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This study on Evaluation of Discharged Untreated Wastewater from Pulping and Bleaching operations in a Bamboo Based tissue Paper Making Plant in Nigeria was conducted mainly to evaluate the pollutant loads present in wastewater produced during the Pulping and Bleaching operations of the tissue paper making progression. The wastewater samples were obtained and examined to find out the pollutants they contain by checking the availability of some physicochemical parameters using standard methods by American Public Health Association (APHA). The analyzed parameters obtained for the pulping and bleaching processes respectively are pH (7.42 and 4.49), EC (316µS/cm and 47µS/cm), TDS (158mg/l and 24mg/l), Turbidity (19.3NTU and 28.7NTU), Temperature (28.47°C and 28.48°C), DO (3.66mg/l and 1.93mg/l), BOD5 (74.02mg/l and 62.00mg/l), COD (140.30mg/l and 120.40mg/l), TOC (10.3% and 7.1%), THB (1.60x103cfu/ml and 7.40x104cfu/ml), THF (0cfu/ml and 2.30x103cfu/ml) and heavy metals like Hg (

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common serious neurological disorders. Most antiepileptic or anticonvulsant drugs do not prevent or reverse the pathological process that underlies epilepsy, hence the continuous search for new therapeutic agents with minimal side effects and greater efficacy.Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the acute toxicity profile and investigate the anticonvulsant activity of volatile oil of Kochia scoparia (Amaranthaceae ).Method: Volatile oil was extracted from fresh leaves of K. scoparia through hydrodistillation process, using a Clavenger-type apparatus. Acute toxicity testing was done using Lorke’s method. The anticonvulsant models used were pentylenetetrazol, strychnine and maximal electroshock. Albino mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=5). Group I (control group) was given 0.2 ml each of water orally while groups II, III and IV received 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg of the volatile oil. Group V received the standard drug solution; 30 mg/kg phenobarbitone for Maximal electroshock and 2 mg/kg diazepam for pentylenetetrazol and strychnine models. The onset of tonic leg extension, duration and protection from mortality were noted.Results: Sub acute toxicity test revealed that doses above 1000mg/kg of the volatile oil is toxic. Doses of 75, 150 and 300 mg/kg significantly (P 0.05.Conclusion: The volatile oil of K. scoparia could be useful in the management of epilepsy.

A random sampling and cross sectional study was carried out in General Hospital, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria using parasitological techniques to screen faecal samples for Cystoisospora belli. Blood samples of participants were also screened to determine the CD4 counts of infected subjects while Body Mass Index of subjects was determined to describe their nutritional status. A total of 783 individuals consisting of 317 apparently healthy subjects and 466 HIV/AIDs patients were screened for cystoisosporiasis. Out of the 783 subjects screened, 81 (10.34%) were positive for Cystoisospora belli. The infection was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HIV/AIDs patients (12.45%) than in apparently healthy subjects (2.84%). The infection was more prevalent (6.69%) in males than in females (6.40%), (P < 0.05). The rate of infection in relation to age group was highest in subjects who were ≤10 years old (11.90%) and least in subjects who were 11 to 20 years old (4.24%). A significant difference in infection rate (P< 0.05) was found between the categories of subjects screened and age groups. The infection rate was highest (22.64%) in subjects who were nutritionally deficient and least (13.12%) in subjects with normal body mass index. Subjects with CD4 cell counts < 200 cells/µl had the highest infection rate (38.24%) while those with CD4 cell counts ≥ 500 cells/µl had the least infection rate (2.78%). Chi – square analysis showed significant difference (P < 0.05) in infection rates between the categories of subjects screened and CD4 counts.

Context: Instrumental vaginal deliveries are deliveries conducted using obstetric forceps or vacuum extractor and are an essential component of basic emergency obstetric care. Objective: To determine the rate of instrumental deliveries and their outcome over a 5-year period (2013–2017) at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital. Study Design and Methods: A 5-year retrospective review of maternity delivery records. A survey of 16 resident doctors of the department was also done to determine their views on the rate of instrumental deliveries in the hospital. Results: During the study period, there were 6,754 deliveries; of these 109 (1.61%) were instrumental deliveries. Vacuum extractions accounted for 97 (88.99%) of the instrumental deliveries and there were only 12 (11.01%) forceps deliveries. The majority of the instrumental deliveries were carried out on booked women (78; 82.98%), with low parity (Para 1; 73.83%), term mothers (59.4%), and normal birth weight babies. There were only five stillbirths (4.59%), all of which were vacuum extractions and were comparable to 4.5% among spontaneous vertex deliveries and less than 6.2% among caesarean sections and 45.5% among breech deliveries. This was statistically significant, χ2 = 114.03, P < 0.001. Most of the resident doctors cited lack of proper training as responsible for low rate of instrumental deliveries. Conclusion: The rate of instrumental vaginal deliveries in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital is low with adverse consequences on the training of resident doctors. There is thus need to prioritize training on this life-saving skills.

This paper shows the combustion of biogas in rural households’ appliances. Biogas has been known since 1800s as an odourless and colourless gas with high combustion rate. Its use is beginning to gain ground in most developing countries like Nigeria due to its availability, ease of generation and environmental friendliness. Developing countries are characterized by poor infrastructural development, inadequate energy and water supply, poor health delivery system, etc. which hinders economic and social development. Most sources of rural households’ energy are firewood, animal dung, crop residue and kerosene which are associated with negative environmental impacts. The study was carried-out by articulation of past literatures on biogas combustion and consumption in household’s appliances and internal combustion engines. The study ascertains from the past studies high efficiency of biogas compared with natural gas and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) on stove-top burner, oven and two panel flue heater. It was observed that, biogas consumption is higher in all the appliances under investigation as compared to natural gas and LPG. The study recommended public enlightenment on biogas technology and its associate benefits to rural areas. The government and NGOs should encourage the application of this technology through financing of pilot projects in community leaders’ households which will extend to the populace. The technology should also be embraced because it is associated with environmental hygiene. Key words: Efficiency, hygiene, sustainability, developing countries, biogas.

The impact of obstetric vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), which continues to occur among women in developing countries, can severely affect the health of the women while the condition persists. This study was designed to discover the effect of successful VVF repair on affected women's quality of life.A comparison of the quality of life of a cross-section of women who had VVF was carried out before and 6 months after successful repair. Quality of life was assessed using the WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF Questionnaire.Of the 150 women studied, only 20% felt satisfied with their general state of health and quality of life before the repair, while this increased to 90% following successful repair (highly statistically significant at p0.000). In the physical health domain, the mean quality of life score was 67.9 ± 4.4 before and 69.3 ± 3.4 after successful repair (p0.01). In the mental health domain, the mean quality of life score was 32.4 ± 8.7 before and 74.7 ± 3.2 after successful repair (p0.005). In the social health domain, the mean score was 20.2 ± 2.7 before and 69.7 ± 2.3 after successful repair (p0.001). In the environment domain, the mean score of quality of life was 60.3 ± 4.3 before repair and 59.7 ± 2.7 after successful repair (comparable at p0.2).Successful repair of VVF is associated with significant improvement in the multidimensional quality of life among affected women.