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A few decades ago, colorectal cancer (CRC) was diagnosed much less frequently. It is currently the fourth and in some countries the third most lethal cancer in the world, with about one million deaths each year. Most colon tumors develop as a result of a multistep process involving a number of histological, morphological and genetic changes, the frequency of detection of which increases with the age of the patient. Timely screening aimed at identifying and removing precancerous neoplasms in the early stages can lead to a significant reduction in the incidence of CRC. Despite this, the currently diagnosed rate of CRC in everyday clinical practice is relatively low, however, it is predicted that with personalized, based on anamnesis, screening for CRC, the frequency of its detection will increase significantly. The practitioner needs to be aware of the risk factors leading to CRC and the various stages of disease progression in order to recommend appropriate screening strategies. The use of a surveys that includes risk factors in the collection of anamnesis will reduce economic costs and not miss a cohort of patients who need a detailed examination. The purpose of the review is to present current data on the epidemiology of CRC and risk factors contributing to the occurrence of CRC. A literature review of articles (original studies and reviews) published between 2016 and February 2022 on the study of risk factors for CRC was performed. The methods of bibliographic, informational and semantic search of sources in the databases of Google PubMed, Scopus were used. The article discusses in detail the epidemiology and highlights the modified and non-modified risk factors for CRC, including within different age categories. Data on early CRC in young people are presented in detail and carry clinical and molecular features, as well as the role of the hereditary factor in development.

Price is the most important tool of company behavior on market, whose changes are caught immediately by customers, competitors and state structures. Adequate pricing can bring profit to the company and raise its competitiveness and stability on market. Unfortunately, rather often price decisions of home exporters working on non-raw material markets are only a response to competitors’ steps and they aim at reaching tactical, momentary but not strategic goals. Companies usually try to use the same price strategies on foreign markets as they use on national market. In conditions of the global crisis, uneven introduction of isolation regime and border closing by countries, breaking supply chains, bankruptcy or closure of national companies Russian exporters face the loss of distribution channels developed earlier. On the other hand, in these conditions they get an opportunity not only to settle on developed markets nut to penetrate new overseas markets in such segments, where the work of local companies was cut or shut down. In any case home exporters should think over their price strategy on foreign market and research changes in customer preferences, in their perception of company product value. The author gives recommendations aimed at improving exporters’ pricing in conditions of 2020 crisis on the basis of analyzing customers in view of their contribution to the company profit.

X-ray fluorescence analysis was used to study the composition of mineral inclusions in outburst-prone coal bed. A relationship between the presence of iron-containing compounds and sulfur in coals with their tendency to gas-dynamic phenomena was revealed. It was found that coal outbursts from the Pechora and Donets basins contained several times more iron than coals from non-hazardous zones of in the same coal bed. The predominance of iron over sulfur in outburst coal relative to a stoichiometric ratio between them in pyrite and, similarly, the predominance of sulfur content in coals from the zones of bed unprone to outbursts were determined.

Investigations were carried out into the phase composition of different zones of friction stir welded joints in the V-1469 high-strength aluminium–lithium alloy. The experimental results show that ...

The formation of the phase composition, the texture, and the residual stresses in the V-1469 alloy joint (Al–Cu–Li system) fabricated by friction stir welding is studied. A numerical correlation between the phase composition, the hardness, and the residual stresses in various zones and sections of the welded joint is found

The formation of the anisotropy of the mechanical properties, the texture, and the phase composition of thin-sheet Al–4.3Cu–1.4Li–0.4Mg and Al–1.8Li–1.8Cu–0.9 Mg alloys have been studied by X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. Various types of anisotropy of the strength properties of the alloys have been revealed: normal anisotropy (strength in the longitudinal direction is higher than that in the transverse direction) in the Al–4.3Cu–1.4Li–0.4Mg alloy and inverse anisotropy in the Al–1.8Li–1.8Cu–0.9Mg alloy. It is shown that the anisotropy of the strength properties is dependent not only on the texture of a solid solution, but also on the content and the texture of the δ' (Al3Li) and T1 (Al2CuLi) phases and their coherency and compatibility of deformation with the matrix.

Phase composition, texture and mechanical properties of plates 80 mm thick from Al-2.8Cu-1.7Li-0.5Mg-0.5Zn-0.1Zr-0.06Sc alloy were investigated. It has been found that strength characteristics are maximum in median section (ultimate strength and the yield stress of 570 MPa and 540 MPa, respectively). In 0,25T section (where T is the plate thickness) these quantities make 530 MPa and 490 MPa, and in the short transverse direction of only 490 MPa and 440 MPa. Textural studies showed that on medium layer of a plate 0,3-0,35T thick is observed identical to a matrix and δ'-phase intensive single-component texture with an arrangement of the plane {011} parallel to the plate plane with domination of a "brass" texture component {110} .

A quantitative approach to the determination of the phase composition in the Al-Mg (Cu)-Li alloys has been developed on the basis of the balance equations of chemical and phase compositions as well as the lattice parameter measurement of the α solid solution. It is shown that, for the Al-Mg (Cu)-Li alloys, the ratio between the fractions of the δ' (Al3Li) and S1 (T1) phases is determined by the ratio between the molar fractions of Li and Mg (Cu). By means of this technique it is shown that in Al-Cu-Li alloys the proportion of δ'-phase is much higher than ternary T1-phase, and the proportion of δ'-phase and a ternary phase (S1) are approximately equal in alloys of Al-Mg-Li system. The equations for the calculation of the contents of the S1 (Al2MgLi), T1 (Al2CuLi) and δ' (Al3Li) phases in the 1420, 1424, 5090 alloys (Al-Mg-Li alloys) and in the 1440, 1441, 1450, 1460, 1461, 1464, 1469, 2050, 2090, 2091, 2094, 2098, 2099, 2195, 2198, 2199, 2297, 8090 (alloys (Al-Cu-Li alloys) are given.

The influence of preliminary deformation upon rolling of wedge specimens on the mechanical properties and the structural phase state of Al–Cu–Li alloys are studied by X-ray diffraction and hardness measurements. Strong dependence of the hardening effect upon aging on the reduction upon rolling has been revealed. Deformation weakly influences the hardness and significantly increases the hardening upon aging. Herewith, the hardening effect is nearly absent at the minimum deformation ratio of 1% and increases with its increase. It is demonstrated that the content of T1 phase increases from 2 to 4% in the range of a preliminary deformation ratio of 6–10% and the content of δ' phase is ~17% at a deformation ratio in the range 1‒6% and increases to 18–19% at a deformation ratio of 6–10%. The δ' phase in an alloy contains

The study of the coals of Long-flame–Gas brands with different methane contents showed that the methane content of coal beds is mainly related to the nanostructure of coal matter, and it does not depend on the porosity of coal. The molecules of methane penetrate directly into the coal structure, and they become absorbed by sorption sites that appear on the dangling bonds of aromatic and conjugated-chain structural fragments of coal.

The purpose of the disclosure of the nature and role of economic efficiency and competitiveness in the process of analyzing activity in the manufacturing industry in this article identified the approaches to the specification of a data entity economic categories. In this regard, work on the basis of the review retrospective analysis of theoretical research existing definitions in this direction; it is revealed that in the modern economic literature single point of view chosen by the majority of scholars, the definition of these concepts at the present stage yet. The authors found that competitiveness as an integrated indicator of economic efficiency implies more complex relationships between economic entities in comparison with the efficiency, which in this context acts as an indicator of a degree of efficiency of use of available enterprises limited resources.

У больных нейрохирургического профиля после черепно-мозговой травмы (ЧМТ), удаления опухоли головного мозга и при остром нарушении его кровообращения определяли содержание малонового диальдегида (МДА) и церулоплазмина в плазме крови. Установлена четкая корреляция между высоким уровнем МДА, низким уровнем церулоплазмина и тяжестью состояния больного. Содержание церулоплазмина и МДА в плазме крови в качестве критерия наличия оксидантного стресса может быть использовано во время мониторинга состояния больных нейрохирургического профиля для прогнозирования осложнений и применения антиоксидантной терапии.

To assess the possibilities of endoscopic surgeries at the pathology of major duodenal papilla in patients with the painful form of chronic pancreatitis. The study involved 35 patients with the painful form of chronic pancreatitis including 19 subjects with cholecystectomy as a result of cholelithiasis, 8 subjects with alcohol-induced pancreatitis (4 of them had external pancreatic fistulas) and 8 patients with idiopathic pancreatitis. As many as 60 different X-ray and endoscopic procedures were carried out altogether: ERCPG, EPST and dissection of pancreatitis duct entrances as well as nasopancreatic drainage and stenting. ERCPG discovered the pathology of major duodenal papilla in the form of stenosis of the common bile duct entrance and/or main pancreatic duct entrance in 25 (71%) patients. At the same time, the ultrasonic examination discovered the pathology only in 7 patients (20%). EPST was performed in 20 patients of 25. The dissection of the major pancreatitis duct entrance was carried out in 16 of them; the dissection of the additional pancreatic duct was performed in 1 patient; the external pancreatic duct drainage was conducted in 5 patients; the additional pancreatic duct stenting was carried out in 1 patient. Fifteen patients (75%) felt better immediately upon the surgery. Ten patients were followed-up from 2 months to 3 years; steady amelioration was observed in 7 of them. There were complications in the form of acute pancreatitis in 3 patients after ERCPG and in 2 patients after endoscopic surgeries. There were no other complications or fatalities. For patients with the painful form of chronic pancreatitis, ERCPG is an informative and relatively safe technique enabling to discover the stenosis of the common bile duct entrance and/or main pancreatic duct entrance in 71% of cases. Endoscopic surgeries make it possible to produce an immediate positive result in 75% of cases.

The aim of the study was to assess effects of H2-blocker of the IIId generation famotidine (quamatel) on the progression of acute and chronic pancreatitis and intensity of pain in patients with pancreatitis. 46 patients received standard therapy plus intravenous quamatel. Control patients received only standard treatment. It was found that intravenous quamatel relieves pain primarily within the first treatment week. Quamatel shortens duration of analgetics use, narcotic, in particular. It is thought valid to include quamatel in combined treatment of patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis.

Changes of anatomical structures and dynamics of cell composition have been studied in lymph nodes of one-month-old rats, vaccinated with typhoid vaccine and sexta-anatoxin, and of rats vaccinated in a similar way, but their mothers have been given tetracycline at early and late periods of pregnancy. After vaccination in 1, 3 and 7 days lymphocytic, blastic, macrophagal, plasmocytic; mast cells, neutrophilic and eosinophilic reactions have been observed in lymph nodes. In the offspring of the rats, that have been given tetracycline during preimplantation and implantation periods (the 1st-7th days of pregnancy) contents of small, middle lymphocytes, plasmocytes, macrophages, mast cells do not change. Neutrophilic and eosinophilic reactions are revealed only in medullary cords, that demonstrates certain inhibition of the immunological function. In the rats, whose mothers have been given tetracycline during embryogenesis (on the 15th-20th days of pregnancy) vaccination results in a considerable increase of the reactive state of the lymph nodes.

Tracheobronchial and mesenteric lymph nodes have been investigated in 120 embryos, fetuses and newborn (5-, 14-, 30-day-old) rats by means of anatomical, histological and electron microscopical methods. Prenatal influence of oleandomycin phosphate on development of lymph nodes has been analysed. Effect of the drug on the mother--fetus system produces certain reactive changes in the anatomical structures responsible for the barrier-filtration and drainage functions of the lymph nodes. The immunocytopoietic function is inhibited, as demonstrates certain decrease of lymphatic line cells.

Development of pregnancy results in a systemic reaction of the immunogenetic organs: the structure of both the central (thymus) and peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes) undergoes certain changes, beginning from its earliest stages (preimplantation period). Unidirection of the processes in the iliac (that are regional for the uterus) and mesenteric lymph nodes is stated. The reconstruction of the node occurs according to the reaction type at tissue allotransplantation, when hypertrophy of the thymus-dependent zone comes forward. During the period of the greatest manifestations of these alterations, however (the second half of pregnancy) the migration process of lymphocytes from blood into the lymph node is significantly inhibited. This is essentially clear in the iliac lymph nodes. The reconstruction of the thymus is in general similar with phenomena of accidental involution. However, accumulation of thymocytes in the medulla demonstrates blocking of their discharge into the blood stream. The disturbed processes of recirculation of result in incompleteness of the immune response at pregnancy and, perhaps, are included into the protective mechanisms of the offspring reproduction.

Full resistance to the virulent phage C1 in E. coli N68 is usually accompanied by decreased capacity for penicillinacylase production. For rapid selection of phage resistant mutants possessing penicillinacylase activity comparable with that of the initial bacteria a method was proposed. The method provided comparison of the penicillinacylase activity of the bacterial colonies grown on solid media with addition of phenylacetic acid as the enzyme inductor. A great number of mutants forming colonies on the solid medium in the presence of phage C1 was compared with the use of the above method and a mutant of E. coli N68-PR-I resistant to the phage with penicillinacylase activity equal to 68 per cent of that of the bacteria of the wild type was selected. Mutant N68-R-5 with increased resistance to phage CI was selected among the mutants of E. coli N68 resistant to rifampicin. The penicillinacylase activity of this mutant was not less than of E. coli N68. Phage CI can lyse the cells of strain N68-R-5. Still these bacteria possess a markedly decreased capacity for the phage reproduction.

In order to reveal temporal interrelations between the lymphoid organs (the thymus, spleen, lymphatic nodes) in embryogenesis and early postnatal period, the investigation has been performed on Wistar rats. The stromal and lymphoid cells have been studied by means of general histological, histochemical methods and electron microscopically. In the antenatal period, and development of the lymphoid organs goes through several stages which continues in the early postnatal period. Three stages have been distinguished in embryogenesis: I - firm germ; II - loosening of its stroma; III - migration of lymphoid cells. Formation of the stroma of the lymphoid organs precedes their functional differentiation. Migration of the lymphoid cells into the stroma takes place only after its loosening and does not occur simultaneously in different organs. The thymus is the first to develop; the greatest proliferative activity of its all cells is observed in the second half of the intrauterine development. The mitotic index has two peaks - on the 16th and 21st days of embryogenesis. B-zones have not been revealed in the lymph nodes and spleen of the newborn rats. They form during the postnatal period.

Tracheobronchial, mesenterial and inguinal lymph nodes of 15 mature rabbits which were subjected to inhalation of valatile products of fluoroplast destruction were studied. The action of this drug for 1-40 days activated the reactive centers of follicles. The amount of blasts, plasmic cells, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes increased in regional tracheobronchial and distant mesenterial lymph nodes. The prolonged action during 120 days resulted in decreased blasto- and lymphopoesis in the regional tracheobroncheal lymph nodes, depression of the reticular epithelium, suppression of the phagocytic and plasm cell reactions, decreased nucleic metabolism in the cells. Mesenterial lymph nodes retained their functions. The lymphopoesis in them and nucleic metabolism in the cells were intensified. The blastic, plasmic cell, eosinophilic and mast cell reactions were well pronounced.