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In this chapter, three-dimensional microstrip antennas operating in the dominant TM10 mode of the L1 band at 1.57542 GHz are presented, which either provide uniform phase response and stable phase center, or wide angular beam coverage. A Finite-Difference Time-domain scheme has been developed and used to elucidate the interplay between the proposed antennas and several ground plane configurations. Experimental results are presented and compared to simulations to illustrate the impact of several 3-D geometries on the phase response, phase center, half power beam width, gain, and polarization purity. We report for the first-time novel three-dimensional microstrip antenna topologies for precise surveying applications by fostering a nearly uniform phase response when the 3D structure is bent by angles ranging from 15° to 30° without significantly compromising the gain and polarization performance of the equivalent flat patch antenna. The proposed antennas exhibit half-power-beamwidths up to 40 and 80% greater than the equivalent flat structure that can be realized if positioned downward and upward respectively, for bend angles above 45° accompanied with a variety of spatial coverage patterns to suit applications involving highly dynamic platforms.

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a key promising technology for 5G wireless networks that allows significant increase in spectral and energy efficiency without increasing the spectrum and/or the number of cell sites. However, the computational time and resources required to rigorously analyze the capacity offered by a base station (BS) equipped with a large number of antenna elements increase with the increase of the number of antenna elements in the array. In this paper, we present a novel approximation approach for modeling large microstrip antenna arrays in BSs of massive MIMO systems. The approach subdivides an M × N array into columns, rows, rectangular, or square subarrays, each consisting of a group of elements. The coupling is rigorously taken into account within each subarray, but it is ignored between subarrays, using just an array factor instead. Results are demonstrated for an 8 × 8 = 64 element patch array. It is shown that the difference in the capacity evaluated using rigorous electromagnetic simulations and the proposed approach is less than 0.79% using the 2 × (8 × 4) approach for both the suburban macrocell model of the Extended Spatial Channel Model (SCME/suburban macro cell (SMa)) outdoor propagation model and three-dimensional independent identically distributed model with a significant reduction of 44% and 50%, respectively, in computational time as compared to the full-wave antenna array modeling approach.

This protocol describes a solvothermal-based process to prepare gram-scale ferrite nanoparticles with well-defined shapes (nanocubes, nanostarts, faceted nanoparticles and nanospheres) having heating properties specifically appealing for magnetic hyperthermia applications of clinical used.

A bio-inspired metaheuristics canonical particle multiswarm optimization (CPMSO) algorithm is presented to investigate the optimal deployment pattern for sensors to improve the connectivity in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The proposed algorithm ensures effective deployment by building $\kappa $ -connected network to tolerate failure while satisfying quality of service (QoS) in terms of energy consumption, delay, and throughput. We prove the effectiveness of the CPMSO algorithm by deploying multitopologies satisfying the QoS and results are compared against the conventional canonical particle swarm optimization (CPSO) and fully particle multiswarm optimization (FPMSO) algorithms. It is shown that CPMSO and FPMSO improve the throughput by approximately 95.23%, while minimizing the energy consumption by 87.5%, and the delay by 95.00% as compared with CPSO.

Many researchers tend to evaluate the performance of their state-of-the-art MIMO antenna array designs using either stochastic or ray-tracing channel modeling tools. These channel models are mainly categorized into deterministic and stochastics channel models. In this paper, we investigate these two categories in terms of the MIMO channel capacity and evaluate the performance of a miniaturized MIMO antenna array in an indoor offices scenario. The effects of the number of transmitters and receivers, spatial location, 3D radiation patterns, polarization, and S-parameters are evaluated for an indoor office model and the IEEE TGn-B indoor stochastic channel model. The ray-tracing software, Wireless InSite, is used as the deterministic channel modeling tool while MIMObit is used as the stochastic channel modeling tool.

In this paper, we present a new filtantenna design consisting of two wire monopole antennas operating at 3.55 GHz integrated with a planar printed-circuit filter. The antenna array is intended for Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) systems and can be easily installed on moving platforms. The filter is etched from the ground plane of the antenna mounting structure and consists of 25 mm × 15 mm outer rectangular frame that has a width of 0.5 mm. This frame encloses three parallel slots, 24.21 mm in length, inserted symmetrically inside the frame between the coaxial-fed monopole antennas. The slots are 0.5 mm in width and uniformly separated by 0.25 mm. The two monopoles have a height of 17.35 mm each, a diameter of 1.27 mm, both are separated by eight mm, which corresponds to λ/10.56, where λ is the free-space wavelength at 3.55 GHz. The monopoles and the filter are placed on a 90 mm × 90 mm × 3.175 mm RO5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 9 ×10 −4 . The filtantenna array provides 26.6% matching impedance bandwidth below −10 dB centered at 3.84 GHz and 18% mutual coupling suppression bandwidth below −20 dB centered at 3.4 GHz. Figure 1 shows the simulated scattering parameters of the proposed filtantenna array design (decoupled antenna array) compared to the same antenna array without the printed-circuit filter (coupled antenna array) The operating bandwidth of the decoupled antenna array over which the matched impedance is below −10 dB and the mutual coupling is below −20 dB is 370 MHz extending from 3.33 GHz to 3.7 GHz. It can be seen that the matching impedance of the coupled array is above −10 dB while and the mutual coupling of the coupled antenna array has been reduced from −5.2 dB to −34.2 dB

This study introduces a fundamentally new approach to suppress mutual coupling among two closely-spaced vertical monopole elements of a multiple-input multiple-output antenna array. The 40 × 40 × 1.27 mm decoupling and matching element consists of a single planar ring resonator acting as a stop-band filter along with two tuning strips printed on an ungrounded substrate surrounding a two-element co-planar waveguide-fed monopoles separated by 8 mm ( λ 0 /16) at 2.45 GHz. Measurements reveal 14.2% bandwidth centred at 2.395 GHz over which the decoupling is below 20 dB, and -10-dB impedance bandwidth of 19.5% centred at 2.36 GHz. An improvement of 43 dB in isolation is observed at a frequency of 2.38 GHz. It is shown that the decoupled array provides a total realised gain of 1.69 dBi with excellent diversity performance as demonstrated by the low envelope correlation coefficient and improved link efficiency in highly-correlated channel environments due to the spatially orthogonal 3D radiation patterns. The capacity offered by the decoupled array is enhanced by 50, 22, 18 and 12% at signal-to-noise ratios of 5, 20, 30, and 50 dB, respectively, as compared to the coupled array in an urban micro-channel spatial model.

The extensive use of amphetamines to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorders in children provides a compelling rationale for understanding the mechanisms of action of amphetamines and amphetamine-related drugs. We have previously shown that acute amphetamine (AMPH) regulates the trafficking of both dopamine and glutamate transporters in dopamine neurons by increasing activation of the small GTPase RhoA and of protein kinase A. Here we demonstrate that these downstream signaling events depend upon the direct activation of a trace amine-associated receptor, TAAR1, an intracellular G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that can be activated by amphetamines, trace amines, and biogenic amine metabolites. Using cell lines and mouse lines in which TAAR1 expression has been disrupted, we demonstrate that TAAR1 mediates the effects of AMPH on both RhoA and cAMP signaling. Inhibition of different Gα signaling pathways in cell lines and in vivo using small cell-permeable peptides confirms that the endogenous intracellular TAAR1 couples to G13 and to GS α-subunits to increase RhoA and PKA activity, respectively. Results from experiments with RhoA- and PKA-FRET sensors targeted to different subcellular compartments indicate that AMPH-elicited PKA activation occurs throughout the cell, whereas G13-mediated RhoA activation is concentrated near the endoplasmic reticulum. These observations define TAAR1 as an obligate intracellular target for amphetamines in dopamine neurons and support a model in which distinct pools of TAAR1 mediate the activation of signaling pathways in different compartments to regulate excitatory and dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Vehicle Ad-hoc network (VANET) have sensing nodes moving with different speeds. The vehicular cloud is a group of vehicles communicating with each other to share the resources provided from the central cloud. The end-to-end throughput for multi-hop wireless network is analysed in this paper using a set of non-linear equations. The interference due to the hidden nodes and the neighbouring nodes is considered into computing the end-to-end throughput. The contention graph is used to clarify the connection among the nodes into the network to find the capacity of the individual links to facilitate estimating the end-to-end throughput. Effect of the cloud on the end-to-end throughput is also illustrated in this paper. The results show that the throughput with employing cloud is lower than that without using the cloud.

Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are widely used to enhance the adaptive radio duty cycling for distributed and self-organized Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A significant part of the functionality of MAC protocols is implemented to find out which duty cycling may influence the performance of WSN and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Therefore, we propose a Markov chain-model to analyze and evaluate the QoS parameters. Our proposed model addresses the effect of a hidden sensors on the network performance through periodically switched off/on the radio cycling covered in MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 communication stack. The analytical model provides the estimated values of QoS parameters in terms of delay and throughput. These values describe the synchronized MAC protocols before and after saturates with different sensor density deployment and network parameters in terms of transmission range, time slot frame, and contention windows size. Our analytical, as well as simulation results, show the values of delay and throughput are nearly suitable with low sensor density deployment. Moreover, the proposed model enables the sensor designers to get better understanding of the effect of different hidden sensors on the performance of synchronized MAC protocols and QoS parameters.

This chapter introduces a novel design concept to reduce mutual coupling among closely-spaced antenna elements of a MIMO array. This design concept significantly reduces the complexity of traditional/existing design approaches such as metamaterials, defected ground plane structures, soft electromagnetic surfaces, parasitic elements, matching and decoupling networks using a simple, yet a novel design alternative. The approach is based on a planar single decoupling element, consisting of a rectangular metallic ring resonator printed on one face of an ungrounded substrate. The decoupling structure surrounds a two-element vertical monopole antenna array fed by a coplanar waveguide structure. The design is shown both by simulations and measurements to reduce the mutual coupling by at least 20 dB, maintain the impedance bandwidth over which S11, is less than −10 dB, and reduce the envelope correlation coefficient to below 0.001. The boresight of the far-field radiation patterns of the two vertical monopole wire antennas operating at 2.4 GHz and separated by 8 mm (λo/16), where λo is the free-space wavelength at 2.45 GHz, is shown to be orthogonal and inclined by 45° with respect to the horizontal (azimuthal) plane while maintaining the shape of the isolated single antenna element.

The loss or deficiency of a tissue or organ is a serious health problem and severely affects the patients' quality of life. In the near future, an option for solving this problem will be the development of bio-derived extracellular matrices (ECM) from huPlastic Romaman or animal tissues and their usage for in vitro or in vivo cellular reseeding. Many researchers are working on this development. Nowadays, different decellularization protocols have been developed to manufacture ECMs but there is not yet a consensus about the most efficient procedures. This review aims to describe the state of the art in the field of decellularization of complex mucosal tissues, analizing and comparing the most recent and most valiant articles published about this procedure.

The processing techniques of the adipose tissue represents one of the most debated topics. There are different processing techniques. As of today, the standard considered procedure is the centri1Romafugaton according to Coleman. In addition, other procedures include decantation/sedimentation, filtration and water jet force, which offer the specialist valid alternatives. In the present review, the clinical evidence of the techniques of centrifugation and decantation will be evaluated by studying histological data; maintenance of tropism and the maintenance of mesenchymal cells. These two aspects are different in the centrifugation and decantation techniques.

Wireless sensor networks suffer from some limitations such as energy constraints and the cooperative demands essential to perform multi-hop geographic routing for Internet of things (IoT) applications. Quality of Service (QoS) depends to a great extent on offering participating nodes an incentive for collaborating. This paper presents a mathematical model for a new-generation of forwarding QoS routing determination that enables allocation of optimal path to satisfy QoS parameters to support a wide range of communication-intensive IoT’s applications. The model is used to investigate the effects of multi-hop communication on a traffic system model designed with a Markov discrete-time $M/M/1$ queuing model, applicable to green deployment of duty-cycle sensor nodes. We present analytical formulation for the bit-error-rate, and a critical path-loss model is defined to the specified level of trust among the most frequently used nodes. Additionally, we address the degree of irregularity parameter for promoting adaptation to geographic switching with respect to two categories of transmission in distributed systems: hop-by-hop and end-to-end retransmission schemes. The simulations identified results for the average packet delay transmission, the energy consumption for transmission, and the throughput. The simulations offer insights into the impact of radio irregularity on the neighbor-discovery routing technique of both schemes. Based on the simulation results, the messages en-coded with non-return-to-zero have more green efficiency over multi-hop IoT (without loss of connectivity between nodes) than those encoded with the Manchester operation. The findings presented in this paper are of great help to designers of IoT.

The inverted pendulum on a cart is an under actuated, unstable non-linear system that is used as a benchmarking problems in control theory. The non-linear nature of the system makes linear controllers, such as the proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers, possibly unfeasible as they only guarantee stability of a linear system. A fuzzy-logic controller provides many different stable controllers applicable to inverted pendulum on a cart. In this paper, the fuzzy parallel distributed compensation (PDC) controller is introduced and implemented on an unstable system, and the performance is demonstrated in MATLAB Simulink. The fuzzy PDC controller is dependent on the Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy model to obtain the state feedback gains required by solving the linear matrix inequalities (LMI). The LMI produced satisfactory results for all initial pendulum positions simulated even under uniformed disturbance. Our results have been compared against two other works to reveal the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Modern multimedia sensor networks impose strict constraints on both the delay and energy consumption when time-critical data must be reported to the sink within a limited bandwidth without any loss. Failure to transmit an event to the sink occurs for many reasons, including inherence limitations of sensors, power consumption, and reliability. We propose a mathematical model for a novel quality-of-service (QoS) routing-determination method. The proposed scheme enables determining the optimal path to provide appropriate shared radio satisfying the QoS for a wide range of real-time intensive media. The mathematical model is based on the Lagrangian relaxation method, to control adaptive switching of hop-by-hop QoS routing protocols. The embedded criteria for each objective function are used to decide which path from source to sink will be selected. Simulation results show that, compared with existing routing protocols, the approach proposed in this paper significantly improves the packet received ratio, energy consumption, and average end-to-end delay of the sensor node.

The vision of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) is to provide real-time multimedia applications using wireless sensors deployed for long-term usage. Quality of service assurances for both best effort data and real-time multimedia applications introduced new challenges in prioritizing multipath routing protocols in WMSNs. Multipath routing approaches with multiple constraints have received considerable research interest. In this paper, a comprehensive survey of both best effort data and real-time multipath routing protocols for WMSNs is presented. Results of a preliminary investigation into design issues affecting the development of strategic multipath routing protocols that support multimedia data in WMSNs are also presented and discussed from the network application perspective.

A flexible printed monopole antenna integrated with artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) working at 2.45 GHz is designed and analyzed. The proposed antenna is suitable for the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, WIFI and Bluetooth applications. The artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is used to enhance the antenna characteristics and to isolate the antenna from human body effects that produces by proximity coupling. The antenna has ultra-low profile which is about $0.028 \lambda0$. The simulated results show a good improvement in gain from 0.82 dB to 2.61 dB, efficiency from 78.56% to 88.72% and the radiation pattern change from omni-direction to uni-direction which it suitable for wearable applications.

Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing are steadily growing in support of recent and projected revolutionary Internet applications. Cloud computing has the ability to meet the performance expectations of different applications. In this paper, we present the implementation of applications based on cooperative resource and energy-constrained objects with optimized performances. To dynamically incorporate objects into IoT applications' execution, task scheduling should be implemented for resource allocation in an optimized manner. We propose a task scheduling algorithm based on robust canonical particle swarm optimization (CPSO) and fully-informed particle swarm (FIPS) algorithms in order to solve the problem of resource allocation and management in both homogeneous and heterogeneous IoT cloud computing. Our objective is to satisfy the Quality of Service (QoS) in terms of throughput and delay, by performing optimal task scheduling taking into consideration different classes of data traffic. Performance evaluation of experiments show that throughput and delay can be significantly improved by dynamic dedicated servers (DDSS) and heterogeneous DDSS (h-DDSS) using FIPS optimization algorithm compared to CPSO optimization algorithm.

Recent wearable health monitoring systems use multiple biosensors embedded within a wireless device. In order to reliably transmit the desired vital signs in such systems, a new set of antenna design requirements arise. In this paper, we present a flexible, ultra-low profile, and compact dual band antenna. The proposed design is suitable for wearable and flexible telemedicine systems and wireless body area networks (WBANs). The antenna is inkjet printed on a 50.8µ mP olyimide Kapton substrate and fed by a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW). The proposed design has the merits of compactness, light weight, wide bandwidth, high efficiency, and mechanical stability. The performance of the antenna is also characterized against bending and rolling effects to assess its behaviour in a realistic setup since it is expected to be rolled on curved surfaces when operated. The antenna is shown to exhibit very low susceptibility to performance degradation when tested against bending effects. Good radiation characteristics, reduced fabrication complexity, cost effectiveness, and excellent physical properties suggest that the proposed design is a feasible candidate for the targeted application.

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) typically involves multihop relaying combined with sophisticated signal processing to serve as an information provider for several applications such as smart grids, industrial, and search-and-rescue operations. These applications entail deploying many sensors in environments that are often random which motivated the study of beamforming using random geometric topologies. This paper introduces a new algorithm for the synthesis of several geometries of Collaborative Beamforming (CB) of virtual sensor antenna arrays with maximum mainlobe and minimum sidelobe levels (SLL) as well as null control using Canonical Swarm Optimization (CPSO) algorithm. The optimal beampattern is achieved by optimizing the current excitation weights for uniform and non-uniform interelement spacings based on the network connectivity of the virtual antenna arrays using a node selection scheme. As compared to conventional beamforming, convex optimization, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the proposed CPSO achieves significant reduction in SLL, control of nulls, and increased gain in mainlobe directed towards the desired base station when the node selection technique is implemented with CB.

The task of estimating, tracking and controlling the speed of user equipment (UE), particularly with speed above allowed limits, is a challenge which has a significant impact on radio resource and mobility management in Long Term Evolution (LTE). This is very essential to control the speed and avoid traffic accidents with the help of the LTE networks application. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that relies on transmitting Channel Quality Indicator CQI bits through LTE network’s to remote IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) application server to analyze and to map the UE speed and to determine if the UE is above the speed limit. The paper presents a new approach to estimate, track, and control users moving above speed limits in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks using mapping of the uplink CQI index of the UE since the CQI range can provide an indication to the system regarding the movement and the speed of the UE. The approach can be achieved by sending an emergency warning message to the evolved base station (eNB) that sends a downlink (DL) signal to the control channel to activate a radio frequency identification (RFID) unit mounted on the car. The mapping system via the RFID sends a control signal to the Engine Control Unit (ECU), traction control (TC), electronic stability program (ESP) and automatic brake system (ABS) mounted in the car to reduce the speed if the alarm is activated to the inattentive driver. The proposed system has been simulated and evaluated using the Vienna system level simulator. The results show that the estimation of the CQI is dropped significantly to (2–3) as the UEs speed is increased to 150 km/h. Thus, with the availability of estimation of CQI at LTE-A networks, action can be made to warn or reduce the UE speed. Finally, the proposed system can be utilized in recent and future trends of controlling smart cars for long range as the 5G-Internet of Things (IoT) tries deeply to accomplish this system but for short range.

This paper presents a new approach for the modeling of large antenna arrays in base-stations of massive MIMO systems. The approach subdivides an MxN array into either M or N subarrays, each consisting of N or M elements, respectively. Analyses are presented for an array consisting of 3×5 dipole elements operating at 2.45GHz in WLAN propagation environments of various degree of multipath. The results show the differences and trade-offs between accuracy and computational cost.

Automation the process of monitoring the garden can transform garden irrigation process from being manual and static to smart and dynamic one. This leads to higher comfortability, water using efficiency and less human supervision effort. This paper proposes a cloud based Internet of Things (IoT) smart garden monitoring and irrigation system using Arduino Uno. The watering requirement for a plant can be adjusted by monitoring the soil moisture. Measuring the soil moisture of the plant gives information if the plant is ideally watered, over watered or under watered. The proposed system monitors and maintains two quantities of the garden, the garden soil moisture content and light intensity. This is done using soil moisture sensors and light intensity sensor. The monitored data is sent continuously to ThinkSpeak IoT cloud. In the cloud the data gathered from the system is analyzed and when a target threshold of soil moister is reached, an action is sent accordingly from the cloud to the garden automatic watering system to irrigate the garden. Arduino Uno microcontroller is used to implement the system control unit. IoT is used to keep the garden owner updated about the status of the sprinklers. Information from the sensors is regularly updated on a ThinSpeack IoT cloud and the user can check the water sprinklers status at any time. In addition, the sensor readings are transmitted to a ThingSpeak channel to generate graphs for analysis.

This paper evaluates the effects of high mobility of Users Equipment (UEs) on the performances of different data rate services using four scheduling algorithms in the uplink of LTE system using the uplink Vienna simulator.The uplink reports Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) and Rank Indicator (RI) to inform the evolved node base station (eNodeB or eNB) about the current channel state. We simulate 20 and 30 UEs switch at high mobility and different service demands. Simulation results show that under 100 kmh -1 speed the Best CQI and Proportional Fair schedulers are the best in performance for low delay and the Round Robin algorithm is the worst scheduling algorithm among other schedulers.

The diversity of ultrasound techniques used in oil and gas pipeline plants provides us with a wealth of information on how to exploit this technology when combined with other techniques, in order to improve the quality of analysis. The fundamental theory of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technology is offered, along with practical limitations as related to two factors (wave types and transducers). The focus is limited to the two main techniques used in pipe plants: First, straight beam evaluation and second, angle beam evaluation. The depth of defect (DD) is calculated using straight beam ultrasonic in six different materials according to their relative longitudinal wave (LW) velocities. The materials and respective velocities of LW are: rolled aluminum (6420 m/s), mild steel (5960 m/s), stainless steel-347 (5790 m/s), rolled copper (5010 m/s), annealed copper (4760 m/s), and brass (4700 m/s). In each material eight defects are modeled; the first represents l00% of the material thickness (D), 50.8 mm. The other seven cases represent the DD, as 87.5% of the material thickness, 75%, 62.5%, 50%, 37.5%, 25%, and 12.5%, respectively. Using angle beam evaluation, several parameters are calculated for six different reflection angles (βR) (45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 65° and 70°). The surface distance (SD), ½skip distance (SKD), full SKD, and 1½SKD,½sound path (SP) length, full SP, and 1½ SP are calculated for each βR. The relationship of SKD and SP to the βR is graphed. A chief limitation is noted that ultrasound testing is heavily dependent on the expertise of the operator, and because the reading of the outcome is subjective, precision may be hard to achieve. This review also clarifies and discusses the options used in solving the industrial engineering problem, with a comprehensive historical summary of the information available in the literature. Merging various NDE inspection techniques into the testing of objects is discussed. Eventually, it is hoped to find a suitable technique combined with ultrasonic inspection to deliver highly effective remote testing.