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1. Recent progress of JT-60SA project toward plasma operation

Author

H. Shirai, K. Takahashi, E. Di Pietro, D. Abate, W. Abdel Maksoud, H. Abe, N. Aiba, T. Abe, M. Akimitsu, J. Ayllon-Guerola, T. Arai, J.-F. Artaud, N. Asakura, N. Ashikawa, L. Balbinot, P. Barabaschi, O. Baulaigue, E. Belonohy, A. Belpane, W. Bin, F. Bombarda, T. Bolzonella, F. Bonne, M. Bonotto, J. Botija, J. Buermans, S. Cabrera-Pérez, A. Cardella, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, J. Cavalier, M. Cavinato, M. Chernyshova, S. Chiba, S. Clement-Lorenzo, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, I. Coffey, B. Collin, V. Corato, A. Cucchiaro, T. Czarski, M. Dairaku, S. Davis, C. Day, E. Dela Luna, G. De Tommasi, P. Decool, L. Di Pace, M. Dibon, G. Disset, F. D’Lsa, A. Ejiri, Y. Endo, N. Ezumi, G. Falchetto, A. Fassina, P. Fejoz, A. Ferro, W. Fietz, L. Figini, T. Fornal, G. Frello, T. Fujita, T. Fukuda, K. Fukui, M. Fukumoto, H. Funaba, M. Furukawa, S. Futatani, L. Gabellieri, E. Gaio, K. Galazka, J. Garcia, J. Garcia-Dominguez, J. Garcia-Lopez, M. Garcia-Munoz, L. Garzotti, F. Gasparini, S. Gharafi, L. Giacomelli, G. Ginoulhiac, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, J. Gonzalez-Martin, R. Guillén-González, N. Hajnal, S. Hall, K. Hamada, K. Hanada, M. Hanada, K. Hasegawa, S. Hatakeyama, V. Hauer, N. Hayashi, T. Hayashi, R. Heller, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, S. Higashijima, J. Hinata, S. Hiranai, J. Hiratsuka, R. Hiwatari, C. Hoa, H. Homma, A. Honda, M. Honda, K. Hoshino, H. Hurzlmeier, M. Iafrati, K. Ibano, H. Ichige, M. Ichikawa, M. Ichimura, K. Ida, S. Ide, H. Idei, M. Iguchi, T. Iijima, S. Iio, R. Ikeda, Y. Ikeda, T. Imai, R. Imazawa, S. Inagaki, M. Inomoto, S. Inoue, A. Isayama, S. Ishida, Y. Ishii, M. Isobe, F. Janky, E. Joffrin, A. Jokinen, S. Kado, S. Kajita, K. Kajiwara, Y. Kamada, I. Kamata, A. Kaminaga, K. Kamiya, D. Kanapienyte, Y. Kashiwa, M. Kashiwagi, K. Katayama, Y. Kawamata, G. Kawamura, K. Kawano, Y. Kazakov, K. Kimura, F. Kin, M. Kisaki, S. Kitajima, K. Kiyono, K. Kizu, Y. Ko, K. Kobayashi, M. Kobayashi, S. Kobayashi, Ta. Kobayashi, To. Kobayashi, G. Kocsis, A. Kojima, S. Kokusen, M. Komata, K. Komuro, S. Konishi, A. Kovacsik, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubkowska, G. Kühner, M. Kuramochi, K. Kurihara, T. Kurki-Suonio, A.B. Kurniawan, T. Kuwata, B. Lacroix, V. Lamaison, A. Lampasi, P. Lang, P. Lauber, K. Lawson, Q. LeCoz, A. Louzguiti, R. Maekawa, T. Maekawa, S. Maeyama, G. Maffia, P. Maget, J. Mailloux, I. Maione, A. Maistrello, K. Malinowski, A. Mancini, G. Marchiori, J.-L. Marechal, V. Massaut, S. Masuzaki, R. Matoike, G. Matsunaga, S. Matsunaga, A. Matsuyama, Ch Mayri, M. Mattei, M. Medrano, A. Mele, I. Meyer, F. Michel, T. Minami, Y. Miyata, J. Miyazawa, Y. Miyo, T. Mizuuchi, K. Mogaki, J. Morales, P. Moreau, T. Morisaki, S. Morishima, S. Moriyama, A. Moro, H. Murakami, M. Murayama, S. Murakami, K. Nagasaki, O. Naito, N. Nakamura, S. Nakamura, T. Nakano, Y. Nakashima, V. Nardino, E. Narita, Y. Narushima, K. Natsume, S. Nemoto, R. Neu, S. Nicollet, M. Nishikawa, S. Nishimura, T. Nishitani, M. Nishiura, T. Nishiyama, M. Nocente, Y. Nobuta, L. Novello, F. Nunio, S. Ochoa, K. Ogawa, T. Ogawa, Y. Ogawa, S. Ohdachi, Y. Ohmori, N. Ohno, Y. Ohtani, K. Ohtsu, M. Ohzeki, T. Oishi, J. Okano, K. Okano, Y. Onishi, M. Osakabe, T. Oshima, V. Ostuni, A. Owada, M. Oya, Y. Oya, T. Ozeki, M.M. Parody Guzmán, R. Pasqualotto, S. Pelli, E. Perelli, E. Peretti, G. Phillips, C. Piccinni, L. Pigatto, A. Pironti, A. Pizzuto, B. Plöckl, G. Polli, J.-M. Poncet, P. Ponsot, G. Pucella, M. Puiatti, D. Radloff, V. Raimondi, F. Ramos, P. Rancsik, D. Ricci, S. Ricciarini, N. Richermoz, E. Rincon, A. Romano, P. Rossi, P. Roussel, G. Rubino, H. Saeki, A. Sagara, S. Sakakibara, H. Sakamoto, Miki Sakamoto, Mizu Sakamoto, Y. Sakamoto, A. Sakasai, S. Sakata, R. Sakurai, B. Salanon, A. Salmi, G. Sannazzaro, R. Sano, A. Sanpei, T. Sasajima, S. Sasaki, H. Sasao, F. Sato, M. Sato, T. Sato, M. Sawahata, A. Scherber, S. Scully, J. Segado-Fernandez, M. Seki, N. Seki, S. Seki, Y. Shibama, Y. Shibata, T. Shikama, K. Shimada, M. Shimono, J. Shinde, T. Shinya, K. Shinohara, J. Shiraishi, S. Soare, A. Soleto, Y. Someya, S. Sonoda, C. Sozzi, E. Streciwilk-Kowalska, H. Strobel, M. Sueoka, A. Sukegawa, S. Sumida, H. Suzuki, Ma Suzuki, Mi Suzuki, S. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, J. Svoboda, T. Szabolics, T. Szepesi, Y. Takase, M. Takechi, K. Takeda, Y. Takeiri, H. Takenaga, C. Taliercio, N. Tamura, Hiro Tanaka, Hito Tanaka, K. Tanaka, Y. Tanaka, K. Tani, H. Tanigawa, M. Tardocchi, A. Terakado, M. Terakado, T. Terakado, B. Teuchner, B. Tilia, H. Tobari, H. Tobita, K. Tobita, K. Toi, N. Toida, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, T. Tokuzawa, V. Tormarchio, M. Tomine, A. Torre, T. Totsuka, K. Tsuchiya, N. Tsujii, D. Tsuru, H. Tsutsui, M. Uchida, Y. Ueda, J. Uno, H. Urano, K. Usui, H. Utoh, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, R. Vallcorba-Carbonel, J.-C. Vallet, J. Varela, J. Vega, M. Verrecchia, L. Vieillard, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, K. Wada, R. Wada, T. Wakatsuki, M. Wanner, F. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, S. Watanabe, T. Wauters, S. Wiesen, M. Wischmeier, M. Yagi, J. Yagyu, M. Yajima, S. Yamamoto, H. Yamanaka, K. Yamauchi, Y. Yamauchi, H. Yamazaki, K. Yamazaki, R. Yamazaki, S. Yamoto, S. Yanagi, K. Yanagihara, S. Yokooka, M. Yokoyama, T. Yokoyama, M. Yoshida, M. Yoshimura, N. Yoshizawa, K. Yuinawa, L. Zani, and P. Zito

Subjects
JT-60SA, superconducting tokamak, risk mitigation measures, integrated commissioning, maintenance and enhancement, international collaboration, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Superconducting (SC) tokamak JT-60SA plays an essential role in fusion research and development by supporting and complementing the ITER project, providing directions to the DEMO design activity and fostering next generation scientists and engineers. Since the short circuit incident at the terminal joints of equilibrium field coil #1 during the integrated commissioning (IC) in March 2021, both EU and JA implementing agencies (IAs) have examined how to ensure safe operation of JT-60SA by mitigating the risk of possible discharge occurrence inside the cryostat. Based on the experience of the global Paschen tests, the IAs have established a strategy of risk mitigation measures, which is a combination of (i) reinforcement of insulation, (ii) avoiding unnecessary voltage application to the coil systems and (iii) immediate de-energization of the coils when deteriorated vacuum conditions are detected. Thanks to the considerable efforts of the Integrated Project Team members, the IC restarted in May 2023. After confirmation of the SC state of the coil systems (TF, EF and CS), the coil energization test and the plasma operation phase 1 (OP-1) started. The first plasma was successfully achieved on 23 October 2023 with a limited value of voltage and current applied to the coils. The plasma configuration control was also confirmed with low plasma current and low auxiliary heating power conditions. Based on the IO–F4E–QST collaboration, activities of JT-60SA have been shared with the IO and provided an important lesson for ITER assembly and commissioning, and will provide an outstanding contribution to fusion research at large. After OP-1, maintenance & enhancement phase 1 (M/E-1) starts from January 2024, in which in-vessel components are installed, and heating and diagnostic systems are extensively upgraded to allow a high power heating experiment planned in OP-2. In order to make the best use of JT-60SA, a newly organized JT-60SA experiment team will refine the research plan for the future high heating power operation phase.

Published
2024
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2. Reply to Comment on ‘Deuterium supersaturated surface layer in tungsten: ion energy dependence’

Author

D. Nishijima, M. Tokitani, D. Nagata, T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. Založnik, F. Chang, R.P. Doerner, M.I. Patino, M.J. Simmonds, M.J. Baldwin, and G.R. Tynan

Subjects
deuterium supersaturated surface layer, tungsten, nanobubbles, FIB, TEM, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

We reply to the comment by Li et al (submitted to Nucl. Fusion with this response) on our recent paper Nishijima et al (2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 126003). In this response, we address the existence of an incident ion energy, E _i , threshold for the deuterium (D) supersaturated surface layer (DSSL) formation with a newly conducted D plasma exposure experiment at E _i ∼ 20 eV. It is also further demonstrated, based on new experiments where the ion flux, fluence, and sample temperature are scanned, that non-kinetic (ballistic) processes play a role in the DSSL formation and growth. In addition, the effect of impurities in our plasma is discussed also with a new analysis of the surface composition made after a D plasma exposure.

Published
2024
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3. Validation of the plasma-wall interaction simulation code ERO2.0 by the analysis of tungsten migration in the open divertor region in the Large Helical Device

Author

M. Shoji, G. Kawamura, J. Romazanov, A. Kirschner, S. Masuzaki, M. Tokitani, and S. Brezinsek

Subjects
ERO2.0, Tungsten migration, Plasma-wall interaction, EMC3-EIRENE, LHD, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Tungsten migration in the open divertor region in the Large Helical Device is analyzed for validating the three-dimensional plasma-wall interaction simulation code ERO2.0. The ERO2.0 simulation reproduced the measurement of localized tungsten migration from a tungsten-coated divertor plate installed in the inboard side of the torus. The simulation also explained the measurement of the high tungsten areal density in the private side on a carbon divertor plate, next to the tungsten-coated divertor plate, by the tungsten prompt redeposition in plasma discharges for a low magnetic field strength in a counterclockwise toroidal direction. However, the simulation disagreed with the measurement of low tungsten areal density on the plasma-wetted areas on the carbon divertor plates, which indicated that the actual erosion rate of the redeposited tungsten should be much higher than that used in the ERO2.0 code.

Published
2022
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4. Evaluation of heat removal property in W/Cu/RAFM steel joint by using electron beam facility

Author

T. Yamashita, M. Tokitani, Y. Hamaji, J. Shen, H. Noto, S. Masuzaki, and T. Muroga

Subjects
W, RAFM steel, Divertor, Heat removal property, Electron beam, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

A reliable technique for creating joints between tungsten (W) and Reduced Activated Ferritic/Martensitic (RAFM) steel with a pure-copper (Cu) interlayer (W/Cu/RAFM steel) has been explored for developing the heat removal component in the baffle and dome of a divertor. The first joint sample of W/Cu/RAFM steel was fabricated by using a brazing technique described in our previous work. In this work, to evaluate the heat removal property, a joint sample was subjected to a steady-state and a repetitive heat loading test with an electron beam facility (ACT2). In the steady-state heat loading test, a step-wised static heat load with ∼0.7, ∼1.0, ∼1.9, ∼2.7, ∼3.6, ∼4.4 and ∼6.0 MW/m2 was applied to the joint sample. The temperatures on the W and RAFM steel showed a linear increasing tendency, as a function of the heat loading value. Also, in the repetitive heat loading test, a 30 s pulse width of 100 cycles was applied with a maximum heat loading value of ∼2.8 and ∼6.0 MW/m2. The obvious temperature excursion, while increasing the heat cycles, was confirmed at ∼6.0 MW/m2. After the heat loading, a major crack in the vicinity of the interface between the W and Cu was confirmed. This crack led to the degradation of the heat removal performance over ∼6.0 MW/m2.

Published
2022
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5. Deuterium supersaturated surface layer in tungsten: ion energy dependence

Author

D. Nishijima, M. Tokitani, D. Nagata, T. Schwarz-Selinger, A. Založnik, F. Chang, R.P. Doerner, M.I. Patino, M.J. Simmonds, M.J. Baldwin, and G.R. Tynan

Subjects
deuterium supersaturated surface layer, tungsten, nanobubbles, FIB, TEM, NRA, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Properties of deuterium (D) supersaturated surface layers (DSSLs) formed in tungsten (W), such as thickness, internal microstructures, and D retention, are experimentally investigated as a function of the incident ion energy, E _i . W samples were exposed to D plasmas in the PISCES-A linear plasma device in a range of E _i ∼ 45–175 eV, while other plasma exposure parameters were fixed: sample temperature, T _s , ∼423 K, ion flux, Γ _i , ∼1.2 × 10 ^21 m ^−2 s ^−1 , and fluence, Φ _i , ∼3.0 × 10 ^24 m ^−2 . High-resolution, cross-sectional, transmission electron microscopy observations confirm that (1) a DSSL forms even at the lowest E _i ∼ 45 eV, (2) the DSSL thickness, Δ t _DSSL , is found to decrease with decreasing E _i from ∼11–12 nm at E _i ∼ 175 eV to ∼5–6 nm at ∼45 eV, and to agree with approximately the maximum implantation depth calculated using SDTrimSP, and (3) high-density D nanobubbles with a diameter of ∼1 nm or less exist inside the DSSL, which is deemed to validate a theory-predicted vacancy stabilization process due to trapping of a solute D atom(s). Utilizing a D areal density of ∼4.2 × 10 ^19 m ^−2 in the first 14 nm from the surface at E _i ∼ 75 eV from nuclear reaction analysis and the measured E _i dependence of Δ t _DSSL , our previous laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data is updated: both dynamic and static D retention increase with decreasing E _i , and the D/W atomic fraction during plasma exposure reaches ∼0.3 at E _i ∼ 45 eV. A possible DSSL formation mechanism is proposed.

Published
2023
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6. Overview of tritium retention in divertor tiles and dust particles from the JET tokamak with the ITER-like wall

Author

Y. Torikai, G. Kikuchi, A. Owada, S. Masuzaki, T. Otsuka, N. Ashikawa, M. Yajima, M. Tokitani, Y. Oya, S.E. Lee, Y. Hatano, N. Asakura, T. Hayashi, M. Oyaidzu, J. Likonen, A. Widdowson, M. Rubel, and JET Contributors

Subjects
JET, ITER like wall, tritium, divertor, dust, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Divertor tiles after Joint European Torus-ITER like wall (JET-ILW) campaigns and dust collected after JET-C and JET-ILW operation were examined by a set of complementary techniques (full combustion and radiography) to determine the total, specific and areal tritium activities, poloidal tritium distribution in the divertor and the presence of that isotope in individual dust particles. In the divertor tiles, the majority of tritium is detected in the surface region and, the areal activities in the ILW divertor are in the 0.5–12 kBq cm ^−2 range. The activity in the ILW dust is associated mainly with the presence of carbon particles being a legacy from the JET-C operation. The total tritium activities show significant differences between the JET operation with ILW and the earlier phase with the carbon wall (JET-C) indicating that tritium retention has been significantly decreased in the operation with ILW.

Published
2023
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7. Tritium distributions in castellated structures of Be limiter tiles from JET-ITER-like wall experiments

Author

S. Lee, Y. Hatano, S. Masuzaki, Y. Oya, M. Tokitani, M. Yajima, T. Otsuka, N. Ashikawa, Y. Torikai, N. Asakura, H. Nakamura, H. Kurotaki, T. Hayashi, T. Nozawa, A.M. Ito, J. Likonen, A. Widdowson, M. Rubel, and JET Contributors

Subjects
JET-ITER like wall, tritium retention, beryllium limiters, castellation, deposition in gaps, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Tritium retention in the castellated structure of beryllium limiters used in JET with the ITER-like wall (ILW) during the first (ILW1), third (ILW3) and all three (ILW1-3) campaigns were examined and evaluated. Tritium was deposited on the surfaces inside the castellation grooves together with deuterium, beryllium, oxygen, carbon and small amounts of metallic impurities such as nickel, copper and tungsten. The tritium content after the ILW1 campaign was greater than after the ILW3 campaign. This is attributed to the steadily decreasing amount of carbon impurities in JET from campaign to campaign. The majority of tritium was retained in shallow regions in the grooves, up to 2 mm from the entrance to the gap. It was comparable on all sides of the castellation, i.e. no difference has been detected between the toroidal and poloidal gaps. Secondly, the tritium retention in the gaps was similar on all specimens independent of their position in the tokamak, while the retention on the plasma-facing surfaces clearly depended on the tile position. The tritium deposition patterns in the castellation were also compared with the deuterium distribution determined in earlier studies.

Published
2023
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8. Enhanced D retention in RAFM steel caused by D bubbles formed inside Cr-rich surface layer

Author

D. Nishijima, M. Tokitani, R.P. Doerner, S. Masuzaki, M. Miyamoto, D. Nagata, and G.R. Tynan

Subjects
RAFM steel, Deuterium retention, Bubbles, TEM, EDX, GDOES, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

To identify the cause for an enhanced D retention in RAFM (reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic) steels with decreasing incident D fluence, ϕD, CLAM steel samples were exposed to D plasma at a low ϕD ∼ 3 × 1023 m−2 in the PISCES-A linear plasma device. At this low ϕD, a Cr-rich surface layer with a thickness of ∼ 10 nm still remains, confirmed with cross-sectional EDX (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) elemental mapping. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) observations of a plasma-exposed surface reveal the formation of D bubbles inside the Cr-rich surface layer, while no D bubbles are seen in an unexposed surface. Furthermore, depth profiling using GDOES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy) detects D in the Cr-rich surface layer. These results demonstrate that the D retention at low ϕD is enhanced by D atoms trapped in bubbles created inside the Cr-rich surface layer.

Published
2021
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9. Investigation on tritium retention and surface properties on the first wall in the large helical Device

Author

M. Yajima, S. Masuzaki, N. Yoshida, M. Tokitani, T. Otsuka, Y. Oya, Y. Torikai, and G. Motojima

Subjects
The Large Helical Device (LHD), Tritium, Deposition layer, Thermal desorption, First wall, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), the first deuterium plasma experiment was conducted in 2017. To investigate tritium migration in the LHD vacuum vessel, long-term material probes were installed on the first wall before the deuterium plasma experiment. After the experiment, the microstructure and amount of tritium remaining in each probe were analyzed. The results showed that a relatively large amount of tritium remained in the probes on the first wall, forming a thick deposition layer, rather than in the probes located in the erosion-dominant area. In the deposition layers on the probes, the dominant element is carbon, which can be generated on the divertor tiles made of graphite. The result of orbit calculation of the energetic tritons in the case of the standard magnetic configuration in the LHD showed that approximately 40% of the tritons generated by deuterium–deuterium fusion reactions were promptly lost mainly to the divertor. Thermalized tritons also flew to the divertor along with the background plasma. The divertor tiles, on which the tritons impinged, were eroded by the divertor plasma, and carbon atoms and tritiated hydrocarbon molecules were generated and deposited on the first wall. This can be the dominant mechanism of tritium retention in the first wall. Among the material probes located in the erosion-dominant area, the amount of tritium remaining in the probe on which the energetic tritons impinged was relatively large. The results of the tritium balance analysis show that the first wall is not the dominant reservoir of tritium in the LHD.

Published
2021
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10. Influence of thermal shocks on the He induced surface morphology on tungsten

Author

Y. Hamaji, M. Tokitani, A. Kreter, R. Sakamoto, A. Sagara, H. Tamura, and S. Masuzaki

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

In this study, the effect of ELM-like thermal shocks on He induced surface morphology were investigated. A W sample was exposed to pure He plasma. He ion incident energy, flux and fluence were 80 eV, 1 × 1022 /m2/s and 3 × 1025 /m2, respectively. Irradiation temperature were approximately 470 and 1100 K. Then, thermal shocks were applied on the sample using focused electron beam. The peak heat flux, pulse duration and base temperature were 500 MW/m2, 500 μs and R.T., respectively. After the thermal shocks, He induced morphologies such as holes and periodic undulations were flatten completely at the region exposed to the highest heat flux. At the peripheral regions of the electron beam spot, the hole density increase or partial flattening of morphologies were observed. These results suggested that in order to anticipate surface morphology with He irradiation and ELMs, the peak temperature should play a more important role than base temperature. Keywords: Tungsten, Divertor, He induced surface morphology, Thermal shocks

Published
2019
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11. Demonstration of suppression of dust generation and partial reduction of the hydrogen retention by tungsten coated graphite divertor tiles in LHD

Author

M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki, and T. Murase

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Three sets of tungsten coated graphite divertor tiles (VPS-W tiles) were installed in the closed helical divertor of the Large Helical Device (LHD) instead of the graphite divertor tiles in the 2012FY plasma campaign for examining the plasma wall interaction (PWI) with divertor plasma. The first wall panels and divertor tiles of the LHD consist of stainless steels (SUS316L) and graphite, respectively. The carbon based mixed-material deposition layer including a very small amount of Fe element has been formed on not only the divertor tiles but also the first walls near the divertor tiles through the PWI processes. Such a mixed layer often causes undesirable influences for maintaining a long pulse discharge in LHD, e.g., changing the particle recycling properties and dust generation. After the single plasma campaign of the 2012FY, we confirmed drastic suppression of the mixed-material deposition layer on the first wall panels just under the VPS-W tiles. On the other hand, carbon based mixed-material deposition layer was formed on the VPS-W tile surface, where the amount of the hydrogen retention was estimated to be over ∼4 × 1021 H/m2. If we would want further suppression of the hydrogen retention on the VPS-W tiles, the plasma facing components should be replaced to a full metal wall to avoid formation of the carbon co-deposition layer. Keywords: Tungsten divertor, Dust, Hydrogen retention

Published
2019
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12. Tritium retention characteristics in dust particles in JET with ITER-like wall

Author

T. Otsuka, S. Masuzaki, N. Ashikawa, Y. Hatano, Y. Asakura, Tatsuya Suzuki, Takumi Suzuki, K. Isobe, T. Hayashi, M. Tokitani, Y. Oya, D. Hamaguchi, H. Kurotaki, R. Sakamoto, Hiroyasu Tanigawa, M. Nakamichi, A. Widdowson, and M. Rubel

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

A tritium imaging plate technique (TIPT) in combination with an electron-probe microscopic analysis (EPMA) were applied to examine tritium (T) retention characteristics in individual dust particles collected in the Joint European Torus with the ITER-like Wall (JET-ILW) after the first campaign in 2011–2012.A lot of carbon (C)-dominated dust particles were found, which would be pre-existing carbon deposits in the JET-C or released carbon particles from the remaining carbon-fiber components in the JET-ILW. Most of T was retained at the surface of and/or in the C-dominated dust particles. The retention in tungsten, beryllium and other metal-dominated dust particles is relatively lower by a factor of 10–100 in comparison with that in the C-dominated particles. Keywords: JET-ILW, Dust, Tritium, Imaging plate, Electron prove microscopic analysis

Published
2018
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13. Investigation of the distribution of remaining tritium in divertor in LHD

Author

S. Masuzaki, M. Yajima, K. Ogawa, G. Motojima, M. Tanaka, M. Tokitani, M. Isobe, and T. Otsuka

Subjects
Tritium measurements, LHD, Lorentz orbit following code, Full-combustion method, Imaging plate technique, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

To reveal the triton transport and the tritium migration in a deuterium plasma experiment in the Large Helical Device (LHD), the distribution of the remaining tritium in divertor tiles made of graphite after the first deuterium plasma experimental campaign in 2017 was investigated. In this study, tritium contents in divertor tiles have been measured by using a full-combustion method. The asymmetric tritium retention in divertor tiles located at symmetric positions, which was found in the previous study by the surface tritium measurement using an imaging plate technique, has been confirmed by the results of the full-combustion method. The asymmetry is considered to be attributed to the asymmetric distribution of lost-points of energetic tritons in divertor. A depth profile of remaining tritium in a divertor tile estimated by using a combination of the imaging plate technique and a sputtering treatment shows that the peak of the profile locates at several micro-meters from the surface. This result suggests that the majority of the remaining tritium impinged upon the divertor tile as energetic tritons. In this study, a distribution of lost-points of energetic tritons has been calculated by using a Lorentz orbit following code (LORBIT) with taking into account divertor components. The obtained distribution has been compared with measured tritium distributions on divertor tiles. The measured and calculated distributions are similar to each other, but they are not the same. The difference between them can be attributed to plasma exposures during and after the deuterium plasma campaign.

Published
2021
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14. Global distribution of tritium in JET with the ITER-like wall

Author

S.E. Lee, Y. Hatano, M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki, Y. Oya, T. Otsuka, N. Ashikawa, Y. Torikai, N. Asakura, H. Nakamura, K. Isobe, H. Kurotaki, D. Hamaguchi, T. Hayashi, A. Widdowson, S. Jachmich, J. Likonen, and M. Rubel

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Nondestructive analysis of tritium (T) distribution was performed by means of imaging plate technique on specimens cut from the Be limiters, W-coated carbon tiles and bulk W lamellae retrieved from the JET tokamak after the first and third experimental campaigns with the ITER-like wall. Afterwards, analyses were continued using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, microscopy techniques and thermal desorption spectroscopy. Co-deposits formed on the W-coated tiles in the 1st campaign showed large T retention because of high carbon content reaching up to 50 atomic %, while the carbon fraction in co-deposits after the 3rd campaign was distinctly lower. The T retention of the plasma-facing surface of the bulk W tile was smaller than that of the W-coated tiles by a factor of 20, while deposition of small amount of T was found at the side surfaces facing to the gaps in a lamella structure. The correlation of T distributions with surface morphology and the discharge conditions is discussed.

Published
2021
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15. Impact of seeded plasma impurities on D retention in RAFM steels

Author

D. Nishijima, M. Tokitani, M.I. Patino, D. Nagata, A.V. Golubeva, and R.P. Doerner

Subjects
RAFM steel, Deuterium retention, Impurity seeding, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

The effect of He seeding (He+ ion fraction, cHe+, of ~5 and ~10%) to D plasma (ion flux ~ 1.5–2 × 1021 m−2s−1, sample temperature ~ 373 K, and incident ion energy ~ 100 eV) on D retention in various reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels is investigated in the PISCES-A linear plasma device. The D retention, quantified with thermal desorption spectroscopy, is found to decrease with increasing cHe+. The He seeding leads to the formation of cone structures on the surface. Inside and below the cones, high-density He bubbles are observed with transmission electron microscopy, which are thought to be, at least partly, responsible for the reduction of D retention. The D retention is also reduced with Ar seeding, while N2 seeding results in a significant increase in the D retention.

Published
2020
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16. Thermal stability and evolution of microstructures induced by He irradiation in W–TiC alloys

Author

Q. Xu, X.Y. Ding, L.M. Luo, M. Miyamoto, M. Tokitani, J. Zhang, and Y.C. Wu

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Dispersion-strengthened W alloys, W-1%TiC and W-2%TiC, were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The thermal stabilities of the secondary-phase TiC particles and microstructures in the W alloys during thermal treatments from 100 to 1000 °C were investigated by positron annihilation techniques. The TiC particles were stable in both W–TiC alloys during the annealing process. Both alloys were irradiated by 5-keV He ions at 900 °C–1.8 × 1021 He/m2. Compared with commercially available pure W, the formation of He bubbles was suppressed by the TiC particles in the W–TiC alloys, and the extent of suppression increased as the amount of added TiC was increased. Keywords: W-TiC, Thermal stability, He irradiation, He bubble

Published
2018
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17. The role of the graphite divertor tiles in helium retention on the LHD wall

Author

M. Oya, G. Motojima, M. Tokitani, H. Tanaka, S. Masuzaki, and Y. Ueda

Subjects
Graphite, Helium retention, Global particle balance, Divertor, LHD, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

In this study, global particle balance of helium (He) long pulse discharge with graphite divertor in the Large Helical Device (LHD) and He retention in graphite from lab-scale experiments were compared in order to determine the role of the graphite divertor in He retention on the LHD wall. Global He particle balance analysis was conducted in long-pulse discharges in LHD with only turbo molecular pump. The analysis showed that static He retention was ∼2.9 × 1022 He and the ratio of retained He (= retention over fluence) was ∼0.45%. In the lab-scale study, He retention was measured by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) after ion irradiation or plasma exposure. The ratio of retained He were 0.1 ∼ 0.5% in all conditions, which was well consistent with LHD results. Therefore, it may be concluded that graphite divertor tiles have an important role in He absorption in the LHD wall at the initial phase of discharges.

Published
2017
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18. Effects of modified surfaces produced at plasma-facing surface on hydrogen release behavior in the LHD

Author

Y. Nobuta, S. Masuzaki, M. Tokitani, N. Ashikawa, D. Nagata, N. Yoshida, Y. Oya, M. Yajima, G. Motojima, H. Kasahara, M. Miyamoto, N. Ohno, and Y. Yamauchi

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

In the present study, an additional deuterium (D) ion irradiation was performed against long-term samples mounted on the helical coil can and in the outer private region in the LHD during the 17th experimental campaign. Based on the release behavior of the D and hydrogen (H) retained during the experimental campaign, the difference of release behavior at the top surface and in bulk of modified surfaces is discussed. Almost all samples on the helical coil can were erosion-dominant and some samples were covered with boron or carbon, while a very thick carbon films were formed in the outer private region. In the erosion-dominant area, the D desorbed at much lower temperatures compared to that of H retained during the LHD plasma operation. For the samples covered with boron, the D tended to desorb at lower temperatures compared to H. For the carbon deposition samples, the D desorbed at much higher temperatures compared to no deposition and boron-covered samples, which was very similar to that of H. The D retention capabilities at the top surface of carbon and boron films were 2–3 times higher than no deposition area. The results indicate that the retention and release behavior at the top surface of the modified layer can be different from that of bulk substrate material. Keywords: Hydrogen retention, Desorption, Redeposition, Long-term sample, LHD

Published
2017
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19. Wide-range evaluation of the deposition layer thickness distribution on the first wall by reflection coefficient measurements

Author

G. Motojima, N. Yoshida, S. Masuzaki, R. Sakamoto, M. Tokitani, H. Tanaka, T. Murase, D. Nagata, K. Matsumoto, M. Miyamoto, M. Yajima, M. Sakamoto, H. Yamada, and T. Morisaki

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

A simple method to evaluate the thickness distribution of the deposition layer formed on the first wall is proposed using an innovative measurement concept of the optical reflection coefficient, which is measured as the RGB (red, green, blue) value using a compact color analyzer. Analysis of the samples exposed to plasmas during an experimental campaign shows the relationship between the thickness of the deposition layer and the reflection coefficient, which is followed by the single layer model. The reflection coefficient clearly indicates the thickness of the deposition layer between 10 and 100nm. The reflection coefficients of stainless steel plates on the helically twisted coil in one of the 10 toroidal sections of the vacuum vessel in the Large Helical Device (LHD) are measured. There is almost no deposition layer on the inner side of the torus, however, the deposition layer reaches a thickness of over 100nm on the first wall near the divertor region. On the outer side of the torus, almost the entire area is covered by the deposition layer. Reflection coefficient measurements indicate that approximately 60% of the area on the measured coil can is coated with a deposition layer over 10nm thick, which suggests that this area plays a role in the wall retention. Keywords: Reflection coefficient, Color analyzer, Deposition layer, Wall retention, Helium

Published
2017
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20. Initial growth phase of W-fuzz formation in ultra-long pulse helium discharge in LHD

Author

M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki, H. Kasahara, Y. Yoshimura, R. Sakamoto, N. Yoshida, Y. Ueda, T. Mutoh, and S. Nagata

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

In order to confirm the formation of a tungsten fiberform nanostructure (W-fuzz) by helium plasma exposure in the large-sized plasma confinement device, the bulk tungsten with the size of 80 × 20 × 1.5 mm3 was inserted into the divertor leg position in the Large Helical Device (LHD). Then, it was exposed to the divertor plasma during the ultra-long pulse helium discharges with 10,190s in total. The width of the divertor plasma, incident ion energy and total fluence were expected to be ∼2cm, 100–200eV and ∼5 ×1025 He/m2 (strike position), respectively. The surface temperature of the tungsten specimen was monitored by IR camera. The typical surface temperature of the divertor strike point was estimated to be around 1900∼2300K. After the exposure, an initial growth phase of tungsten fiberform nanostructure (W-fuzz) was able to be identified on the tungsten surface. The finest initial growth phase of the W-fuzz structure was able to be identified on the central region of the divertor strike point, where retention amount of helium was estimated to be ∼8 ×1021 He/m2. This study is the first simultaneous evaluation of the W-fuzz growth and quantification of the helium retention in the large-sized plasma confinement device. Keywords: W-fuzz, TEM observation, Ion beam analysis, LHD

Published
2017
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21. Damage and deuterium retention of re-solidified tungsten following vertical displacement event-like heat load

Author

Y. Hamaji, H.T. Lee, A. Kreter, S. Möller, M. Rasinski, M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki, A. Sagara, M. Oya, K. Ibano, Y. Ueda, and R. Sakamoto

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Surface morphology and hydrogen isotope retention of W specimen melted with vertical displacement event-like heat load and subsequent deuterium (D) plasma exposure were studied. Applied heat loads using electron beam without raster scanning were about 190 and 230 MW/m2 in heat flux and 0.08, 0.12 and 0.16s in duration. After the heat load application, specimens showed apparent melting spots with grain growth or dense micrometer scale convex structure. Cracks were observed only in the part with the convex structure. D retention in the melted part of specimens was not significantly larger than in the reference specimen despite large changes of surface characteristics. Keywords: Tungsten, Retention, Melting, Divertor, High heat flux, NRA

Published
2017
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22. Application of optical reflectivity measurements to diagnostics for plasma facing materials

Author

M. Miyamoto, M. Yamamoto, T. Akiyama, N. Yoshida, M. Tokitani, and A. Sagara

Subjects
Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Optical reflectivity measurement is proposed as a convenient diagnostics method of surface modifications in plasma facing materials (PFMs) and its applicability to a plasma confinement device is evaluated. The optical reflectivity for mirror polished stainless steel (SUS316L) exposed to the Large Helical Device (LHD) plasma was examined with a spectroscopic ellipsometer. In-situ measurement of the reflectivity change under the glow discharge was also performed using a super continuum white laser. The detectable change of the reflectivity was observed and the level of the degradation depended on the location, exposure period and employing wavelength. Microstructure observation of the mirror surface revealed that the behavior of the reflectivity change correlated closely with the ion-induced damages and the depositions thickness in the vicinity of the sample surface. Thus, the optical reflectivity measurement is considered to be a possible method for convenient in-situ diagnostics for PFMs.

Published
2016
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23. Effect of impurity deposition layer formation on D retention in LHD plasma exposed W

Author

Y. Oya, H. Fujita, C. Hu, Y. Uemura, S. Sakurada, K. Yuyama, X. Li, Y. Hatano, N. Yoshida, H. Watanabe, Y. Nobuta, Y. Yamauchi, M. Tokitani, S. Masuzaki, and T. Chikada

Subjects
Hydrogen isotope retention enhancement, Mixed-material layer, TEM, TDS, XPS, LHD, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, TK9001-9401
Abstract

Effect of carbon based mixed-material deposition layer formation on hydrogen isotope retention was studied. The tungsten (W) samples were placed at four different positions, namely PI (sputtering erosion dominated area), DP (deposition dominated area), HL (higher heat load area), and ER (erosion dominated area) during 2013 plasma experimental campaign in Large Helical Device (LHD) at National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Japan and were exposed to ∼ 4000 shots of hydrogen plasma in a 2013 plasma experimental campaign. Most of the sample surface except for ER was covered by a mixed-material deposition layer formed by plasma experimental campaign, which consisted of carbon, but some metal impurities were contained. For ER sample, He bubbles were formed due to long term He discharge cleaning and He plasma experiments during the plasma experimental campaign. The additional 1keV D2+ implantation was performed to evaluated the D retention enhancement by plasma exposure. It was found that both of H and D retentions were clearly increased. In particular, the H retention was controlled by the thickness of the carbon-dominated mixed-material deposition layer, indicating most of the H was trapped by this mixed-material deposition layer. It is concluded that the accumulation of low-Z mixed-material layer on the surface of the first wall is one of key issues for the determination of hydrogen isotope retention in first wall.

Published
2016
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24. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author

Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. Ericsson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L. G. Eriksson, B. Esposito, S. Esquembri, H. G. Esser, D. Esteve, B. Evans, G. E. Evans, G. Evison, G. D. Ewart, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Falie, A. Fanni, A. Fasoli, J. M. Faustin, N. Fawlk, L. Fazendeiro, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, K. Fenton, A. Fernades, H. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, J. A. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Field, S. Fietz, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, P. Finburg, M. Firdaouss, U. Fischer, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, K. Flinders, N. Fonnesu, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Formisano, L. Forsythe, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, S. Foster, T. Franke, T. Franklin, M. Frasca, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, V. Fuchs, D. Fuller, S. Futatani, J. Fyvie, K. Gàl, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Gallagher, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, X. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garca-Munoz, J.-L. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, D. F. Gear, S. J. Gee, B. Geiger, M. Gelfusa, S. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Ghate, M. Gherendi, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, T. Giegerich, C. Gil, L. Gil, S. Gilligan, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, J. B. Girardo, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glöggler, J. Godwin, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod'ko, R. Gomes, B. Goncalves, M. Goniche, M. Goodliffe, A. Goodyear, G. Gorini, M. Gosk, R. Goulding, A. Goussarov, R. Gowland, B. Graham, M. E. Graham, J. P. Graves, N. Grazier, P. Grazier, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, D. Grist, M. Groth, R. Grove, C. N. Grundy, J. Grzonka, D. Guard, C. Guérard, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, C. Gurl, H. H. Utoh, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, A. Hagar, R. Hager, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. J. Hall, S. P. Hallworth Cook, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, C. Harrington, J. Harrison, D. Harting, F. Hasenbeck, Y. Hatano, D. R. Hatch, T. D. V. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, P. W. Haydon, N. Hayter, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, K. Heinola, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, W. Helou, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, S. S. Henderson, R. Henriques, D. Hepple, G. Hermon, P. Hertout, C. Hidalgo, E. G. Highcock, M. Hill, J. Hillairet, J. Hillesheim, D. Hillis, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, D. A. Homfray, J. Horàcek, G. Hornung, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, P. J. Howarth, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, M. Hughes, G. T. A. Huijsmans, C. L. Hunter, P. Huynh, A. M. Hynes, D. Iglesias, N. Imazawa, F. Imbeaux, M. Imrìŝek, M. Incelli, P. Innocente, M. Irishkin, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, A. S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, J. Jansons, A. Jardin, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, S. Jednoróq, I. Jenkins, C. Jeong, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, Jane Johnston, L. Joita, G. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, K. K. Hoshino, A. Kallenbach, K. Kamiya, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, I. Karnowska, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Y. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D. L. Keeling, T. Keenan, J. Keep, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kenny, J. Kent, O. N. Kent, E. Khilkevich, H. T. Kim, H. S. Kim, A. Kinch, C. King, D. King, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, A. Kirk, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, P. Knight, S. J. Knipe, S. Knott, T. Kobuchi, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, I. Kodeli, L. Kogan, D. Kogut, S. Koivuranta, Y. Kominis, M. Köppen, B. Kos, T. Koskela, H. R. Koslowski, M. Koubiti, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, N. Krawczyk, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Ksiazek, A. Kukushkin, A. Kundu, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Kwiatkowski, O. J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H. T. Lambertz, C. Lane, P. T. Lang, S. Lanthaler, J. Lapins, A. Lasa, J. R. Last, E. Laszynska, R. Lawless, A. Lawson, K. D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, J. Leddy, S. Lee, X. Lefebvre, H. J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, P. Leichuer, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, M. Leyland, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, G. Liu, Y. Liu, V. P. Lo Schiavo, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P. J. Lomas, J. Lönnroth, J. M. López, J. López-Razola, R. Lorenzini, U. Losada, J. J. Lovell, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, M. Lungaroni, C. P. Lungu, M. Lungu, A. Lunniss, I. Lupelli, A. Lyssoivan, N. Macdonald, P. Macheta, K. Maczewa, B. Magesh, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, T. Makkonen, R. Makwana, A. Malaquias, A. Malizia, P. Manas, A. Manning, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, Y. Marandet, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, M. Marinelli, M. Marinucci, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, L. Marot, C. A. Marren, R. Marshal, A. Martin, Y. Martin, A. Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, E. Safi, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, D. Samaddar, U. Samm, D. Sandiford, P. Santa, M. I. K. Santala, B. Santos, A. Santucci, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, R. Scannell, T. Schlummer, K. Schmid, V. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, K. Schöpf, D. Schwörer, S. D. Scott, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, S. E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, A. Shumack, G. Sias, M. Sibbald, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. A. Simmons, J. Simpson, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, A. Sinha, S. K. Sipilä, A. C. C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, M. Skiba, R. Skilton, K. Slabkowska, B. Slade, N. Smith, P. G. Smith, R. Smith, T. J. Smith, M. Smithies, L. Snoj, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α

Published
2020
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25. DAMAGING OF PURE TUNGSTEN WITH DIFFERENT MICROSTRUCTURE UNDER SEQUENTIAL QSPA AND LHD PLASMA LOADS

Author

M. Tokitani, S.S. Herashchenko, S.V. Surovitskiy, V.A. Makhlaj, Igor E. Garkusha, S. Masuzaki, Marius Wirtz, P.B. Shevchuk, N.N. Aksenov, S.V. Malykhin, S.I. Lebedev, Yu. V. Petrov, and O.V. Byrka

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, equipment and supplies, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas
Abstract

The cracking thresholds were evaluated for tungsten samples with different microstructure in the course of QSPA Kh-50 repetitive plasma loads. No damage has been observed on the exposed surfaces under 0.1 MJ/m2. Nevertheless, cracks were detected in the bulk of irradiated tungsten (with longitudinal grain orientation). Increasing heat load up to 0.2 MJ/m2 caused the damaging of all types of tungsten targets. The observed cracks propagate to the bulk mainly transversely and parallel to the irradiated surface. The effect of the subsequent exposure with LHD divertor plasma on the tungsten samples was analyzed. The obtained results are discussed.

Published
2020

26. Enhanced D retention in RAFM steel caused by D bubbles formed inside Cr-rich surface layer

Author

R.P. Doerner, Daisuke Nishijima, George Tynan, M. Tokitani, Mitsutaka Miyamoto, Suguru Masuzaki, and D. Nagata

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, GDOES, Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), TK9001-9401, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, RAFM steel, Deuterium retention, EDX, TEM, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Bubbles, Surface layer, Composite material
Abstract

To identify the cause for an enhanced D retention in RAFM (reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic) steels with decreasing incident D fluence, ϕD, CLAM steel samples were exposed to D plasma at a low ϕD ∼ 3 × 1023 m−2 in the PISCES-A linear plasma device. At this low ϕD, a Cr-rich surface layer with a thickness of ∼ 10 nm still remains, confirmed with cross-sectional EDX (energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy) elemental mapping. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) observations of a plasma-exposed surface reveal the formation of D bubbles inside the Cr-rich surface layer, while no D bubbles are seen in an unexposed surface. Furthermore, depth profiling using GDOES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy) detects D in the Cr-rich surface layer. These results demonstrate that the D retention at low ϕD is enhanced by D atoms trapped in bubbles created inside the Cr-rich surface layer.

Published
2021

27. Deuterium and helium retention in W with and without He-induced W ‘fuzz’ exposed to pulsed high-temperature deuterium plasma

Author

M. Tokitani, K.S. Klimov, V.Kh. Alimov, M.M. Kharkov, N. V. Volkov, A.V. Kaziev, V. S. Efimov, Yu. M. Gasparyan, O. V. Ogorodnikova, and А.G. Poskakalov

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Dense plasma focus, Divertor, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Pulse duration, Plasma, Tungsten, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, General Materials Science, Irradiation, Inductively coupled plasma, Helium
Abstract

In the present work, helium (He) was incorporated into tungsten (W) samples by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source above the threshold of He-induced W ‘fuzz’ formation on W surface. Then, W samples with and without nano-structured W ‘fuzz’ were exposed to pulsed heat loads using deuterium (D) plasma in quasi-stationary high-current plasma gun QSPA-T. The pulse duration was 1 ms and number of pulses was varied from one to thirty to simulate ITER transient events with surface heat load parameters relevant to edge-localized-mode (ELM) impacts. The irradiation was performed below and above the W melting threshold. The D and He retention in each irradiated sample was measured by a method of thermal desorption spectroscopy. We examined the impact of (i) ELMs-like events and (ii) formation of He-induced nano-structured ‘fuzz’ on the D retention in W. We found that the D retention was the highest for samples irradiated by plasma gun above the melting threshold after thirty pulses. Moreover, the D retention after 10 pulses of deuterium plasma gun exposure was higher than that after stationary low-energy plasma exposure at sample temperature of either 600 or 700 K indicating the dominate influence of ELM's-like events on the D retention compared to normal operation regime. The D retention in W samples with the presence of He-induced W ‘fuzz’ was slightly smaller than without that after one pulse of plasma gun exposure with heat load below the W melting temperature. The W ‘fuzz’ was not disappear in this loading conditions, only the length and thickness of nano-structured W fibres were reduced by factors of ∼4 and ∼2, respectively. The He concentration in W with W ‘fuzz’ was decreased by a factor of about 3 after one pulse of plasma gun exposure. The results obtained give possibility to assess the particle retention in divertor areas subjected to high thermal loads at different operation regimes.

Published
2019

28. Thermal stability of microstructures and mechanical properties in a Fe-based Fe-Cr-Mn-Cu-Mo multi-component alloy

Author

Z. H. Zhong, Qiu Xu, M. Tokitani, and K. Mori

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Component (thermodynamics), Alloy, 02 engineering and technology, Crystal structure, engineering.material, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Microstructure, 01 natural sciences, Chemical engineering, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, Thermal stability, Fe based, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract

A Fe-based multi-component alloy, 60Fe-12Cr-10Mn-15Cu-3Mo, was designed and fabricated for nuclear applications in the present study. The crystal structure of the alloy is a ∼85% body – and 15% fac...

Published
2019

29. Tritium retention characteristic in dust particles in JET with ITER-like wall

Author

T., Otsuka (Kindai University), S., Masuzaki (National Institute for Fusion Science), N., Ashikawa (National Institute for Fusion Science), Y. Hatano (University of Toyama), Asakura, Nobuyuki, Suzuki, Tatsuya, Suzuki, Takumi, Isobe, Kanetsugu, Hayashi, Takumi, M., Tokitani (National Institute for Fusion Science), Y., Oya (Shizuoka University), Hamaguchi, Dai, Kurotaki, Hironori, R., Sakamoto (National Institute for Fusion Science), Tanigawa, Hiroyasu, Nakamichi, Masaru, A., Widdowson (Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, UK), and M., Rubel (Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden)

Abstract

A tritium imaging plate technique (TIPT) in combination with an electron-probe microscopic analysis (EPMA) were applied to examine tritium (T) retention characteristics in individual dust particles collected in the Joint European Torus with the ITER-like Wall (JET-ILW) after the first campaign in 2011–2012.A lot of carbon (C)-dominated dust particles were found, which would be pre-existing carbon deposits in the JET-C or released carbon particles from the remaining carbon-fiber components in the JET-ILW. Most of T was retained at the surface of and/or in the C-dominated dust particles. The retention in tungsten, beryllium and other metal-dominated dust particles is relatively lower by a factor of 10–100 in comparison with that in the C-dominated particles.

Published
2019

30. Influence of Hydrogen at the Interface on Tensile Properties of Equiatomic FeCrNiMnCo High-Entropy Alloy

Author

X.Z. Cao, T. Zhu, Z.H. Zhong, Bo Wang, Qiang Xu, X.L. Ren, and M. Tokitani

Subjects
Materials science, Hydrogen, Alloy, technology, industry, and agriculture, Thermal desorption, chemistry.chemical_element, engineering.material, equipment and supplies, chemistry, Ultimate tensile strength, engineering, Hydrogen concentration, Composite material, Ductility, Hydrogen embrittlement
Abstract

This study reports the effect of the hydrogen's position in the lattice on the tensile properties of FeCrNiMnCo high-entropy alloy. We reveal that the hydrogen at the interface is the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of the material. We found that hydrogen alloying with a proper concentration makes the alloy resistant to hydrogen embrittlement and improves the strength and ductility of the material. This beneficial effect is positively correlated with the hydrogen concentration at the interface of the alloy, with hydrogen promoting the formation of nanotwins, which are excessively compensatory to the surface cracks introduced by the hydrogen.

Published
2020

31. An overview of tritium retention in dust particles from the JET-ILW divertor

Author

T Otsuka, S Masuzaki, N Ashikawa, Y Torikai, Y Hatano, M Tokitani, Y Oya, N Asakura, T Hayashi, H Tanigawa, Y Iwai, A Widdowson, and M Rubel

Subjects
Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

Tritium (T) retention characteristics in dust collected from the divertor in JET with ITER-like wall (JET-ILW) after the third campaign in 2015–2016 (ILW-3) have been examined in individual dust particles by combining radiography (tritium imaging plate technique) and electron probe micro-analysis. The results are summarized and compared with the data obtained after the first campaign in 2011–2012 (ILW-1). The dominant component in ILW-1 dust was carbon (C) originating from tungsten-coated carbon fibre composite (CFC) tiles in JET-ILW divertor and/or legacy of C dust after the JET operation with carbon wall. Around 85% of the total tritium retention in ILW-1 dust was attributed to the C dust. The retention in tungsten (W) and beryllium (Be) dominated particles was 100 times smaller than the highest T retention in carbon-based particles. After ILW-3 the main component contributing to the T retention was W. The number of small W particles with T increased, in comparison to ILW-1, most probably by the exfoliation and fragmentation of W coatings on CFC tiles though T retention in individual W particles was smaller than in C particles. The detection of only very few Be-dominated dust particles found after ILW-1 and ILW-3 could imply stable Be deposits on the divertor tiles.

Published
2022

32. Surface morphology of F82H steel exposed to low-energy D plasma at elevated temperatures

Author

Takumi Hayashi, N. P. Bobyr, V.Kh. Alimov, Nobuaki Yoshida, Yuji Hatano, M. Tokitani, and M. Oyaidzu

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Materials science, Morphology (linguistics), Scanning electron microscope, Analytical chemistry, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Transmission electron microscopy, Martensite, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Targets of Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steel F82H were exposed to low-energy (200 eV), high flux (about 1022 D/m2s) deuterium (D) plasma at 623–773 K to various D fluences in the range from 1 × 1025 to 2.5 × 1026 D/m2. The surface morphology of the plasma-exposed targets was examined with a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Cross-sectional observations of nano-structures formed on the F82H target surfaces were performed using a transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. It has been shown that nano-sized fiber-like layers are formed on the target surfaces under D plasma exposure. Micro-sized surface morphology pattern depends on the D fluence. As the D fluence increases, clusters of the fiber-like layers begin to be formed and organized into ordered structure.

Published
2018

33. Heat loading behavior and thermomechanical analyses on plasma spray tungsten coated reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel

Author

Koichiro Ezato, M. Tokitani, T. Hotta, Suguru Masuzaki, Masato Akiba, Mikio Enoeda, Akira Kurumada, Katsumasa Nakamura, S. Suzuki, Kazutoshi Tokunaga, K. Araki, and Makoto Hasegawa

Subjects
Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric-pressure plasma, engineering.material, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Coating, Heat flux, chemistry, Martensite, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, engineering, Brazing, General Materials Science, Composite material, 010306 general physics, Thermal spraying, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Tungsten coating with a thickness of 1 mm on reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel (RAF/M) F82H (Fe-8Cr-2W), which is a leading structural material candidate for DEMO, have been produced by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS) and Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS). Heat loading experiments on thermal response and fatigue using an electron beam have been carried out on W-coated F82H brazed on oxygen free high purity copper (OFHC) block with a cooling tube to evaluate their possibility as a plasma-facing armor in the fusion device. In addition, quantitative analyses about temperature profiles and thermal stress have been carried out using FEA. Thermal response experiments show that the temperatures increased monotonically with increasing heat flux. Surface temperature of the VPS-W/F82H/OFHC is always lower than that of the APS-W/F82H/OFHC. Surface modification, exfoliation and crack are not formed by thermal fatigue experiments up to 200 cycles at a heat flux of 3.2 MW/m2. Thermal response experiments under steady state condition have been successfully modeled by FEA. Interfacial strength of VPS-W and F82H is also discussed using the FEA results.

Published
2018

34. Erosion and morphology changes of F82H steel under simultaneous hydrogen and helium irradiation

Author

Yoshio Ueda, K. Yakushiji, Makoto Oya, Heun Tae Lee, K. Uenishi, Akio Sagara, Y. Hamaji, Kenzo Ibano, and M. Tokitani

Subjects
Materials science, Ion beam, Hydrogen, Mechanical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Atmospheric temperature range, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Surface modification, General Materials Science, Irradiation, 0210 nano-technology, Helium, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The use of bare Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steels has been proposed for the first wall in a fusion reactor. Thus, it is necessary to understand the erosion and surface morphology changes under direct and simultaneous hydrogen and helium implantation of RAFM steels under fusion-relevant condition. Experiments were performed at ion energies of ∼1 keV over the temperature range of 500–900 K, consistent with the anticipated operating conditions of the blanket region. The irradiation fluence was 1 × 10 24 m −2 and the He% in the ion beam was 0.5%. Mass loss was measured before and after irradiation to determine erosion. Surface morphology changes were observed by SEM/FIB. RBS was used to quantify the near surface W concentration. From SEM images, surface roughening was observed at T > 750 K and complex surface structures formed with peak-to-peak variation in the ∼μm range. Mass loss increased with increasing surface roughening but the loss for simultaneous hydrogen-helium case was systematically higher compared to hydrogen-only case. A corresponding lower surface W concentration was measured for the simultaneous case, indicating Helium has an important role in W surface enrichment process.

Published
2017

35. Effects of modified surfaces produced at plasma-facing surface on hydrogen release behavior in the LHD

Author

N. Ashikawa, Yasuhisa Oya, Hiroshi Kasahara, Gen Motojima, D. Nagata, Mitsutaka Miyamoto, Yuji Yamauchi, Nobuaki Yoshida, M. Yajima, Noriyasu Ohno, Yuji Nobuta, M. Tokitani, and Suguru Masuzaki

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen retention, Desorption, Redeposition, Long-term sample, LHD, Hydrogen, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, 0103 physical sciences, Boron, 010302 applied physics, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Carbon film, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Carbon, Deposition (chemistry), Layer (electronics)
Abstract

In the present study, an additional deuterium (D) ion irradiation was performed against long-term samples mounted on the helical coil can and in the outer private region in the LHD during the 17th experimental campaign. Based on the release behavior of the D and hydrogen (H) retained during the experimental campaign, the difference of release behavior at the top surface and in bulk of modified surfaces is discussed. Almost all samples on the helical coil can were erosion-dominant and some samples were covered with boron or carbon, while a very thick carbon films were formed in the outer private region. In the erosion-dominant area, the D desorbed at much lower temperatures compared to that of H retained during the LHD plasma operation. For the samples covered with boron, the D tended to desorb at lower temperatures compared to H. For the carbon deposition samples, the D desorbed at much higher temperatures compared to no deposition and boron-covered samples, which was very similar to that of H. The D retention capabilities at the top surface of carbon and boron films were 2–3 times higher than no deposition area. The results indicate that the retention and release behavior at the top surface of the modified layer can be different from that of bulk substrate material. Keywords: Hydrogen retention, Desorption, Redeposition, Long-term sample, LHD

Published
2017

36. Material migration in W and Mo during bubble growth and fuzz formation

Author

Daisuke Nishijima, M. I. Patino, J.H. Yu, R.P. Doerner, M. Tokitani, and D. Nagata

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Bubble, Composite material, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

Growth of helium (He) induced bubbles and fuzz in tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) is investigated using samples of W films on Mo substrates and Mo films on W substrates exposed to He-containing plasma in the temperature range of 340 to 1075 K, fluence range of 1.0–14 × 1025 He·m−2, and incident ion energy of T s/T m ∼ 0.27–0.5 where T s and T m are the sample exposure and material melting temperatures, respectively. Larger He bubbles, more material mixing, and further-developed fuzz occur at higher temperature due to increased mobility of He atoms and small He clusters. Accumulation of substrate material at the surface of fuzzy W and Mo thin-film (

Published
2021

37. Advanced multi-step brazing for fabrication of a divertor heat removal component

Author

M. Tokitani, Y. Hamaji, Y. Hiraoka, S. Masuzaki, H. Tamura, H. Noto, T. Tanaka, T. Tsuneyoshi, Y. Tsuji, T. Muroga, A. Sagara, and the FFHR Design Group

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fabrication, chemistry, Component (UML), Divertor, Metallurgy, Copper alloy, Brazing, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The advanced fabrication method named advanced multi-step brazing (AMSB) has been developed for fabrication of a tungsten (W)/copper alloy divertor heat removal component in a fusion reactor. The principle of AMSB is repetitive application of the advanced brazing technique (ABT). The ABT was originally developed in our previous work for jointing of W and oxide dispersion strengthened copper alloy (ODS-Cu: GlidCop®) with the BNi-6 (Ni-11%P) filler material. The special feature of the AMSB is that the leak-tight joint of GlidCop® (GlidCop®/GlidCop®) and of stainless steel (SUS) and GlidCop® (SUS/GlidCop®) can be realized by application of the ABT. Therefore, the AMSB enables production of a leak-tight sealing structure with the appropriate lid material such as GlidCop® or SUS for a pre-processed rectangle-shaped cooling flow path channel. The rectangle-shaped cooling flow path channel has an advantage regarding its heat removal capability. Another special feature of the AMSB is that the physical properties of the AMSB joint has strong tolerance against the repetitive brazing heat cycle. Thus, repetitive application of the ABT does not cause any undesired effects on the leak tightness of the GlidCop®/GlidCop® and the SUS/GlidCop®. The new AMSB type component with the rectangle-shaped fluid flow path and the V-shaped staggered rib structure were successfully produced; therein a pre-processed rectangle-shaped cooling flow path channel was sealed with a GlidCop® and SUS lid structure with leak-tight conditions. The component showed excellent heat removal capability under reactor-relevant conditions with ∼30 MW m−2.

Published
2021

39. Surface modification and sputtering erosion of reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel F82H exposed to low-energy, high flux deuterium plasma

Author

V.Kh. Alimov, Hideo Watanabe, Nobuaki Yoshida, Yuji Hatano, M. Oyaidzu, M. Tokitani, and Takumi Hayashi

Subjects
Reduced activation ferritic martensitic steel, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Yield (engineering), Materials science, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Metallurgy, Analytical chemistry, Sputtering erosion, Plasma, Deuterium plasma, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, Sputtering, Martensite, 0103 physical sciences, Erosion, Surface modification, Surface morphology, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Targets prepared from Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic (RAFM) steel F82H were exposed to low-energy (200 eV) deuterium (D) plasma at various temperatures with highfluxes of about 1022 D/m2s to various fluences in the range from 1025 to 2.5 × 1026 D/m2. Under the plasma exposure, micro-structured layers are formed on the target surfaces, and the surface morphology is dependent on the exposure temperature. The erosion yield of the F82H samples increases by a factor of about two as the exposure temperature rises in the range from 403 to 773 K.

Published
2016

40. Modifications of WNOx films by keV D and H ions

Author

Noriyasu Ohno, Masao Sataka, Bun Tsuchiya, Satoru Okayasu, Noriaki Matsunami, and M. Tokitani

Subjects
Materials science, Analytical chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Fluence, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Ion, Elastic recoil detection, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Nuclear reaction analysis, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Irradiation, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy, Deposition (law)
Abstract

We have investigated modification of WNOx films (thickness of 20–80 nm) by D and H ions with the energy of ~1 keV, where D and H ions are retained within the film and compared with the results by medium-energy and high-energy (~1 MeV/u) ion irradiation. WNOx films are prepared on C-plane-cut-sapphire (C-Al2O3) substrate. The composition x is determined to be ~0.4 and the film thickness by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) of He+ ions. X-ray diffraction with Cu- Kα radiation (XRD) is employed to study structural modification. We find monotonic decrease of the XRD intensity with D and H ion fluence, and lattice expansion and compaction for low and high D fluence, respectively. D and H retention is measured by nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) using 15N and 3He ion beams, and elastic recoil detection (ERD). It is discussed whether effects of energy deposition by ions can be separated from inclusion effects of D and H.

Published
2020

41. Material mixing during fuzz formation in W and Mo

Author

M. Tokitani, Daisuke Nishijima, R.P. Doerner, D. Nagata, and M. I. Patino

Subjects
Materials science, Chemical engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Mathematical Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Mixing (physics)
Published
2020

43. Plasma wall interaction in long-pulse helium discharge in LHD – Microscopic modification of the wall surface and its impact on particle balance and impurity generation

Author

N. Ashikawa, Mamoru Shoji, Gen Motojima, Nobuaki Yoshida, Takashi Mutoh, Hiroshi Kasahara, M. Tokitani, Shinji Nagata, Suguru Masuzaki, Hiroshi Yamada, Yoshio Ueda, Kazunobu Nagasaki, and Y. Yoshimura

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Chemistry, Cyclotron, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Electron, law.invention, Large Helical Device, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Radiation damage, Deposition (phase transition), Particle, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Helium
Abstract

Ultra-long-pulse helium discharge with ion and electron cyclotron heating (ICH + ECH) in the Large Helical Device (LHD) was achieved in a 48 min plasma (ne ∼ 1.2 × 1019 m−3, Ti,e ∼ 2 keV) with an average heating power of 1.2 MW. The temperature of the first-wall surface during discharges remained at nearly room temperature. However, even in ultra-long-pulse helium discharge, the discharge conditions cannot be said to be in a steady-state, because of two major issues interrupting the steady-state condition. One is the “dynamic change of the wall pumping rate” and the other is the “termination of the discharge with the exfoliation of the mixed-material deposition layers.” Microscopic modifications, such as helium radiation damage and the formation of the mixed-material deposition layers composed of C (∼98%) and Fe (∼2%), on the plasma facing components (PFMs) were clarified to possibly influence the major issues.

Published
2015

44. Effect of the RF wall conditioning on the high performance plasmas in the Large Helical Device

Author

Y. Takeiri, Hiroshi Kasahara, M. Osakabe, Keisuke Fujii, Takashi Mutoh, Kenji Saito, K. Nagaoka, Sadayoshi Murakami, Tetsuo Seki, Hiromi Takahashi, H. Nakano, Ryosuke Seki, M. Tokitani, Suguru Masuzaki, and Shuji Kamio

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron density, Cyclotron, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Electron cyclotron resonance, Magnetic field, law.invention, Large Helical Device, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, General Materials Science, Radio frequency, Atomic physics, Helium
Abstract

The wall conditioning using radio frequency (RF) plasma was carried out using Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequency (ICRF) heating and/or Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) with the working gas of helium under the established confinement magnetic field. After sufficient numbers of repetitive wall discharge conditioning (DC, ICDC for ICRF and ECDC for ECRH), the formation of the parabolic electron density profile and the increase of the central ion temperature Ti were observed. There was no difference in the attained central Ti of the NBI discharge just after the conditioning using a similar value of input energy regardless of the applied RF source. Thus, it is concluded that both ICDC and the ECDC are effective for the higher Ti plasma production under the established magnetic field in the Large Helical Device. The effective RF wall conditioning scenarios are also investigated for high Ti plasma production.

Published
2015

45. Global helium particle balance in LHD

Author

Makoto I. Kobayashi, T. Akiyama, M. Tokitani, Hiroshi Yamada, Gen Motojima, Suguru Masuzaki, Takashi Mutoh, Hiroshi Kasahara, Y. Yoshimura, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Tomohiro Morisaki, Noriyasu Ohno, and J. Miyazawa

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Divertor, Cyclotron, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, law.invention, Pulse (physics), Large Helical Device, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Particle, General Materials Science, Atomic physics, Carbon, Helium
Abstract

Global helium particle balance in long-pulse discharges is analyzed for the first time in the Large Helical Device (LHD) with the plasma-facing components of the first wall and the divertor tiles composed of stainless steel and carbon, respectively. During the 2-min discharge sustained by ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) and electron cyclotron heating (ECH), helium is observed to be highly retained in the wall (regarded as both the first wall and the divertor tiles). Almost all (about 96%) puffed helium particles (1.3 × 1022 He) are absorbed in the wall near the end of the discharge. Even though a dynamic retention is eliminated, 56% is still absorbed. The analysis is also applied to longer pulse discharges over 40 min by ICRH and ECH, indicating that the helium wall retention is dynamically changed in time. At the initial phase of the discharge, a mechanism for adsorbing helium other than dynamical retention is invoked.

Published
2015

46. Preparation of erosion and deposition investigations on plasma facing components in Wendelstein 7-X

Author

S. Brezinsek, M. Tokitani, G. Ehrke, Suguru Masuzaki, Martin Laux, Olaf Neubauer, Gen Motojima, Dirk Naujoks, A. Dudek, M. Yajima, T. Braeuer, Armin Manhard, Cristian Ruset, M. Mayer, J. W. Coenen, M. Balden, Thomas Schwarz-Selinger, R. König, Dag Hathiramani, R. Neu, T. Sunn Pedersen, S. Klose, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Unterberg, M. Rack, Chandra Prakash Dhard, and W7-X Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society

Subjects
Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Divertor, Shields, Baffle, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Heat shield, Deposition (phase transition), ddc:530, Wendelstein 7-X, 010306 general physics, Mathematical Physics, Stellarator
Abstract

In the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator with its twisted magnetic geometry the investigation of plasma wall interaction processes in 3D plasma configurations is an important research subject. For the upcoming operation phase i.e. OP1.2, three different types of material probes have been installed within the plasma vessel for the erosion/deposition investigations in selected areas with largely different expected heat load levels, namely, ≤10 MW m−2 at the test divertor units (TDU), ≤500 kW m−2 at the baffles, heat shields and toroidal closures and ≤100 kW m−2 at the stainless steel wall panels. These include 18 exchangeable target elements at TDU, about 30 000 screw heads at graphite tiles and 44 wafer probes on wall panels, coated with marker layers. The layer thicknesses, surface morphologies and the impurity contents were pre-characterized by different techniques and subjected to various qualification tests. The positions of these probes were fixed based on the strike line locations on the divertor predicted by field line diffusion and EMC3/EIRENE modeling calculations for the OP1.2 plasma configurations and availability of locations on panels in direct view of the plasma. After the first half of the operation phase i.e. OP1.2a the probes will be removed to determine the erosion/deposition pattern by post-mortem analysis and replaced by a new set for the second half of the operation phase, OP1.2b.

Published
2017
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47. Overview of the JET results in support to ITER

Author

Alfredo Pironti, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, Sean Conroy, J. Uljanovs, D. Middleton-Gear, G. Possnert, C. Angioni, R. McAdams, Nicholas Watkins, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, A. Garcia-Carrasco, K. Gałązka, D. Nodwell, Pasquale Gaudio, R.A. Pitts, Svetlana V. Ratynskaia, Seppo Koivuranta, O. J. Kwon, C. Boyd, A. Boboc, M. Reinhart, Igor Lengar, Jarrod Leddy, Hiroyasu Utoh, J. H. Ahn, A. Stevens, J. Lönnroth, U. Kruezi, C. Guillemaut, N. Fonnesu, W. Studholme, Marek Rubel, P. Cahyna, O. McCormack, A. S. Jacobsen, D. Mazon, Gunta Kizane, N. Ashikawa, William Tang, J. Goff, F. Nespoli, Thomas Giegerich, G. Petravich, Angela Busse, Corneliu Porosnicu, M. Bigi, M. Wheatley, Christopher N. Bowman, J. Zacks, Ivan Calvo, U. Losada, H. Weisen, B. Bauvir, Stanislas Pamela, Sylvain Brémond, M.F. Stamp, Scott W. McIntosh, A. Rakha, S. Glöggler, V. Braic, C. Bottereau, S. Murphy, S. Knott, Luigi Fortuna, P. Bunting, N. Vora, S. D. Scott, A. Lazaros, R. Dejarnac, P. Buratti, H.R. Strauss, Gabriele Croci, M. Nocente, A. Hollingsworth, S. Reynolds, D. J. Wilson, D. D. Brown, T.C. Luce, S. Zoletnik, E. Nilsson, L. Laguardia, O. Marchuk, F.P. Orsitto, E. Cecil, V. Huber, J. B. Girardo, Stylianos Varoutis, M. D. Axton, Hyun-Tae Kim, E. Safi, Ch. Day, S. Arshad, J. Rzadkiewicz, P. Prior, A. Meigs, S. Esquembri, P. Gohil, K. Purahoo, Torbjörn Hellsten, N. Tipton, R. Guirlet, E. Joffrin, V. Aldred, Calin Besliu, M. Valentinuzzi, G. T. Jones, J. Edwards, Giuseppe Ambrosino, Laurent Marot, N. Lam, F. Crisanti, G. Verona Rinati, R. Marshal, Michael L. Brown, D. Frigione, D. Chandra, Michaele Freisinger, R. Olney, Jari Varje, S. Whetham, F. Parra Diaz, M. R. Hough, P. Dinca, F. Salzedas, A. Goodyear, R. Gowland, J. A. Wilson, J. Horacek, D. King, K. Flinders, I. R. Merrigan, M. Ghate, R. Michling, F. Saint-Laurent, G. Kocsis, D. Van Eester, C. Young, R. O. Dendy, A. Meakins, N. Pace, C. L. Hunter, D. Alegre, S. Foster, V. Riccardo, M. Bulman, C. Jeong, Marek Szawlowski, B. D. Whitehead, Vasily Kiptily, James Harrison, Hiroshi Tojo, G. T. A. Huijsmans, J. W. Coenen, X. Litaudon, Justin Williams, C. Hidalgo, S. Lesnoj, I.E. Day, A. W. Morris, R. Mooney, Yann Corre, S. Brezinsek, B. Gonçalves, M. Kresina, D. Coombs, F. Köchl, J. L. Gardarein, W. Davis, Aqsa Shabbir, Kanti M. Aggarwal, L. Colas, A. B. Kukushkin, Seppo Sipilä, Elisabeth Rachlew, Leena Aho-Mantila, O. G. Pompilian, E. Viezzer, Shane Cooper, Fabio Villone, P. Blanchard, Patrick Tamain, P. Camp, T. Szabolics, C. Luna, Kalle Heinola, H. G. Esser, V. Bobkov, James Buchanan, Andrew West, Hajime Urano, Roberta Lima Gomes, J.P. Coad, Th. Pütterich, A. Sinha, S. Hollis, R. D. Wood, G. D. Ewart, F. S. Griph, T. Kobuchi, X. Lefebvre, S. Warder, A.J. Thornton, S. Peschanyi, B. Graham, Giuseppe Telesca, M. Kempenaars, J. Bernardo, M. Hughes, Eva Belonohy, S. Schmuck, Kai Nordlund, T. J. Smith, P. Hertout, K. D. Lawson, M. Brix, Matthew Sibbald, Grégoire Hornung, C. Tame, Matthew Carr, S. Wray, P. T. Doyle, A. Somers, Giuseppe Chitarin, D. C. Campling, Mitul Abhangi, I. Jepu, David A. Wood, J. Miettunen, A. Sopplesa, Raffaele Fresa, S. Saarelma, M. Bacharis, J. Pozzi, P. Vallejos Olivares, Teddy Craciunescu, Raffaele Albanese, S. Knipe, Jason P. Byrne, A. C. C. Sips, S. Hazel, V. Kazantzidis, G. Stankūnas, A. Kundu, J. Mailloux, C. Guerard, Pramit Dutta, J. E. Boom, Eduardo Alves, P. Grazier, Saskia Mordijck, V.S. Neverov, Kazuo Hoshino, A. P. Vadgama, P. D. Brennan, P. Innocente, Piergiorgio Sonato, M. Irishkin, M. Berry, D. W. Robson, Dieter Leichtle, Fabio Pisano, P. McCullen, T. M. Huddleston, Kensaku Kamiya, D. Pacella, Tommy Ahlgren, A. Kirschner, B. Magesh, A. Ash, J. Mlynář, C. Castaldo, C. Marchetto, D. L. Hillis, M. Incelli, B. Viola, R. J. Robins, E. Andersson Sundén, G. Ramogida, Matthew Reinke, Gerd Meisl, Yannis Kominis, R. Proudfoot, C. Noble, N. J. Conway, V. P. Lo Schiavo, Jorge Luis Rodriguez, Hugo Bufferand, C. H. A. Hogben, B. Evans, R. Sartori, H. Greuner, M. G. Dunne, K. Schöpf, M. I. K. Santala, E. Giovannozzi, A. E. Shevelev, C. Gil, P. Boulting, P. Sagar, A.E. Shumack, P. A. Coates, C. Ayres, R. Prakash, C. Giroud, M. Parsons, J. C. Giacalone, S. Meshchaninov, A. Peackoc, G. De Temmerman, A.C.A. Figueiredo, D. Gallart, P. Santa, Sergey Popovichev, Ivan Lupelli, M. Valovic, Thomas Johnson, Y. Martynova, M. Rack, Olivier Sauter, J. Garcia, P. Siren, I. Balboa, S. Lee, Hans Nordman, R. Roccella, M. Faitsch, Julien Hillairet, Patrick J. McCarthy, C. Reux, Irena Ivanova-Stanik, V. Coccorese, Ye. O. Kazakov, R. El-Jorf, C. Hamlyn-Harris, Matthias Weiszflog, C. F. Maggi, Panagiotis Tolias, N. C. Hawkes, E. Clark, Bruno Santos, B. Sieglin, R. Rodionov, Roch Kwiatkowski, P. Denner, C. Woodley, Hugh Summers, Francesco Pizzo, G. Pucella, D. Croft, F. Di Maio, M. Tomes, D. Molina, A. Fernades, L. Amicucci, Marco Cecconello, A. Bisoffi, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Wilkinson, H. Maier, S. Rowe, M. Beckers, P.J. Knight, E. Pajuste, Choong-Seock Chang, K. Deakin, M. Enachescu, A. Cobalt, D. Tskhakaya Jun, Michela Gelfusa, Rémy Nouailletas, R. Ragona, N. Bonanomi, D. A. Homfray, K. Riddle, Yann Camenen, J. D. Thomas, R.P. Doerner, Timothy P. Robinson, Y. Miyoshi, Ph. Jacquet, H. T. Lambertz, D. Pulley, A. Bécoulet, E. Tholerus, O. Bogar, M. Peterka, R. Crowe, C. Sommariva, A. R. Talbot, N. K. Butler, N. Reid, R. Zagórski, Gerald Pintsuk, Juri Romazanov, Andre Neto, G. L. Ravera, Paolo Arena, A. Manning, F. Durodié, Maryna Chernyshova, D. Karkinsky, Štefan Matejčík, J. P. Thomas, A. Wilson, L. Joita, R. Naish, P. Strand, M. Balden, M. Kaufman, T. Powell, V. Schmidt, D. Barnes, José Vicente, S. Doswon, Daniel F. Valcarcel, Claudia Corradino, R. Warren, Annette M. Hynes, J. D. Strachan, A. M. Messiaen, M. Kovari, O. Omolayo, D. M. Witts, R. C. Felton, C. Fleming, C. A. Marren, Patrick Maget, J. Galdon-Quiroga, H. R. Koslowski, Bruce Lipschultz, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, J. Waterhouse, R. J. Dumont, M. Schneider, Sara Moradi, K. J. Nicholls, M. Beldishevski, Benedikt Geiger, A. Jardin, A. Ekedahl, A. Lyssoivan, C. Waldon, Davide Galassi, F. Jaulmes, A. Kirk, Yannick Marandet, F. Hasenbeck, Gabor Szepesi, R. C. Pereira, J. Juul Rasmussen, Nobuyuki Aiba, Michelle E. Walker, Gábor Cseh, Scott W. Mosher, R. Bastow, A. Di Siena, E. Lazzaro, M. Curuia, C. D. Challis, Z. Ghani, J. Deane, João M. C. Sousa, Henrik Sjöstrand, T. O'Gorman, H. R. Wilson, P. Devynck, M. Price, C. A. Thompson, Daniele Marocco, A. Cullen, M. Clark, M. Lennholm, D. Carralero, N. Balshaw, Roland Sabot, I. Stepanov, N. Petrella, Filippo Sartori, L. W. Packer, P. Thomas, M. Lungu, A. V. Krasilnikov, R. Young, Jonathan Graves, J. C. Hillesheim, Mǎdǎlina Vlad, Duccio Testa, Pierre Dumortier, Paulo Carvalho, M. Gosk, Yong-Su Na, M. Buckley, Carlos A. Silva, V. Fuchs, K. Vasava, P. A. Tigwell, B. Wakeling, M. Medland, M. Bellinger, K. Gal, Petter Ström, E. Veshchev, F. Nabais, A. Wynn, L. Lauro Taroni, B. Beckett, L. Gil, M. Towndrow, Brian Grierson, Harry M. Meyer, V. Philipps, A. de Castro, D. Kinna, D. Conka, Göran Ericsson, L. Piron, J. Hawkins, D. Cooper, Kenneth Hammond, V.V. Parail, Cristian Ruset, G.J. van Rooij, M. N. A. Beurskens, N. Fawlk, G. Evison, M. Van De Mortel, N. Marcenko, B. Slade, Th. Franke, Simone Peruzzo, N. den Harder, D. Baião, A. Martin de Aguilera, Frederic Imbeaux, Carlo Sozzi, J.L. de Pablos, J. Svensson, A. Withycombe, Ane Lasa, H. Sheikh, V.A. Yavorskij, Nick Walkden, E. Lerche, C. S. Gibson, Roberto Zanino, Y. Peysson, David Hatch, B. Bazylev, E. de la Cal, S. Hacquin, T. D. V. Haupt, S. A. Silburn, T.T.C. Jones, Maria Teresa Porfiri, Walid Helou, S. E. Sharapov, M. Zerbini, Ken W Bell, Marco Marinelli, Kyriakos Hizanidis, J. M. Fontdecaba, N. Teplova, K. K. Kirov, S. Vartanian, W. W. Pires de Sa, T. C. Hender, J. K. Blackburn, I. Monakhov, H. Patten, P. A. Simmons, Y. Austin, J. Regana, Stefano Coda, Amanda J. Page, D. Fuller, António J.N. Batista, A. Horton, P. Heesterman, S. Cramp, J. Hobirk, F. Clairet, A. Burckhart, M. Allinson, Larry R. Baylor, W. Leysen, D. B. Gin, P. Nielsen, A. Kantor, Yueqiang Liu, A.V. Stephen, Jose Ramon Martin-Solis, P. Mantica, B. C. Regan, Aleksander Drenik, A. Lukin, L. Thorne, G. Nemtsev, J. Denis, M. E. Graham, D. Rigamonti, W. Van Renterghem, M. Tardocchi, M. Koubiti, A. Malaquias, M. Tsalas, A. Cufar, Giuseppe Prestopino, D. Kogut, N. Pomaro, J. Keep, Jochen Linke, Shimpei Futatani, Boris Breizman, A. Sirinelli, M. Chandler, M. Fortune, F. Degli Agostini, I. Jenkins, T. Spelzini, G. Calabrò, O. N. Kent, A. Lunniss, Etienne Hodille, Z. Vizvary, Volker Naulin, T. Eich, F. Mink, A. Alkseev, P. W. Haydon, Massimo Angelone, Norberto Catarino, J. Lapins, Roberto Pasqualotto, R. Lawless, T. Schlummer, F. Bonelli, M. Wischmeier, Stéphane Devaux, G. Saibene, Dirk Reiser, Y. R. Martin, H. Bergsåker, Jon Godwin, Alessia Santucci, C. Lane, Justyna Grzonka, Ph. Mertens, Claudio Verona, David Moulton, E. Delabie, Anna Salmi, P. G. Smith, T. Bolzonella, Silvio Ceccuzzi, Ulrich Fischer, G. Liu, M. A. Henderson, M. Marinucci, T. Suzuki, Jakub Bielecki, João Figueiredo, M. Afzal, J. Cane, Robert Hager, Luciano Bertalot, M. Firdaouss, G. Tvalashvili, D. Hepple, D. Esteve, M. De Bock, Y. Baranov, R. D'Inca, G. De Tommasi, Ch. Linsmeier, T. Nicolas, I. J. Pearson, P. Finburg, Ireneusz Książek, S. Talebzadeh, A. Czarnecka, A. Botrugno, M. Gethins, Bohdan Bieg, R. Baughan, I. Borodkina, B. Kos, A. Muraro, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Hermon, S.J. Wukitch, Jari Likonen, D. P. Coster, Guglielmo Rubinacci, I. H. Coffey, Justine M. Kent, S. E. Dorling, J. Dankowski, Geert Verdoolaege, Daisuke Nishijima, R. Clarkson, E. R. Solano, M. Stephen, A. Lescinskis, P. Staniec, Karl Schmid, M. Mayer, Peter Lang, T. Franklin, M.I. Williams, C. G. Elsmore, F. Maviglia, C. Di Troia, C. Penot, A. Zarins, Pierre Manas, D. F. Gear, Yu Gao, Philipp Drews, E. Letellier, A. S. Thompson, L. Forsythe, I. Zychor, E. Khilkevich, A. Manzanares, T. Nakano, Paulo Rodrigues, J. Edmond, Sebastián Dormido-Canto, R. Dux, C. Appelbee, L. Moser, Angelo Cenedese, D. Fagan, N. Richardson, Giuseppe Gorini, V. Rohde, R. Paprok, João P. S. Bizarro, P. Aleynikov, M. Sertoli, Ł. Świderski, Simone Palazzo, O. W. Davies, D. Douai, N. Macdonald, M. Baruzzo, J. López-Razola, M. Lungaroni, D. Clatworthy, R. Bravanec, J. Lovell, Ambrogio Fasoli, S.-P. Pehkonen, M. E. Puiatti, P. Papp, G. Bodnar, V. Aslanyan, A. Weckmann, K. A. Taylor, R. Henriques, I. T. Chapman, Ewa Pawelec, Miles M. Turner, Steven J. Meitner, M. Bernert, Ph. Maquet, R. C. Meadows, A. Shaw, N. Vianello, L. Barrera Orte, Tomas Markovic, A. Fil, A. S. Couchman, Inessa Bolshakova, J. Fyvie, Konstantina Mergia, J. Gallagher, R.V. Budny, Frank Leipold, C. J. Rapson, R. C. Lobel, Gennady V. Miloshevsky, K.-D. Zastrow, Ph. Duckworth, Gianluca Rubino, G. Withenshaw, S. Maruyama, S. P. Hallworth Cook, M. Newman, Jérôme Bucalossi, P. Drewelow, Nuno Cruz, D. Iglesias, I. Nedzelski, T. Donne, P. Leichuer, R. Cesario, M. D. J. Bright, T. Boyce, N. Imazawa, Per Petersson, R. King, A. Loving, L. Garzotti, Jorge Ferreira, G. Corrigan, D. Sandiford, B. Tal, P. Puglia, Daniel Tegnered, J. Karhunen, James S. Wright, Tom Wauters, J. McKehon, K. Rathod, Olivier Février, Alessandro Formisano, Petra Bilkova, M. Groth, Ricardo Magnus Osorio Galvao, F. Medina, S. Collins, H. J. Boyer, Elena Bruno, Horacio Fernandes, M. J. Stead, R. Paccagnella, J. Kaniewski, Ion E. Stamatelatos, F. Causa, M. F. F. Nave, A. Patel, D. C. McDonald, L. Moreira, Mariano Ruiz, K. Dylst, Raymond A. Shaw, A. Brett, Jane Johnston, P. P. Pereira Puglia, J. Ongena, N. A. Benterman, V. N. Amosov, Christian Grisolia, J. Simpson, C. Perez von Thun, Jan Weiland, P. Tonner, F. Belli, T. Odupitan, T. Dittmar, Edmund Highcock, Taina Kurki-Suonio, I. Uytdenhouwen, Estelle Gauthier, M. Oberkofler, B. Alper, Iris D. Young, S. Soare, Yuji Hatano, D. Reece, D. Borodin, M. Moneti, W. Yanling, S. Mianowski, K. Fenton, Stephen J. Bailey, R. Coelho, Sandra C. Chapman, E. Łaszyńska, A. R. Field, F.J. Martínez, Anders Nielsen, M. Smithies, M. J. Mantsinen, A. J. Capel, N. D. Smith, A. Pires dos Reis, M.-L. Mayoral, T. Loarer, P. Carman, N. Grazier, S. Breton, J. M. A. Bradshaw, Alexandre C. Pereira, Fulvio Auriemma, Fulvio Militello, Barbara Cannas, D. Ulyatt, A. Kappatou, P. Blatchford, R. Scannell, B. I. Oswuigwe, Darren Price, Robert E. Grove, D. Guard, M. Leyland, G. Stubbs, J. W. Banks, V.V. Plyusnin, M. S. J. Rainford, Andrea Murari, Sanjeev Ranjan, A. Huber, V. Krasilnikov, C. Bower, H. Leggate, S. Abduallev, P. Tsavalas, G. Giruzzi, K. Maczewa, Colin Roach, P. Beaumont, R. P. Johnson, Anna Widdowson, L. A. Kogan, A. Baron Wiechec, Markus Airila, J. Morris, Robert Skilton, Katarzyna Słabkowska, M. A. Barnard, Jean-Paul Booth, Alessandro Pau, R. Price, R. Bament, M. Tokitani, I. Turner, T. Vu, P. Huynh, S.N. Gerasimov, D. I. Refy, Yunfeng Liang, Anders Hjalmarsson, S. Dalley, Roberto Ambrosino, O. Hemming, T. R. Blackman, Y. Zhou, Vasile Zoita, P. Vincenzi, A. Loarte, C. Rayner, Martin Imrisek, M. Tripsky, C. Mazzotta, A. Uccello, V. Basiuk, Lide Yao, V. Goloborod'ko, S. Villari, B. P. Duval, N. Bulmer, W. Zhang, L. Hackett, D. N. Borba, M. Halitovs, Mario Pillon, H. Arnichand, Alberto Alfier, A. Lawson, A. Masiello, T. Makkonen, A. Vitins, D. Rendell, D. Paton, L. Avotina, A. Krivska, M. Maslov, Richard Verhoeven, Marc Goniche, A. Broslawski, Marica Rebai, E. de la Luna, E. Militello-Asp, V. Cocilovo, L. Carraro, Michael Fitzgerald, Bernardo B. Carvalho, D. Young, C.G. Lowry, F. J. Casson, L.-G. Eriksson, T. M. Biewer, B. Esposito, F.G. Rimini, J. Fessey, G. Kaveney, S. Hall, Robin Barnsley, Michael Lehnen, N. Bekris, L. F. Ruchko, P. Batistoni, E. Alessi, M. G. O'Mullane, D. S. Darrow, C. N. Grundy, N. Hayter, Ivo S. Carvalho, M. Brombin, Enrico Zilli, M. Valisa, M. Reich, S. Panja, C. Gurl, Charles Harrington, Emmanuele Peluso, M. Porton, Michael Walsh, D. Falie, A. Reed, Jacob Eriksson, P. Macheta, J. M. Faustin, S. Cortes, S. Fietz, P. Piovesan, D. Ciric, Eric Nardon, R. Neu, Bojiang Ding, G.A. Rattá, F. Reimold, R. Craven, M. Cox, J. Orszagh, Aaro Järvinen, A. S. Thrysøe, A. Shepherd, I. Ďuran, Andrew M. Edwards, A. Kinch, J. Beal, M. Gherendi, Martin Köppen, D. Samaddar, P. Dalgliesh, I. Vinyar, J. Jansons, Nengchao Wang, J. Wu, John Wright, S. Wiesen, C. King, Alessandra Fanni, L. D. Horton, N. Krawczyk, J. Buch, K. Krieger, Václav Petržílka, D. Schworer, C. Watts, T. Keenan, Andrea Malizia, B. D. Stevens, P. Trimble, C. P. Lungu, V. Prajapati, Marco Ariola, C. Wellstood, S. Gilligan, Mirko Salewski, Michael Barnes, Florin Spineanu, H. Doerk, C. Kennedy, S. Jachmich, J. Caumont, Isabel L. Nunes, A. Petre, A. Kallenbach, M. Anghel, B. Lomanowski, Marco Riva, M. Romanelli, G. De Masi, T. May-Smith, T. Xu, A. Goussarov, S. Romanelli, M. Okabayashi, A. Baker, R. Salmon, T. Tala, Nicolas Fedorczak, S. Lanthaler, Giuliana Sias, J. Risner, Clarisse Bourdelle, M. E. Manso, Fabio Moro, R. Lucock, M. Bassan, M. T. Ogawa, V. Thompson, A. M. Whitehead, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, Igor Bykov, Gennady Sergienko, E. Stefanikova, Mattia Frasca, H. Dabirikhah, Lorenzo Frassinetti, N. Dzysiuk, D. L. Keeling, Juan Manuel López, M. Turnyanskiy, Daniel Dunai, David Taylor, Arturo Buscarino, Carolina Björkas, A. Baciero, S. Meigh, M. Garcia-Munoz, Massimiliano Mattei, M. Hill, Gwyndaf Evans, S. Minucci, Xiang Gao, A. V. Chankin, Francesco Romanelli, A. Lahtinen, L. Giacomelli, A. Owen, Jesús Vega, Jonathan Citrin, Antti Hakola, Petr Vondracek, Sehyun Kwak, P. Abreu, L. Meneses, S. S. Medley, G. Gervasini, Surya K. Pathak, Kristel Crombé, M. Cleverly, H.S. Kim, C. Stan-Sion, Nobuyuki Asakura, E. Wang, A. Cardinali, L. Fazendeiro, R. Cavazzana, P. J. Lomas, J. Hawes, G. Stables, Silvia Spagnolo, S. P. Hotchin, N. R. Green, Slawomir Jednorog, Ewa Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, A. Martin, Linwei Li, Rajnikant Makwana, Richard Goulding, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Bowden, I. Kodeli, Peter Hawkins, S. S. Henderson, Ondrej Ficker, Carl Hellesen, D. Yadikin, Fabio Subba, Luka Snoj, Anthony Laing, N. Ben Ayed, Mario Cavinato, M. Goodliffe, C. Clements, D. Kenny, Axel Klix, S. Gee, R. J. E. Smith, P. de Vries, L. Fittill, Min-Gu Yoo, S. Menmuir, K. Cave-Ayland, S. Potzel, D. Grist, K. Blackman, S. A. Robinson, Rodney Walker, David Pfefferlé, W. Broeckx, D. Harting, S. G. J. Tyrrell, F. Binda, L. Horvath, Davide Flammini, P. V. Edappala, Raul Moreno, G. M. D. Hogeweij, P. Card, A. Hagar, Ion Tiseanu, Rita Lorenzini, L. Appel, Jet Contributors, J. Flanagan, C. Paz Soldan, U. Samm, Otto Asunta, F. Eriksson, C. Taliercio, F. S. Zaitsev, G. F. Matthews, Tuomas Koskela, P. J. Howarth, D. Terranova, M. Skiba, Amanda Hubbard, R. Otin, K. G. McClements, M. Park, R. McKean, C. Christopher Klepper, I. Karnowska, Peter J. Pool, G. Ciraolo, Jennifer M. Lehmann, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides (IMFS), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Association EURATOM-TEKES, Association EURATOM-TEKES, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear (ITN), ITN, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ITER organization (ITER), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU), Institut d'ophtalmologie Hédi-Rais de Tunis, Service Cardiologie [CHU Toulouse], Pôle Cardiovasculaire et Métabolique [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom/UKAEA Fusion Assoc., Magnetic Sensor laboratory [Lviv] (MSL), National Polytechnic University of Lviv (LPNU), The National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute) [Moscow, Russia], Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institute for Problems of Material Science, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie (3MI-ENSMSE), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Centre G2I, Department of Hydraulics, Transportations and Roads, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires - UMR5100 (LMGM), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department (MS 388), University of Nevada [Reno], AUTRES, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] (ARC), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), School of Mathematics [Cardiff], Cardiff University, Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS (LPP ERM KMS), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School (ERM KMS), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik (PDI), Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] (DIFFER), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] (DIFFER), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEA Cadarache, Dipartimento di Energia [Milano], Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lille économie management - UMR 9221 (LEM), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Euratom research and training programme 633053, Institut de Mécanique des Fluides et des Solides ( IMFS ), Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Culham Science Centre, Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear ( ITN ), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies ( LPNHE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, ITER Organization, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology ( KIT ), Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d'Instrumentation Optique ( LNIO ), Institut Charles Delaunay ( ICD ), Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Technologie de Troyes ( UTT ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles ( ICSN ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU ), Service de cardiologie [Toulouse], Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital de Rangueil, ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, Polska Akademia Nauk ( PAN ), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique ( LHEEA ), École Centrale de Nantes ( ECN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), MSL, Lviv Polytechnic National University ( MSL ), Lviv Polytechnic National University, Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ( NASU ), Lille - Economie et Management ( LEM ), Université catholique de Lille ( UCL ) -Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Département Méthodes et Modèles Mathématiques pour l'Industrie ( 3MI-ENSMSE ), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne ( Mines Saint-Étienne MSE ), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]-Centre G2I, Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires ( LMGM ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), University of Nevada, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), UCL Department of Space and Climate Physics, University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Astrophysics Research Centre [Belfast] ( ARC ), Queen's University [Belfast] ( QUB ), Laboratoire d'Electronique et des Technologies de l'Information ( CEA-LETI ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Grenoble Alpes [Saint Martin d'Hères], Cardiff School of Mathematics, Laboratoire de physique des plasmas de l'ERM, Laboratorium voor plasmafysica van de KMS ( LPP ERM KMS ), Ecole Royale Militaire / Koninklijke Militaire School ( ERM KMS ), Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, University of Basel ( Unibas ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Nieuwegein] ( DIFFER ), Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research [Eindhoven] ( DIFFER ), Institut Jean Lamour ( IJL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Lorraine ( UL ), Dipartimento di Energia, Politecnico di Milano [Milan], Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres ( M2P2 ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Ecole Centrale de Marseille ( ECM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, JET Contributors, Litaudon, X, Abduallev, S, Abhangi, M, Abreu, P, Afzal, M, Aggarwal, K, Ahlgren, T, Ahn, J, Aho Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Albanese, R, Aldred, V, Alegre, D, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Alfier, A, Alkseev, A, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Amosov, V, Andersson Sundén, E, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Angioni, C, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Arena, P, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arshad, S, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Asunta, O, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Bacharis, M, Baciero, A, Baiã¡o, D, Bailey, S, Baker, A, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, N, Bament, R, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barnard, M, Barnes, D, Barnes, M, Barnsley, R, Baron Wiechec, A, Barrera Orte, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bassan, M, Bastow, R, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baughan, R, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beal, J, Beaumont, P, Beckers, M, Beckett, B, Becoulet, A, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, K, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Belonohy, Ã, Ben Ayed, N, Benterman, N, Bergsã¥ker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Besliu, C, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bã­lkovã¡, P, Binda, F, Bisoffi, A, Bizarro, J, Bjã¶rkas, C, Blackburn, J, Blackman, K, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bodnã¡r, G, Bogar, O, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonelli, F, Boom, J, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Boulting, P, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Bower, C, Bowman, C, Boyce, T, Boyd, C, Boyer, H, Bradshaw, J, Braic, V, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Breton, S, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Brix, M, Broeckx, W, Brombin, M, Broså‚awski, A, Brown, D, Brown, M, Bruno, E, Bucalossi, J, Buch, J, Buchanan, J, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Bufferand, H, Bulman, M, Bulmer, N, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burckhart, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butler, N, Bykov, I, Byrne, J, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Calvo, I, Camenen, Y, Camp, P, Campling, D, Cane, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catarino, N, Caumont, J, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cave Ayland, K, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cecil, E, Cenedese, A, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chandra, D, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Chitarin, G, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Clark, E, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clatworthy, D, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, D, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Couchman, A, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Craven, R, Crisanti, F, Croci, G, Croft, D, Crombã©, K, Crowe, R, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarnecka, A, Dabirikhah, H, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, Darrow, D, Davies, O, Davis, W, Day, C, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Castro, A, De La Cal, E, De La Luna, E, De Masi, G, De Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, De Vries, P, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Degli Agostini, F, Dejarnac, R, Delabie, E, Den Harder, N, Dendy, R, Denis, J, Denner, P, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Maio, F, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dinca, P, D'Inca, R, Ding, B, Dittmar, T, Doerk, H, Doerner, R, Donnã©, T, Dorling, S, Dormido Canto, S, Doswon, S, Douai, D, Doyle, P, Drenik, A, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Duckworth, P, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Äžuran, I, Durodiã©, F, Dutta, P, Duval, B, Dux, R, Dylst, K, Dzysiuk, N, Edappala, P, Edmond, J, Edwards, A, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, El Jorf, R, Elsmore, C, Enachescu, M, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Esposito, B, Esquembri, S, Esser, H, Esteve, D, Evans, B, Evans, G, Evison, G, Ewart, G, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falie, D, 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M., Formisano, A., Forsythe, L., Fortuna, L., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Fortune, M., Foster, S., Franke, T., Franklin, T., Frasca, M., Frassinetti, L., Freisinger, M., Fresa, R., Frigione, D., Fuchs, V., Fuller, D., Futatani, S., Fyvie, J., Gál, K., Galassi, D., Gałązka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Gallagher, J., Gallart, D., Galvão, R., Gao, X., Gao, Y., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gear, D. F., Gee, S. J., Geiger, B., Gelfusa, M., Gerasimov, S., Gervasini, G., Gethins, M., Ghani, Z., Ghate, M., Gherendi, M., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Giegerich, T., Gil, C., Gil, L., Gilligan, S., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Girardo, J. B., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glöggler, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J., Gohil, P., Goloborod’Ko, V., Gomes, R., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Goodliffe, M., Goodyear, A., Gorini, G., Gosk, M., Goulding, R., Goussarov, A., Gowland, R., Graham, B., Graham, M. E., Graves, J. P., Grazier, N., Grazier, P., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grierson, B., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Grist, D., Groth, M., Grove, R., Grundy, C. N., Grzonka, J., Guard, D., Guérard, C., Guillemaut, C., Guirlet, R., Gurl, C., Utoh, H. H., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Hagar, A., Hager, R., Hakola, A., Halitovs, M., Hall, S. J., Hallworth Cook, S. P., Hamlyn-Harris, C., Hammond, K., Harrington, C., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hasenbeck, F., Hatano, Y., Hatch, D. R., Haupt, T. D. V., Hawes, J., Hawkes, N. C., Hawkins, J., Hawkins, P., Haydon, P. W., Hayter, N., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heinola, K., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Henderson, S. S., Henriques, R., Hepple, D., Hermon, G., Hertout, P., Hidalgo, C., Highcock, E. G., Hill, M., Hillairet, J., Hillesheim, J., Hillis, D., Hizanidis, K., Hjalmarsson, A., Hobirk, J., Hodille, E., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingsworth, A., Hollis, S., Homfray, D. A., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Horvath, L., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Howarth, P. J., Hubbard, A., Huber, A., Huber, V., Huddleston, T. M., Hughes, M., Huijsmans, G. T. A., Hunter, C. L., Huynh, P., Hynes, A. M., Iglesias, D., Imazawa, N., Imbeaux, F., Imríšek, M., Incelli, M., Innocente, P., Irishkin, M., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jachmich, S., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jansons, J., Jardin, A., Järvinen, A., Jaulmes, F., Jednoróg, S., Jenkins, I., Jeong, C., Jepu, I., Joffrin, E., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Johnston, Jane, Joita, L., Jones, G., Jones, T. T. C., Hoshino, K. K., Kallenbach, A., Kamiya, K., Kaniewski, J., Kantor, A., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karkinsky, D., Karnowska, I., Kaufman, M., Kaveney, G., Kazakov, Y., Kazantzidis, V., Keeling, D. L., Keenan, T., Keep, J., Kempenaars, M., Kennedy, C., Kenny, D., Kent, J., Kent, O. N., Khilkevich, E., Kim, H. T., Kim, H. S., Kinch, A., King, C., King, D., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirk, A., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kizane, G., Klepper, C., Klix, A., Knight, P., Knipe, S. J., Knott, S., Kobuchi, T., Köchl, F., Kocsis, G., Kodeli, I., Kogan, L., Kogut, D., Koivuranta, S., Kominis, Y., Köppen, M., Kos, B., Koskela, T., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovari, M., Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, E., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Krawczyk, N., Kresina, M., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kruezi, U., Książek, I., Kukushkin, A., Kundu, A., Kurki-Suonio, T., Kwak, S., Kwiatkowski, R., Kwon, O. J., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Laing, A., Lam, N., Lambertz, H. T., Lane, C., Lang, P. T., Lanthaler, S., Lapins, J., Lasa, A., Last, J. R., Łaszyńska, E., Lawless, R., Lawson, A., Lawson, K. D., Lazaros, A., Lazzaro, E., Leddy, J., Lee, S., Lefebvre, X., Leggate, H. J., Lehmann, J., Lehnen, M., Leichtle, D., Leichuer, P., Leipold, F., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescinskis, A., Lesnoj, S., Letellier, E., Leyland, M., Leysen, W., Li, L., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Linsmeier, Ch., Lipschultz, B., Liu, G., Liu, Y., Lo Schiavo, V. P., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomanowski, B., Lomas, P. J., Lönnroth, J., López, J. M., López-Razola, J., Lorenzini, R., Losada, U., Lovell, J. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukin, A., Luna, C., Lungaroni, M., Lungu, C. P., Lungu, M., Lunniss, A., Lupelli, I., Lyssoivan, A., Macdonald, N., Macheta, P., Maczewa, K., Magesh, B., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makkonen, T., Makwana, R., Malaquias, A., Malizia, A., Manas, P., Manning, A., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Manzanares, A., Maquet, Ph., Marandet, Y., Marcenko, N., Marchetto, C., Marchuk, O., Marinelli, M., Marinucci, M., Markovič, T., Marocco, D., Marot, L., Marren, C. A., Marshal, R., Martin, A., Martin, Y., Martín de Aguilera, A., Martínez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Martynova, Y., Maruyama, S., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Matejcik, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., May-Smith, T., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mcadams, R., Mccarthy, P. J., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormack, O., Mccullen, P. A., Mcdonald, D., Mcintosh, S., Mckean, R., Mckehon, J., Meadows, R. C., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Medland, M., Medley, S., Meigh, S., Meigs, A. G., Meisl, G., Meitner, S., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Mergia, K., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, Ph., Meshchaninov, S., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Mianowski, S., Michling, R., Middleton-Gear, D., Miettunen, J., Militello, F., Militello-Asp, E., Miloshevsky, G., Mink, F., Minucci, S., Miyoshi, Y., Mlynář, J., Molina, D., Monakhov, I., Moneti, M., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Mordijck, S., Moreira, L., Moreno, R., Moro, F., Morris, A. W., Morris, J., Moser, L., Mosher, S., Moulton, D., Murari, A., Muraro, A., Murphy, S., Asakura, N. N., Na, Y. S., Nabais, F., Naish, R., Nakano, T., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nedzelski, I., Nemtsev, G., Nespoli, F., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neverov, V. S., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolas, T., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, P., Nilsson, E., Nishijima, D., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nodwell, D., Nordlund, K., Nordman, H., Nouailletas, R., Nunes, I., Oberkofler, M., Odupitan, T., Ogawa, M. T., O’Gorman, T., Okabayashi, M., Olney, R., Omolayo, O., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Orszagh, J., Oswuigwe, B. I., Otin, R., Owen, A., Paccagnella, R., Pace, N., Pacella, D., Packer, L. W., Page, A., Pajuste, E., Palazzo, S., Pamela, S., Panja, S., Papp, P., Paprok, R., Parail, V., Park, M., Parra Diaz, F., Parsons, M., Pasqualotto, R., Patel, A., Pathak, S., Paton, D., Patten, H., Pau, A., Pawelec, E., Paz Soldan, C., Peackoc, A., Pearson, I. J., Pehkonen, S. -P., Peluso, E., Penot, C., Pereira, A., Pereira, R., Pereira Puglia, P. P., Perez von Thun, C., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyi, S., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petravich, G., Petre, A., Petrella, N., Petržilka, V., Peysson, Y., Pfefferlé, D., Philipps, V., Pillon, M., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pires dos Reis, A., Piron, L., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Pizzo, F., Plyusnin, V., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O. G., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porfiri, M. T., Porosnicu, C., Porton, M., Possnert, G., Potzel, S., Powell, T., Pozzi, J., Prajapati, V., Prakash, R., Prestopino, G., Price, D., Price, M., Price, R., Prior, P., Proudfoot, R., Pucella, G., Puglia, P., Puiatti, M. E., Pulley, D., Purahoo, K., Pütterich, Th., Rachlew, E., Rack, M., Ragona, R., Rainford, M. S. J., Rakha, A., Ramogida, G., Ranjan, S., Rapson, C. J., Rasmussen, J. J., Rathod, K., Rattá, G., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Rayner, C., Rebai, M., Reece, D., Reed, A., Réfy, D., Regan, B., Regaña, J., Reich, M., Reid, N., Reimold, F., Reinhart, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Reyes Cortes, S. D. A., Reynolds, S., Riccardo, V., Richardson, N., Riddle, K., Rigamonti, D., Rimini, F. G., Risner, J., Riva, M., Roach, C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, S. A., Robinson, T., Robson, D. W., Roccella, R., Rodionov, R., Rodrigues, P., Rodriguez, J., Rohde, V., Romanelli, F., Romanelli, M., Romanelli, S., Romazanov, J., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, G., Rubino, G., Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Safi, E., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Salmon, R., Salzedas, F., Samaddar, D., Samm, U., Sandiford, D., Santa, P., Santala, M. I. K., Santos, B., Santucci, A., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Schlummer, T., Schmid, K., Schmidt, V., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Schöpf, K., Schwörer, D., Scott, S. D., Sergienko, G., Sertoli, M., Shabbir, A., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, A., Shaw, R., Sheikh, H., Shepherd, A., Shevelev, A., Shumack, A., Sias, G., Sibbald, M., Sieglin, B., Silburn, S., Silva, A., Silva, C., Simmons, P. A., Simpson, J., Simpson-Hutchinson, J., Sinha, A., Sipilä, S. K., Sips, A. C. C., Sirén, P., Sirinelli, A., Sjöstrand, H., Skiba, M., Skilton, R., Slabkowska, K., Slade, B., Smith, N., Smith, P. G., Smith, R., Smith, T. J., Smithies, M., Snoj, L., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Somers, A., Sommariva, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sousa, J., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spelzini, T., Spineanu, F., Stables, G., Stamatelatos, I., Stamp, M. F., Staniec, P., Stankūnas, G., Stan-Sion, C., Stead, M. J., Stefanikova, E., Stepanov, I., Stephen, A. V., Stephen, M., Stevens, A., Stevens, B. D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Strauss, H. R., Ström, P., Stubbs, G., Studholme, W., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Svensson, J., Świderski, Ł., Szabolics, T., Szawlowski, M., Szepesi, G., Suzuki, T. T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Talebzadeh, S., Taliercio, C., Tamain, P., Tame, C., Tang, W., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Taylor, D., Taylor, K. A., Tegnered, D., Telesca, G., Teplova, N., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Tholerus, E., Thomas, J., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P., Thompson, A., Thompson, C. -A., Thompson, V. K., Thorne, L., Thornton, A., Thrysøe, A. S., Tigwell, P. A., Tipton, N., Tiseanu, I., Tojo, H., Tokitani, M., Tolias, P., Tomeš, M., Tonner, P., Towndrow, M., Trimble, P., Tripsky, M., Tsalas, M., Tsavalas, P., Tskhakaya jun, D., Turner, I., Turner, M. M., Turnyanskiy, M., Tvalashvili, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Uccello, A., Ul-Abidin, Z., Uljanovs, J., Ulyatt, D., Urano, H., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vadgama, A. P., Valcarcel, D., Valentinuzzi, M., Valisa, M., Vallejos Olivares, P., Valovic, M., Van De Mortel, M., Van Eester, D., Van Renterghem, W., van Rooij, G. J., Varje, J., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vasava, K., Vasilopoulou, T., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhoeven, R., Verona, C., Verona Rinati, G., Veshchev, E., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Villari, S., Villone, F., Vincenzi, P., Vinyar, I., Viola, B., Vitins, A., Vizvary, Z., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vora, N., Vu, T., Pires de Sa, W. W., Wakeling, B., Waldon, C. W. F., Walkden, N., Walker, M., Walker, R., Walsh, M., Wang, E., Wang, N., Warder, S., Warren, R. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, N. W., Watts, C., Wauters, T., Weckmann, A., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wellstood, C., West, A. T., Wheatley, M. R., Whetham, S., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehead, B. D., Widdowson, A. M., Wiesen, S., Wilkinson, J., Williams, J., Williams, M., Wilson, A. R., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wilson, J., Wischmeier, M., Withenshaw, G., Withycombe, A., Witts, D. M., Wood, D., Wood, R., Woodley, C., Wray, S., Wright, J., Wright, J. C., Wu, J., Wukitch, S., Wynn, A., Xu, T., Yadikin, D., Yanling, W., Yao, L., Yavorskij, V., Yoo, M. G., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Young, R., Zacks, J., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zanino, R., Zarins, A., Zastrow, K. D., Zerbini, M., Zhang, W., Zhou, Y., Zilli, E., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zychor, I., Andersson Sundén, E., Baiã¡o, D., Belonohy, Ã. ., Bergsã¥ker, H., Bã­lkovã¡, P., Bjã¶rkas, C., Bodnã¡r, G., Broså awski, A., Calabrã², G., Crombã©, K., De Castro, A., De La Cal, E., De La Luna, E., De Pablos, J. L., De Vries, P., Den Harder, N., D'Inca, R., Donnã©, T., Duckworth, P. h., Ä uran, I., Durodiã©, F., Eich, T. h., Fã©vrier, O., Gã¡l, K., Gaå azka, K., Galvã¡o, R., García-Muñoz, M., Gardarein, J. -. L., Glã¶ggler, S., Goloborod'Ko, V., Goncalves, B., Guã©rard, C., Horã¡ä ek, J., Imrã­å¡ek, M., Jã¤rvinen, A., Jednorã³g, S., Kã¶chl, F., Kã¶ppen, M., Kowalska-StrzÈ©ciwilk, E., Ksiaå¼ek, I., Å aszyå ska, E., Linsmeier, C. h., Lã¶nnroth, J., Lã³pez, J. M., López-Razola, J., Maquet, P. h., Markoviä , T., Martín De Aguilera, A., Martã­nez, F. J., Martín-Solís, J. R., Mertens, P. h., Mlynã¡å , J., O'Gorman, T., O'Mullane, M., Pehkonen, S. -. P., Perez Von Thun, C., Petrå¾ilka, V., Pfefferlã©, D., Pires Dos Reis, A., Pã¼tterich, T. h., Rattã¡, G., Rã©fy, D., Regaã±a, J., Schã¶pf, K., Schwã¶rer, D., Sipilã¤, S. K., Sirã©n, P., Sjã¶strand, H., Stankå«nas, G., Strã¶m, P., Å widerski, Å. ., Tã¡l, B., Thompson, C. -. A., Thrysã¸e, A. S., Tomeå¡, M., Tskhakaya Jun, D., Van Rooij, G. J., Vondrã¡ä ek, P., Pires De Sa, W. W., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Hôpital de Rangueil, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], Laboratoire de microbiologie et génétique moléculaires (LMGM), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Energia [Milano] (DENG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Research Centre Julich (FZJ), Institute for Plasma Research, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Queen's University Belfast, University of Helsinki, CEA, Department of Applied Physics, School services, SCI, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, VTT, University of Naples Federico II, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, CNR, Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Universita degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Ente Per Le Nuove Tecnologie L'energia e l'ambiente, Troitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research, Uppsala University, National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik, University of Catania, Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, National Institutes of Natural Sciences - National Institute for Fusion Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Latvia, Imperial College London, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, University of York, Royal Institute of Technology, Maritime University of Szczecin, H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of Trento, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Comenius University, University of Milan - Bicocca, National Institute for Optoelectronics, Fourth State Research, University of Texas at Austin, Belgian Nuclear Research Center, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Princeton University, CNRS, University of Cagliari, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, FOM Institute DIFFER, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Ghent University, J. Stefan Institute, Universite de Lorraine, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, University of California at San Diego, Koninklijke Militaire School - Ecole Royale Militaire, Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, School services, ELEC, Department of Signal Processing and Acoustics, Automaatio- ja systeemitekniik, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Second University of Naples, Warsaw University of Technology, Universita della Basilicata, Barcelona Supercomp. Center, Universidad de Sevilla, Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Sähkötekniikan laitos, University of Rome Tor Vergata, RAS - Ioffe Physico Technical Institute, General Atomics, University of Innsbruck, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Toyama, University of Strathclyde, National Technical University of Athens, Universita della Tuscia, Technical University of Denmark, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul National University, University College Cork, Vienna University of Technology, University of Opole, Daegu University, National Fusion Research Institute, Dublin City University, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, PELIN LLC, Arizona State University, Universidad Complutense, University of Basel, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Consorzio CREATE, Demokritos National Centre for Scientific Research, Purdue University, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, School Services, ARTS, Department of Design, University of California Office of the President, Universidade de Sao Paulo, School Services, BIZ, Department of Information and Service Management, Lithuanian Energy Institute, HRS Fusion, Politecnico di Torino, University of Cassino, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Faculdade de Engenharia

Subjects
Technology, fusion, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, DIAGNOSTICS, 01 natural sciences, ILW, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Ilw, [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Plasma, H-Mode Plasmas, law, ITER, Disruption Prediction, COLLISIONALITY, EDGE LOCALIZED MODES, Diagnostics, Operation, JET, plasma, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), JET, plasma, fusion, ITER, Divertor, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, DENSITY PEAKING, Carbon Wall, H-MODE PLASMAS, [ SPI.MECA.MEFL ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Density Peaking, Neutron transport, Facing Components, Collisionality, 114 Physical sciences, Física, Física, Nuclear physics, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Pedestal, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, ddc:530, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Fusion, Physics, Physical sciences, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Edge Localized Modes, QC717, Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Reactors de fusió, Física, FACING COMPONENTS, Fusion reactors, Jet, CARBON WALL, DISRUPTION PREDICTION, OPERATION, ddc:600
Abstract

The 2014–2016 JET results are reviewed in the light of their significance for optimising the ITER research plan for the active and non-active operation. More than 60 h of plasma operation with ITER first wall materials successfully took place since its installation in 2011. New multi-machine scaling of the type I-ELM divertor energy flux density to ITER is supported by first principle modelling. ITER relevant disruption experiments and first principle modelling are reported with a set of three disruption mitigation valves mimicking the ITER setup. Insights of the L–H power threshold in Deuterium and Hydrogen are given, stressing the importance of the magnetic configurations and the recent measurements of fine-scale structures in the edge radial electric. Dimensionless scans of the core and pedestal confinement provide new information to elucidate the importance of the first wall material on the fusion performance. H-mode plasmas at ITER triangularity (H = 1 at ßN ~ 1.8 and n/nGW ~ 0.6) have been sustained at 2 MA during 5 s. The ITER neutronics codes have been validated on high performance experiments. Prospects for the coming D–T campaign and 14 MeV neutron calibration strategy are reviewed. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 under grant agreement No 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1.173 autors/es: X. Litaudon35, S. Abduallev39, M. Abhangi46, P. Abreu53, M. Afzal7, K.M. Aggarwal29, T. Ahlgren101, J.H. Ahn8, L. Aho-Mantila112, N. Aiba69, M. Airila112, R. Albanese105, V. Aldred7, D. Alegre93, E. Alessi45, P. Aleynikov55, A. Alfier12, A. Alkseev72, M. Allinson7, B. Alper7, E. Alves53, G. Ambrosino105, R. Ambrosino106, L. Amicucci90, V. Amosov88, E. Andersson Sundén22, M. Angelone90, M. Anghel85, C. Angioni62, L. Appel7, C. Appelbee7, P. Arena30, M. Ariola106, H. Arnichand8, S. Arshad41, A. Ash7, N. Ashikawa68, V. Aslanyan64, O. Asunta1, F. Auriemma12, Y. Austin7, L. Avotina103, M.D. Axton7, C. Ayres7, M. Bacharis24, A. Baciero57, D. Baião53, S. Bailey7, A. Baker7, I. Balboa7, M. Balden62, N. Balshaw7, R. Bament7, J.W. Banks7, Y.F. Baranov7, M.A. Barnard7, D. Barnes7, M. Barnes27, R. Barnsley55, A. Baron Wiechec7, L. Barrera Orte34, M. Baruzzo12, V. Basiuk8, M. Bassan55, R. Bastow7, A. Batista53, P. Batistoni90, R. Baughan7, B. Bauvir55, L. Baylor73, B. Bazylev56, J. Beal110, P.S. Beaumont7, M. Beckers39, B. Beckett7, A. Becoulet8, N. Bekris35, M. Beldishevski7, K. Bell7, F. Belli90, M. Bellinger7, É. Belonohy62, N. Ben Ayed7, N.A. Benterman7, H. Bergsåker42, J. Bernardo53, M. Bernert62, M. Berry7, L. Bertalot55, C. Besliu7, M. Beurskens63, B. Bieg61, J. Bielecki47, T. Biewer73, M. Bigi12, P. Bílková50, F. Binda22, A. Bisoffi31, J.P.S. Bizarro53, C. Björkas101, J. Blackburn7, K. Blackman7, T.R. Blackman7, P. Blanchard33, P. Blatchford7, V. Bobkov62, A. Boboc7, G. Bodnár113, O. Bogar18, I. Bolshakova60, T. Bolzonella12, N. Bonanomi97, F. Bonelli56, J. Boom62, J. Booth7, D. Borba35,53, D. Borodin39, I. Borodkina39, A. Botrugno90, C. Bottereau8, P. Boulting7, C. Bourdelle8, M. Bowden7, C. Bower7, C. Bowman110, T. Boyce7, C. Boyd7, H.J. Boyer7, J.M.A. Bradshaw7, V. Braic87, R. Bravanec40, B. Breizman107, S. Bremond8, P.D. Brennan7, S. Breton8, A. Brett7, S. Brezinsek39, M.D.J. Bright7, M. Brix7, W. Broeckx78, M. Brombin12, A. Brosławski65, D.P.D. Brown7, M. Brown7, E. Bruno55, J. Bucalossi8, J. Buch46, J. Buchanan7, M.A. Buckley7, R. Budny76, H. Bufferand8, M. Bulman7, N. Bulmer7, P. Bunting7, P. Buratti90, A. Burckhart62, A. Buscarino30, A. Busse7, N.K. Butler7, I. Bykov42, J. Byrne7, P. Cahyna50, G. Calabrò90, I. Calvo57, Y. Camenen4, P. Camp7, D.C. Campling7, J. Cane7, B. Cannas17, A.J. Capel7, P.J. Card7, A. Cardinali90, P. Carman7, M. Carr7, D. Carralero62, L. Carraro12, B.B. Carvalho53, I. Carvalho53, P. Carvalho53, F.J. Casson7, C. Castaldo90, N. Catarino53, J. Caumont7, F. Causa90, R. Cavazzana12, K. Cave-Ayland7, M. Cavinato12, M. Cecconello22, S. Ceccuzzi90, E. Cecil76, A. Cenedese12, R. Cesario90, C.D. Challis7, M. Chandler7, D. Chandra46, C.S. Chang76, A. Chankin62, I.T. Chapman7, S.C. Chapman28, M. Chernyshova49, G. Chitarin12, G. Ciraolo8, D. Ciric7, J. Citrin38, F. Clairet8, E. Clark7, M. Clark7, R. Clarkson7, D. Clatworthy7, C. Clements7, M. Cleverly7, J.P. Coad7, P.A. Coates7, A. Cobalt7, V. Coccorese105, V. Cocilovo90, S. Coda33, R. Coelho53, J.W. Coenen39, I. Coffey29, L. Colas8, S. Collins7, D. Conka103, S. Conroy22, N. Conway7, D. Coombs7, D. Cooper7, S.R. Cooper7, C. Corradino30, Y. Corre8, G. Corrigan7, S. Cortes53, D. Coster62, A.S. Couchman7, M.P. Cox7, T. Craciunescu86, S. Cramp7, R. Craven7, F. Crisanti90, G. Croci97, D. Croft7, K. Crombé15, R. Crowe7, N. Cruz53, G. Cseh113, A. Cufar81, A. Cullen7, M. Curuia85, A. Czarnecka49, H. Dabirikhah7, P. Dalgliesh7, S. Dalley7, J. Dankowski47, D. Darrow76, O. Davies7, W. Davis55,76, C. Day56, I.E. Day7, M. De Bock55, A. de Castro57, E. de la Cal57, E. de la Luna57, G. De Masi12, J. L. de Pablos57, G. De Temmerman55, G. De Tommasi105, P. de Vries55, K. Deakin7, J. Deane7, F. Degli Agostini12, R. Dejarnac50, E. Delabie73, N. den Harder38, R.O. Dendy7, J. Denis8, P. Denner39, S. Devaux62,104, P. Devynck8, F. Di Maio55, A. Di Siena62, C. Di Troia90, P. Dinca86, R. D’Inca62, B. Ding51, T. Dittmar39, H. Doerk62, R.P. Doerner9, T. Donné34, S.E. Dorling7, S. Dormido-Canto93, S. Doswon7, D. Douai8, P.T. Doyle7, A. Drenik62,81, P. Drewelow63, P. Drews39, Ph. Duckworth55, R. Dumont8, P. Dumortier58, D. Dunai113, M. Dunne62, I. Ďuran50, F. Durodié58, P. Dutta46, B. P. Duval33, R. Dux62, K. Dylst78, N. Dzysiuk22, P.V. Edappala46, J. Edmond7, A.M. Edwards7, J. Edwards7, Th. Eich62, A. Ekedahl8, R. El-Jorf7, C.G. Elsmore7, M. Enachescu84, G. Ericsson22, F. Eriksson16, J. Eriksson22, L.G. Eriksson36, B. Esposito90, S. Esquembri94, H.G. Esser39, D. Esteve8, B. Evans7, G.E. Evans7, G. Evison7, G.D. Ewart7, D. Fagan7, M. Faitsch62, D. Falie86, A. Fanni17, A. Fasoli33, J. M. Faustin33, N. Fawlk7, L. Fazendeiro53, N. Fedorczak8, R.C. Felton7, K. Fenton7, A. Fernades53, H. Fernandes53, J. Ferreira53, J.A. Fessey7, O. Février8, O. Ficker50, A. Field7, S. Fietz62, A. Figueiredo53, J. Figueiredo53,35, A. Fil8, P. Finburg7, M. Firdaouss8, U. Fischer56, L. Fittill7, M. Fitzgerald7, D. Flammini90, J. Flanagan7, C. Fleming7, K. Flinders7, N. Fonnesu90, J. M. Fontdecaba57, A. Formisano79, L. Forsythe7, L. Fortuna30, E. Fortuna-Zalesna19, M. Fortune7, S. Foster7, T. Franke34, T. Franklin7, M. Frasca30, L. Frassinetti42, M. Freisinger39, R. Fresa98, D. Frigione90, V. Fuchs50, D. Fuller35, S. Futatani6, J. Fyvie7, K. Gál34,62, D. Galassi2, K. Gałązka49, J. Galdon-Quiroga92, J. Gallagher7, D. Gallart6, R. Galvão10, X. Gao51, Y. Gao39, J. Garcia8, A. Garcia-Carrasco42, M. García-Muñoz92, J.-L. Gardarein3, L. Garzotti7, P. Gaudio95, E. Gauthier8, D.F. Gear7, S.J. Gee7, B. Geiger62, M. Gelfusa95, S. Gerasimov7, G. Gervasini45, M. Gethins7, Z. Ghani7, M. Ghate46, M. Gherendi86, J.C. Giacalone8, L. Giacomelli45, C.S. Gibson7, T. Giegerich56, C. Gil8, L. Gil53, S. Gilligan7, D. Gin54, E. Giovannozzi90, J.B. Girardo8, C. Giroud7, G. Giruzzi8, S. Glöggler62, J. Godwin7, J. Goff7, P. Gohil43, V. Goloborod’ko102, R. Gomes53, B. Gonçalves53, M. Goniche8, M. Goodliffe7, A. Goodyear7, G. Gorini97, M. Gosk65, R. Goulding76, A. Goussarov78, R. Gowland7, B. Graham7, M.E. Graham7, J. P. Graves33, N. Grazier7, P. Grazier7, N.R. Green7, H. Greuner62, B. Grierson76, F.S. Griph7, C. Grisolia8, D. Grist7, M. Groth1, R. Grove73, C.N. Grundy7, J. Grzonka19, D. Guard7, C. Guérard34, C. Guillemaut8,53, R. Guirlet8, C. Gurl7, H.H. Utoh69, L.J. Hackett7, S. Hacquin8,35, A. Hagar7, R. Hager76, A. Hakola112, M. Halitovs103, S.J. Hall7, S.P. Hallworth Cook7, C. Hamlyn-Harris7, K. Hammond7, C. Harrington7, J. Harrison7, D. Harting7, F. Hasenbeck39, Y. Hatano108, D.R. Hatch107, T.D.V. Haupt7, J. Hawes7, N.C. Hawkes7, J. Hawkins7, P. Hawkins7, P.W. Haydon7, N. Hayter7, S. Hazel7, P.J.L. Heesterman7, K. Heinola101, C. Hellesen22, T. Hellsten42, W. Helou8, O.N. Hemming7, T.C. Hender7, M. Henderson55, S.S. Henderson21, R. Henriques53, D. Hepple7, G. Hermon7, P. Hertout8, C. Hidalgo57, E.G. Highcock27, M. Hill7, J. Hillairet8, J. Hillesheim7, D. Hillis73, K. Hizanidis70, A. Hjalmarsson22, J. Hobirk62, E. Hodille8, C.H.A. Hogben7, G.M.D. Hogeweij38, A. Hollingsworth7, S. Hollis7, D.A. Homfray7, J. Horáček50, G. Hornung15, A.R. Horton7, L.D. Horton36, L. Horvath110, S.P. Hotchin7, M.R. Hough7, P.J. Howarth7, A. Hubbard64, A. Huber39, V. Huber39, T.M. Huddleston7, M. Hughes7, G.T.A. Huijsmans55, C.L. Hunter7, P. Huynh8, A.M. Hynes7, D. Iglesias7, N. Imazawa69, F. Imbeaux8, M. Imríšek50, M. Incelli109, P. Innocente12, M. Irishkin8, I. Ivanova-Stanik49, S. Jachmich58,35, A.S. Jacobsen83, P. Jacquet7, J. Jansons103, A. Jardin8, A. Järvinen1, F. Jaulmes38, S. Jednoróg49, I. Jenkins7, C. Jeong20, I. Jepu86, E. Joffrin8, R. Johnson7, T. Johnson42, Jane Johnston7, L. Joita7, G. Jones7, T.T.C. Jones7, K.K. Hoshino69, A. Kallenbach62, K. Kamiya69, J. Kaniewski7, A. Kantor7, A. Kappatou62, J. Karhunen1, D. Karkinsky7, I. Karnowska7, M. Kaufman73, G. Kaveney7, Y. Kazakov58, V. Kazantzidis70, D.L. Keeling7, T. Keenan7, J. Keep7, M. Kempenaars7, C. Kennedy7, D. Kenny7, J. Kent7, O.N. Kent7, E. Khilkevich54, H.T. Kim35, H.S. Kim80, A. Kinch7, C. king7, D. King7, R.F. King7, D.J. Kinna7, V. Kiptily7, A. Kirk7, K. Kirov7, A. Kirschner39, G. Kizane103, C. Klepper73, A. Klix56, P. Knight7, S.J. Knipe7, S. Knott96, T. Kobuchi69, F. Köchl111, G. Kocsis113, I. Kodeli81, L. Kogan7, D. Kogut8, S. Koivuranta112, Y. Kominis70, M. Köppen39, B. Kos81, T. Koskela1, H.R. Koslowski39, M. Koubiti4, M. Kovari7, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk49, A. Krasilnikov88, V. Krasilnikov88, N. Krawczyk49, M. Kresina8, K. Krieger62, A. Krivska58, U. Kruezi7, I. Książek48, A. Kukushkin72, A. Kundu46, T. Kurki-Suonio1, S. Kwak20, R. Kwiatkowski65, O.J. Kwon13, L. Laguardia45, A. Lahtinen101, A. Laing7, N. Lam7, H.T. Lambertz39, C. Lane7, P.T. Lang62, S. Lanthaler33, J. Lapins103, A. Lasa101, J.R. Last7, E. Łaszyńska49, R. Lawless7, A. Lawson7, K.D. Lawson7, A. Lazaros70, E. Lazzaro45, J. Leddy110, S. Lee66, X. Lefebvre7, H.J. Leggate32, J. Lehmann7, M. Lehnen55, D. Leichtle41, P. Leichuer7, F. Leipold55,83, I. Lengar81, M. Lennholm36, E. Lerche58, A. Lescinskis103, S. Lesnoj7, E. Letellier7, M. Leyland110, W. Leysen78, L. Li39, Y. Liang39, J. Likonen112, J. Linke39, Ch. Linsmeier39, B. Lipschultz110, G. Liu55, Y. Liu51, V.P. Lo Schiavo105, T. Loarer8, A. Loarte55, R.C. Lobel7, B. Lomanowski1, P.J. Lomas7, J. Lönnroth1,35, J. M. López94, J. López-Razola57, R. Lorenzini12, U. Losada57, J.J. Lovell7, A.B. Loving7, C. Lowry36, T. Luce43, R.M.A. Lucock7, A. Lukin74, C. Luna5, M. Lungaroni95, C.P. Lungu86, M. Lungu86, A. Lunniss110, I. Lupelli7, A. Lyssoivan58, N. Macdonald7, P. Macheta7, K. Maczewa7, B. Magesh46, P. Maget8, C. Maggi7, H. Maier62, J. Mailloux7, T. Makkonen1, R. Makwana46, A. Malaquias53, A. Malizia95, P. Manas4, A. Manning7, M.E. Manso53, P. Mantica45, M. Mantsinen6, A. Manzanares91, Ph. Maquet55, Y. Marandet4, N. Marcenko88, C. Marchetto45, O. Marchuk39, M. Marinelli95, M. Marinucci90, T. Markovič50, D. Marocco90, L. Marot26, C.A. Marren7, R. Marshal7, A. Martin7, Y. Martin33, A. Martín de Aguilera57, F.J. Martínez93, J. R. Martín-Solís14, Y. Martynova39, S. Maruyama55, A. Masiello12, M. Maslov7, S. Matejcik18, M. Mattei79, G.F. Matthews7, F. Maviglia11, M. Mayer62, M.L. Mayoral34, T. May-Smith7, D. Mazon8, C. Mazzotta90, R. McAdams7, P.J. McCarthy96, K.G. McClements7, O. McCormack12, P.A. McCullen7, D. McDonald34, S. McIntosh7, R. McKean7, J. McKehon7, R.C. Meadows7, A. Meakins7, F. Medina57, M. Medland7, S. Medley7, S. Meigh7, A.G. Meigs7, G. Meisl62, S. Meitner73, L. Meneses53, S. Menmuir7,42, K. Mergia71, I.R. Merrigan7, Ph. Mertens39, S. Meshchaninov88, A. Messiaen58, H. Meyer7, S. Mianowski65, R. Michling55, D. Middleton-Gear7, J. Miettunen1, F. Militello7, E. Militello-Asp7, G. Miloshevsky77, F. Mink62, S. Minucci105, Y. Miyoshi69, J. Mlynář50, D. Molina8, I. Monakhov7, M. Moneti109, R. Mooney7, S. Moradi37, S. Mordijck43, L. Moreira7, R. Moreno57, F. Moro90, A.W. Morris7, J. Morris7, L. Moser26, S. Mosher73, D. Moulton7,1, A. Murari12,35, A. Muraro45, S. Murphy7, N.N. Asakura69, Y.S. Na80, F. Nabais53, R. Naish7, T. Nakano69, E. Nardon8, V. Naulin83, M.F.F. Nave53, I. Nedzelski53, G. Nemtsev88, F. Nespoli33, A. Neto41, R. Neu62, V.S. Neverov72, M. Newman7, K.J. Nicholls7, T. Nicolas33, A.H. Nielsen83, P. Nielsen12, E. Nilsson8, D. Nishijima99, C. Noble7, M. Nocente97, D. Nodwell7, K. Nordlund101, H. Nordman16, R. Nouailletas8, I. Nunes53, M. Oberkofler62, T. Odupitan7, M.T. Ogawa69, T. O’Gorman7, M. Okabayashi76, R. Olney7, O. Omolayo7, M. O’Mullane21, J. Ongena58, F. Orsitto11, J. Orszagh18, B.I. Oswuigwe7, R. Otin7, A. Owen7, R. Paccagnella12, N. Pace7, D. Pacella90, L.W. Packer7, A. Page7, E. Pajuste103, S. Palazzo30, S. Pamela7, S. Panja46, P. Papp18, R. Paprok50, V. Parail7, M. Park66, F. Parra Diaz27, M. Parsons73, R. Pasqualotto12, A. Patel7, S. Pathak46, D. Paton7, H. Patten33, A. Pau17, E. Pawelec48, C. Paz Soldan43, A. Peackoc36, I.J. Pearson7, S.-P. Pehkonen112, E. Peluso95, C. Penot55, A. Pereira57, R. Pereira53, P.P. Pereira Puglia7, C. Perez von Thun35,39, S. Peruzzo12, S. Peschanyi56, M. Peterka50, P. Petersson42, G. Petravich113, A. Petre84, N. Petrella7, V. Petržilka50, Y. Peysson8, D. Pfefferlé33, V. Philipps39, M. Pillon90, G. Pintsuk39, P. Piovesan12, A. Pires dos Reis52, L. Piron7, A. Pironti105, F. Pisano17, R. Pitts55, F. Pizzo79, V. Plyusnin53, N. Pomaro12, O.G. Pompilian86, P.J. Pool7, S. Popovichev7, M.T. Porfiri90, C. Porosnicu86, M. Porton7, G. Possnert22, S. Potzel62, T. Powell7, J. Pozzi7, V. Prajapati46, R. Prakash46, G. Prestopino95, D. Price7, M. Price7, R. Price7, P. Prior7, R. Proudfoot7, G. Pucella90, P. Puglia52, M.E. Puiatti12, D. Pulley7, K. Purahoo7, Th. Pütterich62, E. Rachlew25, M. Rack39, R. Ragona58, M.S.J. Rainford7, A. Rakha6, G. Ramogida90, S. Ranjan46, C.J. Rapson62, J.J. Rasmussen83, K. Rathod46, G. Rattá57, S. Ratynskaia82, G. Ravera90, C. Rayner7, M. Rebai97, D. Reece7, A. Reed7, D. Réfy113, B. Regan7, J. Regaña34, M. Reich62, N. Reid7, F. Reimold39, M. Reinhart34, M. Reinke110,73, D. Reiser39, D. Rendell7, C. Reux8, S.D.A. Reyes Cortes53, S. Reynolds7, V. Riccardo7, N. Richardson7, K. Riddle7, D. Rigamonti97, F.G. Rimini7, J. Risner73, M. Riva90, C. Roach7, R.J. Robins7, S.A. Robinson7, T. Robinson7, D.W. Robson7, R. Roccella55, R. Rodionov88, P. Rodrigues53, J. Rodriguez7, V. Rohde62, F. Romanelli90, M. Romanelli7, S. Romanelli7, J. Romazanov39, S. Rowe7, M. Rubel42, G. Rubinacci105, G. Rubino12, L. Ruchko52, M. Ruiz94, C. Ruset86, J. Rzadkiewicz65, S. Saarelma7, R. Sabot8, E. Safi101, P. Sagar7, G. Saibene41, F. Saint-Laurent8, M. Salewski83, A. Salmi112, R. Salmon7, F. Salzedas53, D. Samaddar7, U. Samm39, D. Sandiford7, P. Santa46, M.I.K. Santala1, B. Santos53, A. Santucci90, F. Sartori41, R. Sartori41, O. Sauter33, R. Scannell7, T. Schlummer39, K. Schmid62, V. Schmidt12, S. Schmuck7, M. Schneider8, K. Schöpf102, D. Schwörer32, S.D. Scott76, G. Sergienko39, M. Sertoli62, A. Shabbir15, S.E. Sharapov7, A. Shaw7, R. Shaw7, H. Sheikh7, A. Shepherd7, A. Shevelev54, A. Shumack38, G. Sias17, M. Sibbald7, B. Sieglin62, S. Silburn7, A. Silva53, C. Silva53, P.A. Simmons7, J. Simpson7, J. Simpson-Hutchinson7, A. Sinha46, S.K. Sipilä1, A.C.C. Sips36, P. Sirén112, A. Sirinelli55, H. Sjöstrand22, M. Skiba22, R. Skilton7, K. Slabkowska49, B. Slade7, N. Smith7, P.G. Smith7, R. Smith7, T.J. Smith7, M. Smithies110, L. Snoj81, S. Soare85, E. R. Solano35,57, A. Somers32, C. Sommariva8, P. Sonato12, A. Sopplesa12, J. Sousa53, C. Sozzi45, S. Spagnolo12, T. Spelzini7, F. Spineanu86, G. Stables7, I. Stamatelatos71, M.F. Stamp7, P. Staniec7, G. Stankūnas59, C. Stan-Sion84, M.J. Stead7, E. Stefanikova42, I. Stepanov58, A.V. Stephen7, M. Stephen46, A. Stevens7, B.D. Stevens7, J. Strachan76, P. Strand16, H.R. Strauss44, P. Ström42, G. Stubbs7, W. Studholme7, F. Subba75, H.P. Summers21, J. Svensson63, Ł. Świderski65, T. Szabolics113, M. Szawlowski49, G. Szepesi7, T.T. Suzuki69, B. Tál113, T. Tala112, A.R. Talbot7, S. Talebzadeh95, C. Taliercio12, P. Tamain8, C. Tame7, W. Tang76, M. Tardocchi45, L. Taroni12, D. Taylor7, K.A. Taylor7, D. Tegnered16, G. Telesca15, N. Teplova54, D. Terranova12, D. Testa33, E. Tholerus42, J. Thomas7, J.D. Thomas7, P. Thomas55, A. Thompson7, C.-A. Thompson7, V.K. Thompson7, L. Thorne7, A. Thornton7, A.S. Thrysøe83, P.A. Tigwell7, N. Tipton7, I. Tiseanu86, H. Tojo69, M. Tokitani67, P. Tolias82, M. Tomeš50, P. Tonner7, M. Towndrow7, P. Trimble7, M. Tripsky58, M. Tsalas38, P. Tsavalas71, D. Tskhakaya jun102, I. Turner7, M.M. Turner32, M. Turnyanskiy34, G. Tvalashvili7, S.G.J. Tyrrell7, A. Uccello45, Z. Ul-Abidin7, J. Uljanovs1, D. Ulyatt7, H. Urano69, I. Uytdenhouwen78, A.P. Vadgama7, D. Valcarcel7, M. Valentinuzzi8, M. Valisa12, P. Vallejos Olivares42, M. Valovic7, M. Van De Mortel7, D. Van Eester58, W. Van Renterghem78, G.J. van Rooij38, J. Varje1, S. Varoutis56, S. Vartanian8, K. Vasava46, T. Vasilopoulou71, J. Vega57, G. Verdoolaege58, R. Verhoeven7, C. Verona95, G. Verona Rinati95, E. Veshchev55, N. Vianello45, J. Vicente53, E. Viezzer62,92, S. Villari90, F. Villone100, P. Vincenzi12, I. Vinyar74, B. Viola90, A. Vitins103, Z. Vizvary7, M. Vlad86, I. Voitsekhovitch34, P. Vondráček50, N. Vora7, T. Vu8, W.W. Pires de Sa52, B. Wakeling7, C.W.F. Waldon7, N. Walkden7, M. Walker7, R. Walker7, M. Walsh55, E. Wang39, N. Wang39, S. Warder7, R.J. Warren7, J. Waterhouse7, N.W. Watkins28, C. Watts55, T. Wauters58, A. Weckmann42, J. Weiland23, H. Weisen33, M. Weiszflog22, C. Wellstood7, A.T. West7, M.R. Wheatley7, S. Whetham7, A.M. Whitehead7, B.D. Whitehead7, A.M. Widdowson7, S. Wiesen39, J. Wilkinson7, J. Williams7, M. Williams7, A.R. Wilson7, D.J. Wilson7, H.R. Wilson110, J. Wilson7, M. Wischmeier62, G. Withenshaw7, A. Withycombe7, D.M. Witts7, D. Wood7, R. Wood7, C. Woodley7, S. Wray7, J. Wright7, J.C. Wright64, J. Wu89, S. Wukitch64, A. Wynn110, T. Xu7, D. Yadikin16, W. Yanling39, L. Yao89, V. Yavorskij102, M.G. Yoo80, C. Young7, D. Young7, I.D. Young7, R. Young7, J. Zacks7, R. Zagorski49, F.S. Zaitsev18, R. Zanino75, A. Zarins103, K.D. Zastrow7, M. Zerbini90, W. Zhang62, Y. Zhou42, E. Zilli12, V. Zoita86, S. Zoletnik113, I. Zychor65 and JET Contributorsa // EUROfusion Consortium JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 1 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland / 2 Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2 UMR 7340, 13451, Marseille, France / 3 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IUSTI UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France / 4 Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France / 5 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America / 6 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain / 7 CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 8 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 9 Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America / 10 Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rua Xavier Sigaud, 160, Rio de Janeiro CEP 22290-180, Brazil / 11 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 12 Consorzio RFX, corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy / 13 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea / 14 Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain / 15 Department of Applied Physics UG (Ghent University) St-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium / 16 Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 17 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123, Cagliari, Italy / 18 Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia / 19 Department of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-01-152 Warsaw, Poland / 20 Department of Nuclear and Quantum Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea / 21 Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 ONG, United Kingdom / 22 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden / 23 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden / 24 Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom / 25 Department of Physics, SCI, KTH, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden / 26 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland / 27 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom / 28 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom / 29 Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Queens University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom / 30 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy / 31 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, University of Trento, Trento, Italy / 32 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland / 33 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland / 34 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany / 35 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom / 36 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium / 37 Fluid and Plasma Dynamics, ULB—Campus Plaine—CP 231 Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium / 38 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, Netherlands / 39 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung—Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany / 40 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America / 41 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain / 42 Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden / 43 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America / 44 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America / 45 IFP-CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy / 46 Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar-382 428, Gujarat State, India / 47 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland / 48 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland / 49 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland / 50 Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia / 51 Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People’s Republic of China / 52 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão Travessa R Nr.187 CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brasil / 53 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal / 54 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation / 55 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France / 56 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany / 57 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain / 58 Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School—Ecole Royale Militaire, Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium / 59 Lithuanian energy institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania / 60 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine / 61 Maritime University of Szczecin, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland / 62 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany / 63 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany / 64 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Centre, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America / 65 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland / 66 National Fusion Research Institute (NFRI), 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea / 67 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan / 68 National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, 509-5292, Japan / 69 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan / 70 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece / 71 NCSR ‘Demokritos’, 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece / 72 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russian Federation / 73 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6169, United States of America / 74 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russian Federation / 75 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy / 76 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States of America / 77 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America / 78 SCK-CEN, Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium / 79 Second University of Napoli, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 80 Seoul National University, Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Republic of Korea / 81 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia / 82 Space and Plasma Physics, EES, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden / 83 Technical University of Denmark, Department of Physics, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark / 84 The ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 85 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania / 86 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 87 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania / 88 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russian Federation / 89 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China / 90 Unità Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy / 91 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain / 92 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain / 93 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain / 94 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain / 95 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy / 96 University College Cork (UCC), Ireland / 97 University Milano-Bicocca, piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy / 98 University of Basilicata, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 99 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America / 100 University of Cassino, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 101 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland / 102 University of Innsbruck, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Innsbruck, Austria / 103 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia / 104 University of Lorraine, CNRS, UMR7198, YIJL, Nancy, France / 105 University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 106 University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy / 107 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America / 108 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan / 109 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy / 110 University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom / 111 Vienna University of Technology, Fusion@Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria / 112 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland / 113 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, PO Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary

Published
2017

48. Analysis of radiation environment at divertor in helical reactor FFHR-d1

Author

J. Miyazawa, Teruya Tanaka, M. Tokitani, Hitoshi Tamura, Suguru Masuzaki, Takuya Goto, Takeo Muroga, and Akio Sagara

Subjects
Neutron transport, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Blanket, Radiation, Radiation shield, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, General Materials Science, Irradiation, Decay heat, Dose rate, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

Neutron transport calculations with a three-dimensional model of the helical reactor FFHR-d1 have been performed for the accurate analysis of neutronics environment in the divertor areas. Based on the obtained neutron spectra, magnitudes of irradiation damage, contact dose rates and decay heat have been evaluated mainly for Fe, W and Cu. Since divertors can be placed behind radiation shields in helical reactors, magnitudes of damage and radioactivation at the outboard divertors are almost two orders lower than those at blanket first walls. Cu materials could be used as a cooling channel material of the outboard divertors. In contrast, the magnitudes at the inboard divertors are only one order lower compared with those at the first walls due to the limited space at the inboard side. Damage on Cu is evaluated to be ∼10 dpa after 6 years operation. Further efforts in divertor development and reactor design could suppress the magnitude of damage to less than half for adoption of Cu materials for the inboard divertors.

Published
2014

49. Comparison of hydrogen isotope retention for tungsten probes in LHD vacuum vessel during the experimental campaigns in 2011 and 2012

Author

M. Tokitani, Suguru Masuzaki, Hiromichi Uchimura, Tomoaki Hino, Kenji Okuno, Mitsutaka Miyamoto, Yasuhisa Oya, Nobuaki Yoshida, Yuji Hatano, Yuji Yamauchi, M. Sato, Kensuke Toda, and Hideo Watanabe

Subjects
Materials science, Hydrogen, Mechanical Engineering, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, Large Helical Device, Ion implantation, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Deuterium, Sputtering, General Materials Science, Carbon, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

To evaluate hydrogen isotope retention enhancement in W by plasma exposure, the stress relieved tungsten samples were placed at three or four different positions, namely PI (sputtering erosion dominated area), DP (deposition dominated area), HL (Higher heat load area) and ER (erosion dominated area) during 2011 (15th) or 2012 (16th) plasma experiment campaign in Large Helical Device (LHD) at National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Japan and were exposed to ∼6700 shots of hydrogen plasma in a 2011 plasma experiment campaign and ∼5000 shots in a 2012 plasma campaign. Thereafter, additional 1.0 keV deuterium ion implantation was performed to evaluate the change of hydrogen isotope retention capacity by plasma exposure. It was found that more than 50 times of hydrogen retention enhancement for DP sample was derived compared to that for pure W. In especially, the carbon-dominated mixed-material layer would control the hydrogen isotope retention for all the area except for erosion-dominated area, indicating that the chemical structure for carbon-dominant mixed-material layer would govern the H and D retention enhancement for most area by long-term plasma exposure. Therefore, the surface area for carbon material would be one of key issues for the determination of hydrogen isotope retention in first wall, even if all tungsten first walls will be used.

Published
2014

50. Observation of increased nanostructure cone growth on Cr due to grazing-incidence Ta seed atom deposition in a He plasma

Author

Daisuke Nishijima, M. Tokitani, C.P. Chrobak, M. I. Patino, Eric Hollmann, D. Nagata, and R.P. Doerner

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, 010302 applied physics, Materials science, Nanostructure, genetic structures, Tantalum, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Plasma, Substrate (electronics), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Chromium, chemistry, Sputtering, 0103 physical sciences, Atom, sense organs, 0210 nano-technology, Deposition (chemistry)
Abstract

Nanostructure cone growth on chromium during helium plasma exposure in the PISCES-A linear plasma device is found to increase with the deposition of heavy tantalum atoms. Tantalum is found to be especially effective at increasing cone growth if the tantalum is incident on the surface at a grazing angle (∼5° or less). Tantalum atoms at grazing incidence are observed to be dominantly deposited at the cone tips, consistent with reduced sputtering of the cone tips and increased cone growth. Monte-Carlo simulations are found to be qualitatively consistent with the experimental observation that grazing-incidence heavy atom deposition on a lighter substrate will tend to increase cone growth.Nanostructure cone growth on chromium during helium plasma exposure in the PISCES-A linear plasma device is found to increase with the deposition of heavy tantalum atoms. Tantalum is found to be especially effective at increasing cone growth if the tantalum is incident on the surface at a grazing angle (∼5° or less). Tantalum atoms at grazing incidence are observed to be dominantly deposited at the cone tips, consistent with reduced sputtering of the cone tips and increased cone growth. Monte-Carlo simulations are found to be qualitatively consistent with the experimental observation that grazing-incidence heavy atom deposition on a lighter substrate will tend to increase cone growth.

Published
2019

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