Search

The work is related to optimization of PG dose and survivability of the spawn of Mystus vittatus in the tank nursery at Arabpur Fish Farm in Jessore, Bangladesh during 2000 to 2002. Trial doses of PG used for induced breeding of M. vittatus were 1 to 4 mg PG in the first dose and 4 to 8 mg in the second dose for female. On the other hand, the male fishes were administered only a single trial dose of 2, 3 and 4 mg PG. Induced breeding was successfully done in M. vittatus with 3 mg of PG kg-1 body weight in first dose and 6.0 mg PG in second dose for female and a single dose of 3 mg PG for male for virgin fish, F1 and F2 generation. The tank nursery performance of the fry was studied in regard to length, weight, production and survivability rate. Live animal feeds (rotifers) were used. The highest growth and survivability of the fish fry was obtained by using rotifers of 40 cumm-1 and 20 cumm-1, respectively.

Background Bangladesh had a large reduction in childhood deaths due to diarrhoeal disease in recent decades. This paper explores the preventive, promotive, curative and contextual drivers that helped Bangladesh achieve this exemplary success. Methods Primary and secondary data collection approaches were used to document trends in reduction of Diarrhoea Specific Mortality Rate (DSMR) between 1980 and 2015, understand what policies and programmes played key roles, and estimate the contribution of specific interventions that were implemented during the period. Data acquisition involved relevant document reviews and in-depth interviews with key stake-holders. A systematic search of literature was undertaken to explore socio-economic, aetiological, behavioural, and nutritional drivers of diarrhoeal disease reduction in Bangladesh. Finally, we used LiST (Lives Saved Tool) to model the contributions of the relevant interventions during three time periods (1980-2015, 1980-2000 and 2000-2015), and to project the number of lives saved in 2030 (compared to 2015) if these interventions were implemented at near universal coverage (90%). Results The factors which likely had the most impact on DSMR were the coordinated efforts of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) with non-government organizations (NGOs) and the private sector that enabled swift implementation, at scale, of interventions like oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc, promotion of breastfeeding, handwashing and sanitary latrines (WASH), as well as improvements in female education and nutrition. Compared to 1980, we found ORS and reduction in stunting prevalence had the greatest impact on DSMR, saving roughly 70 000 lives combined in 2015. Until 2000, ORS had a higher contribution to DSMR reduction than reduction in stunting prevalence. This proportionate contribution was reversed during 2000-2015. At near universal coverage (90%) of combined direct diarrhoeal disease, nutrition and WASH interventions, we project that an additional 5356 deaths due to diarrhoea could be averted in 2030. Conclusion Bangladesh's achievement in reduction of DSMR highlights the important role of an enabling policy environment that fostered coordinated efforts of the public and private sectors and NGOs for maximal impact. To maintain this momentum, evidence-based interventions should be scaled up at universal coverage.

Background Serious infections account for 25% of global newborn deaths annually, most in low-resource settings where hospital-based treatment is not accessible or feasible. In Bangladesh, one-third of neonatal deaths are attributable to serious infection; in 2014, the government adopted new policy for outpatient management of danger signs indicating possible serious bacterial infections (PSBI) when referral was not possible. We conducted implementation research to understand what it takes for a district health team to implement quality outpatient PSBI management per national guidelines. Methods PSBI management was introduced as part of the Comprehensive Newborn Care Package in 2015. The study piloted this package through government health systems with limited partner support to inform scale-up efforts. Data collection included facility register reviews for cases seen at primary level facilities; facility readiness and provider knowledge and skills assessments; household surveys capturing caregiver knowledge of newborn danger signs and care-seeking for newborn illness; and follow-up case tracking, capturing treatment adherence and outcomes. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics. Results Over the 15-month implementation period, 1432 young infants received care, of which 649 (45%) were classified as PSBI. Estimated coverage of care-seeking increased from 22% to 42% during the implementation period. Although facility readiness and providers' skills increased, providers' adherence to guidelines was not optimal. Among locally managed PSBI cases, 75% completed the oral antibiotic course and 15% received the fourth day follow-up. Care-seeking remained high among private providers (95%), predominantly village health doctors (over 80%). Conclusions Facility readiness, including health care provider knowledge and skills were strengthened; future efforts should focus on improving provider adherence to guidelines. Social and behavior change strategies targeting families and communities should explore shifting care-seeking from private, possibly less-qualified providers. Strategies to improve private sector management of PSBI cases and improved linkages between private and public sector providers could be explored.

Guidelines on integrated management of childhood illness (IMCI) for severe pneumonia recommend referral to hospitals. However, in many settings, children who are referred do not actually attend hospital, which severely limits appropriate care. We aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of modified guidelines that allowed most children with severe pneumonia to be treated locally in first-level facilities, with referral only for those with danger signs or other severe classifications.We did an observational cohort study in ten first-level health facilities in Matlab, rural Bangladesh that had implemented IMCI guidelines. We assessed children with severe pneumonia who were aged between 2 and 59 months, and for whom we could obtain complete information, in two cohorts: 261 children who presented to these facilities between May, 2003, and April, 2004 (before implementation of the modified guidelines) and 1271 children between September, 2004, and August, 2005 (after full implementation). We obtained information about the characteristics and management of their illness, including referrals and admissions to hospital, from facility records. Staff visited households to obtain details of treatment, socioeconomic information, and final outcome, including mortality data.245 (94%) of 261 children who had severe pneumonia were referred to hospital before the guidelines were modified, compared with 107 (8%) of 1271 after implementation (p0.0001). 94 (36%) children with severe pneumonia received correct management before the guidelines were modified, compared with 1145 (90%) children after implementation (p0.0001). Before modification of the guidelines, three children with severe pneumonia who presented at first-level facilities died, with a case-fatality rate of 1.1%; after modification, seven children died, with a case-fatality rate of 0.6% (p=0.39).Local adaptation of the IMCI guidelines, with appropriate training and supervision, could allow safe and effective management of severe pneumonia, especially if compliance with referral is difficult because of geographic, financial, or cultural barriers.

BACKGROUND: The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy includes guidelines for the management of sick children at first-level facilities. These guidelines intend to improve quality of care by ensuring a complete assessment of the childs health and by providing algorithms that combine presenting symptoms into a set of illness classifications for management by IMCI-trained service providers at first-level facilities. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the sustainability of improvements in under-five case management by two cadres of first-level government service providers with different levels of pre-service training following implementation of IMCI training and supportive supervision. METHODS: Twenty first-level health facilities in the rural sub-district of Matlab in Bangladesh were randomly assigned to IMCI intervention or comparison groups. Health workers in IMCI facilities received training in case management and monthly supportive supervision that involved observations of case management and reinforcement of skills by trained physicians. Health workers in comparison facilities were supervised according to Government of Bangladesh standards. Health facility surveys involving observations of case management were carried out at baseline (2000) and at two points (2003 and 2005) after implementation of IMCI in intervention facilities. FINDINGS: Improvement in the management of sick under-five children by IMCI trained service providers with only 18 months of pre-service training was equivalent to that of service providers with 4 years of pre-service training. The improvements in quality of care were sustained over a 2-year period across both cadres of providers in intervention facilities. CONCLUSION: IMCI training coupled with regular supervision can sustain improvements in the quality of child health care in first-level health facilities even among workers with minimal pre-service training. These findings can guide government policy makers and provide further evidence to support the scale-up of regular supervision and task shifting the management of sick under-five children to lower-level service providers. Published by Oxford University Press in association with The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (c) The Author 2013; all rights reserved.

Background Quality hospital care is important in ensuring that the needs of severely ill children are met to avert child mortality. However, the quality of hospital care for children in developing countries has often been found poor. As the first step of a country road map for improving hospital care for children, we assessed the baseline situation with respect to the quality of care provided to children under-five years age in district and sub-district level hospitals in Bangladesh. Methods Using adapted World Health Organization (WHO) hospital assessment tools and standards, an assessment of 18 randomly selected district (n=6) and sub-district (n=12) hospitals was undertaken. Teams of trained assessors used direct case observation, record review, interviews, and Management Information System (MIS) data to assess the quality of clinical case management and monitoring; infrastructure, processes and hospital administration; essential hospital and laboratory supports, drugs and equipment. Results Findings demonstrate that the overall quality of care provided in these hospitals was poor. No hospital had a functioning triage system to prioritise those children most in need of immediate care. Laboratory supports and essential equipment were deficient. Only one hospital had all of the essential drugs for paediatric care. Less than a third of hospitals had a back-up power supply, and just under half had functioning arrangements for safe-drinking water. Clinical case management was found to be sub-optimal for prevalent illnesses, as was the quality of neonatal care. Conclusion Action is needed to improve the quality of paediatric care in hospital settings in Bangladesh, with a particular need to invest in improving newborn care.

Summary Background WHO and UNICEF launched the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy in the mid-1990s to reduce deaths from diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, measles, and malnutrition in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the effect of IMCI on health and nutrition of children younger than 5 years in Bangladesh. Methods In this cluster randomised trial, 20 first-level government health facilities in the Matlab subdistrict of Bangladesh and their catchment areas (total population about 350 000) were paired and randomly assigned to either IMCI (intervention; ten clusters) or usual services (comparison; ten clusters). All three components of IMCI—health-worker training, health-systems improvements, and family and community activities—were implemented beginning in February, 2002. Assessment included household and health facility surveys tracking intermediate outputs and outcomes, and nutrition and mortality changes in intervention and comparison areas. Primary endpoint was mortality in children aged between 7 days and 59 months. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered, number ISRCTN52793850. Findings The yearly rate of mortality reduction in children younger than 5 years (excluding deaths in first week of life) was similar in IMCI and comparison areas (8·6% vs 7·8%). In the last 2 years of the study, the mortality rate was 13·4% lower in IMCI than in comparison areas (95% CI −14·2 to 34·3), corresponding to 4·2 fewer deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% CI −4·1 to 12·4; p=0·30). Implementation of IMCI led to improved health-worker skills, health-system support, and family and community practices, translating into increased care-seeking for illnesses. In IMCI areas, more children younger than 6 months were exclusively breastfed (76% vs 65%, difference of differences 10·1%, 95% CI 2·65–17·62), and prevalence of stunting in children aged 24–59 months decreased more rapidly (difference of differences −7·33, 95% CI −13·83 to −0·83) than in comparison areas. Interpretation IMCI was associated with positive changes in all input, output, and outcome indicators, including increased exclusive breastfeeding and decreased stunting. However, IMCI implementation had no effect on mortality within the timeframe of the assessment. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, WHO's Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, and US Agency for International Development.

Key words: Baluhar Baor area; amphibian; reptilian; avian and mamalian fauna; abundance Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol.22, 2003. pp.131-136

Key words: Primary productivity; trophic status; Altadighi Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol.22, 2003. pp. 41-45

The title compound is triclinic, space groupP¯1, witha=13.468(2),b=20.289(2),c=14.247(1) A,α=98.92(1),β=113.42(1),γ=99.52(1)°,Vc=3416(1) A3, andZ=6. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares toR=0.078,Rw=0.089, for 6511 observed data. The molecules hydrogen-bond into helical chains parallel to [111], each oxygen being involved in one donor and one acceptor hydrogen bond. The geometry of the siloxane link is different in the three independent molecules present, with Si-O-Si angles of 147.8(3), 157.0(3), and 162.5(3)°.

An experiment was conducted during 1999 and 2000 kharif seasons to know the right time of incorporation of groundnut crop residue and its subsequent effect on the following rice crop. The treatments of the experiment were five incorporation time of groundnut crop residue i.e., 12 days before transplanting (12 DBT), 9 DBT, 6 DBT, 3 DBT and 0 DBT of following T. aus rice along with a control (no incorporation of residue). The results showed that yield contributing characters and yield of T. aus rice varied significantly and increased with the increase of incorporation time. But incorporation at 3 days before transplanting performed worst due to seedling mortality by gas injury. The other incorporation time treatments gave identical grain yield (3.69-3.99 t ha -1 in1999 and 3.90-4.10 t ha -1 in 2000) and straw yield (3.89-4.67 t ha -1 in 1999 and 4.00-4.43 t ha -1 in 2000). The average highest grain yield (4.04 t ha -1 ) was obtained from the treatment 12 DBT. Key words: Residue effect, Incorporation period, Rice, Yield, Soil fertility . DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i2.964 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(2),207-214, 2008

Seven different species viz. Chanda baculis, Chanda ranga, Amblypharyngodon mola, Oxygaster bacaila, Clupisoma atherinoides, Corica soborna, Mystus vittatus and a group of mixed SIS fishes viz. Mastacembelus pancalus , Xenntodon cancila , Chanda baculis and Glossogobius giuris were used for preparation of dust which can be preserved for a time period. The fishes were sun dried or oven dried, which are also method of preservation. Quality of the oven-dried fish was better than that of the sun-dried fish, but sun-drying process is easy and can be used in large scale. The fish powder remained in good condition for 7-9 months at normal room temperature, but at -18°C the powder was in good condition throughout the year. Highest quantity of powder from 1 kg of fish was obtained in case of the mixed species as 24.61% and the lowest in O. bacaila which was 20.52%. Biochemical analysis showed that the maximum calcium content was found as 1.34% in M. vittatus and minimum was 0.80% in mixed SIS fishes. Maximum phosphorus content was 2.90% in C. ranga and minimum was 1.72% in C. soborna . Maximum iron content was found as 45.20 mg/100g in mixed SIS fishes and minimum was found as 16.85 mg/100g in O. bacaila . The maximum moisture content was found in C. ranga (13.50%) and the minimum in mixed SIS fishes (11.65%). The maximum protein content was recorded in the mixed SIS fishes (72.45%) and the minimum in C. ranga (52.65%). The experiment was replicated three times and conducted from July 2005 to July 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v6i0.9719 JLES 2011 6: 39-43

A study was conducted to observe the breeding performance and nursery practices of the threatened indigenous fish species Labeo bata in Jessore (Longitude: 89°122 003 East; Latitude: 23°102 453 North), Bangladesh during 1998 to 2002. Eight trial doses of PG (Pituitary Gland) used for induced breeding of L. bata were 1.0mgPG/kg in the first dose, and 1.0 to 8.0mgPG/kg in second dose for female. On the other hand, five trial doses were administered for the male to identify the suitable single dose (1.5mgPG/kg) only. The best performance was obtained with 5.0mg of PG/kg body weight in the second dose for female of wild and successive three generations. The highest growth (lt.: 19.37mm and wt.: 57.67mg) and survivability (63.33%) of the fish fry was observed by using rice bran and mustard oil cake after 10 days of nursing . Key words: Breeding performance; Nursery practices; Threatened species; Labeo bata. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2654 Scientific World , Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 40-45

Studies were carried out on the characterization and glyceride compositions of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seed oil. It was observed that safflower seed grown under the soil and climatic condition of Bangladesh contains 32 % of golden yellow coloured oil. The physicochemical characteristics of the oil were studied by the conventional methods and the fatty acid composition by GLC. From the results it is revealed that the oil can be used suitably in paint, varnishes and soap manufacturing industries on account of its high linoleic acid content (75 %), iodine value (148) and saponification value (190). The oil was fractionated into mono-, di-, and triglycerides by silicic acid column choromatography. The trglycerides were accounted for over 90 % of total weight of the oil. Fraction of lipids into three major lipid groups, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids was carried out by silicic acids column chromatography. The neutral lipids were averaged to 94 % of the total weight of the lipid applied. The percentage composition of individual fatty acids were found to be linoleic acid (75.0), oleic (12.6), palmitic acid (8.4), stearic acid (2.6) and myristic acid (1.4). Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 41(3-4), 235-238, 2006

An experiment was conducted at Pulses Research Center, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during kharif-I to find out the insect pests attacking mungbean crop sowing at different dates to determine the optimum date(s) of sowing. It is seen that the incidence and population fluctuation of various insect pests was very much dependent on the prevailed climatic conditions of the cropping season. The early (February 14 to March 06) and late sown (mid April to onward) crops received higher pest infestation than mid sown (March 13 to April 10) crops. The highest yield (1548 kg/ha) was obtained from March 27 sowing crop. The second highest yield (1279 kg/ha) was obtained from March 13 sowing which was statistically identical to March 20, April 03 and April 10 sowings crop. Again, the delayed sowings after mid April to onward provide yield of 717 kg/ha to 178 kg/ha which were very poor. Hence, for ensuring higher yield and less insect pest's infestation, mungbean should be sown within the period of March 13 to April 10 and the best date of sowing should be March 27. Key words: Sowing dates; pest infestation; yield of mungbean. DOI: 10.3329/jard.v7i1.4432 J Agric Rural Dev 7(1&2), 127-133, June 2009

Generally nutrient deficiency of a soil is corrected through application of chemical fertilizers. Fertilizers on one hand are costly and on the other hand it may lead to water pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural land. Screening of genotypes for nutrient stress tolerance could be the best alternative to overcome the situation. The present study evaluates the plant growth characters with emphasis on root growth and nutrient uptake of selected mungbean genotypes and examines the efficiency of certain growth parameters for predicting their adaptation in sub-optimal nutrient environment. Some genotypes (VC 6153B, GK3 & VC 6144A) were found to be high nutrient acquiring genotypes and some (PDM 54, IPSA 25 & VO 1443 A-G) were low nutrient acquiring genotypes. Key words: Mungbean, genotypes, nutrient stress.

A total of 1183 Botia Dario (Hamilton) samples were collected from Rajshahi (Shaheb Bazar, Binodpur Bazar, Talaimari Bazar, Kazla Bazar and Godagari) during the period from January, 2002 to August, 2003 to study the fecundity, sex-ratio, relationship between fecundity and total length, standard length, body weight, ovary length as well as ovary weight. The mean fecundity was calculated as 31833.50±10313.42 with a range of 5245 to 53754 in fishes ranging in total length from 96 mm to 135 mm (mean 115.50±12.11 mm) and in body weight from 14.51 g to 43.29 g (mean 29.71±6.91 g). The relationship between the fecundity (F) and total length (TL), standard length (SL), body weight (BW), ovary length (OL) and ovary weight (OW) were found to be linear with the ‘r’ values 0.94, 0.94, 0.95, 0.92 and 0.98, respectively. The ovum diameter ranged from 0.3 to 0.72 mm and the mean diameter was calculated as 0.518±0.06 mm. The male to female ratio was 1:0.61. Key words: Botia dario, fecundity, sex-ratio. Univ. j. zool. Rajshahi Univ. Vol. 26, 2007. pp. 27-29

Some aspects of the reproductive biology viz. sex ratio, fecundity and reproductive periodicity of Amblypharyngodon mola were studied during March 2004 through February 2005 in Netrakona. Sex ratio was found to be 1:2.03. Fecundity varied from 1,291 to 12,797 with a mean value 5,751.46 ± 3,321.73 eggs. The relationships between Fecundity (F) and Total Length (TL), Standard Length (SL), Total Weight (TW), Gonadal length (GL) and Gonadal Weight (GW) were calculated and found to be highly significant. The mean of ova diameter was 1.4 ± 0.35mm. Different methods used to study the reproductive periodicity showed that the periodicity of A. mola starts from March and continues up to August with a peak in May. Key words : Reproductive biology, Reproductive periodicity, Amblypharyngodon mola . DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i3.4414 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(3) , 377-379, 2009

The reaction between Si2Ph4O(OLi)2(1) and TiCl4in 2 : 1 or 3 : 1 molar ratio gave on addition of pyridine (py) the titanatrisiloxane compound [[graphic omitted]}2(py)2]·2C6H5Me (2). Treatment of ZrCl4 with (1) in 1 : 2 molar ratio gave the zirconadisiloxane system Li2Z[graphic omitted])3]·3py· 1.5C6H5Me (3). Compound (2) was also isolated from reactions employing the diol Si2Ph4O(OH)2 and TiCl4in 2 : 1 molar ratio in the presence of pyridine. Siloxane chain expansion was also observed in the product from reaction of (1) with SiMe2Cl2 but not from reaction with SiMe3Cl. The formation of the cyclic titanatrisiloxane and the cyclic tetrasiloxane is presumably a consequence of the ring strain in the titanadisiloxane and trisiloxane systems respectively, rather than a tendency of the siloxanediolate species (1) to oligomerise in the presence of base or metal halides. Compounds (2) and (3) have been studied by X-ray crystallography.

The products isolated in good yield from the reactions of dilithium tetraphenyldisiloxanediolate [Ph4Si2O(OLi)2] and (a) titanium tetrachloride (with subsequent addition of pyridine) or (b) dichloro(dimethyl)silane were the cyclic spiro[7.7]titanaheptasiloxane cis-(Py)2[graphic omitted])2·2PhMe (1) and the cyclic tetrasiloxane Me2[graphic omitted] and not the expected titanadisiloxane (titanio-oxydisiloxane) and trisiloxane.