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The brain is the organ that controls the activities of all parts of the body. The tumor is familiar as an irregular outgrowth of tissue. Brain tumors are an abnormal lump of tissue in which cells grow up and redouble uncontrollably. It is categorized into different types based on their nature, origin, growth rate, and stage of progress. Detection of the tumor by traditional methods is time-consuming and does not widen to diagnose a large amount of data and is less accurate. So, the automatic diagnosis of the tumors in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a very important role in computer-aided diagnosis. This paper concentrates on the diagnosis of three kinds of brain tumors (a meningioma, a glioma, and a pituitary tumor). Machine learning algorithms: KNN, SVM, and GRNN are suggested to increase accuracy and reduce diagnostic time by using a publicly available dataset, features that are extracted of images, data pre-processing methods, and the principal component analysis (PCA). This paper aims to minimize the training time of the suggested algorithms. The dimensionality reducing technique is applied to the dataset and diagnosis using machine learning algorithms, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), and Generalized Regression Neural Networks (GRNN). The accuracies of the algorithms used in diagnosing tumors are 97%, 96.24%, and 94.7% for KNN, SVM, and GRNN, respectively. The KNN is therefore regarded as the algorithm of choice.

Titanium and titanium alloys are widely spread in biomedical applications. The need to replace high-cost alloying elements is increasing, as well as the low biocompatibility elements. In the current study, the microstructure, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and cytocompatibility of the new biomedical Ti–14Mn–xZr alloys were investigated (x = 1.5, 3, and 6% wt. Zr). Homogenization, solution heat treatments, and cold deformation were applied. The results showed the predominance of the β-phase even after a high degree of deformation. The mechanical properties showed that Ti–14Mn–xZr have ultra-high-strength values that reach 1830 MPa with low elongation. Furthermore, the severe deformation by cold rolling and increasing the Zr content enhances the corrosion resistance of Ti–14Mn–xZr alloys. The cytotoxicity test shows that Ti–14Mn–xZr alloys have very high cytocompatibility with cell viability within 96 ≈ 99%, representing a potential alloy that can be considered for further development of bio-applications.

Normally, the BLDC motor drives a sensitive load which is severely influenced by such disturbances. The main aim of this work is to investigate the performance of BLDC motors when they are tied to weak grids. Thus, this paper presents a study on the performance of the BLDC motor under disturbed utility conditions and implements an efficient solution in order to guarantee a soft operation in the case that a BLDC drives a sensitive load. A buck-boost DC converter is merged with the BLDC drive inverter in order to be able to mitigate voltage dips as well as voltage swells. A short interruption of one or two phases of the grid voltage can also be mitigated. The BLDC motor is controlled via cascade PI-controller layout that has an outer loop for the speed control and inner loop for the DC voltage control. The PI controllers’ gains are optimized by using the ant-colony optimization technique and then implemented in a simulation model using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Six cases of disturbances have been simulated including balanced and unbalanced dips, swells and short interruption of one or two phases of the grid. Simulation results with various disturbances show the ability of the proposed controller to mitigate the grid disturbances with good transient and steady-state responses.

This paper represents an attempt to examine the effects of Cutoff Grade (COG) and Stripping Ratio (SR) on the Net Present Value (NPV) for the proposed gold mine in Hamama area, hence to attain best operating condition corresponding to the optimum COG and SR in the proposed gold mine. Discount Cash Flow (DCF) model has been established to calculate NPV by taking the change in the COG and SR into account. This detects the effects of COG and SR on the NPV of this project. The actual production and cost data of Sukari Gold Mine (SGM) of Egypt have been taken as an indicator in creating DCF for the proposed gold mine where maximum NPV results proved the optimum COG and SR.

Application of geostatistical techniques when evaluating mineral deposits could reflect some geological characteristics which help through the stage of planning and production. In the present study, an attempt has been done on two phosphate deposits at Elsebaiya area on both sides of the River Nile namely: Um Tondoba mine at Elsebaiya East area and Western River Nile mine in Elsebaiya West area. Depending on the available data, statistical analysis illustrated differences in the distribution of P2O5 % and ore thickness within the studied areas. Geostatistics used to start with constructing variograms for P2O5 % and thickness for the two phosphate deposits to be used with ordinary kriging models, also constructing cross variograms between P2O5 % and thickness to be used with cokriging models where the difference in the variogram parameters reflected a specific variation for each deposit horizontally and vertically. The ordinary kriging models and cokriging models illustrated different distribution behavior through both the two kriging techniques.

The acute toxicity of household detergent (Ariel) on blood parameters and histology of

The type of communication device is the computer and the process of communication via the computer and its allied components is known as Information and Communication Technology., {"references":["1.\tAgashe, L.: Evolving Programmed Learning Material for Ensuring Mastery in Biology for XI and XII Grades Students. Ph.D. (Edu.), Guru Nanak Dev University, 1995.cture notes for 10 year!). 2.\tBanathy B.H. (1994). Designing Educational Systems: Creating our future in a changing world, in C. Reigeluth and C. Garfinkedl (Eds.) Systemic Change in Education, pp 27-34. Englewood Cliffs: Educational Technology Publications. 3.\t Barank,M.(2006). Instructional principles for fostering learning with ICT: teachers prospective as a learners and instructor, education and information technologies,11(3)257/268 4.\tBarksdale-ladd,M.A.(1994)teacher empowerment and literacy instruction in three professional development schools. Gournels of teachers education,45(20),104/111 5.\tDanikhel, G.: Developing Instructional Material for Improving Reading Skills amongst School Students. Ph.D. (Edu.), Devi Ahilya University, 1998. 6.\t Dahiya,S.ICT-enable teachers education, university news,vol.43(18) may 2005.p/109-114. 7.\tKamat.V \"ICT initiatives in teacher university news,vol.43(18) may 2005.p/103-108"]}

Polyaniline–NiFe2O4 nanocomposites (PANI–NiFe2O4) with different contents of NiFe2O4 (2.5, 5 and 50wt%) were prepared via in situ chemical oxidation polymerization, while the nanoparticles nickel ferrite were synthesized by sol–gel method. The prepared samples were characterized using some techniques such as Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Moreover, the electrical conductivity and optical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. Pure (PANI) and the composites containing 2.5 and 5wt% NiFe2O4 showed amorphous structures, while the one with 50wt% NiFe2O4 showed a spinel crystalline structure. The SEM images of the composites showed different aggregations for the different nickel ferrite contents. FTIR spectra revealed to the formation of some interactions between the PANI macromolecule and the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles, while the thermal analyses indicated an increase in the composites stability for samples with higher NiFe2O4 nanoparticles contents. The electrical conductivity of PANI–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite was found to increase with the rise in NiFe2O4 nanoparticle content, probably due to the polaron/bipolaron formation. The optical absorption experiments illustrate direct transition with an energy band gap of Eg=1.0 for PANI–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite.

In this paper, we introduce the model of Bromsulphthalein (BSP) test whose components are BSP in blood, BSP in liver and BSP in bile with fractional order. Generalized Euler method (GEM) is performed to solve the problem. We compare fractional results and integer results with clinical data. The results show that the fractional or der is closer than clinical data than standard model.

Sugar beet leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola, is the most important and destructive foliar disease in North Nile Delta of Egypt. However, control of the disease in Egypt is mainly achieved by fungicide treatments. So, the control efficacy of two Sterol demethylation inhibitors (DMI) fungicides, tetraconazol (Eminent) and difenoconazole + propiconazole (Montoro), and one Multi-site activity (MSA) fungicide, benalaxyl + copper oxichloride (Galben), against C. beticola and their impact on sugar beet yield components were tested in this study. Fungicides were tested under natural field infection in four seasons (2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013) in commercial field at Sakha in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate. All the three fungicides suppressed Cercospora leaf spot significantly compared with untreated plots. However, there were significant differences in efficacy among them. The most effective fungicide was Eminint, which provided high levels of efficacy (from 95 to 96.5%) followed by Montoro which showed efficiency from 83 to 86%. Galben provided moderate control efficacy from 53 to 63%. Sprays with Eminint increased root yield, sucrose percentage and gross sucrose more than 90, 56 and 214 % respectively compared with the untreated plots. However, Montoro caused more than 70, 35 and 136% increases in yield respectively. Sprays with Galben provided less increases in yield components (up to 37, 30 and 80% respectively). Since fungicidal application considered as the main tool employed in sugar beet Cercospora leaf spot disease management in Egypt, the obtained results concluded that both DMI fungicides, Eminint and Montoro, were effective in controlling the disease. However, further studies are needed to determine the best application program to avoid appearance of DMI resistance strains of C. beticola.

Gemmeiza 12, a new bread wheat variety released by Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt in 2012, offers wheat growers a new choice for high yielding, and rust resistant variety. Gemmeiza 12 originated and selected from a hybrid made at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). The parentages and pedigree of Gemmeiza 12 are : OTUS/3/SARA/THB//VEE CMSS97Y00227S-5y-010M-010Y-010M-2Y-1M-0Y-OGM .Based on the results of 76 yield trials conducted during three successive growing seasons 2007/2008 , 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 and 73 verification yield trials through the three growing seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in addition to 22 demonstration fields during 2012/2013 growing season. The results proved the superiority of the new cultivar Gemmeiza 12 over most of the dominating wheat cultivars i.e, Sakha 93, Gemmeiza 9, Giza 168 and Sids 12 at Delta region and Middle Egypt. Moreover, the new cultivar yielded more than Sakha 93 at all locations representing Upper Egypt and Out Valley zones but its productivity was slightly less than Giza 168 and Sids 12 in both locations. The results obtained from the on-farm trials and the demonstration field assure the superiority of Gemmeiza 12 The new released variety was resistant to rust diseases especially both yellow and stem rust diseases. The flour of Gemmeiza 12 is acceptable for bread making since the protein content reached about 13% and the wet gluten percentage was 29.1%

The new promising bread wheat cultivar Shandaweel 1 has been selected from one of the advanced lines among the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center collections ( CIMMYT )grown in wheat research department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC. Egyptat Shandaweel Research Station. The grain yield of the new cultivar Shandaweel 1 was evaluated through 99 experiments conducted at four different levels; ( 8 macro, 56 micro and 35 verification yield trials)in 2005/2006, 2006/2007, 2007/2008and 2011/2012,seasons, respectively. Results proved superiority of the new bread wheat cultivar Shandaweel 1 compared to the commercial checks cultivars Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Gemmeiza 9 and Giza 168 for grain yield at North, South and Middle Delta and Upper Egypt regions. Moreover, the results of the verification yield trials ensure the superiority of Shandaweel 1 cultivar on the commercial wheat cultivar Giza 168 at North, Middle, South Delta and Upper Egypt. Alsothe superiority of Shandaweel 1 cultivar on the commercial wheat cultivar Giza 168 and Gemmeiza 9 at North and South Delta and the OutValley region was observed and recorded. Thus, we can highly recommended the new cultivar Shandaweel 1to be grow at North Delta, South Delta,Middle Delta, Middle and Upper Egypt and the Out Valley regions.

In this paper, a 2 to 5 GHz (116% fractional bandwidth), highly linear power amplifier – based on GaN HEMT- with an output power excess of 10W is presented. The load pull technique is used to reach the optimum performance within the useful bandwidth. Electromagnetic simulations are carried out to model the matching networks on the substrate. The design is optimized based on the results of these electromagnetic simulations. Wideband matching, together with stability circuits are adopted to achieve a flat power gain of 7.7 ± 0.75 dB over the entire operating bandwidth, providing optimal fundamental and harmonic impedances within more than one octave of operation. The designed power amplifier exhibits a small signal gain more than 7.85 ± 0.75 dB, third-harmonic intermodulation distortion products (IMD3) far below -35 dBc at an input power of 29 dBm over the entire frequency band, and a power added efficiency (PAE) better than 15%. Using a two-tone test bench with a frequency spacing of 100KHz, a maximum value of the output OIP2 and OIP3 are found tobe greater than 55 dBm and 45 dBm, respectively.

The newly bread wheat cultivar Gemmeiza 11 has been selected from a local cross made at Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, Wheat Research Dept. FCRI, ARC. Egypt, using the pedigree method. Yield evaluation was performed through 10 preliminary yield trials in 2005/ 2006, 65 advanced yield trials in 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons, 66 verification yield trials in 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 seasons in addition to 106 demonstration fields in 2011/ 2012 growing season. Results proved the superiority of the new bread wheat cultivar Gemmeiza11 compared to the commercial check cultivars Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Gemmeiza 9 and Shandaweel 1 in the most of different zones with a few exceptions . However, at the level of over all mean of the check cultivars across the locations at different climatic zones, the new cultivar mean yield exceeded significantly all the check cultivars means in both 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 growing seasons. Thus, we can highly recommend the new cultivar Gemmeiza 11 to be grown all over zones of Egypt. Moreover, the results of the verification yield trials ensure the superiority of Gemmeiza11 on the commercial wheat cultivars Sakha 93, Giza 168 and Gemmeiza 9 at North, Middle and South Delta, but at Middle Egypt its yield was less than the check cultivars Sakha 93 and Giza 168 and it was nearly equal at Upper Egypt. The obtained results of the new cultivar in the demonstration fields achieved 28.38 ard /fed in four governorates in Middle and South Delta compared to the mean of the five check cultivars which yielded 24.162 ard / fed with an increment of 4.128 ard / fed (17.46%).

The effect of film thickness on the structure and optical properties of thermally evaporated SnS film has been studied. SnS films with different thicknesses in the range 152–585 nm were deposited onto clean glass substrates at room temperature. X-ray diffraction study revealed that SnS films of thickness ≥ 283 nm are crystalline, whereas films of lower thickness exhibit poor crystalline with more amorphous background. The crystalline nature of the lower film thickness has been confirmed using transmission electron microscope and the corresponding electron diffraction pattern. The thicker film samples showed nearly stoichiometric chemical composition; however, thinner samples are deficient in S and rich in Sn. The optical property of the deposited films has been investigated in the wavelength range 350–2500 nm. The refractive index increases notably with increasing film thickness. The refractive index for the investigated film thicknesses are adequately described by the effective-single-oscillator model. The static refractive index and the static dielectric constant have been calculated. Analysis of the optical absorption coefficient revealed the presence of direct optical transition and the corresponding band gap values were found to decrease as the film thickness increases.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a major and increasing chronic disease in Western society, with a high mortality, morbidity and cost for unplanned hospital admissions. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring is required to detect Cheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR). We have tested a new wireless monitoring system and compared it with polysomnography (PSG) and respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) in six CHF patients with CSR in a sleep laboratory. The wireless system compared well with RIP for the detection of CSR but less well with PSG, which had unexpected but significant respiratory sensing errors that led to misclassification of the respiratory disorder present. The wireless system could be used to select CHF patients for better-customized treatment at home as part of a specialist-supported community telemedicine programme.

Current study is to develop the colon targeted matrix tablet using the natural polysaccharide sterculia gum as carrier and model drug ciprofloxacin HCl. The matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation technology using the various proportions of sterculia gum with carbopol 934 P, sterculia gum and ethyl cellulose polymer blends. Granules of all formulations were evaluated for rheological, post compressional properties and in vitro dissolution study in different pH buffers of pH 1.2 , pH 7.4 , pH 6.8 (saline phosphate buffer) without and with 4% rat cecal content in order to mimic GIT condition . Formulation SGC2 to SGC4 and SGE7 to SGE9 has released 13.6% to 38.9% in the initial 5h and released more amount of drug in stomach and small intestine than colon. Formulation SGC5 containing 45% of sterculia gum and 25% carbopol 934 p and Formulation SGE10 containing 45% of sterculia gum and 25% ethyl cellulose has released minimum 10.91 % to 13.04 % in the initial 5h and sustained the drug release up to 24 h and at the end of study released 75% to 79.99%. Formulations with 4% rat cecal content at the end of 24 h study drug released is 90.44% to 95.33% indicating higher amount of drug release is due to enzymatic break down of sterculia gum in the matrix tablet. Hence the above results conclude that the formulation SGC5 and SGE10 are potential in targeting the drug to colon to treat irritable bowel disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i11.12064 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(11): 376-383

The new promising durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef 6 was newly released from Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Egypt. Bani Suef6 has been selected from CIMMYT materials grown at Sids Agricultural Research Station. Yield evaluation was performed through 31 experiments conducted at different levels of preliminary and advanced yield trials during the three successive growing seasons from 2004/2005 to 2006/2007. The results revealed that the new durum wheat cultivar Bani Suef6 has high yielding ability compared with commercial durum wheat cultivars. Moreover, stability analysis for grain yield showed that Bani Suef 6 has better stability parameters in the three main regions for durum wheat cultivated in Egypt, i.e., Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Out Valley. Also, the results of rust diseases reactions cleared that Bani Suef 6 has high resistance to leaf and stem rust diseases. Studies on yield components of Bani Suef 6 revealed that the new cultivar had significantly surpassed the check durum cultivars in number of spikes/m2, number of kernels/spike and higher 1000-kernel weight confirming the contribution of yield components in improving grain yield of the new durum cultivar Bani Suef 6. Studies on number of days to heading revealed that Bani Suef 6 recorded 98.7 days to heading which was earlier than some durum cultivars and almost equal to the average of all cultivars (99.1 days). Similarity, Bani Suef 6 was the earliest in physiological maturity (147.7 days) while other durum checks ranged from 149.0 to 150.8 with an average of 149.7 days. Bani Suef 6 recorded the lowest plant height (101.0 cm vs. 106.0 cm for the average of other cultivars). Physical and chemical analyses of durum wheat grains showed that the new cultivar Bani Suef 6 had a higher score over the average of the other four durum cultivars in hectoliter (83.1 vs. 82), Semolina (77.0 vs. 76.6%), protein (12.9 vs. 12.3%), wet gluten (29.6 vs. 28.4%) and dry gluten (10.8 vs. 10.0%).

The present investigation was carried out to study the influence effect of colourd rice mixture on serum lipid parameters and hepatic enzyme activities in rats and effect of protein, total lipids, crude fiber and ash of rice samples.The data pointed to the following results: Milling processes led to decrease the percentage of protein, total lipids, crude fiber and ash of rice samples. Whereas it was increased the carbohydrate content in white rice samples. The total phenolic compound content (TPC) of Brown rice varieties had the highest value (1.6 and1.1 mg GAE/g) of Black and Giza 178, respectively, whilst milled rice varieties had the lowest ones (0,8 and 0.5 mg GAE/g). Antioxidant activity was determined in brown black, white black, brown and white Giza 178 extracts. The present study cleared that brown black extract had the highest the antioxidant activity among the investigated extracts followed by brown Giza 178, white black and white Giza 178 extracts. There are nine phenolic acids where identified. Ferulic acid was the major phenolic compound in all rice samples. Furthermore, the highest concentration of ferulic acid that found in brown black rice (4.82 mg/100g). Results of the biological experiment revealed that, the final body weight and weight gain of rats fed on mixture of brown rice and black rice were significantly lower, but food intake was higher compared with the rats fed on basal diet at the end of the experimental period (8 weeks), As for total Cholesterol (T.C), Low density liboprotien cholesterol (LDL-C) and Plasma Triglyceride (T.G) of rats fed on white rice dite were higher than other groups. Furthermore, HDL-C significantly higher in rats fed on mixture of (white rice + black rice) and (brown rice + black rice) diets compared to those fed on white rice and mixture of white rice and brown rice ones. The antioxidant levels in the rat livers ranged from highest in those fed on ( brown rice + black rice) diet, followed by white rice + black rice then white rice + brown rice . Whilst, rice had the lowest level . Finally, it can be concluded that, using brown and black rice have the pronounced effect for lowering cholesterol levels of the blood in experimental rats.

A new proton-conductive membrane (PCM) based on poly (vinyl alcohol) and ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4 complexed with sulfuric acid and plasticized with ethylene carbonate (EC) at different weight percent were prepared by casting technique. The structural properties of these electrolyte films were examined by XRD studies. The XRD patterns of all the prepared polymer electrolytes reveal the amorphous nature of the films. ac conductivity and dielectric spectra of the electrolyte were studied with changing EC content from weight 0.00 to 0.75 g. A maximum conductivity of 7.3 × 10−5 S cm−1 has been achieved at ambient temperature for PCM containing 0.25 g of ethylene carbonate. The electrical conductivity σ, dielectric constant e′ and dielectric loss e″ of PCM in frequency range (100 Hz to 100 KHz), and temperature range (300–400 K) were carried out. Measurement of transference number was carried out to investigate the nature of charge transport in these polymer electrolyte films using Wagner’s polarization technique. Transport number data showed that the charge transport in these polymer electrolyte systems was predominantly due to ions. The electrolyte with the highest electrical conductivity was used in the fabrication of a solid-state electrochemical cell with the configuration (Mg/PCM/PbO2). Various cell parameters ldensity, and current density were determined. The fabricated cells gave capacity of 650 μAh and have an internal resistance of 11.6 kΩ.

The effect of replacing vanadium by Cu2+ ion on the dc-electrical conductivity (σ) and I–V characteristics of (V2O5)0.7(GeO2)0.3 glass has been investigated at different temperatures. The conductivity value increases with increasing the concentration of Cu2+. The electrical conduction is interpreted on the basis of electrons hopping from reduced to unreduced vanadium and/or cupper ions. The I–V characteristic curves showed three regions of conduction, namely, high resistance state (OFF-state), turnover point with zero differential resistance region (∂V/∂I = 0) and a differential negative-resistance region. The turnover point is strongly dependent on composition, sample thickness and temperature. The switching data are discussed according to electrothermal model.

The new bread wheat cultivar Sids 13 has been developed by Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt and selected from one of the advanced lines among ICARDA collections grown in wheat breeding program at Sids Agricultural Research Station. The grain yield of the new cultivar Sids 13 was evaluated through 66 experiments at two different levels of yield trials (11 preliminary and 55 advanced yield trials) in the three successive seasons 2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, respectively. The obtained results proved the superiority of the new cultivar Sids 13 as compared to the local commercial cultivars, Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 9 in the main five regions of Egypt, i.e. North Delta, South Delta, Middle Egypt, Upper Egypt and Out Valley. Moreover, stability parameters for grain yield cleared that the newly bread wheat cultivar Sids 13 has better stability parameters in both South Delta and Upper Egypt regions and could be recommended for planting in those regions. Also, the results of rust diseases reactions proved that Sids 13 has high resistance to all tested pathotypes of the three rust diseases under local conditions.

Soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi cause heavy crop losses all over the world. Among tropical and subtropical land crops, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is an important crop followed sugar cane. A large number of diseases attack sugar beet plants in Egypt an all over the world .Of these, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii. This work was carried out under field conditions of Gemmeiza Agricultural Research Station, during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 growing seasons. In the present study, integrated management of R. solani of sugar beet using cominations of controlled amounts of pest-fighting micro-organisms to compost (Bio-pesticides) were effective in controlling the disease. A combined application of Trichoderma virdi or Trichoderma harzianum, Fusilede super herbicide and compost were the best. Using composted T. virdi + Fusilede superherbicide + R. solani followed by T.harizianum + Fusilede superherbicide + R. solani showed 82.05 and 81.64 % survival plants. Also, compost alone showed 59.55 survival plants comparing with R. solani control treatment(27.50). The results indicated that the application of these combinations successfully decrease severity and also increases the growth of sugar beet plants, sucrose and total soluble solids.

Twelve pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis from rusted samples collected during 2004/2005. These races were designated as 2 E0, 2E22, 6E0, 6E18, 150E82, 198E150, 198E156, 6E148, 6E150, 38E134, 230E134 and 229E223. Races 2E0, 6E0 and 2E22 were the most frequency ones. Most of the races exhibited high level of virulence on the local cultivars at seedling stage. The isogenic lines carrying Yr 6, Yr 7, Yr 8, Yr 9, Yr 12, Yr 18 and Yr A are considered to be susceptible at both seedling and adult stages. On the other hand, the isogenic lines carrying Yr 1, Yr 5, Yr 15, Yr 17, Yr 27 and Yr sp exhibited high level of resistance at both seedling and adult stages with the exception of Sids-7 and Sids-9 cultivars most of the Egyptian cultivars are considered to be resistant at adult stage. The resistant line can be used as sources of resistance in the breeding program to yellow rust in Egypt.

2-Thioxopyridine-3-carbonitrile derivatives 6a-c reacted with several halogen containing reagents 7a-d to afford the corresponding thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives 9a-l, respectively. Thieno[2,3-b]pyridines 9c, g,k used for the preparation of their corresponding carbohydrazide derivatives 10a-c which in turn, used as good synthons for the synthesis of N-phenylmethylenethieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carbohydrazides 13a–c, pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinones 15a-c, 16a-c and 17 and 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols 20a-c and 21a-c via their reactions with benzaldehyde or benzylidenemalononitrile, triethylorthoformate and carbon disulfide followed by hydrazine hydrate respectively. Considering the data of IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra, and elemental analyses elucidated the chemical structures of the newly synthesized heterocyclic compounds.

Significant progress has been made on maximising passive solar heat gains to building spaces in winter. Control of the space heating in these applications is complicated due to the lagging influence of the useful solar heat gain coupled with the wide range of construction materials and heating system choices. Additionally, and in common with most building control applications, there is a need to develop control solutions that permit simple and transparent set-up and commissioning procedures. This paper addresses the development and testing of a quasi-adaptive fuzzy logic control method that addresses these issues. The controller is developed in two steps. A feed-forward neural network is used to predict the internal air temperature, in which a singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm is used to remove the highly correlated data from the inputs of the neural network to reduce the network structure. The fuzzy controller is then designed to have two inputs: the first input being the error between the set-point temperature and the internal air temperature and the second the predicted future internal air temperature. The controller was implemented in real-time using a test cell with controlled ventilation and a modulating electric heating system. Results, compared with validated simulations of conventionally controlled heating, confirm that the proposed controller achieves superior tracking and reduced overheating when compared with the conventional method of control.

The short-time-horizon modelling of building thermal response is of relevance in situations where HVAC plant and control system analyses are of interest. In this precise area of building thermal modelling issues of model accuracy and computational efficiency become important. In this work a nonlinear constrained optimization method is used for reducing the model order of building elements. The approach involves minimizing the error between the step response of a high-order reference model whilst tuning the parameters of a lower order model in order to obtain an optimized reduced-order model. Results show that a reduced model based on a 2nd-order building element gives minimal loss of accuracy but significant improvements in computational effort when treating both high and low thermal capacity modelling problems.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used for modelling the thermal dynamics of a building’s space, its water heating system and the influence of solar radiation. A multi-layer feed-forward neural network, using a Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation-training algorithm, has been applied to predict the future internal temperature. Real weather data for a number of winter months, together with a validated building model (based on the building constructions data), were used to train the network in order to generate a mapping between the easily measurable inputs (outdoor temperature, solar irradiance, heating valve position and the building indoor temperature) and the desired output, i.e., the predicted indoor temperature. The objective of this work was to investigate the potential of using an ANN with singular value decomposition method (SVD) to predict the indoor temperature to shut down the heating system controller early for saving the energy consumption for heating inside the building.

A building space and its hot water heating system are simulated. Results are compared with field monitored data obtained from a building in use and an excellent agreement between the two is demonstrated. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on if-then control rules is designed and the performance of the FLC is compared with a commonly used proportional, integral plus derivative (PID) controller. It is found that the FLC is more robust and efficient than the PID controller in that the FLC is much less sensitive to changes in system parameters and results in lower system energy consumption.

In this paper, PlO-Like fuzzy logic control has designed to control the excitation voltage of a single-input single-output (SISO) turbogenerator system connected to an infinite busbar to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of these design approach. The performance of this controller is evaluated in comparison with a conventional proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller in simulation. Also, the performance evaluated from the responses to both small and large disturbances, including short circuit on the transmission lines. It is found that, the PlO-like fuzzy logic controller is much less sensitive to changes in the operating points of the system.

Signifirant progress has been made in recent years on the development of modular and generic simulation programs for investigating the thermal behaviour of buildings and associated HVAC plant and controls. However, many of these programs are inflexible for the specific analysis of HVAC plant and control systems over short time scales. The nature of this inflexibility is discussed and a remedy is sought through the development of a low-order lumped-capacity thermal model of a building space. This is expressed as a linear time-invariant state-space description. A non-linear dynamic model of a hot water heating system with feedback control has been added and results under open-loop conditions are presented. The model has the advantage of simplicity and computational efficiency. Results are compared with field-monitored data obtained from a building in use and an excellent agreement between the two is demonstrated, though this comparison is restricted to a north-facing building space with high thermal capacity.

Background and aims Microleakage has been identified as a significant problem with composite restorations because of interfacial gap formation which can result in tooth discoloration, recurrent caries, possible pulpal involvement and restoration replacement. Aim of this study is to evaluate the microleakage of self-etch adhesive system at the coronal and apical margins of class V resin composite restorations under stereomicroscope at 20× magnification. Materials and methods Class V cavities were prepared on the facial surfaces of 48 human premolars with coronal margins located in enamel and apical margins located in dentin. Teeth were divided into four groups: Group one—Xeno V; group two— G-Bond; group three—Clearfil S3 Bond; group four—control. After application of bonding agent and restoration, the teeth were subjected to thermocycling. The teeth were then immersed in 1% aqueous solution of methylene blue dye for 24 hours and sectioned to allow the assessment of microleakage under microscope. Results Coronal and apical margins were scored separately using a 0-3 ordinal ranking system and the recorded values were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann- Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Statistical analysis showed that there was less microleakage in Xeno V at coronal region and Clearfil S3 Bond in apical region, overall Clearfil S3 Bond showed less marginal permeability in both coronal and apical regions. Conclusion Specimens restored with the Xeno V and Clearfil S3 Bond adhesive systems revealed reduced leakage at the coronal margin. At the apical margin, Xeno V showed greater leakage than the other groups, except the control. Clinical significance In class V restorations restored with composite resin, the choice of material affects the microleakage and retention of the restoration. This study theorizes that the self-etch adhesives show less microleakage in the coronal area than the apical margin. How to cite this article Chandra PVR, Harikumar V, Ramkiran D, Krishna MJN, Gouda MV. Microleakage of Class V Resin Composites using Various Self-etching Adhesives: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(1):51-55.

Coupling of 2-(2-cyanoacetylamino)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (3) or 2-[2-(5-oxo-3-phenylthiazolidin-2-ylidene)]2-cyanoacetamido-4,5,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboximide (6) with various diazotized aryl amines in pyridine gave the corresponding aryl hydrazonopropionitrile derivatives. Some of the synthesized dyes were applied to polyester fabrics as dispersed dyes in which their colour measurements and fastness properties were evaluated.