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General Child marriage situation pre-covid, why increased during covid, causes, reflection from selected communities. Many socio-economic evils deprives numerous children from their right to healthy and safe nurturing environment. One such evil is the child marriage practised from age old days and yet not eradicated. UNICEF defines child marriage or early marriage as the union of a girl or boy under the age of 18 years which encompasses both official weddings and informal cohabitations in which children under the age of 18 live as if they were married. According to UNICEF, 110 million child marriages occurred from 2011 to 2021 worldwide and 25 million were averted during the same time frame (UNICEF, 2021b). In spite of being a pioneer in the battle against child marriage, India still has 15.6 million women between the ages of 20 and 24 who were married before they turned 18. There are 223 million child brides in India, with 102 million of them marrying before the age of 15. In terms of the prevalence of child marriage, these data rank India fourth in South Asia (UNICEF, 2019).

Cerium doped zinc oxide (CeZnO) (0.001–0.004 M) was deposited on the glass substrate using the spray pyrolysis method. We studied the changes in micro-structural, morphological, optical and gas sensing properties of the thin films at different molarity concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirms the hexagonal structure and polycrystalline nature. Crystallite size decreases with increase in Ce concentration. The surface morphology completely modified spherical to hexagonal after adding cerium was observed by using a field-emission scanning electron (FE-SEM) . Transmittance and band gap increases with increases in dopant(Ce) concentrations. The 0.003 M CeZnO thin films shows a good response towards room temperature NH3, the response values is found to be 265.12–2040.81 respectively for 5 ppm–25 ppm. Quick response and recovery time is found to be 18 and 12 s at 25 ppm.

In the present work, nanostructured ZnO thin films have been synthesized using spray pyrolysis technique by using the precursor solution of zinc acetate at 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 M Concentration. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the films with hexagonal structure. The field-emission scanning electron micrograph of all the samples revealed the spherical grain value and the morphology undergoes a change according to molarity concentration. The ammonia (NH3) sensing properties of the films were performed at room temperature and the sensing responses of the samples towards NH3 concentrations were recorded.

As per the requirement of embedded industry domain the processor system level performance has to be evaluated and tuned to match the required constraints of an application specification, so system level design methodology for embedded application-specific development system is becoming challenging. A novel System Level Design Methodology (SLDM) is developed to implement system level computational platform to evaluate the system level performance, investigate the system level issues and performance improvements of embedded systems. An experiment with different processor boards MPC 8548E, ARM920T, ARM1176JZF-S, ARM Cortex A53 and ARM Cortex-A8 was setup to analyze the system level performance of these boards. By evaluating and analyzing the system level performance of these platforms at the early point of development, an embedded application engineer can select which custom processor/board is useful for their embedded applications. In this paper micro benchmark algorithms are developed to evaluate latency, bandwidth of data movement among processor, memory, and network measurements are evaluated.

In the present work, nanostructured In doped ZnO thin films were synthesized using spray pyrolysis technique with different molarity concentrations (0.001–0.004). X-ray diffraction patterns confirms the polycrystalline nature of the films with hexagonal structure. The crystallite size is going to be increases with increase in dopant concentration. The field-emission scanning electron micrograph of undoped ZnO exhibits spherical shaped particles with intergrain pores and the intergrain pores decreases with increases in indium concentration. The transmittance and band gap is going to be decreases with increase in indium concentration. The ammonia (NH3) sensing properties of the undoped ZnO and In doped ZnO thin films were carried out at room temperature and the sensing responses of the samples towards NH3 concentrations were reported.

A node is an intersection point that can generate, receive, store or transmit data along distributed network routes and allows us to analyze the data at a particular point. In a network node, each sensor has several parts such as transceiver with an internal or connection to an external antenna, micro controller, electronic circuits for interfacing sensors and energy source. The scaling of single node cluster has a limitation of CPU computational powers, maximum memory and number of processes that can run on a single machine. In order to overcome these limitations multi node clusters are needed. To process huge amount of data at the same timeframe, multi node clusters are used. To monitor environment and physical conditions such as temperature, ambient light etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through network to a main location a distributed autonomous sensor called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used. WSN is a low-cost technology which is built of nodes from few to several hundred or thousands where each node is connected to single or several sensors. It acts like a bridge between virtual and real world. Besides, using a single platform for WSN, the proposed work send and receive the data on different platforms like FRDM-KL25Z, and Arduino Uno using WSN Multiple Nodes. A novel methodology is developed to create a node, transmit the data from the sensor through the created node, calculation of time to transmit and receive data through the nodes and comparing the network latencies.

IP-BTS (Internet Protocol Based Base Transceiver Station) is a small computing hardware module designed for integration into an industry standard tower PC housing which provides a complete GSM Access Point. It is used to optimize cost of transmission line for high density multi-band base stations. This paper describes the detailed procedure to develop system level boot loader software (universal boot loader-u-boot) for IP-BTS which is a customized hardware with PowerPC based processor board running on RTLinux operating system. This paper also discusses the brief presentation of the customized hardware platform at system level and the boot loader software development procedure for embedded telecom application IP-BTS. Designing suitable boot software at system or boot level is a complex and challenging task which is included in development of an embedded system for telecom applications. The boot loader connects application software through customized hardware and Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). It is not only responsible for initialization of the processor board and other module of IP-BTS software also upgrades operating system images and IP-BTS software versions. The early initialization code is always developed in the processor's native assembly language. In this paper we presented detailed procedure to transplant boot loader (u-boot) on Power PC based customized board and tested successfully with results.

An embedded system is an integration of customized hardware and optimized software designed for a specific function running continuously. In recent years, with the advent of increasing embedded telecom, an application running on dedicated platforms and the evaluation of system-level performance are essential. This paper proposes the procedure to analyze the low-level performance of three embedded platforms. These values are useful for GSM protocol stack developers for MS (Mobile Station), BTS (Base Transceiver Station), BSC (Base Station Controller) and MSC (Mobile Switching Center) to investigate system level issues at early stages. Lmbench is a powerful micro-benchmarks used to evaluate the latency and bandwidth measurements for embedded systems. These are very much useful for telecommunication signaling applications used with different protocol stacks. Lmbench is also used to characterize the early system-level performance of the processor board and real-time operating system (RTOS). At present, embedded Linux has become a heart of research in embedded system domain, so this paper focused on RTLinux as an RTOS. An experiment with the three processor boards, MPC 8548E, ARM920T, and ARM1176JZF-S, is set up to analyze the system-level performance of these processor boards. By comparing the system-level performance analysis of these platforms at the early stages, a telecom application developer can decide which board/processor is suitable for their application. Thus, we can reduce the time and cost by investigating the performance of processor boards and increasing the quality of embedded system testing for different telecom applications. This paper elaborates and discusses the system-level performance with the results for three processor boards.

Expander extruder pelleted complete diet (EEP) formulated with 50% deseeded dried sunflower heads (SFH) as roughage source along with 10% sorghum straw was compared with a conventional diet (concentrate mixture and chopped maize hay) by feeding to 24 Nellore ram lambs reared under intensive system for 180 days. Fortnightly body weights, feed intake, feed efficiency and nutrient digestibilities in lambs fed EEP diet was comparable to conventional diet except for higher (P less than 0.01) crude protein, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre and cellulose digestibility. Dressing percentage, yield of wholesale cuts, water, protein and ash content in Longissimus dorsi muscle were not affected, while fat content in muscle lowered by 17.7% in lambs fed EEP diet. Feed cost/kg gain or per kg edible meat lowered by Rs. 1.30 and 4.12, respectively with EEP diet compared to conventional diet. The results indicated that SFH could be incorporated at 50% level in complete diets of growing lambs and its feeding improved the daily weight gains by 12.9% and reduced the cost of feed per kg edible meat by 7.59% than conventional diet.

Pancreatic ascites is not an uncommon condition but requires a high degree of suspicion for prompt diagnosis. Since both hepatic cirrhosis and pancreatitis are related to ethanol abuse, routine investigation of patients with cirrhotic ascites for the rise of ascitic fluid amylase levels will facilitate early diagnosis. The combination of inflammation of pancreas and portal hypertension due to hepatic cirrhosis could give a picture of 'inflammatory transudate'.

In recent years, the usage of Computer Based Courses all over the globe have increased drastically in different domains of engineering education and its application development. There are more openings for a fresh engineer with the computer expertise skills. The man power required with these skills is like a hot cake in the Industry all over the world. Designing a computer based teaching methodology for various courses in engineering education is certainly a challenging task and should meet the requirements of the Engineering Education standards. Today exploring different ideas and innovation of new techniques are mandatory for a fresh engineering graduate. Computer Based Active Learning Teaching Methodology is essential in the area of Electronics and Computer Based Engineering Education at under graduate level. This paper describes about the procedure to develop Compute Based Teaching Methodology (CBTM) and successfully implemented for various courses like Linear Digital Integrated Circuit Applications, Micro Processors & Micro Controllers and Embedded System courses for engineering graduates. This paper presents the procedure to implement a CBTM for different engineering courses and how it is useful to develop applications or projects in the area of Electronics and Computer Engineering Education. This paper also discusses the effectiveness of usage of CBTM with the results and the case study courses described for better attainment of values for Course Outcomes (COS) and Program Outcomes (POS) in Outcome-Based Education (OBE).

The Lambadi is one of the largest scheduled tribes in Andhra Pradesh. Prior to1976, they were notified as a denotified tribe. They live in exclusive settlements called ‘tanda’, maintaining their cu...

On account of the problems associated with the conventional starting techniques (DOL, Star-Delta, etc.) an efficient method of soft-starting is required with energy saving features and adaptive parameter setting capability. An optimal soft-starting is one that starts the motor with minimum voltage and reduced starting current limit (CURLIM). Starting current limit is different for motors of different ratings and for the same motor under different initial load conditions. Fuzzy logic has been adapted with a triangular membership function with a finite overlap between two membership grades to achieve the adaptive parameter setting capability. It features automatic setting of current limit and the optimality is achieved by performing the task with appropriate settings for a maximum firing angle (/spl alpha//sub max/), decrement of /spl alpha/ (/spl Delta//spl alpha/) and the delay time between the two successive decrements (/spl Delta/t) calculated based on 'fuzzy logic'. The hardware interface is developed around an '8051 microcontroller based rapid prototyping tool' which interfaces the personal computer (PC) with the external world through its serial communication link. This tool improved the ease with which a prototype algorithm could be developed. All the algorithms are tested on different motors in the laboratory under different load conditions and found to be reliable and optimal. In all, a novel fuzzy logic based soft-start scheme for AC chopper fed induction motor drive is proposed and implemented using a rapid prototyping tool.

Three iso-nitrogenous complete diets in a roughage concentrate ratio of 50:50 were formulated with ground red gram stalks (RGS) at 30, 40 and 50% level in complete diets and were compared with a complete diet containing 50% sorghum stover as sole conventional roughage source (control diet). These diets were evaluated in 4 adult male graded Murrah buffaloes in a 4x4 Latin square design. In each trial, the buffaloes were fed the respective diets for 30days, followed by 7 days metabolism trial and a switch over period of 10d between each trial. The RGS had 4.11% crude protein (CP), 0.64% ether extract (EE) and 60.4% crude fibre (CF). The dry matter (DM) intake by buffaloes was comparable among all the groups, indicating that the diets containing RGS up to 50% were palatable. The DM, organic matter (OM), CF (Pe groups and were higher than the standard Kearl (1982) requirements. The results of this study indicated that RGS could be incorporated in complete diets up to 40% level in buffaloes, while incorporation at 50% level depressed the nutrient digestibility and lowered the nutritive value.