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Introduction. The use of fluoroquinolones is associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the cardiogram and increased risk of ventricular tachycardia. To study the mechanism of the cardiotoxic effect of fluoroquinolones and to develop methods of its prevention it is necessary to create models on laboratory animals. The aim of the work was to analyze the effect of fluoroquinolones on the electrocardiographic parameters of laboratory rabbits. Materials and methods. 20 rabbits were divided into 3 groups: 6 animals were control, 7 animals received ciprofloxacin 150 mg/kg for 14 days orally, 7 animals received levofloxacin 150 mg/kg for 14 days orally. Electrocardiography was performed before and after 14 days of drug exposure. P wave width, PQ interval, QRS complex, QT interval, corrected QT (QTc), RR interval were analyzed. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. Results. Rabbits treated with ciprofloxacin showed a prolongation of the QTc interval compared with controls (QTc according to Bazett 306.2 (285.8; 319.8) versus 271.1 (255.2; 285.8) ms, p = 0.022; QTc according to Frederick 241.4 (225.3; 245.5) ms versus 219.1 (201.1; 225.3) ms, p = 0.022), as well as P wave shortening during the experiment (from 55.0 (50 .0; 70.0) ms to 40.0 (35.0; 50.0) ms, p = 0.027). Discussion. Observed electrocardiographic changes indicate the ability of ciprofloxacin to accelerate atrial conduction, slow down ventricular myocardium repolarization and increase the risk of arrhythmias. Conclusions. Oral ciprofloxacin administration at a dose of 150 mg/kg/day for 14 days simulates cardiotoxic effect in laboratory rabbits.

Introduction. Rabbits are used as convenient models for studying drug cardiotoxicity. Echocardiography is one of the most informative non-invasive methods of assessing the cardiovascular system function. In literature, there is no clearly formulated protocol for heart ultrasound examination in rabbits. Purpose was the systematization of literature data on echocardiography techniques in rabbits.Materials and methods. The sources search involved the Scientific Electronic Library eLIBRARY.RU and the National Library of Medicine information base (PubMed.gov). The search covered the 15-year period. Original or review articles containing a detailed description of the echocardiography technique were included.Results and discussion. For animals anesthesia before the study, various drugs combinations based on ketamine, xylazine, medetomidine, zolazepam, tiletamine are used. In rabbits, it is possible to use M-, B-, Doppler echocardiography modes in a wide frequency range (5 – 12 MHz). Parasternal longitudinal, parasternal transverse and apical ultrasound approaches are applied. The parameters of the transmitral blood flow (peak A, peak E, ratio A/E, peak E', the magnitude of regurgitation), as well as the contractile function of the left ventricle (end systolic and diastolic volumes and sizes, stroke volume, cardiac output, shortening fraction) are subject to assessment. The Teicholz and Simpson methods can be used to calculate the ejection fraction. The literature under survey coveres listed parameters of normal values for various ages’ rabbits.Conclusion. Echocardiography is a relatively affordable non-invasive method for studying the state of cardiovascular system in rabbits in an experiment. The method can be used to analyze myocardium size, left ventricle contractile function, and assess the state of heart valvular apparatus. At present, normal values of echocardiographic parameters in rabbits have been experimentally established, which adds to the informative value of the method. Qualitative study performance requires special preparation, including careful animal anesthesia, the choice of the approaches and modes used.

Introduction. In recent years, the issue of informative value of lung ultrasound for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis determination in cardiac patients, especially in decompensated heart failure, has been actively discussed. The relevance of this method lies in the absence of invasiveness, radiation exposure and the possibility to perform lung sonography at the patient's bedside. The purpose of this review was to assess and analyze the available literature on this issue. Materials and methods. Scientific publications were searched and selected from PubMed and Google Scholar from 1982 to 2020. Results and Discussion. Pulmonary ultrasound can be used as an accurate tool for detection and differential diagnosis of extravascular fluid in patients with heart failure. Literature analysis indicates high prognostic value of the method, as well as its possible use for dynamic monitoring in real time. Lung sonography shows higher sensitivity and specificity of the method than chest radiography, physical examination, natriuretic peptide level. In isolation, this method has lower specificity than sensitivity, but when complemented by natriuretic peptide levels and echocardiography, it increases accuracy and speed of diagnosis. Conclusion. Lung ultrasound has a sufficient evidence base and good potential for use in clinical practice as a complementary component to traditional methods of determining congestion in heart failure.

The neural network-based approach to the classification of implicit emotional components in ordinary speech is considered. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients were used as feature vectors, and the multilayer perceptron with one hidden layer was used as the classifier. It was shown that the neural-network system developed is able to classify these kinds of speech with the accuracy up to 99% and is not inferior to the human experts. Moreover, two model’s training approaches were suggested and tested, and the influence of the parameters for mel-frequency cepstral coefficients calculation on the resulting accuracies was studied. It was found that the personalized approach to training the classifier for each subject results in higher classification accuracy than the generalized one that is, using a mixed sample of multiple subjects. Optimal parameters for the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients calculations were found. The results of the study demonstrated high quality of the developed approach, and it can be applied to developing Brain-Computer interfaces based on inner speech patterns recognition, which will be addressed in further research.

Aim. To study clinical profile and antihypertensive treatment features in outpatients observed in ambulatory facilities.Material and methods. 140 arterial hypertension (AH) outpatients were examined, questioning and anthropometry were performed. Blood pressure (BP) was measured on both hands, then twice on the hand with larger value, the medium value was calculated. Tests results were obtained from outpatient cards.Results. The sampling included 100 (71.4%) females and 40 (28.6%) males. Median of systolic BP at first measurement was 140.0 mm Hg (130.0;150.0), mean value of three BP measurements was 138.0 mm Hg (127.0;150.0) (p2, 13.8% – stage C3A, 6.5% – stage C3B, and 1.8% – stage C4. 97.9% of AH patients received antihypertensive treatment. Daily medication consumption was reported by 127 people, and 10 patients reported taking medication as needed. Monotherapy was prescribed in 14.3% of patients; combined treatment was performed in 83.6% people. BP target value was achieved in 59 patients (42.1%) at first measurement results and in 71 (50.7%) ones at calculated mean value (p=0.002). Indications for statin use were identified in 86.4% of patients. Statins were administered in 56.2% patients having indications and in 21.1% of subjects without indications (p=0.006). Indications for antiplatelet therapy use were identified in 56.4% of patients. Antiplatelet treatment was administered in 58.2% of patients with indications and in 23.0% of subjects without indications (pConclusion. Glomerular filtration rate and left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy amplitude criteria calculation allow to diagnose subclinical target organ damage in outpatients at physician visit without additional costs. Compliance with the current antihypertensive therapy guidelines allows to achieve target BP in current practice. Compliance with the BP measuring rules allows to adequately assess the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy. A significant proportion of AH outpatients have a very high cardiovascular risk, which requires lipid-lowering and antiplatelet therapy.

Introduction Global trend to population ageing is associated with inevitable increase of polypharmacy in multimorbid elderly population. Purpose To estimate the level and structure of comorbidity and pharmacotherapy in independently living patients of different age groups with high and extreme cardiovascular risk, when observed in outpatient clinics Methods 282 consecutive patients of high cardiovascular risk have been enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: SCORE ≥5%, documented history of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute or transient cerebrovascular accident (CVD), coronary artery intervention, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stable angina, intermittent claudication, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) or type 1 DM with diabetic nephropathy, angiogram or ultrasound proved atherosclerotic plaques, total serum cholesterol level ≥8 mmol/L, blood pressure ≥180/110 mmHg and signed voluntary informed consent form. Current clinical conditions, pharmacologic treatment and indications for prescription and deprescription were studied. STOPP criteria for prescribing potentially non-recommended drugs in people over 65 years of age, START criteria for not prescribing necessary drugs in people over 65 years of age, non-recommended in elderly people over 65 drug list were used to assess polypharmacy. According to the WHO age classification, there were three groups: Group 1 (aged 45 to 59), Group 2 (aged 60 to 74) and Group 3 (aged 75 +). Results There were no differences in the frequency of statins administration (p=0.72) and antiplatelet agents (p=0.49) between 3 groups. Polypragmasia (administration of more than 5 drugs) was registered in 150 patients (53%) and was significantly more common in Group 3 (p=0.001). 48 cases of inadequate prescribing were registered in 46 (28%) elderly patients. 24 cases of prescribing potentially unacceptable medications for the elderly were reported. Conclusion Unavoidable polypragmasia was found in 53% multimorbid elderly patients. Irrational drug treatment was detected in 28% elderly patients STOPP criteria were met in 32.1% and START criteria were met in 30.4% cases. Polypragmasia being inevitable in elderly multimorbid patients, administration of any new medication should be performed after a thorough risk-benefits balance assessment. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Although a significant number of studies have been devoted to the investigation of the electrographic correlates and neurophysiological mechanisms of spoken and inner (imagined) speech, there is a question on which EEG characteristics reflect its content. Considering that speech is a complex cognitive process which requires coordinated activity of a number of cortical structures of the large hemispheres, the EEG coherence values were studied. The values were recorded from 14 channels of 10 young men in the process of real verbalization (spoken speech) and during pronunciation of imagined words designating directions in space (up, down, right, left, forward, backward). It was shown that the level of EEG coherence is generally higher for real verbalization, most significantly at gamma-2-rhythm frequencies (55–70 Hz). Spatial coherence patterns specific to a number of words are formed in the left cerebral hemisphere during imagined utterance of words at gamma-2 frequencies. The application of machine learning and neural network classification has demonstrated a significant similarity of the generated spatial coherent patterns of spoken and inner (imagined) speech. The Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network classification method has shown the accuracy of word detection in the imagined speech according to brain activity patterns up to 49–61% for 3 classes and 33–40% for 7 classes, with a random recognition rate of 33,3 and 14,2% respectively. The latter indicates a promising application of coherence values and imagined speech denoting directions in space for the development of Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).

The amplitude and spectral characteristics of the EEG recorded in 24 essentially healthy subjects during real and mental performance of hand, leg, and tongue movements were studied. Execution of movements was found to be accompanied by increases in the EEG power of the δ and θ frequencies on the background of marked reductions in the α and β1 frequencies. The sensorimotor and associative areas of both hemispheres of the brain were actively involved both in execution of real voluntary movements and mental imagery, especially at rapid (γ) frequencies.

A novel neural network approach to the real-time detection and classification of temporospatial EEG patterns accompanying performance of motor imagery (imaginary movements) based on a local approximation method using radial basis functions and an original algorithm for interpreting the time sequence of the responses of the neural network is proposed. This was used as the basis for creating and testing an asynchronous neural interface whose basic element was a classifier including a committee of five neural networks detecting EEG patterns accompanying four types of motor imagery. We present a comparative assessment of the EEG pattern recognition effectiveness for motor imagery using the method developed here and classical neural network methods, particularly radial basis networks, a multilayer perceptron, and the support vectors method. Experimental studies demonstrated a user learning effect with increases in recognition accuracy and EEG pattern classification, as well as speed of control.

Correlates of predictive activity associated with observation of patterns in sequences of events were studied. Predictive cues consisted of fixed sequences of three stimuli preceding the appearance of a target (control) stimulus, to which the subject had to respond by pressing a computer mouse button as quickly as possible. Reaction times were analyzed for control stimuli, along with the characteristics (amplitude, duration) of contingent negative variation (CNV) in EEG fragments preceding the predictive cue stimuli and the control stimulus. Increases in CNV amplitude were demonstrated in the series of predictive stimuli preceding the appearance of the target stimulus, and this correlated positively with target stimulus reaction times.

The purpose of this study was to analyze sex-related differences in spontaneous and evoked brain activity. The study included 11 women and 10 men aged between 18 and 27 years; the subjects were adapted to the conditions of electrophysiological experiment. Differences in spontaneous activity were estimated by EEG spectral characteristics in frequency ranges corresponding to θ, α, β1, β2, γ1, and γ2 rhythms at rest with the eyes open and closed. The differences in evoked activity were estimated by the parameters of evoked potentials (EP) recorded upon the presentation of different types of stimuli (images and words) and categories (“fruits” and “vessels”). Behavioral differences were estimated by the efficiency of stimuli recognition. No gender differences were observed in the efficiency of stimuli recognition (number of errors, time of reaction). In the EEG of male subjects at rest, fast frequencies (β and γ) were less marked than in the female subjects, which may indicate a higher level of activation of CNS structures in women. Regardless of stimuli type and category, the amplitude of EP components in men is lower than that in women, which may be caused by lower level of CNS activation. However, the difference in the latency of EP components depended on the type of stimuli used. During the recognition of visual images, the latency of earlier EP components (N1, P2) in men was longer mostly on back and/or right electrodes. The latencies of the later EP components (P3, N3) in male subjects were longer on the back electrodes and shorter on the front electrodes than those in female ones. During the recognition of words, the latency of P1, N1, P2 and N2 components in men were shorter on temporal and temporoparietal electrodes of the left hemisphere. This may indicate that visual image in men are perceived slower but comprehended faster than in women. On the other hand, verbal stimuli in men were perceived faster but comprehended slower than in women.

Objective. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of anticoagulant treatment in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) in a multimorbidity setting.Materials and Methods. The cross-sectional study included 104 patients diagnosed with nonvalvular AF and followed in the medical facilities of Yekaterinburg. The subjects were interviewed, anthropometric measurements were made, and the risk of thromboembolic complications was evaluated using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. The Charlson multimorbidity index was calculated, and patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 with a low level of multimorbidity (not more than 5 points) and Group 2 with a high level of multimorbidity (6 points or more). The data are presented as a median and interquartile range (25%; 75%).Results.The study population included 40 males and 64 females. The median age was 71 (62.5; 80) years. The level of multimorbidity was estimated as 5 (3; 6) points. Group 1 included 64 patients, and Group 2 included 40 patients. Thirty-nine percent of the sample patients had a paroxysmal form of AF, 10% had a persistent form, and 51% had permanent AF. The group of patients with a high level of multimorbidity included more patients with permanent AF and fewer patients with paroxysmal AF as compared with a moderate level of multimorbidity (pConclusion. In real-world clinical practice in Ekaterinburg, Russia, 7 of 10 patients with AF for whom anticoagulant treatment was indicated actually received it; NOACs are prescribed four times more often than warfarin. With a higher level of multimorbidity, the risk of bleeding under the pressure of anticoagulant treatment increases; thus, NOACs should be preferred over warfarin for treatment of multimorbid patients.

Studies on 17 volunteers addressed the ability to carry out voluntary control of the expression of the α and β2 frequency bands in the parietal and frontal areas of the cortex using a biofeedback method. The effects of a number of psychological properties on the effectiveness control were studied. The study results showed that in these experiments, decreases in the expression of β2 frequencies in the frontal areas of the cortex were more easily produced than decreases in the power of the α frequencies in the parietal areas. The effectiveness of the voluntary control of brain activity was affected by personality factors such as extraversion, psychoticism, neuroticism, mobility, the balance of nervous processes, and the level of trait anxiety.

Analysis of variance and discriminant analysis were used to study EEG spectral characteristics recorded using 15 leads from two professional pilots with more than 15 years of experience, in the frequency band 0.1–70 Hz, during flights on a TU-154 simulator, including takeoff, landing (including in difficult conditions), and horizontal flight. The results showed that the spectral characteristics of the EEG were highly informative measures of the ongoing functional state of the pilots at different phases of flight. The high significance of the differences seen in the individual features showed them to be nonrandom and demonstrated the potential for using EEG parameters to construct a system for monitoring the pilot’s state at all stages of flight.

EEG spectral characteristics were studied in 11 essentially healthy volunteers during performance of unfamiliar finger movements with both hands with a voluntary rhythm. As compared with the resting state, preparation and performance of voluntary movements occurred on the background of decreased activation levels in almost all areas of the cortex except the right frontal area, where the EEG showed a clear increase in the power of fast (especially γ) frequencies regardless of which hand was used to perform the movements. This may be evidence for the direct involvement of this area in the processes underlying the planning, initialization, and control of voluntary movement activity.

Spectral power (SP) ratios of the EEG α and β frequencies were used as neurofeedback (NFB) for ten apparently healthy subjects (university students) to control a computer cursor in a graphic interface in three scenarios. The results showed that the scenario that used the SP ratio of the α and β2 frequencies provided for the highest accuracy and best speed of task performance. The ratios including the β1 frequency were found to be less efficient because an increase or a decrease in its SP could occur together with an increase or a decrease of the SPs of the α and β2 frequencies. However, the subjects acquired the skill of controlling the cursor with an efficiency of 81%, which gradually grew during learning, after a relatively short period of time (5 training sessions within 2 weeks).

Spectral power (SP) of EEG alpha and beta-2 frequencies in different cortical areas has been used for neurofeedback training to control a graphic interface in different scenarios. The results show that frequency range and brain cortical areas are associated with high or low efficiency of voluntary control. Overall, EEG phenomena observed in the course of training are largely general changes involving extensive brain areas and frequency bands. Finally, we have demonstrated EEG patterns that dynamically switch with a specific feature in different tasks within one training, after a relatively short period of training.

On the purpose to detect in EEG specific patterns associated with any verbal performance the gamma activity were investigated. The technique which allows the subject to initiate the mental pronunciation of words and phrases (inner speech) was created. Wavelet analysis of EEG has been experimentally demonstrated that the preparation and implementation stages are related to the specific spatio-temporal patterns in frequency range 64-68 Hz. Sustainable reproduction and efficient identification of such patterns can solve the fundamentally problem of alphabet control commands formation for Brain Computer Interface and Brain to Braine Interface systems.

Studies on eight essentially healthy volunteers showed that increases in activation levels were seen, particularly in the central areas of the cortex, during the actual performance of movements, these being accompanied by decreases in spectral power in alpha and beta frequencies. The EEG simultaneously showed increases in power in the gamma frequencies, which were most marked in in the parietal-occipital leads of the left hemisphere. Mental representations of the same movements were accompanied by additional activation of the frontal, temporal, and parietal-occipital areas, along with more marked increases in power in the gamma frequencies. A number of electrophysiological phenomena associated with the specific features of the movements performed were identified.

Response time and evoked potentials were registered for visual images related to two categories fruit and tableware as well as their verbal representations. The stimuli were presented randomly. The subjects were to attribute them regardless of the form (a word or image) to one of the categories. 11 female and 10 male subjects (average age 21.9±2.9 years) participated in the tests. 6 components of the evoked potentials were singled out: Р1 (Р66), N1 (N124), Р2 (Р180), N2 (N248), Р3 (Р331) and N3 (N456). Analysis showed that both female and male subjects demonstrated reliably longer response time for words as compared to those for corresponding images. For words, evoked potentials were registered in more complex configurations and with a shorter latency period for the early components (P1, N1) and longer latency period for the late ones (P2, N2, P3, N3). The evoked potential amplitude in response to verbal stimuli was smaller than that for visual ones. Evoked potential components in response to target stimuli (both images and words) had, in general, shorter latency. The amplitude of N1, Р2 and N2 components was lower, while that of P3 and N3 was higher for target stimuli rather than a non-target. The obtained results allow us to assume that evaluation of the type of information (verbal or visual) can be performed on early stages of stimulus perception (up to 120-150 ms). Further analysis includes either more detailed description of spatial features of the visual stimuli in parietal and occipital lobes or estimation of the semantics of a word employing the frontal and temporal areas. Decision-making on formulating a response barely depends on the manner of information presentation (visual and verbal).

We used the ratio of spectral characteristics of the EEG alpha and beta frequencies recorded in 10 apparently healthy subjects (university students) to control a computer cursor in the graphic interface in three scenarios with the use of neurofeedback. Our results showed that the scenario which uses the power of alpha- and beta-2-frequencies provided the highest accuracy and the best speed control. The parameters of beta-1-frequency were found to be less effective since an increase or a decrease of their power could result from an increase or a decrease of the power of alpha- and beta-2-frequencies. However, the subjects got the skill of cursor control with efficiency of 81%, gradually growing during learning, after a relatively short period of time (5 trainings per 2 weeks).

The spectral characteristics of the EEG recorded on two professional pilots in the simulator TU-154 aircraft in flight dynamics, including takeoff, landing and horizontal flight (in particular during difficult conditions) were analyzed. EEG recording was made with frequency band 0.1-70 Hz continuously from 15 electrodes. The EEG recordings were evaluated using analysis of variance and discriminant analysis. Statistical significant of the identified differences and the influence of the main factors and their interactions were evaluated using Greenhouse - Gaiser corrections. It was shown that the spectral characteristics of the EEG are highly informative features of the state of the pilots, reflecting the different flight phases. High validity ofthe differences including individual characteristic, indicates their non-random nature and the possibility of constructing a system of pilots' state control during all phases of flight, based on EEG features.

The spectral characteristics of the EEG in 11 healthy right-handed volunteers with no neurological disorders in dynamics of the unusual finger movements of both hands in random rhythm have been investigated. In particular, it is shown that the preparation and execution of voluntary finger movements compared to the rest were accompanied by a reduction level of activation within almost all the surface of cerebral cortex, except for right frontal lobe. It has been experimentally demonstrated that a significant increasing EEG activity of the right frontal area in high-frequency domain power spectrum was independent of the working limb. This might testify the direct participation of this cortical area in the processes of voluntary muscular activity planning, initiation and control.

12 English translation © 2004 M.E. Sharpe, Inc., from the Russian text © 1997 “Russkie slovari,” S.G. Bochavov, and V.V. Kozhinov. “Voprosy stilistiki na urokakh russkogo iazyka v srednei shkole,” in M.M. Bakhtin, Sobranie sochinenii. Raboty 1940-kh– nachala 1960-kh godov, Vol. 5 (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1997), pp. 141–56, 510–33. The text has been retitled for this English translation. See pp. 10 and 25 herein. Translated by Lydia Razran Stone. *Bracketed notes in this article are by L.A. Gogotishvili (with the assistance of S.O. Savchuk) V. Chernyshev’s old attempt to construct such a stylistic system is unsuccessful and has almost nothing to offer today’s instructors. Cf. V. Chernyshev, Correct and Pure Speech (An Attempt at a Russian Stylistic Grammar [Pravilnost’ i chistota russkoi rechi (opyt russkoi stilisticheskoi grammatiki)] (St. Petersburg, 1914–15) [3].—M.B. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, vol. 42, no. 6, November–December 2004, pp. 12–49. © 2004 M.E. Sharpe, Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN 1061–0405/2004 $9.50 + 0.00.

in which λL, λL ,a ndλρ are scale factors respectively related to the geometry, the elastic moduli, and the densities. We simulated the strain state due to static and dynamic loads in the natural gravitational field, but there are great difficulties in satisfying (1) in the field of the Earth’s gravity, since the model requires special equivalent materials with elevated density and low elastic modulus, while having the shear characteristics of natural soils. There are considerable difficulties in selecting such materials even for simulating concrete structures, and the difficulties increase greatly for earth structures. One approach is to use models made of natural soils in an artificial acceleration field, e.g., centrifuge. This greatly complicates the measurements, and also the reproduction of the seismic loads and boundary conditions. We used a mixed simulation: strain pattern from static loads reproduced in a model made from natural soil by means of anchors installed at many points and thin ties attached to them. Forces were applied to the ties equivalent to the weight of the soil acting in an elementary volume, with the anchor in each case at the center of gravity. The hydrostatic water pressure at the upstream face was reproduced by a system of rigid plungers loaded by presses. The static loads could be varied widely up to the failure stage, and the measurements and observations were quite simple and reliable. The seismic (inertial) loads were reproduced on the assumption that the material is linearly elastic in accordance with the Cauchy criterion. In that situation (model made from natural soil), λE = λρ =1 ; if we take the strain scale as λe = 1, then the scales for the accelerations and vibration periods λa and λT are respectively λa =1 /λL and λT = λL. (2)

1. For relative lengths of piles up to 30–40 their interaction with sand soils obeys Coulomb's law and can be described by dependences (7)–(9) of the present work. 2. Modeling the behavior of rigid piles under a vertical load, we can limit ourselves to a simple similarity, reproducing on the model the angle of internal friction of the soil and pile-driving technology for a geometrical modeling scale of not more than 10 with conversion of the data obtained by the proposed method. 3. Investigation of piles under an inclined or horizontal load requires reproduction of four physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil simultaneously on the model: modulus of deformation, density, angle of internal friction, and lateral earth pressure coefficient, as well as the angle of internal friction. However, in the range of angles of internal friction 30–45° and in rough piles we can limit ourselves to modeling the first three of the indicated parameters. 4. The proposed scheme of behavior of rigid piles and the modeling method based on it permit predicting the behavior of single piles under a vertical load on the basis of existing analogs or tests of small piles.

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1. The diagram of the intensity of the seismic pressure of cohesionless soil on a rigid retaining wall has the form of a triangle with a vertex at the base of the wall. 2. The seismic pressure of cohesionless soil on a rigid wall depends more on the elastic characteristics of the soil medium and considerably less on its angle of internal friction. 3. The standard method of determining loads from seismic earth pressure noticeably understates their extent and requires reexamination.

The research carried out with eight virtually healthy volunteers showed that movements were associated with the increased level of activation, primarily, in the central areas of the brain cortex, which was expressed in a reduction of the spectral power of alpha end beta frequencies and increase in the power of the gamma oscillations more expressed in the parietooccipital derivations of the left hemisphere. Mental reproduction of similar movements was accompanied by additional activation in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipitals regions and more pronounced increase in the power of the gamma oscillations. A number of electrographic phenomena associated with specific features of the movements were revealed.