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Background & aim: Cancer is an incurable disease that is one of the leading causes of death all over the world in the present day. Since the approach to informing the patient about cancer can have a significant effect on the patient's mood, various researches have studied the angles of telling bad news. Due to the fact that people's views are different depending on the culture of each nationality, and in Iran they often share the news of the disease with the companion of the patient, therefore the purpose of the present study was to determine and examine the opinion of the companions of cancer patients about the need and how to tell the news of the disease. It was incurable cancer. Methods: In the present cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, after selecting 200 companions of cancer patients who referred to the radio-oncology clinic of Imam Reza Hospital (A.S.), recording the demographic information of the perspective people, the necessity and manner of telling bad news (through answering a questionnaire whose validity and reliability have already been confirmed) was recorded. This questionnaire contains questions about the person's desire to find out about the incurable disease. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square, Fisher, t and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. Results: According to the opinion of most of the patient's companions, it is better for the patient to be aware of the bad news (88.6% of the cases of the respondent and 66.5% in the case of close relatives), it is better not to give the information to anyone else if the patient does not want to (74 percent), relatives should as well be present when the bad news is given (62.5 percent), it is better to inform the relatives about the news first (54 percent), the doctor should tell the bad news (53 percent), in person ( 84.5 percent) and told in a private place (73.5 percent) and the amount of information given depending on the patient's desire (65 percent). Correspondingly, the opinions of the participants regarding the amount of information depending on the age of people (p=0.02), regarding the place of information depending on the family relationship (p=0.016), regarding the informant regarding the level of education (011) (p=0.0) and place of residence (p=0.012) and related to the way of informing about the person's job (p=0.001) were different. Conclusion: Most people believe that the patient should be informed about the bad news, but the method of presenting it is as well important. According to the findings obtained from the present study, the specific conditions that people are considering have been identified, therefore, by training doctors in this regard, it is possible to improve the way of informing people and patients of bad news and reduce the harm caused by it. became.

Background and Objectives: Deploying IoT-based education can allow students to explore the environment using embedded sensors. They can access educational materials and other information at any time. Teachers can also use wearable devices and smartphones in the classroom to improve teaching and learning. Although new technologies such as smart schools, e-learning, e-learning content and smart classroom equipment have had a positive impact on the process of teaching and conveying concepts to learners, they have not been able to meet the challenges in this area well enough. Since the Internet of Things, in addition to using the mentioned technologies through technology convergence such as cloud computing, massive data, blockchain, smart phones, objects and classroom environment, etc. has a tremendous effect on the education industry by creating new teaching and learning methods, developing the systems of monitoring and control and improving the decisions through data analysis, it is argued that the IoT can empower the education sector to solve the problems and challenges it faces by providing practical solutions.Methods: This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and it is based on mixed methods research (qualitative- quantitative) considering how the data are collected. At the beginning of the research, the Meta-synthesis method was used to identify the applications of the IoT in education. In this method, 4638 articles were found, and after being reviewed, 490 articles were extracted among these 128 articles were used for the final analysis. Also, using the questionnaire as a tool to prioritize the Internet of things applications in education, the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method was used.Findings: The findings showed that applications such as "Smart Campus" and "Student Health" have the highest priorities, respectively. Applications such as "Education (Teaching) and Learning", "Smart Class" and "Smart Tracking or Intelligent Transportation stsyem" were the next priorities.Conclusion: According to the findings, suggestions can be made to solve the problems of the education industry. In the field of application, with the help of IoT technology, there are problems such as the limitation of education to one place and time, wasting class time due to high density of people, lack of intelligence and high maintenance costs of educational centers, lack of accurate monitoring of students' health and hygiene, and the inadequacy of educational facilities for the physically disabled reducing the lack of smartness of the transportation system. Education industry policymakers can also be advised to pay special attention to these areas, given that the areas of "smart health monitoring", "smart energy" and "security" are more important than other sub-applications and they should also pay attention to these special sections. Also, action should be taken for public education and extensive publicity in familiariing the society with smart products and IoT technology in order to increase user acceptance and create demand. Among the limitations of the research, the limited number of experts familiar with IoT technology in the country's education sector vcan be mentioned. It is suggested to examine the relationships between applications and sub-applications and their priority based on the feasibility and attractiveness of the indicators in the future research.

Due to the importance of Teflon in the military industries, especially the missile and aerospace industries, the study of the effect of different nuclear radiation on the physical properties of this polymer can greatly assist the fabrication and engineering process of the components used in its manufacture. In this study, Teflon tape was cut into six bands, and then five bands were irradiated with different absorbed doses of gamma radiation up to 12 kGy. Moreover, the tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties, and the FTIR spectra to investigate the changes in the structural properties, were obtained from Teflon samples. Through the structural studies, variations such as the formation of double bond in the structure of irradiated Teflon strips were observed. Also, the reduction of the stress and the strain values ​​at the final strength and rupture point were observed by studying the mechanical parameters of the Teflon strips. It was concluded that in the irradiated Teflon strip structure, double bonds are formed which is a sign of major chain failure. Furthermore, no improvement in mechanical properties was observed.

Aims Hospitals are the first centers affected by accidents and disasters. Formulating a preparedness plan that takes into account the training of all employees, regular exercises, and the forecasting of required resources is essential for effective disaster management response. The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of disaster management training based on the tabletop exercises approach on the ability of members of the hospital incident command system to manage mass casualties in one of the selected military hospitals in Tehran. Materials & Methods This semi-experimental research employed a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population consisted of the members of the hospital incident command system, of whom 20 individuals were selected based on the entry criteria. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the hospital’s readiness regarding the incident command system, excess capacity, and early warning system. Findings The average total score of preparedness before the intervention was 6.47±0.87. The average total scores of the members’ ability and attitude in dealing with disasters before the intervention were 3.19±0.72 and 3.28±0.41, respectively. The average scores of overall readiness and competence among nurses immediately after the intervention and one month later showed significant improvement compared to the scores before the intervention. After completing the course in the simulated environment during the workshop, 100% of the students achieved scores at a good level. Additionally, in the area of acquiring pre-hospital skills, 100% of the students scored at the proficient level. Furthermore, after the training workshop concluded, 100% of the students rated themselves as completely proficient. Conclusion The tabletop exercises have a significant effect on enhancing the capabilities of the members of the incident command system and the hospital in managing disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Regulation of protein expression in cellular level are so challenging. In cellular scale, biochemical processes are intrinsically noisy and many convenient controllers aren’t physically implementable.Methods: In this paper, we consider standard Lyapunov function and by using Ito formula and stochastic analysis, we derive sufficient conditions for noise to state stability presented in the form of matrix inequalities. In the next step, by defining appropriate change of variables, matrix inequalities are transformed to Linear matrix inequalities which can be used to synthesize controller with the desired structure.Results: This paper deals with the design of implementable controller for stochastic gene regulatory networks with multiplicative and additive noises. In particular, we consider structural limitations that are present in real cellular systems and design the decentralized feedback that guarantees noise to state stability. Since the proposed conditions for controller design are in the form of linear matrix inequalities, controller gains can be derived efficiently through solving presented LMIs numerically. It is noteworthy that Because of its simple structure, the proposed controller can be implemented universally in many cells. Moreover, we consider a synthetic gene regulatory networks and investigate the effectiveness of the proposed controller by simulations.Conclusion: Our results provide a new method for designing Decentralized controller in gene regulatory networks with intrinsic and extrinsic noises. the proposed controller can be easily implemented in cellular environment.

OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is the twelfth leading cancer and the fifteenth leading cancer-causing death worldwide. The present study was conducted to investigate recent patterns of bladder cancer incidence and mortality worldwide. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the present study, information on the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in different regions of the world was extracted from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (GLOBOCAN, 2018). We provided the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of bladder cancer per 100,000 population. RESULTS: During 2018, 549,393 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed worldwide, 125,311 (22.80%) of whom were female and 424,082 (77.19%) were male. In general, the global ASIR of bladder cancer was 5.7 (2.4 in women and 9.6 in men). There were also 199,922 deaths from bladder cancer, 51,652 (25.83%) of whom were female and 148,280 (74.16%) were male. The global ASMR of bladder cancer was 1.9 (0.87 in women and 3.2 in men). CONCLUSIONS: The highest ASIR of bladder cancer was observed in North America, in regions with too high Human Development Index (HDI) and in Europe. The highest mortality due to bladder cancer was observed in Europe, in regions with too high human development index and in EMRO.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer of the nervous system is one of the most common types of cancers in the world since the nervous system regulates the functions of the body. Consequently, damage to this system will disrupt the entire body’s functioning. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of neural cancer in the world. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on published English studies by June 2018 by searching in the databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy included key words “neurological cancer”, “epidemiology”, “incidence”, “mortality”, “risk factors” without time and place constraints. Studies related to the incidence, mortality, and risk factors for cancer of the nervous system were investigated. RESULTS: The incidence of the brain tumors has been increasing in all ages in recent decades, indeed, the standardization of age in different countries is between 0.01 and 12.7 in males and 0.01 and 10.7 in women, per 100,000 people. The lowest incidence is in Africa and the highest level is in northern Europe. In addition, the mortality rate of the cancers of the nervous system is estimated at about 3.4 per one hundred thousand in the world. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of brain cancer is increasing. As the trend of brain cancer in the world is increasing, preventive and protective measures to reduce the risk factors of this cancer are recommended to reduce the incidence of disease.

Objective: Breast cancer (BC) is a common cancer among women worldwide, accounting for 16% of the total annual incidence of cancer among women. The present study aimed to investigate and compare the incidence and mortality of BC on the basis of different geographical, political and economic divisions in the world as well as investigating long-term trends of the incidence and mortality of this cancer worldwide. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we extracted the information on the incidence and mortality of BC in 184 countries from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (Project GLOBOCAN, 2012). The present study categorized and presented the information on the Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of BC based on the continents, world regions based on the development level, World Health Organization (WHO) regions classification and Human Development Index (HDI). Results: The highest ASIR of BC was observed in regions with a very high HDI (ASIR=78.2), in PAHO (ASIR=67.6), North America (ASIR=91.6) and more developed regions (ASIR=73.4); and the highest ASMR in regions with a low HDI (ASMR=17), in EMRO (ASMR=18.6), more developed regions (ASMR=14.9) and Africa (ASMR=17.3). The ASIR of BC had an ascending trend and the ASMR of this cancer was decreasing from 1975 to 2010. There was a positive statistical correlation equal to 0.883 between ASMR and ASIR of BC in the world. Conclusions: There was a significant positive correlation between ASIR and ASMR of BC. The ASIR of BC was increasing in most regions of the world, while the mortality rate was decreasing in the world from 1975 to 2010.

Soybean meal is more beneficial than canola meal (CM) due to the better balance of amino acids in the nutrition of broilers. Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of replacing soybean meal with CM at different levels during the rearing stages of Ross 308 male broilers on performance, carcass traits, and liver enzyme concentrations. In the first experiment, 420 one-day-old chicks received starter diets with six graded levels of CM from 0 to 15% for 10 days. In the second experiment, 360 eleven-day-old chicks were fed six experimental grower diets varying in CM from 0 to 25% over 14 days. In the third experiment, three hundred 25-day-old chicks were subjected to six finisher diets ranging in CM from 0 to 40% over 18 days. The findings revealed that the inclusion of the CM at the examined levels had no adverse effects on broilers' performance, carcass traits, and liver enzymes in the first and second experiments (P>0.05). Dietary CM inclusion of more than 32% in the third experiment had significant adverse effects on the performance, European broiler index, and liver enzymes of broilers (P<0.05). In conclusion, the CM can be included in broiler diets at levels up to 15% during the starter and 20% during the grower periods without adversely affecting growth performance and carcass traits. Nonetheless, an inclusion level of CM exceeding 32% of the diet during the finisher period resulted in decreased weight gain and harmful effects on liver function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificially regulating gene expression is an important step in developing new treatment for system-level disease such as cancer. In this paper, we propose a method to regulate gene expression based on sampled-data measurements of gene products concentrations. Inherent noisy behaviour of Gene regulatory networks are modeled with stochastic nonlinear differential equation. To synthesize feedback controller, we formulate sampling process as an impulsive system. By using a new Lyapunov function with discontinuities at sampling times, state feedback gain that guarantees exponential meansquare stability and H&infin performance is derived from LMIs. These LMIs also determine the maximum allowable time between sampling points. A numerical example and a practical application are presented to justify the applicability of the theoretical results

This paper seeks to describe an integrated management systems approach for the integration of corporate sustainability into Other Marketing Models in I.R. Iran Automotive industry. At first step an extensive review of published literature was conducted and an original framework for structuring the integration of corporate sustainability with other marketing models was determined. Then the framework was developed by experts with qualitative methodologies as deep interview and open questionnaire. At finally the research conceptual model was revised and completed by focus groups. Results shown Internal Marketing, Integrated Cultural Marketing, Social Marketing, Innovated Marketing, Lean Marketing, Strategic Marketing, Green Marketing, Ethical Marketing and Humanity Marketing are effective in realization of Sustainable Marketing in I.R. Iran Automotive Industry. Then in quantitative analysis, the model was evaluated by using multivariate regression and ultimately the ethical marketing, strategy-driven, innovative and humanity marketing were identified as 4 effective models to achieve sustainable marketing. At the end, after discussion some research and practical suggestions are presented.

Aims Studies conducted in the field of non-pharmacological interventions to control acute and delayed nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy have reported contradictory results. The present study aimed to compare the effect of ice massage and C-band on acute and delayed nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. Materials & Methods In the present clinical trial study, 105 patients referred to the chemotherapy department of Shahid Rajaei Hospital, Yasuj, Iran in 2018, were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: Ice massage, C-band, and control. Acute nausea and vomiting was assessed through the Morrow Assessment of Nausea and Emesis, and delayed nausea and vomiting were assessed using the MASCC tool at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after chemotherapy, before and after the interventions. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Findings Before intervention, there was no significant difference in terms of the presence/ absence, as well as the intensity of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in the three groups at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after chemotherapy (p>0.05). Also, after the interventions, there was no significant difference in the presence/absence and intensity of acute and delayed nausea in the patients in the ice massage, C-band, and control groups at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after chemotherapy (p>0.05). Conclusion Ice massage and C-bandage do not improve nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the sensitivity of citrus fruit to low temperatures and the conjunction of the fruit harvest season with cold days of the year necessisates more research on physiological effects of cold-stress damages. In this study, five citrus cultivars including Sanguinelli blood orange, Local lemon, Valencia orange, Unshiu mandarin and Local orange were stored under various cold treatments (3, 0, -3 and -6 °C) at two stages of before fruit ripening and ripening. Control treatment had temperature of 15 °C. Variations of activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), β-carotene and total phenol of fruit peel at two stages of before fruit ripening and ripening, as well as antioxidant capacity at ripening stage were examined. Results showed that under low temperature and control treatment, the SOD acivity, β–carotene and total phenol in fruit peel of the studied cultivars at ripening stage are higher than before ripening stage. In all the cultivars, except Local lemon, there was an increasing trend in the antioxidant capacity until 0 °C treatment and then became stable. The increasing trend of enzymetic and non-enzymetic antioxidants in fruit peel at ripening stage as compared with before ripening stage, was probably due to cold tolerance of fruits at this stage.

Background and Objectives: Air pollution has broad social, economical, political and technical aspects. one of the major issues in this regard is taking measures to prevent its increase. Since suspended particles are among the standard pollutants, the present study was carried out with the aim of measuring the amounts of these particles. Methods: In the present study, the suspended particles ( PM1, PM2.5 and PM10) were measured at two sites in Qom city. For each of them, 60 samples were selected with the Enviro Check during five consecutive months during summer (2 months) and fall. Results: During sampling, PM10 in the period between October 22chr('39')th to November 22nd 2007 had the maximum amount with the mean of 117µg/m3 and in the period between September 22chr('39')th to October 22nd 2007 it had the minimum amount with the mean of 83µg/m3. PM2.5 in the period between November 22nd to December 22nd 2007 with the mean of 33µg/m3 had the maximum amount and in the period between July 22nd to October 22nd 2007 it had the minimum amount with the mean of 8µg/m3. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, the densities of suspended particles PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 were below the standard levels on most occasions. The amounts of AQI for them were normal and acceptable.

Isocyanates are known as highly reactive chemicals. Isocyanates/diisocyanates are often used as raw materials in production of polyurethane. The results of indoor air monitoring in all of the five polyurethane factories (n= 100) showed that all HDI concentration values were considered at high contaminated air, in comparison with exposure limit of 35μg/m3. The HDI concentration ranged from 62.24 to 92.7 μg/m3 with a mean HDI concentration of 78.8μg/m3. It was also shown that urinary HDA is detectable following HDI exposure. Urinary HDA concentration of the workers was found to be linearly related to HDI concentration of the air in the factories as correlated. The HDI work-related disease risk assessment of the present study showed that two personal and work condition variables were correlated with symptoms of HDI work-related disease in the polyurethane factories (workers’ weight and HDI pollution) (n= 350). A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate individual factors for developing asthma induced by diisocyanates. Two factors were statistically related to risk of work-related disease of diisocyanate at the 0.05 significance level. These were: (a) weight of exposed workers, (b) HDI pollution. None of them had experienced previous incidents of exposure to diisocyanates. This study has shown that air monitoring together with biological monitoring and also risk factors can be used to estimate the HDI pollution situation as well as the exposure to workers of polyurethane factories.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a frequent disease among women and the complicated one is more resistant to treatment. It has a high recurrence rate. This study was carried out to compare two treatment regimens: intravaginal clotimazole and boric acid for treatment and recurrence rate of complicated vulvovaginitis.METHODS: This clinical trial study was performed on 60 women with clinical and mycological evidence of complicated vaginal candidiasis that referred to Yahyanejad hospital, Babol, Iran. They were randomized to receive daily intravaginal boric acid for 14 days (30 women) or daily intravaginal clotrimazole for 14 days (30 women). They were assessed 1 month and 3 months after treatment and compared together. FINDINGS: Twenty three patients (76.7%) was cured clinically for inflammation and 25 patients (83.3%) for discharge and 18 patients (60%) microscopically in clotrimazole group and 24 patients (80%) was cured clinically for inflammation and discharge and 19 patients (63.3%) microscopically in boric acid group. The rate of microscopically recurrence was 7 patients (38.9%) in clotrimazole group and 5 patients (26.3%) in boric acid group. These differences were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: The study suggests that boric acid or clotrimazole is effective in treatment and recurrence of complicated vaginal candidasis. It is more cost effective to use boric acid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute proctitis is a common, disturbing side effect of pelvic irradiation that might interrupt treatment. To decrease or prevention of these side effects many drugs were used but no effective treatment was found. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sucralfate for possible reduction of radiation-induced lower GI toxicities.METHODS: In this clinical trial study 100 patients that required curative pelvic radiation therapy were randomly divided into two groups. Group one received 3g oral sucralfate and group two received placebo as control. All patients were given at least 50 Gy external-beam irradiation. Their bowel symptoms that include diarrhea, abdominal pain or distention, mucous or bloody discharge, obstruction or perforation were scored according to the RTOG/EORTC acute toxicity criteria. Desquamation and duration of treatment interruption were studied in both groups.FINDINGS: From cases, there were 49 cases in group one and 47 cases in group two and 4 cases were excluded from study. The two groups were statistically the same according to sex, age, anatomopathology and radiation therapy parameters. Comparing acute lower GI toxicities, desquamation and duration of treatment interruption, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. No acute lower GI toxicities were seen in 18 cases from group one and 10 cases from group two. No grade 4 lower GI toxicities were seen in patients.CONCLUSION: In our study, there was no clinical evidence that oral sucralfate ameliorates radiation-induced proctitis. Therefore, sucralfate as a routine prophylactic agent is not suggested in pelvic radiation therapy and further investigations are generally needed to find out the efficacy of sucralfate in radiation-induced GI toxicities.

Background and Objectives: Heavy metals processing industry has always been a major cause of concern which affects soils, surface waters, ground waters and river sediments contaminations. Thus, the Zanjan Zinc and Lead Smelting Plant has been considered as a potential source of contamination.Mterials and Methods: This cross-sectional study has been conducted in February 2008 in the site region .The concentrations of Lead, Zinc and Cadmium have been assessed. The samples have been taken from 17 wells and atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method has been used to assess the samples. In order to find out and locate the exact situation of the wells under study, Global Positioning System instrument has been used. The correlation between the concentration of each metal and the distance of studied well from the plant has been assessed too.Results: The findings of this study showed that lead and cadmium concentrations were 53% and 59% respectively out of the guideline values of World Health Organization.Conclusion: The concentration of Zinc was lower than both national and international values in all samples. As the heavy metal concentration is very important for human health status, the other fields of study like heavy metal air pollution effects and related diseases and conditions should be studied and assessed.

Introduction: In recent years many countries has presented their own general and specified ethical guidelines in research. In our country despite the existence of general ethical guidelines, the lack of specified guidelines is prominent. Due to importance of research and its progresses especially in recent years, we decided to compile the specified ethical guidelines in research. In this article we explain a part of the project: the ethical guidelines of research on vulnerable groups. Methods: After gathering available national and international references, the guidelines were written. Then the guidelines were revised by the researchers of ethics research center and some of known experts. Then the guidelines were discussed in workshops by the members of ethics committees. In the end law and religious inspection was done. Results: The ethical guidelines of research in vulnerable groups are discussed. The guidelines are categorized in five groups: children, mentally incapacitated, pregnant women and infants, prisoners and persons in emergency situations. Discussion: The goal of this project is to provide the facilities to carry out the guidelines and to protect the participants during the research. To accomplish the goal, the guidelines have to be sending to the universities and research centers throughout the country and adequate education have to be done in the format of workshop both for ethics committees and researchers.

Background and purpose: High concentrations of respirable particles may cause high incidence of respiratory diseases and mortality. Epidemiological exposure assessment is based on fixed site measurements in ambient air. However, major studies reported good relationship between indoor fine particulate air concentrations and personal exposure. This study is focussed on personal exposure to PM2.5 in different transportation modes and factors that cause high indoor PM2.5 levels.Materials and Methods: In this study, a calibrated real time monitor (MicroDust Pro) was used to measure PM2.5 levels in 3 mode of transportation (bus, car and train) on the same route. Results were also compared with PM10 concentrations measured by fixed site monitors. A small Poly Urethane Foam (PFU) filter was designed for PM2.5 size fraction monitoring and a small personal sampling pump was used to provide a continuous airflow through the gravimetric adaptor and photo detector.Results: The mean PM2.5 concentration measured in the train was lower than the mean fixed site PM10 concentration. However, the mean PM2.5 levels in car and bus were much higher than those mean PM10 concentrations measured by fixed site monitors. Boarding, picking up, dropping off, and movement of passengers inside the bus and train were significantly related to short-term increases in PM2.5 concentrations. However, stopping at the traffic light was the most important factor associated with peak PM2.5 concentrations inside the car.Conclusion: Penetration of particles that were created by road traffic and resuspension of fine particles in the vehicles were the most important factors that may increase respirable particles in transportation modes.

Aims: Smart wearable provides a significant advantage to medicine and health, leading to a better quality of life for people who suffer from various chronic diseases and physical, motor, and mental limitations. But the use of smart wearables is accompanied by challenges. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the use of smart wearables for veterans. Participants & Methods: This study was qualitative research and implemented by a content analysis method. The research sample was ten veterans, trustees, and manufacturers related to smart wearables, and data collection was done by the semi-structured interview method. Data analysis was done using the content analysis method and MAXQDA 2022 software. Findings: Three categories (stewardship, producers, and consumers) and 18 sub-categories (policymaking, economics, needs assessment, industry support and encouragement, internal and external communication, notification system, investment, product feature, product approval, processor, responsiveness, improving the quality of life, attitude of veterans, ability, security, education, convenience and durability, and veterans' organizations) were extracted. Conclusion: Stewardship, developers, designers, and manufacturers in the field of wearable technology should have a deeper understanding of consumer behavior and thus facilitate the use and social acceptance of smart wearables for veterans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background & Objective: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the major component of the human plasma alpha-1 globulin proteins and acts as a major inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, particularly elastase. AAT deficiency is accompanied by lung, liver and other disorders, therefore, AAT is clinically important and its precise evaluation is diagnostically critical. In present study serum AAT was evaluated by three Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis (CAE), Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity (TIC) and Single Radial Immunodiffusion (SRID) methods and results wene compared. Materials and methods: AAT evaluation was carried out, by CAE, SRID and TIC Methods, on 318 normal sera obtained from volunteer students of Tehran Universities. Results:The results indicated: 34, 84 and 112 samples by TIC, SRID and CAE methods (with reference ranges of 2.1-3.5 mol/min/ml, 126- 226 mg/dl and 2-4.5% respectively) were abnormal 201samples by CAE and TIC were normal and 29 abnomal, 83 sera were normal by TIC and abnormal by CAE five of them were abnormal by TIC and normal by CAE 227 of the samples were normal and 29 abnormal(TIC and SRID) 57 were normal by TIC and abnormal by SRID and seven samples were abnormal by TIC and normal by SRID. Conclusion: Although CAE and alpha-1 globulin band determination are routine in clinical laboratory, they are not reliable in evaluating AAT. SRID sensitivity is more Than CAE and less Than TIC therefore, TIC is recommended as a precise and reliable method for serum AAT evaluation. Key Words: Alpha-1-antitrypsin, Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis, Single Radial Immunodiffusion, Trypsin Inhibitory Capacity