Using stress-engineered optical elements, we demonstrate the creation of beam cross-sections with recurring regions of high and low degrees of polarization.

Stress-engineered optical elements show fascinating and potentially useful effects when placed at the pupil plane of an imaging system. When illuminated by a beam of spatially uniform polarization, a snapshot (single measurement) polarimetry method can be constructed. We expand upon this method to perform snapshot pupil polarimetry for spatially varying pupil polarization. We present the theory for snapshot non-uniform pupil polarization measurement using a stress-engineered optical element, as well as simulation results.

A stressed element with sixfold symmetry can apodize a pupil with a superposition of positive and negative spherical aberrations. The point spread function for this system shows two marginal foci symmetrically separated from the paraxial focus, offering the possibility of using this type of element for extended depth of focus imaging.

We explore polarization distribution in point spread functions and Stokes parameter signatures of pupil aberrations. With the aid of stress-engineered optical elements, we explore how pupil aberrations map onto Stokes parameters in the focal plane.

A full Poincare beam is one that comprises all possible states on the surface of the Poincare sphere. We demonstrate a beam whose Stokes parameters remain stationary under propagation.

The quiet revolution in land-use control has been debated among planners and legal scholars since its inception in the 1960s. The debate has consisted of attacks on centralized land-use regulation from the right, and defenses by liberal reformers. A third, but oft ignored, position in the debate is presented by leftist political economists. Authors working in this tradition emphasize the relative power of class interests in land use politics. They suggest that quiet revolution reforms frequently promote the interests of large-scale industrial capital. Two cases of quiet revolution reform from the northeastern United States, New York's Adirondack Park Authority and Maine's Land Use Regulation Commission, provide an opportunity to assess the leftist critique of the effects of centralized land use reform.

We describe a method of polarimetry using stress-engineered optical elements. By using the deterministic, space-variant nature of retardance due to stress birefringence, the Stokes parameters can be deduced from a single camera frame.

Symmetric stress-birefringence is a potential tool for pupil apodization. In exploration of its properties, Mueller matrix calculations, measurements were made, along with an analytic model of stress distribution and birefringence in windows under symmetric stress.

A variety of interesting polarization effects can be observed using a parallel-face window placed under symmetric stress of order m = 3 and illuminated with polarized light. Such windows, when placed under sufficient stress, can produce rings of alternating vortex and non-vortex fields. When light is brought to a focus, one component of circular polarization forms two nearly diffraction limited focal spots with axial separation larger than the usual depth of focus. We analyze and experimentally test these phenomena using interferometric methods as well as a Strehl ratio model and conclude by discussing applications to optical imaging.