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In Italia, durante il periodo romanico, la facciata non utilizza un organizzato programma decorativo, strettamente pensato in relazione alle sue forme. La ragione di questa assenza è da cercare nel largo uso di strutture antistanti, indipendenti sia sul piano funzionale che su quello della organizzazione decorativa. In questo senso il primo esempio è fornito dall'ambiente cassinese, dove il recupero di forme antiche consente la creazione di un atrio dal forte sapore maiestatico. La stessa logica guida chi progetta la facciata di S. Ambrogio a Milano che, per la soluzione delle grandi arcate sovrapposte del nartece, va colta corne il precedente diretto del protiro padano a due ordini. Quest' ultimo, semplificando il discorso architettonico, acquista, attraverso l'uso della decorazione, lo specifico valore di rappresentazione simbolica ecclesiale rivolta alla piazza e porta a vistosa conclusione il processo di isolamento della retrostante facciata., La façade romane italienne ne présente pas de programme décoratif organisé, étroitement lié à la forme architectonique. Les causes de cette absence sont à chercher dans l'usage très répandu de bâtiments placés devant elle et indépendants de par leur fonction et l'organisation de leur décor. L'exemple le plus ancien se situe dans l'environnement du Mont-Cassin, où le souvenir des formes architectoniques typiques de la fin de l'antiquité a permis la création d'un atrium empreint d'un goût puissant de majesté. La même logique a guidé la réalisation de la façade de Saint-Ambroise de Milan qui, par le jeu des grandes arcades superposées du narthex, constitue l'ancêtre direct du protiro à deux ordres de la vallée du Pô. Ce dernier, en simplifiant le discours architectonique, a acquis, grâce à son décor sculpté, l'insigne avantage de représenter symboliquement l'Église face au peuple, et a porté à son terme, de façon visible, le processus d'isolement de la façade., Gandolfo Francesco, Lezzi M. T. La façade romane et ses rapports avec le protiro, l'atrium et le quadriportico. In: Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, 34e année (n°135-136), Juillet-décembre 1991. La façade romane. Actes du Colloque international organisé par le Centre d'Etudes Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale. Poitiers, 26-29 septembre 1990. pp. 309-319.

Aims The aim of this case–control study was to compare quality of life (QoL) and treatment satisfaction in adults with Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) treated with either continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple daily injections (MDI). Methods Consecutive patients aged between 18 and 55 years, and attending diabetes clinics for a routine visit, completed the Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale (DSQOLS), the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (DTSQ) and the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36). Case (CSII) and control subjects (MDI) were recruited in a 1 : 2 ratio. Results Overall, 1341 individuals were enrolled by 62 diabetes clinics; 481 were cases and 860 control subjects. Cases had a longer diabetes duration and were more likely to have eye and renal complications. Age, school education, occupation and HbA 1c were similar. Of control subjects, 90% followed glargine-based MDI regimens and 10% used NPH-based MDI regimens. On multivariate analysis, after adjusting for socioeconomic and clinical characteristics, scores in the following areas of the DSQOLS were higher in cases than control subjects: diet restrictions ( β = 5.96; P < 0.0001), daily hassles ( β = 3.57; P = 0.01) and fears about hypoglycaemia ( β = 3.88; P = 0.006). Treatment with CSII was also associated with a markedly higher DTSQ score ( β = 4.13; P < 0.0001) compared with MDI. Results were similar when CSII was compared separately with glargine- or NPH-based MDI regimens. Conclusions This large, non-randomized, case–control study suggests quality of life gains deriving from greater lifestyle flexibility, less fear of hypoglycaemia, and higher treatment satisfaction, when CSII is compared with either glargine-based or NPH-based MDI regimens. Diabet. Med. 25, 213–220 (2008)