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1. Dynamic causal modeling reveals increased cerebellar- periaqueductal gray communication during fear extinction

Author: Elena Paci, Bridget M. Lumb, Richard Apps, Charlotte L. Lawrenson, and Rosalyn J. Moran
Subjects: cerebellum, periaqueductal gray, fear, dynamic causal modeling (DCM), ERPs, extinction, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: IntroductionThe extinction of fear memories is an important component in regulating defensive behaviors, contributing toward adaptive processes essential for survival. The cerebellar medial nucleus (MCN) has bidirectional connections with the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) and is implicated in the regulation of multiple aspects of fear, such as conditioned fear learning and the expression of defensive motor outputs. However, it is unclear how communication between the MCN and vlPAG changes during conditioned fear extinction.MethodsWe use dynamic causal models (DCMs) to infer effective connectivity between the MCN and vlPAG during auditory cue-conditioned fear retrieval and extinction in the rat. DCMs determine causal relationships between neuronal sources by using neurobiologically motivated models to reproduce the dynamics of post-synaptic potentials generated by synaptic connections within and between brain regions. Auditory event related potentials (ERPs) during the conditioned tone offset were recorded simultaneously from MCN and vlPAG and then modeled to identify changes in the strength of the synaptic inputs between these brain areas and the relationship to freezing behavior across extinction trials. The DCMs were structured to model evoked responses to best represent conditioned tone offset ERPs and were adapted to represent PAG and cerebellar circuitry.ResultsWith the use of Parametric Empirical Bayesian (PEB) analysis we found that the strength of the information flow, mediated through enhanced synaptic efficacy from MCN to vlPAG was inversely related to freezing during extinction, i.e., communication from MCN to vlPAG increased with extinction.DiscussionThe results are consistent with the cerebellum contributing to predictive processes that underpin fear extinction.
Published: 2023
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2. When Differential Descending Control of Speed Matters: Descending Modulation of A- versus C-Fiber Evoked Spinal Nociception

Author: Bridget M. Lumb and Lucy F. Donaldson
Subjects: descending pain modulatory systems, spinal nociception, A-nociceptor, C-nociceptor, PAG, hyperalgesia, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract: Descending pain modulatory systems (DPMS) that originate within the brain and act to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission are a major determinant of the acute and chronic pain experience. Investigations of these systems in basic scientific research is critical to the development of therapeutic strategies for the relief of pain. Despite our best efforts, something is lost in translation. This article will explore whether this is due in part to a primary focus on sensory modality leading to a failure to differentiate between descending control of A- vs. C-fiber mediated spinal nociception.
Published: 2022
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3. Cerebellar modulation of memory encoding in the periaqueductal grey and fear behaviour

Author: Charlotte Lawrenson, Elena Paci, Jasmine Pickford, Robert AR Drake, Bridget M Lumb, and Richard Apps
Subjects: cerebellum, PAG, survival circuits, fear, timing, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: The pivotal role of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) in fear learning is reinforced by the identification of neurons in male rat ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) that encode fear memory through signalling the onset and offset of an auditory-conditioned stimulus during presentation of the unreinforced conditioned tone (CS+) during retrieval. Some units only display CS+ onset or offset responses, and the two signals differ in extinction sensitivity, suggesting that they are independent of each other. In addition, understanding cerebellar contributions to survival circuits is advanced by the discovery that (i) reversible inactivation of the medial cerebellar nucleus (MCN) during fear consolidation leads in subsequent retrieval to (a) disruption of the temporal precision of vlPAG offset, but not onset responses to CS+, and (b) an increase in duration of freezing behaviour. And (ii) chemogenetic manipulation of the MCN-vlPAG projection during fear acquisition (a) reduces the occurrence of fear-related ultrasonic vocalisations, and (b) during subsequent retrieval, slows the extinction rate of fear-related freezing. These findings show that the cerebellum is part of the survival network that regulates fear memory processes at multiple timescales and in multiple ways, raising the possibility that dysfunctional interactions in the cerebellar-survival network may underlie fear-related disorders and comorbidities.
Published: 2022
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4. Editorial: Plasticity of Endogenous Pain Modulatory Circuits in Neuropathy

Author: Ryan Patel, Bridget M. Lumb, and Kirsty Bannister
Subjects: neuropathic pain, endogenous pain modulation, descending pain control, animal models, fMRI, chronic pain, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Published: 2021
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5. Loss of cortical control over the descending pain modulatory system determines the development of the neuropathic pain state in rats

Author: Robert AR Drake, Kenneth A Steel, Richard Apps, Bridget M Lumb, and Anthony E Pickering
Subjects: pain, prefrontal cortex, descending pain modulation, periaquductal gray, neuropathic, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: The loss of descending inhibitory control is thought critical to the development of chronic pain but what causes this loss in function is not well understood. We have investigated the dynamic contribution of prelimbic cortical neuronal projections to the periaqueductal grey (PrL-P) to the development of neuropathic pain in rats using combined opto- and chemogenetic approaches. We found PrL-P neurons to exert a tonic inhibitory control on thermal withdrawal thresholds in uninjured animals. Following nerve injury, ongoing activity in PrL-P neurons masked latent hypersensitivity and improved affective state. However, this function is lost as the development of sensory hypersensitivity emerges. Despite this loss of tonic control, opto-activation of PrL-P neurons at late post-injury timepoints could restore the anti-allodynic effects by inhibition of spinal nociceptive processing. We suggest that the loss of cortical drive to the descending pain modulatory system underpins the expression of neuropathic sensitisation after nerve injury.
Published: 2021
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6. Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulations in Nerve Conduction.

Author: Neville J. Ford, Pedro Miguel Lima, and Patricia M. Lumb
Published: 2015

7. Numerical approaches to delay equations with small solutions.

Author: Neville J. Ford and Patricia M. Lumb
Published: 2001

8. Author response: Cerebellar modulation of memory encoding in the periaqueductal grey and fear behaviour

Author: Elena Paci, Charlotte Lawrenson, Jasmine Pickford, Robert AR Drake, Bridget M Lumb, and Richard Apps
Published: 2022

9. Editorial: Plasticity of Endogenous Pain Modulatory Circuits in Neuropathy

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Kirsty Bannister, and Ryan Patel
Subjects: neuropathic pain, descending pain control, business.industry, fMRI, Chronic pain, Endogeny, Plasticity, medicine.disease, animal models, endogenous pain modulation, Monoamine neurotransmitter, Neuropathic pain, medicine, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, business, chronic pain, RC346-429, Neuroscience
Published: 2021

10. The partial saphenous nerve injury model of pain impairs reward-related learning but not reward sensitivity or motivation

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Lucy F. Donaldson, Emma S J Robinson, and Caroline E. Phelps
Subjects: Gabapentin, Analgesic, Pain, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Reward, 030202 anesthesiology, Animals, Learning, Medicine, Association (psychology), Depression (differential diagnoses), Depressive Disorder, Major, Motivation, business.industry, Chronic pain, Cognition, medicine.disease, Rats, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nociception, Neurology, Major depressive disorder, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, psychological phenomena and processes, Clinical psychology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Chronic pain is highly comorbid with affective disorders, including major depressive disorder. A core feature of major depressive disorder is a loss of interest in previously rewarding activities. Major depressive disorder is also associated with negative affective biases where cognitive processes are modulated by the affective state. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that reward-related learning and memory is impaired in rodent models of depression generated through a variety of different manipulations. This study investigated different aspects of reward-related behaviour in a rodent model of chronic pain, the partial saphenous nerve injury (PSNI). Using our reward-learning assay, an impairment in reward learning was observed with no difference in sucrose preference, consistent with a lack of effect on reward sensitivity and similar to the effects seen in depression models. In a successive negative contrast task, chronic pain was not associated with changes in motivation for reward either under normal conditions or when reward was devalued although both sham and PSNI groups exhibited the expected negative contrast effect. In the affective bias test, PSNI rats developed a positive affective bias when treated with gabapentin, an effect not seen in the controls suggesting an association with the antinociceptive effects of the drug inducing a relatively more positive affective state. Together, these data suggest that there are changes in reward-related cognition in this chronic pain model consistent with previous findings in rodent models of depression. The effects seen with gabapentin suggest that pain-associated negative affective state may be remediated by this atypical analgesic.
Published: 2021

11. Loss of cortical control over the descending pain modulatory system determines the development of the neuropathic pain state in rats

Author: Kenneth A Steel, Bridget M. Lumb, Robert A.R. Drake, Richard Apps, and Anthony E. Pickering
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, periaqueductal grey, Brain and Behaviour, 0302 clinical medicine, Periaqueductal Gray, pain, nociception, Biology (General), Prefrontal cortex, Neurons, prefrontal cortex, General Neuroscience, Chronic pain, General Medicine, brain networks, neuropathic, Olfactory Cortex, Cortical control, Neuropathic pain, Medicine, Physical and Mental Health, medicine.symptom, descending pain modulation, Research Article, Pain Threshold, Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn, QH301-705.5, Science, Sensory system, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Journal Article, medicine, Tonic (music), Animals, Humans, Rats, Wistar, General Immunology and Microbiology, business.industry, Nerve injury, medicine.disease, Nociceptive processing, Rats, periaquductal gray, 030104 developmental biology, Neuralgia, Rat, peripheral injury, business, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Anaesthesia Pain and Critical Care
Abstract: The loss of descending inhibitory control is thought critical to the development of chronic pain but what causes this loss in function is not well understood. We have investigated the dynamic contribution of prelimbic cortical neuronal projections to the periaqueductal grey (PrL-P) to the development of neuropathic pain in rats using combined opto- and chemogenetic approaches. We found PrL-P neurons to exert a tonic inhibitory control on thermal withdrawal thresholds in uninjured animals. Following nerve injury, ongoing activity in PrL-P neurons masked latent hypersensitivity and improved affective state. However, this function is lost as the development of sensory hypersensitivity emerges. Despite this loss of tonic control, opto-activation of PrL-P neurons at late post-injury timepoints could restore the anti-allodynic effects by inhibition of spinal nociceptive processing. We suggest that the loss of cortical drive to the descending pain modulatory system underpins the expression of neuropathic sensitisation after nerve injury.
Published: 2021

12. Author response: Loss of cortical control over the descending pain modulatory system determines the development of the neuropathic pain state in rats

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Richard Apps, Kenneth A Steel, Anthony E. Pickering, and Robert A.R. Drake
Subjects: business.industry, Cortical control, Neuropathic pain, Medicine, business, Neuroscience
Published: 2021

13. The olivo-cerebellar system and its relationship to survival circuits

Author: Thomas C Watson, Stella eKoutsikou, Nadia L Cerminara, Charlotte R Flavell, Jonathan eCrook, Bridget M Lumb, and Richard eApps
Subjects: Cerebellum, Survival, inferior olive, modules, periaqueductal grey, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract: How does the cerebellum, the brain’s largest sensorimotor structure, contribute to complex behaviors essential to survival? While we know much about the role of limbic and closely associated brainstem structures in relation to a variety of emotional, sensory or motivational stimuli, we know very little about how these circuits interact with the cerebellum to generate appropriate patterns of behavioral response. Here we focus on evidence suggesting that the olivo-cerebellar system may link to survival networks via interactions with the midbrain periaqueductal grey, a structure with a well known role in expression of survival responses. As a result of this interaction we argue that, in addition to important roles in motor control, the inferior olive, and related olivo-cortico-nuclear circuits, should be considered part of a larger network of brain structures involved in coordinating survival behavior through the selective relaying of ‘teaching signals’ arising from higher centers associated with emotional behaviors.
Published: 2013
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14. Post-anaesthesia pulmonary complications after use of muscle relaxants (POPULAR): a multicentre, prospective observational study

Author: Kirmeier E. a, Eriksson L. I. c, Lewald H. a, Jonsson Fagerlund, M. c Hoeft, A. f Hollmann, M. g Meistelman, C. e Hunter, J. M. d Ulm, K. b Blobner, M. aEmail Author, Abad Gurumeta, A. Abernethy, C. Abigail, P. Achaibar, K. Adam, E. Afshari, Agudelo Montoya, M. E. Akgün, F. N. Aletti, G. Alkış, N. Allan, K. Allan, A. Allaouchiche, B. Allcock, C. Almasy, E. Amey, I. Amigoni, M. Andersen, E. Andersson, P. Anipchenko, N. Antunes, P. Armstrong, E. Aslam, T. N. Aslin, B. Assunção, J. P. Ausserer, J. Avvai, M. Awad, Ayas Montero, B. Ayuso, M. Azevedo, P. Badarau, V. Badescu, Baiardo Redaelli, M. Baird, C. Baird, Y. Baker, T. Balaji, P. Bălan, C. Balandin, A. Balescu-Arion, C. Baliuliene, Baltasar Isabel, J. Baluch, S. N. Bandrabur, D. Bankewitz, C. Barber, K. Barbera, F. Barcraft-Barnes, H. Barletti, V. Barnett, G. Baron, K. Barros, A. Barsan, V. Bartlett, P. Batistaki, C. Baumgarten, G. Baytas, V. Beauchamp, Becerra Cayetano, I. A. Bell, S. Bellandi, M. Belletti, Belmonte Cuenca, J. Benitez-Cano, A. Beretta, L. Berger, M. Bergmann, N. Bergmark, Bermudez Lopez, M. Bernotaite, M. Beurskens, C. Bidd, H. Bifulco, F. Bignami, E. Bilic, A. Bilskiene, D. Bischoff, P. Bishop, L. Bjonness, T. Blaylock, H. Blethyn, K. Blincoe, T. Blokhin, I. Blunt, N. Boer, C. Bois, G. Bonicolini, E. Booth, J. Borecka-Kedzierska, M. Borstnar, K. Borys, M. Boselli, E. Bouvet, L. Bouwman, A. Bowen, L. Bowrey, S. Boxall, L. Božić, T. Bradley, T. Branco, T. Brazzi, L. Brazzoni, M. Brear, T. Brogly, N. Brohi, F. Broms, J. Bubliauskas, A. Bucolo, G. E. Buerkle, H. Buggy, D. Buhre, W. Bukauskas, T. Butturini, F. Byttner, Cabrera Díaz, I. Calderon, A. Calhau, R. Callejo, A. Cammu, G. Campesato, M. Can, Ö. S. Candeias, M. Cantor, A. Carise, E. Carmona, C. Carreteiro, J. Carrieri, C. Carter, A. Casal, M. Casanova, I. Cascella, M. Casero, L. M. Casiraghi, G. M. Castelo-Branco, Castro Arranz, C. Cernea, D. D. Cervantes, J. Chandler, B. Charnock, R. Chatzimicali, A. Chinery, E. Chishti, A. Chondhury, P. Christie, E. Christodoudiles, G. Ciardo, S. Cimpeanu, L. Cindea, I. Cinnella, G. Clark, S. Clayton, M. Cocu, S. Collyer, T. Colvin, C. Cope, S. Copeta, F. Copotoiu, S. -M., Correia de Barros, F. Corso, R. M. Cortegiani, A. Costa, G. Cowton, A. Cox, N. Craig, J. Cricca, V. Cronin, J. Cunha, M. Cuomo, A. Curley, K. Czuczwar, M. Dabrowska, D. Damster, Danguy des Déserts, M. Daniliuc, A. Danninger, T. Darwish, I. Dascalu, C. Davies, K. Davies, De Boer, De Flaviis, De Selincourt, G. Deana, C. Debaene, B. Debreceni, G. Dedhia, Delgado Garcia, Della Rocca, G. Delroy-Buelles, L. Desai, T. Dhillon, Di Giacinto, Di Mauro, Diaz Gomez, T. V. Dimitrovski, A. Dinic, V. Dîrzu, D. -S., Divander M. B., Dolinar J., Domingues S., Doolan J., Downes C., Dragoescu N. A., Droc G., Dum E., Dumitrescu A., Duncan L., Dzurňáková P., Eberl S., Edwards J., Edwards M., Ekelund K., Ekengren P., Elghouty E., Ellerkmann R., Ellis H., Elme A., Ernst T., Errando C. L., Estenes S., Ewaldsson C., Farid N., Featherstone J., Febres D., Fedorov S., Feggeler J., Feijten P., Fellmann T., Fernandez Candil, Fernandez Castineira, Fernández Castineira, J. Fernando, A. Ferrando, C. Ferreira, L. Ferreira, P. Feyling, A. Filipescu, D. Fleischer, A. Floris, L. Foerster, U. Fox, B. Franke, U. Frasca, D. Frey, C. Frost, V. Fullin, G. Fumagalli, J. Furneval, J. Fusari, M. Gallacher, S. Galushka, S. Gambale, G. Gambino, I. Garcia-Perez, M. L. Garg, S. Garlak, J. Gavranovic, Z. Gavrilov, R. Gaynor, Gecaj Gashi, A. Georghiou, M. Gerjevic, B. Gferer, G. Giarratano, A. Gibson, A. Gievski, V. Giles, J. Gillberg, L. Gilowska, Gilsanz Rodriguez, F. Gioia, A. Giovannoni, C. Girotra, V. Gkinas, D. Gkiokas, G. Godoroja, D. Goebel, U. Goel, V. Gonzalez, M. Goranovic, T. Gornik-Wlaszczuk, E. Gosavi, S. Gottfridsson, P. Gottschalk, A. Granell, M. Granstrom, A. Grassetto, A. Greenwood, A. Grigoras, I. Grintescu, I. Gritsan, A. Gritsan, G. Grynyuk, A. Guadagnin, G. M. Guarnieri, M. Güçlü, Guerrero Diez, M. Gunenc, F. Günther, U. Gupta, P. Guttenthaler, V. Hack, Y. Hafisayena, A. Hagau, N. Haldar, J. Hales, D. Hancı, V. Hanna-Jumma, S. Harazim, H. Harlet, P. Harper, D. Harris, B. Harvey, O. Hashimi, M. Hawkins, L. Hayes, C. Heaton, J. Heier, T. Helliwell, L. Hemmes, S. Henderson, K. Hermanides, J. Hermanns, Herrera Hueso, B. Hestenes, S. Hettiarachchi, R. Highgate, J. Hodgson, K. Hoelbling, D. Holland, J. Horhota, L. Hormis, A. Hribar, R. Hua, A. Humphreys, S. Humphries, R. Humpliková, S. Hunt, J. Husnain, A. Hussein, A. Hyams, B. Iannuccelli, F. Ilette, K. Ilyas, C. Inan, T. India, I. Ionițăv, V. Irwin, F. Jain, V. Janez, B. Jankovic, R. Jenkins, S. Jenko, M. Jimenez, Jiménez Gomez, B. Joachim, S. Joelsson-Alm, E. John, J. Jonikaite, L. Jovic, M. Jungwirth, B. Junke, E. Kabakov, B. Kadaoui, S. -D., Kanski A., Karadag S., Karbonskiene A., Karjagin J., Kasnik D., Katanolli F., Katsika E., Kaufmann K., Keane H., Kelly M., Kent M., Keraitiene G., Khudhur A., Khuenl-Brady K., Kidd L., King S., Kirchgäßner K., Klancir T., Klucniks A., Knotzer J., Knowlden P., Koers L., Kompan J., Koneti K. K., Kooij F., Koolen E., Koopman - van Gemert, A. W. M. M. Kopp, K. Korfiotis, D. Korolkov, O. Kosinová, M. Köstenberger, M. Kotzinger, O. Kovačević, M. Kranke, P. Kranke, E. Kraus, C. Kraus, S. Kubitzek, C. Kucharski, R. Kucukguclu, S. Kudrashou, A. Kumar, V. Kummen, L. Kunit, C. Kushakovsky, V. Kuvaki, B. Kuzmanovska, B. Kyttari, A. Landoni, G. Lau, G. Lazarev, K. Legett, S. Legrottaglie, A. M. Leonardi, S. Leong, M. Lercher, H. Leuvrey, M. Leva, B. Levstek, M. Limb, J. Lindholm, E. Linton, F. Liperi, C. Lipski, F. Lirk, P. Lisi, A. Lišková, Lluch Oltra, A. Loganathan, V. Lombardi, S. Lopez, Lopez Rodríguez, M. Lorenzini, L. Lowicka, M. Lugovoy, A. Luippold, M. Lumb, A. Macas, A. Macgregor, M. Machado, H. Maciariello, M. Madeira, I. Maitan, S. Majewski, J. Maldini, B. Malewski, G. Manfredini, L. Männer, O. Marchand, B. Marcu, A. Margalef, J. Margarson, M. Marinheiro, L. Markic, Markovic Bozic, J. Marrazzo, F. Martin, Martin Ayuso, M. Martinez, E. Martino, E. A. Martinson, V. Marusic-Gaser, K. Mascarenhas, C. Mathis, C. Matsota, P. Mavrommati, Mazul Sunko, B. McCourt, K. McGill, N. McKee, R. Meço, B. C. Meier, S. Melbourne, S. Melbybråthen, G. Meli, A. Melia, A. Melotti, R. M. Menga, M. R. Mercer, P. Merotra, S. Mescolini, S. Metterlein, T. Michalov, M. Michlig, S. Midgley, S. Milić, M. Milojevic, M. Miñana, A. Minto, G. Mirabella, L. Mirea, L. Mittelstädt, L. Moeglen, A. Moise, A. Mokini, Z. Molin, A. Moltó, L. Monea, M. C. Montalto, F. Montgomery, J. Montgomery, C. Montillo, G. Moore, S. Moore, F. Moreira, Z. Moreno, T. Moreno, R. Moret, E. Moreton, S. Morgan, Moro Velasco, C. Morri, D. Moull, A. Moura, F. Mráz, P. Mrozek, K. Mukhtar, K. Muniyappa, S. Murray, H. Murthy, B. V. Mushambi, M. Nadolski, M. Nardelli, P. Nardin, Navarro Pérez, R. Naveiro, A. Negri, Nesek Adam, V. Neskovic, V. Neuwersch, S. Neves, M. Nguyen, Ní Eochagáin, A. Nicholas, C. Nightingale, J. Norrie, K. Novak-Jankovic, V. Novakova, A. Novillo, M. Numan, S. Oduro-Dominah, L. Oldner, A. Oliveira, I. Ologoiu, D. Oloktsidou, I. O'Reilly, R. Orlando, A. Ovezov, A. Ozbilgin, S. Paal, Padin Barreiro, L. Palugniok, R. Papaioannou, A. Papapostolou, K. Paranthaman, Pardey Bracho, G. Parente, S. Parfeni, A. Pasin, L. Passey, S. Pastor, E. Patch, S. Patil, A. Paunescu, M. -A., Pehboeck D., Pereira M., Pereira C., Perez Caballero, Pérez García, Pérez Soto, Perez Tejero, G. Perez-Cerda, F. Pesenti, A. Petta, R. Philippe, S. Pickering, Pico Veloso, J. Pina, P. Pinho-Oliveira, V. Pinol, S. Pinto, R. Pistidda, L. Pitterle, M. Piwowarczyk, P. Plotnikova, O. Pohl, H. Poldermann, J. Polkovicová, L. Pompei, L. Popescu, M. Popović, Pota V, Potocnik M., Potręć B., Potter A., Pramod N., Prchalova M., Preckel B., Pugh R., Pulletz M., Radoeshki A., Rafi A., Ragazzi R., Raineri Santi, M. Rajamanickam, T. Rajput, Z. Ramachandran, R. Ramasamy, R. Ramessur, S. Rao, R. Rasmussen, A. Rato, A. Razaque, Real Navacerrada, M. I. Reavley, C. Reid, J. Reschreiter, H. Rial, Ribas Carrasco, P. Ribeiro, S. Rich, N. Richardson, L. Rimaitis, K. Rimaitis, M. Ringvold, E. -M., Ripke F., Ristescu I., Ritchie K., Ródenas F., Rodrigues P., Rogers E., Rogerson D., Romagnoli S., Romero E., Rondovic G., Rose B. O., Roth W., Rotter, M. -T., Rousseau G., Rudjord A., Rueffert H., Rundgren M., Rupprecht K., Rushton A., Russotto V., Rypulak E., Ryszka M., Sà J., Sà Couto, P. Saby, S. Sagic, J. Saleh, O. Sales, Sánchez Sánchez, Y. Sanghera, Şanli Karip, Santiveri Papiol, F. J. Santos, S. Sarno, S. Saul, D. Saunders, D. Savic, N. Scalco, L. Scanlon, D. Schaller, S. Schax, C. Scheffer, G. J. Schening, A. Schiavone, V. Schmidt-Ehrenberg, F. Schmidt-Mutter, C. Schönberg, C. Schopflin, C. Schreiber, J. -U., Schultz M., Schurig M., Scott C., Sebestian S., Sehgal S., Sem V., Semenas E., Serafini E., Serchan P., Shields M., Shobha R., Shosholcheva M., Siamansour T., Siddaiah N., Siddiqi K., Sinclair R., Singh P., Singh R., Sinha A., Skinner A., Smee E., Smekalova O., Smith N., Smith T., Smitz C., Smole D., Sojčić N., Soler Pedrola, M. Somanath, S. Sonksen, J. Sorella, M. C. Sörmus, A. Soro, M. Soto, C. Spada, A. Spadaro, S. Spaeth, J. Sparr, H. Spielmann, A. Spindler-Vesel, A. Stamelos, Stancombe L, L. Stanculescu, A. Standl, T. Standley, T. Stanek, O. Stanisavljević, S. Starczewska, M. Stäuble, C. Steen, J. Stefan, O. M. Stell, E. Stera, C. Stevens, M. Stoerckel, M. Stošić, B. Stourac, P. Stroumpoulis, K. Struck, Suarez de la Rica, A. Sultanpori, Sundara Rajan, R. Suying, O. Svensen, C. Swan, L. Syrogianni, P. Sysiak, J. Szederjesi, J. Taddei, Tan Hao, E. Tanou, V. Tarabová, Tardaguila Sancho, P. Tarroso, M. Tartaglione, M. Taylor, E. Tbaily, L. Telford, R. Terenzoni, M. Theodoraki, K. Thornley, H. Tiganiuc, L. Toim, H. Tomescu, D. Tommasino, C. Toni, J. Toninelli, A. Toretti, I. Townley, S. Trepenaitis, D. Trethowan, B. Tsaousi, G. Tsiftsi, A. Tudor, A. Turan, G. Turhan, S. Ç. Unic-Stojanovic, D. Unterbuchner, C. Unzueta, C. Uranjek, J. Ursic, T. Vaida, Valldeperas Ferrer, Valldeperas Hernandez, M. I. Valsamidis, Van Beek, Van dasselaer, Van Der Beek, Van Duivenvoorde, van Klei, W. A., Van Poorter, Van Zaane, Van Zundert, Van Zyl, Vargas Munoz, A. M. Varsani, N. Vasconcelos, P. Vassilakis, G. Vecchiatini, T. Vecera, L. Vercauteren, M. Verdouw, B. Verheyen, V. Verri, Vicari Sottosanti, L. G. Vico, Vidal Mitjans, P. Vilardi, A. Vissicchio, D. Vitale, G. Vitković, B. Vizcaychipi, M. P. Voicu, A. Voje, M. Volfová, I. Volta, C. A., Von Lutterotti, von Tiesenhausen, A. Vrecic-Slabe, S. Vukcevic, D. Vukovic, R. Vullo, P. A. Wade, A. Wallberg, H. Wallden, J. Wallner, Walther Sturesson, L. Watson, D. Weber, Wegiel Leskiewiq, A. Weller, D. Wensing, C. Werkmann, M. Westberg, H. Wikström, E. Williams, B. Wilson, R. Wirth, S. Wittmann, M. Wood, L. Wright, S. Zachoval, C. Zambon, M. Zampieri, S. Zampone, S. Zangrillo, A. Zani, G. Zavackiene, A. Zieglerder, R. Zonneveldt, H. Zsisku, L. Zucker, T. -P., Żukowski M., Zuleika M., Zupanĕiĕ D., Kirmeier, E. a., Eriksson, L. I. c., Lewald, H. a., Jonsson, Fagerlund, Hoeft, M. c., Hollmann, A. f., Meistelman, M. g., Hunter, C. e., Ulm, J. M. d., Blobner, K. b., M., aEmail Author, Abad, Gurumeta, A., Abernethy, C., Abigail, P., Achaibar, K., Adam, E., Afshari, Agudelo, Montoya, M. E., Akgün, F. N., Aletti, G., Alkış, N., Allan, K., Allan, A., Allaouchiche, B., Allcock, C., Almasy, E., Amey, I., Amigoni, M., Andersen, E., Andersson, P., Anipchenko, N., Antune, P., Armstrong, E., Aslam, T. N., Aslin, B., Assunção, J. 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Marku, Kotzinger, Oskar, Kovačević, Marko, Kranke, Peter, Kranke, Eva, Kraus, Christiane, Kraus, Stephanie, Kubitzek, Christiane, Kucharski, Rafal, Kucukguclu, Semih, Kudrashou, Allaksandr, Kumar, Vinayak, Kummen, Live, Kunit, Cornelia, Kushakovsky, Vlad, Kuvaki, Bahar, Kuzmanovska, Biljana, Kyttari, Aikaterina, Landoni, Giovanni, Lau, Gary, Lazarev, Konstantin, Legett, Samantha, Legrottaglie, Anna Maria, Leonardi, Silvia, Leong, Maria, Lercher, Helene, Leuvrey, Matthieu, Leva, Brigitte, Levstek, Meta, Limb, Jame, Lindholm, Espen, Linton, Fiona, Liperi, Corradero, Lipski, Fabian, Lirk, Philipp, Lisi, Alberto, Lišková, Katarina, Lluch Oltra, Aitana, Loganathan, Vinothan, Lombardi, Stefania, Lopez, Eloisa, Lopez Rodríguez, Maria, Lorenzini, Laura, Lowicka, Malgorzata, Lugovoy, Alexander, Luippold, Madeleine, Lumb, Andrew, Macas, Andriu, Macgregor, Mark, Machado, Humberto, Maciariello, Maria, Madeira, Isabel, Maitan, Stefan, Majewski, Jacek, Maldini, Branka, Malewski, Georgia, Manfredini, Livia, Männer, Olja, Marchand, Bahareh, Marcu, Alexandra, Margalef, Jordi, Margarson, Michael, Marinheiro, Lucia, Markic, Ana, Markovic Bozic, Jasmina, Marrazzo, Francesco, Martin, Jane, Martin Ayuso, Maria, Martinez, Esteher, Martino, Enrico Antonio, Martinson, Victoria, Marusic-Gaser, Katarina, Mascarenhas, Catia, Mathis, Cindy, Matsota, Paraskevi, Mavrommati, Eleni, Mazul Sunko, Branka, McCourt, Killian, McGill, Neil, McKee, Raymond, Meço, Başak Ceyda, Meier, Sonja, Melbourne, Susan, Melbybråthen, Grethe, Meli, Andrea, Melia, Aiden, Melotti, Rita Maria, Menga, Maria Rosaria, Mercer, Pauline, Merotra, Susan, Mescolini, Silvia, Metterlein, Thoma, Michalov, Martin, Michlig, Sam, Midgley, Susan, Milić, Morena, Milojevic, Milan, Miñana, Amanda, Minto, Gary, Mirabella, Lucia, Mirea, Liliana, Mittelstädt, Ludger, Moeglen, Aude, Moise, Alida, Mokini, Zhirajr, Molin, Anna, Moltó, Lui, Monea, Maria Concetta, Montalto, Francesca, Montgomery, Jane, Montgomery, Claire, Montillo, Gerardo, Moore, Sally, Moore, Faye, Moreira, Zelia, Moreno, Tania, Moreno, Ricardo, Moret, Enrique, Moreton, Sarah, Morgan, Marianne, Moro Velasco, Concepción, Morri, Davide, Moull, Alice, Moura, Fernando, Mráz, Peter, Mrozek, Katarzyna, Mukhtar, Karim, Muniyappa, Sudeshkumar, Murray, Heather, Murthy, Burra VS, Mushambi, Mary, Nadolski, Maria, Nardelli, Pasquale, Nardin, Giordano, Navarro Pérez, Rosalía, Naveiro, Andrea, Negri, Manuela, Nesek Adam, Visnja, Neskovic, Vojislava, Neuwersch, Stefan, Neves, Miriam, Nguyen, Bavinh, Ní Eochagáin, Aisling, Nicholas, Caroline, Nightingale, Jeremy, Norrie, Kylie, Novak-Jankovic, Vesna, Novakova, Andrea, Novillo, Marta, Numan, Sandra, Oduro-Dominah, Louise, Oldner, Ander, Oliveira, Isabel, Ologoiu, Daniela, Oloktsidou, Irini, O'Reilly, Rosalind, Orlando, Alessandro, Ovezov, Alexey, Ozbilgin, Sule, Paal, Peter, Padin Barreiro, Lidia, Palugniok, Ryszard, Papaioannou, Alexandra, Papapostolou, Konstantino, Paranthaman, Prabhakar, Pardey Bracho, Gilda, Parente, Suzana, Parfeni, Alexandru, Pasin, Laura, Passey, Samuel, Pastor, Ernesto, Patch, Sarah, Patil, Andan, Paunescu, Marilena-Alina, Pehboeck, Daniel, Pereira, Manuela, Pereira, Carla, Perez Caballero, Paula, Pérez García, Aníbal, Pérez Soto, Antonia, Perez Tejero, Gisela, Perez-Cerda, Francisco, Pesenti, Antonio, Petta, Rocco, Philippe, Simon, Pickering, David, Pico Veloso, Jandro, Pina, Pedro, Pinho-Oliveira, Vítor, Pinol, Santiago, Pinto, Rita, Pistidda, Laura, Pitterle, Manuela, Piwowarczyk, Paweł, Plotnikova, Olga, Pohl, Holger, Poldermann, Jorinde, Polkovicová, Lucia, Pompei, Livia, Popescu, Mihai, Popović, Radmila, Pota, Vincenzo, Potocnik, Miriam, Potręć, Beata, Potter, Alison, Pramod, Nalwaya, Prchalova, Martina, Preckel, Benedikt, Pugh, Richard, Pulletz, Mark, Radoeshki, Aleksandar, Rafi, Amir, Ragazzi, Riccardo, Raineri Santi, Maurizio, Rajamanickam, Tamiselvan, Rajput, Zahra, Ramachandran, Rajeskar, Ramasamy, Radhika, Ramessur, Suneil, Rao, Roshan, Rasmussen, Ander, Rato, André, Razaque, Usman, Real Navacerrada, M. Isabel, Reavley, Caroline, Reid, Jame, Reschreiter, Henrik, Rial, Erick, Ribas Carrasco, Patricia, Ribeiro, Sandy, Rich, Nathalie, Richardson, Lydia, Rimaitis, Kestuti, Rimaitis, Mariu, Ringvold, Else-Marie, Ripke, Fabian, Ristescu, Irina, Ritchie, Keith, Ródenas, Frederic, Rodrigues, Patrícia, Rogers, Emma, Rogerson, David, Romagnoli, Stefano, Romero, Esther, Rondovic, Goran, Rose, Bernd Oliver, Roth, Winfried, Rotter, Marie-Therese, Rousseau, Guy, Rudjord, Ander, Rueffert, Henrik, Rundgren, Malin, Rupprecht, Korbinian, Rushton, Andrew, Russotto, Vincenzo, Rypulak, Elżbieta, Ryszka, Maciej, Sà, Jacinta, Sà Couto, Paula, Saby, Sandrine, Sagic, Jelena, Saleh, Omar, Sales, Gabriele, Sánchez Sánchez, Yván, Sanghera, Sumayer, Şanli Karip, Ceren, Santiveri Papiol, Francisco Javier, Santos, Sofia, Sarno, Stephen, Saul, Daniel, Saunders, David, Savic, Nenad, Scalco, Loïc, Scanlon, Deborah, Schaller, Stefan, Schax, Christoph, Scheffer, Gert Jan, Schening, Anna, Schiavone, Vincenzo, Schmidt-Ehrenberg, Florian, Schmidt-Mutter, Catherine, Schönberg, Christina, Schopflin, Christian, Schreiber, Jan-Uwe, Schultz, Marcu, Schurig, Marlen, Scott, Carmen, Sebestian, Siby, Sehgal, Selena, Sem, Victoria, Semenas, Egidiju, Serafini, Elena, Serchan, Pashalitsa, Shields, Martin, Shobha, Ramakrishnan, Shosholcheva, Mirjana, Siamansour, Tanja, Siddaiah, Narendra, Siddiqi, Khalid, Sinclair, Rhona, Singh, Permendra, Singh, Rajendra, Sinha, Aneeta, Sinha, Ashok, Skinner, Amanda, Smee, Elizabeth, Smekalova, Olga, Smith, Neil, Smith, Thoma, Smitz, Carine, Smole, Daniel, Sojčić, Nataša, Soler Pedrola, Maria, Somanath, Sameer, Sonksen, Julian, Sorella, Maria Christina, Sörmus, Alar, Soro, Marina, Soto, Carmen, Spada, Anna, Spadaro, Savino, Spaeth, Johanne, Sparr, Harald, Spielmann, Annika, Spindler-Vesel, Alenka, Stamelos, Matthaio, Stancombe L, Liucia, Stanculescu, Andreea, Standl, Thoma, Standley, Tom, Stanek, Ondrej, Stanisavljević, Snežana, Starczewska, Malgorzata, Stäuble, Christiane, Steen, Julie, Stefan, Oana Maria, Stell, Elizabeth, Stera, Caterina, Stevens, Marku, Stoerckel, Marlène, Stošić, Biljana, Stourac, Petr, Stroumpoulis, Konstantino, Struck, Rafael, Suarez de la Rica, Alejandro, Sultanpori, Altaf, Sundara Rajan, Rajinikanth, Suying, Ong, Svensen, Christer, Swan, Louise, Syrogianni, Paulina, Sysiak, Justyna, Szederjesi, Jano, Taddei, Stefania, Tan Hao, Ern, Tanou, Virginia, Tarabová, Katarina, Tardaguila Sancho, Paula, Tarroso, Maria, Tartaglione, Marco, Taylor, Emma, Tbaily, Lee, Telford, Richard, Terenzoni, Massimo, Theodoraki, Kassiani, Thornley, Helen, Tiganiuc, Liviu, Toim, Hardo, Tomescu, Dana, Tommasino, Concezione, Toni, Jessica, Toninelli, Arturo, Toretti, Ilaria, Townley, Stephen, Trepenaitis, Dariu, Trethowan, Brian, Tsaousi, Georgia, Tsiftsi, Aikaterini, Tudor, Adrada, Turan, Güldem, Turhan, Sanem Çakar, Unic-Stojanovic, Dragana, Unterbuchner, Christoph, Unzueta, Carmen, Uranjek, Jasna, Ursic, Tomaz, Vaida, Simona, Valldeperas Ferrer, Silvia, Valldeperas Hernandez, Maria Inmaculada, Valsamidis, Dimitri, Van Beek, Rienk, Van dasselaer, Nick, Van Der Beek, Tim, Van Duivenvoorde, Yoni, van Klei, Wilton A., Van Poorter, Fran, Van Zaane, Ba, Van Zundert, Tom, Van Zyl, Rebekka, Vargas Munoz, Ana Milena, Varsani, Nimu, Vasconcelos, Pedro, Vassilakis, Georgio, Vecchiatini, Tommaso, Vecera, Lubomir, Vercauteren, Marcel, Verdouw, Ba, Verheyen, Veerle, Verri, Marco, Vicari Sottosanti, Luigi Giancarlo, Vico, Manuel, Vidal Mitjans, Patricia, Vilardi, Anna, Vissicchio, Daniela, Vitale, Giovanni, Vitković, Bibiana, Vizcaychipi, Marcela Paola, Voicu, Alexandra, Voje, Minca, Volfová, Ivana, Volta, Carlo Alberto, Von Lutterotti, Theresa, von Tiesenhausen, Anna, Vrecic-Slabe, Simona, Vukcevic, Dejan, Vukovic, Rade, Vullo, P. Agostina, Wade, Andrew, Wallberg, Hanna, Wallden, Jakob, Wallner, Johann, Walther Sturesson, Louise, Watson, Davina, Weber, Stefan, Wegiel Leskiewiq, Anna, Weller, Debbie, Wensing, Carine, Werkmann, Marku, Westberg, Henrik, Wikström, Erik, Williams, Benedict, Wilson, Robin, Wirth, Steffen, Wittmann, Maria, Wood, Laura, Wright, Stella, Zachoval, Christian, Zambon, Massimo, Zampieri, Silvia, Zampone, Salvatore, Zangrillo, Alberto, Zani, Gianluca, Zavackiene, Asta, Zieglerder, Raphael, Zonneveldt, Harry, Zsisku, Lajo, Zucker, Tom-Philipp, Żukowski, Maciej, Zuleika, Mehrun, and Zupanĕiĕ, Darja
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, pulmonary complications, muscle relaxants, Post-anaesthesia complications, Neuromuscular Blockade, pulmonary complication, muscle relaxant, neuromuscular block, postoperative pulmonary complication, business.industry, Retrospective cohort study, post-operative pulmonary complications, Neuromuscular monitoring, Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Sugammadex, NO, Anaesthesia, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, Anesthesia, Medicine, General anaesthesia, Neuromuscular Agents, 030212 general & internal medicine, MED/41 - ANESTESIOLOGIA, Prospective cohort study, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Background: Results from retrospective studies suggest that use of neuromuscular blocking agents during general anaesthesia might be linked to postoperative pulmonary complications. We therefore aimed to assess whether the use of neuromuscular blocking agents is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: We did a multicentre, prospective observational cohort study. Patients were recruited from 211 hospitals in 28 European countries. We included patients (aged ≥18 years) who received general anaesthesia for any in-hospital procedure except cardiac surgery. Patient characteristics, surgical and anaesthetic details, and chart review at discharge were prospectively collected over 2 weeks. Additionally, each patient underwent postoperative physical examination within 3 days of surgery to check for adverse pulmonary events. The study outcome was the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications from the end of surgery up to postoperative day 28. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for surgical factors and patients' preoperative physical status, providing adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) and adjusted absolute risk reduction (ARRadj). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01865513. Findings: Between June 16, 2014, and April 29, 2015, data from 22 803 patients were collected. The use of neuromuscular blocking agents was associated with an increased incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications in patients who had undergone general anaesthesia (1658 [7·6%] of 21 694); ORadj 1·86, 95% CI 1·53–2·26; ARRadj −4·4%, 95% CI −5·5 to −3·2). Only 2·3% of high-risk surgical patients and those with adverse respiratory profiles were anaesthetised without neuromuscular blocking agents. The use of neuromuscular monitoring (ORadj 1·31, 95% CI 1·15–1·49; ARRadj −2·6%, 95% CI −3·9 to −1·4) and the administration of reversal agents (1·23, 1·07–1·41; −1·9%, −3·2 to −0·7) were not associated with a decreased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Neither the choice of sugammadex instead of neostigmine for reversal (ORadj 1·03, 95% CI 0·85–1·25; ARRadj −0·3%, 95% CI −2·4 to 1·5) nor extubation at a train-of-four ratio of 0·9 or more (1·03, 0·82–1·31; −0·4%, −3·5 to 2·2) was associated with better pulmonary outcomes. Interpretation: We showed that the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs in general anaesthesia is associated with an increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Anaesthetists must balance the potential benefits of neuromuscular blockade against the increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Funding: European Society of Anaesthesiology.
Published: 2019

15. Loss of cortical control over the descending pain modulatory system determines the development of the neuropathic pain state in rats

Author: Kenneth A Steel, Bridget M. Lumb, Richard Apps, Anthony E. Pickering, and Robert A.R. Drake
Subjects: business.industry, Chronic pain, Sensory system, Nerve injury, medicine.disease, Nociceptive processing, Tonic (physiology), Cortical control, Inhibitory control, Neuropathic pain, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Neuroscience
Abstract: The loss of descending inhibitory control is thought critical to the development of chronic pain but what causes this loss in function is not well understood. We have investigated the dynamic contribution of prelimbic cortical neuronal projections to the periaqueductal grey (PrL-P) to the development of neuropathic pain in rats using combined opto- and chemo-genetic approaches. We found PrL-P neurons to exert a tonic inhibitory control on thermal withdrawal thresholds in uninjured animals. Following nerve injury, ongoing activity in PrL-P neurons masked latent hypersensitivity and improved affective state. However, this function is lost as the development of sensory hypersensitivity emerges. Despite this loss of tonic control, opto-activation of PrL-P neurons at late post-injury timepoints could restore the anti-allodynic effects by inhibition of spinal nociceptive processing. We suggest that the loss of cortical drive to the descending pain modulatory system underpins the expression of neuropathic sensitisation after nerve injury.
Published: 2020

16. A four-week, home-based exercise program is effective in treating subacute low back

Author: M Lumb
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Physical therapy, medicine, business, Home based exercise, Low back
Abstract: Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a prevalent condition affecting a large portion of the population world-wide and it is one of the leading causes of morbidity and work absenteeism. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a four-week, home-based exercise program in treating subacute LBP in adults. Methods: A quantitative, experimental research design was employed. Twenty male and female adults aged between 18 and 65 years with subacute LBP were recruited by means of advertisements and word of mouth and allocated into either a control group (CG) or a home-based exercise group (HG). Both groups underwent a pre-test that consisted of answering two questionnaires, the Visual Analogue Scale for Pain (VASP) and the Oswestry LBP and Disability Questionnaire. The (CG) received no intervention over the four-week intervention period, while the intervention group (HG) was given an exercise program and instructed to perform the exercises at home, three times a week for four weeks. After four weeks (post-test), the two questionnaires were repeated. After eight weeks (follow-up test) both groups again completed the two questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric inferential statistics and Cohen’s effect size (d) were used to analyse the data and statistical significance was set at a confidence level of 95% (p?0.05). Results: Following the home-based exercise intervention there were significant improvements observed in lower back pain and function for the HG. The HG’s Oswestry scores improved significantly (p=0.005) and their VASP also showed a significant improvement (p=0.011). Significant improvements also occurred between the pre-test and four-week follow-up for the HG’s Oswestry score (p=0.021) and for the HG’s VASP (p=0.005). No significant improvement was found for the CG between pre-test and post-test or between pre-test and the four-week follow-up. Large effect sizes (d>0.8) were also observed for the HG between the pre- and the post-test (d=1.59) as well as between the HG and the CG at post-test (d=1.52) and at the four-week follow-up (d=1.6). Conclusion: The exercise intervention resulted in statistically significant and clinically significant improvements in both function and pain in adults with subacute LBP.
Published: 2018

17. Local translation in primary afferent fibers regulates nociception.

Author: Lydia Jiménez-Díaz, Sandrine M Géranton, Gayle M Passmore, J Lianne Leith, Amy S Fisher, Laura Berliocchi, Anantha K Sivasubramaniam, Anne Sheasby, Bridget M Lumb, and Stephen P Hunt
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of local protein synthesis for neuronal plasticity. In particular, local mRNA translation through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been shown to play a key role in regulating dendrite excitability and modulating long-term synaptic plasticity associated with learning and memory. There is also increased evidence to suggest that intact adult mammalian axons have a functional requirement for local protein synthesis in vivo. Here we show that the translational machinery is present in some myelinated sensory fibers and that active mTOR-dependent pathways participate in maintaining the sensitivity of a subpopulation of fast-conducting nociceptors in vivo. Phosphorylated mTOR together with other downstream components of the translational machinery were localized to a subset of myelinated sensory fibers in rat cutaneous tissue. We then showed with electromyographic studies that the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin reduced the sensitivity of a population of myelinated nociceptors known to be important for the increased mechanical sensitivity that follows injury. Behavioural studies confirmed that local treatment with rapamycin significantly attenuated persistent pain that follows tissue injury, but not acute pain. Specifically, we found that rapamycin blunted the heightened response to mechanical stimulation that develops around a site of injury and reduced the long-term mechanical hypersensitivity that follows partial peripheral nerve damage--a widely used model of chronic pain. Our results show that the sensitivity of a subset of sensory fibers is maintained by ongoing mTOR-mediated local protein synthesis and uncover a novel target for the control of long-term pain states.
Published: 2008
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18. Top down control of spinal sensorimotor circuits essential for survival

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Richard Apps, and Stella Koutsikou
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pyramidal tracts, Modalities, Physiology, Motor control, Sensory system, Context (language use), 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Motor system, medicine, Biological neural network, Anxiety, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The ability to interact with challenging environments requires coordination of sensory and motor systems that underpin appropriate survival behaviours. All animals, including humans, use active and passive coping strategies to react to escapable or inescapable threats, respectively. Across species the neural pathways involved in survival behaviours are highly conserved and there is a consensus that knowledge of such pathways is a fundamental step towards understanding the neural circuits underpinning emotion in humans and treating anxiety or other prevalent emotional disorders. The midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) lies at the heart of the defence-arousal system and its integrity is paramount to the expression of survival behaviours. To date, studies of 'top down control' components of defence behaviours have focused largely on the sensory and autonomic consequences of PAG activation. In this context, effects on motor activity have received comparatively little attention, despite overwhelming evidence of a pivotal role for the PAG in coordinating motor responses essential to survival (e.g. such as freezing in response to fear). In this article we provide an overview of top down control of sensory functions from the PAG, including selective control of different modalities of sensory, including proprioceptive, information forwarded to a major supsraspinal motor control centre, the cerebellum. Next, evidence from our own and other laboratories of PAG control of motor outflow is also discussed. Finally, the integration of sensorimotor functions by the PAG is considered, as part of coordinated defence behaviours that prepare an animal to be ready and able to react to danger.
Published: 2017

19. Numerical investigation of noise induced changes to the solution behaviour of the discrete FitzHugh–Nagumo equation

Author: Neville J. Ford, Patricia M. Lumb, and Pedro M. Lima
Subjects: Partial differential equation, Diffusion equation, Differential equation, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical analysis, 010103 numerical & computational mathematics, 01 natural sciences, 010101 applied mathematics, Computational Mathematics, Stochastic differential equation, Integro-differential equation, Functional equation, Riccati equation, Applied mathematics, Fokker–Planck equation, 0101 mathematics, Mathematics
Abstract: We have analysed a stochastic functional equation, which contains both delayed and advanced arguments.We have created a new computational algorithm to approximate this equation, based on the Euler-Maruyama method.We have analysed noise induced changes in the dynamical behaviour of equations.We observe that a low level of noise is enough to produce a significantly different dynamical behaviour of the solutions.We further observe that the effect of noise is much stronger in the region where the solutions change faster. In this work we introduce and analyse a stochastic functional equation, which contains both delayed and advanced arguments. This equation results from adding a stochastic term to the discrete FitzHugh-Nagumo equation which arises in mathematical models of nerve conduction. A numerical method is introduced to compute approximate solutions and some numerical experiments are carried out to investigate their dynamical behaviour and compare them with the solutions of the corresponding deterministic equation.
Published: 2017

20. Repeated exposure of naïve and peripheral nerve-injured mice to a snake as an experimental model of post-traumatic stress disorder and its co-morbidity with neuropathic pain

Author: Joyce Mendes-Gomes, Norberto Cysne Coimbra, Bridget M. Lumb, Lucy F. Donaldson, Tatiana Paschoalin-Maurin, and D. Caroline Blanchard
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Context (language use), Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, COBRAS, Peripheral Nerve Injuries, medicine, Animals, Molecular Biology, Behavior, Animal, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Chronic pain, Traumatic stress, Snakes, Fear, medicine.disease, Sciatic Nerve, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Disease Models, Animal, 030104 developmental biology, Nociception, Allodynia, Hyperalgesia, Anesthesia, Neuropathic pain, Anxiety, Neuralgia, Neurology (clinical), Sciatic nerve, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Confrontation of rodents by natural predators provides a number of advantages as a model for traumatic or stressful experience. Using this approach, one of the aims of this study was to investigate a model for the study of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related behaviour in mice. Moreover, because PTSD can facilitate the establishment of chronic pain (CP), and in the same way, patients with CP have an increased tendency to develop PTSD when exposed to a traumatic event, our second aim was to analyse whether this comorbidity can be verified in the new paradigm. C57BL/6 male mice underwent chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI), a model of neuropathic CP, or not (sham groups) and were submitted to different threatening situations. Threatened mice exhibited enhanced defensive behaviours, as well as significantly enhanced risk assessment and escape behaviours during context reexposure. Previous snake exposure reduced open-arm time in the elevated plus-maze test, suggesting an increase in anxiety levels. Sham mice showed fear-induced antinociception immediately after a second exposure to the snake, but 1 week later, they exhibited allodynia, suggesting that multiple exposures to the snake led to increased nociceptive responses. Moreover, after reexposure to the aversive environment, allodynia was maintained. CCI alone produced intense allodynia, which was unaltered by exposure to either the snake stimuli or reexposure to the experimental context. Together, these results specifically parallel the behavioural symptoms of PTSD, suggesting that the snake/exuvia/reexposure procedure may constitute a useful animal model to study PTSD.
Published: 2019

21. Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units

Author: Martijn Schonewille, Douglas R. Wylie, Philippe Isope, Tom J. H. Ruigrok, Amanda M Brown, Charlotte Lawrenson, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Richard Apps, Jan Voogd, Bridget M. Lumb, Roy V. Sillitoe, Sho Aoki, Ludovic Spaeth, Timothy J. Ebner, Richard Hawkes, Henrik Jörntell, Izumi Sugihara, Fredrik Bengtsson, Gang Chen, Antoine M. Valera, Dept Pathol, Div Immunol, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Department of Neurology, Geometry and Probability for Motion and Action (E-MOTION), Graphisme, Vision et Robotique (GRAVIR - IMAG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Neurosciences
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cerebellum, Relation (database), Computer science, media_common.quotation_subject, Compartmentalization (information security), 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Consensus Paper, medicine, Animals, Humans, Mossy fibers, Mossy fiber (cerebellum), Function (engineering), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, media_common, Compartments, Structure (mathematical logic), Cognitive science, Zebrin, business.industry, Information processing, Correction, Aldolase C, Modular design, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Purkinje cells, Climbing fibers, Microzones, Longitudinal stripes, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Neurology (clinical), Functional organization, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.
Published: 2018

22. The mystery of the cerebellum: clues from experimental and clinical observations

Author: Martin Bareš, Mario Manto, Anita Kamondi, Andrea Kovács, Charlotte Lawrenson, Richard Apps, Pavel Filip, and Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, History, Cerebellum, medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Review, Biology, lcsh:RC346-429, 03 medical and health sciences, Cognition, 0302 clinical medicine, Neuroimaging, Tremor, medicine, Cerebellar disorder, Timing, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Motor control, Généralités, Fear, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Motor, nervous system, Cytoarchitecture, Cerebellar cortex, Neurology (clinical), Anatomy, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: The cerebellum has a striking homogeneous cytoarchitecture and participates in both motor and non-motor domains. Indeed, a wealth of evidence from neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging and clinical studies has substantially modified our traditional view on the cerebellum as a sole calibrator of sensorimotor functions. Despite the major advances of the last four decades of cerebellar research, outstanding questions remain regarding the mechanisms and functions of the cerebellar circuitry. We discuss major clues from both experimental and clinical studies, with a focus on rodent models in fear behaviour, on the role of the cerebellum in motor control, on cerebellar contributions to timing and our appraisal of the pathogenesis of cerebellar tremor. The cerebellum occupies a central position to optimize behaviour, motor control, timing procedures and to prevent body oscillations. More than ever, the cerebellum is now considered as a major actor on the scene of disorders affecting the CNS, extending from motor disorders to cognitive and affective disorders. However, the respective roles of the mossy fibres, the climbing fibres, cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei remains unknown or partially known at best in most cases. Research is now moving towards a better definition of the roles of cerebellar modules and microzones. This will impact on the management of cerebellar disorders., SCOPUS: re.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published
Published: 2018

23. Precision measurement of the structure of the CMS inner tracking system using nuclear interactions

Author: Sirunyan, A.M. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Ambrogi, F. Asilar, E. Bergauer, T. Brandstetter, J. Brondolin, E. Dragicevic, M. Erö, J. Valle, A.E.D. Flechl, M. Frühwirth, R. Ghete, V.M. Grossmann, J. Hrubec, J. Jeitler, M. König, A. Krammer, N. Krätschmer, I. Liko, D. Madlener, T. Mikulec, I. Rad, N. Rohringer, H. Schieck, J. Schöfbeck, R. Spanring, M. Spitzbart, D. Steininger, H. Taurok, A. Waltenberger, W. Wittmann, J. Wulz, C.-E. Zarucki, M. Chekhovsky, V. Mossolov, V. Gonzalez, J.S. Beaumont, W. Wolf, E.A.D. Croce, D.D. Janssen, X. Lauwers, J. Pieters, M. Klundert, M.V.D. Haevermaet, H.V. Mechelen, P.V. Remortel, N.V. Zeid, S.A. Blekman, F. Bols, E.S. D'Hondt, J. Bruyn, I.D. Clercq, J.D. Deroover, K. Flouris, G. Lontkovskyi, D. Lowette, S. Marchesini, I. Moortgat, S. Moreels, L. Python, Q. Skovpen, K. Tavernier, S. Doninck, W.V. Mulders, P.V. Parijs, I.V. Allard, Y. Beghin, D. Bilin, B. Brun, H. Clerbaux, B. Lentdecker, G.D. Delannoy, H. Dorney, B. Fasanella, G. Favart, L. Goldouzian, R. Grebenyuk, A. Kalsi, A.K. Lenzi, T. Luetic, J. Moureaux, L. Postiau, N. Song, Z. Starling, E. Velde, C.V. Vanlaer, P. Vannerom, D. Wang, Q. Yang, Y. Cornelis, T. Dobur, D. Fagot, A. Gul, M. Khvastunov, I. Poyraz, D. Roskas, C. Trocino, D. Tytgat, M. Verbeke, W. Vermassen, B. Vit, M. Zaganidis, N. Bakhshiansohi, H. Bondu, O. Brochet, S. Bruno, G. Caputo, C. Caudron, A. David, P. Visscher, S.D. Delaere, C. Delcourt, M. Francois, B. Giammanco, A. Krintiras, G. Lemaitre, V. Magitteri, A. Mertens, A. Michotte, D. Musich, M. Piotrzkowski, K. Quertenmont, L. Saggio, A. Szilasi, N. Marono, M.V. Wertz, S. Zobec, J. Beliy, N. Caebergs, T. Daubie, E. Hammad, G.H. Alves, F.L. Alves, G.A. Brito, L. Silva, G.C. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. Pol, M.E. Teles, P.R. Chagas, E.B.B.D. Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. Coelho, E. Costa, E.M.D. Silveira, G.G.D. Damiao, D.D.J. Martins, C.D.O. Souza, S.F.D. Malbouisson, H. Figueiredo, D.M. Almeida, M.M.D. Herrera, C.M. Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Silva, W.L.P.D. Rosas, L.J.S. Santoro, A. Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Manganote, E.J.T. Araujo, F.T.D.S.D. Pereira, A.V. Ahuja, S. Bernardes, C.A. Calligaris, L. Tomei, T.R.F.P. Gregores, E.M. Mercadante, P.G. Novaes, S.F. Padula, S. Abad, D.R. Aleksandrov, A. Hadjiiska, R. Iaydjiev, P. Marinov, A. Misheva, M. Rodozov, M. Shopova, M. Sultanov, G. Dimitrov, A. Litov, L. Pavlov, B. Petkov, P. Fang, W. Gao, X. Yuan, L. Ahmad, M. Bian, J.G. Chen, G.M. Chen, H.S. Chen, M. Chen, Y. Jiang, C.H. Leggat, D. Liao, H. Liu, Z. Romeo, F. Shaheen, S.M. Spiezia, A. Tao, J. Wang, C. Wang, Z. Yazgan, E. Zhang, H. Zhao, J. Ban, Y. Chen, G. Li, J. Li, Q. Liu, S. Mao, Y. Qian, S.J. Wang, D. Xu, Z. Wang, Y. Avila, C. Cabrera, A. Montoya, C.A.C. Sierra, L.F.C. Florez, C. Hernández, C.F.G. Delgado, M.A.S. Courbon, B. Godinovic, N. Lelas, D. Puljak, I. Sculac, T. Antunovic, Z. Kovac, M. Brigljevic, V. Ceci, S. Ferencek, D. Kadija, K. Mesic, B. Starodumov, A. Susa, T. Ather, M.W. Attikis, A. Mavromanolakis, G. Mousa, J. Nicolaou, C. Ptochos, F. Razis, P.A. Rykaczewski, H. Finger, M. Finger, M. Ayala, E. Jarrin, E.C. Elgammal, S. Kamel, A.E. Salama, E. Ahmed, I. Bhowmik, S. Oliveira, A.C.A.D. Dewanjee, R.K. Ehataht, K. Kadastik, M. Perrini, L. Raidal, M. Veelken, C. Eerola, P. Kirschenmann, H. Pekkanen, J. Voutilainen, M. Havukainen, J. Heikkilä, J.K. Järvinen, T. Karimäki, V. Kinnunen, R. Lampén, T. Lassila-Perini, K. Laurila, S. Lehti, S. Lindén, T. Luukka, P. Mäenpä, T. Siikonen, H. Tuominen, E. Tuominiemi, J. Tuuva, T. Besancon, M. Couderc, F. Dejardin, M. Denegri, D. Faure, J.L. Ferri, F. Ganjour, S. Givernaud, A. Gras, P. De Monchenault, G.H. Jarry, P. Leloup, C. Locci, E. Malcles, J. Negro, G. Rander, J. Rosowsky, A. Sahin, M.Ö. Titov, M. Abdulsalam, A. Amendola, C. Antropov, I. Beaudette, F. Busson, P. Charlot, C. De Cassagnac, R.G. Kucher, I. Lisniak, S. Lobanov, A. Blanco, J.M. Nguyen, M. Ochando, C. Ortona, G. Pigard, P. Salerno, R. Sauvan, J.B. Sirois, Y. Leiton, A.G.S. Yilmaz, Y. Zabi, A. Zghiche, A. Agram, J.-L. Andrea, J. Bloch, D. Bonnin, C. Brom, J.-M. Chabert, E.C. Charles, L. Cherepanov, V. Collard, C. Conte, E. Fontaine, J.-C. Gelé, D. Goerlach, U. Gross, L. Hosselet, J. Jansová, M. Bihan, A.-C.L. Tonon, N. Hove, P.V. Gadrat, S. Baulieu, G. Beauceron, S. Bernet, C. Boudoul, G. Caponetto, L. Chanon, N. Chierici, R. Contardo, D. Depasse, P. Dupasquier, T. Mamouni, H.E. Fay, J. Finco, L. Galbit, G. Gascon, S. Gouzevitch, M. Grenier, G. Ille, B. Lagarde, F. Laktineh, I.B. Lattaud, H. Lethuillier, M. Lumb, N. Mirabito, L. Nodari, B. Pequegnot, A.L. Perries, S. Popov, A. Sordini, V. Donckt, M.V. Viret, S. Zhang, S. Toriashvili, T. Lomidze, D. Autermann, C. Feld, L. Karpinski, W. Kiesel, M.K. Klein, K. Lipinski, M. Ostapchuk, A. Pierschel, G. Preuten, M. Rauch, M.P. Schael, S. Schomakers, C. Schulz, J. Schwering, G. Teroerde, M. Wittmer, B. Wlochal, M. Zhukov, V. Albert, A. Duchardt, D. Endres, M. Erdmann, M. Erdweg, S. Esch, T. Fischer, R. Ghosh, S. Güth, A. Hebbeker, T. Heidemann, C. Hoepfner, K. Knutzen, S. Mastrolorenzo, L. Merschmeyer, M. Meyer, A. Millet, P. Mukherjee, S. Pook, T. Radziej, M. Reithler, H. Rieger, M. Scheuch, F. Schmidt, A. Teyssier, D. Thüer, S. Dziwok, C. Flügge, G. Hlushchenko, O. Kargoll, B. Kress, T. Künsken, A. Müller, T. Nehrkorn, A. Nowack, A. Pistone, C. Pooth, O. Sert, H. Stahl, A. Ziemons, T. Martin, M.A. Arndt, T. Asawatangtrakuldee, C. Babounikau, I. Beernaert, K. Behnke, O. Behrens, U. Martinez, A.B. Bertsche, D. Anuar, A.A.B. Borras, K. Botta, V. Campbell, A. Connor, P. Contreras-Campana, C. Costanza, F. Danilov, V. Wit, A.D. Defranchis, M.M. Pardos, C.D. Damiani, D.D. Eckerlin, G. Eckstein, D. Eichhorn, T. Elwood, A. Eren, E. Gallo, E. Geiser, A. Luyando, J.M.G. Grohsjean, A. Gunnellini, P. Guthoff, M. Hansen, K. Haranko, M. Harb, A. Hauk, J. Jung, H. Kasemann, M. Keaveney, J. Kleinwort, C. Knolle, J. Krücker, D. Lange, W. Lelek, A. Lenz, T. Lipka, K. Lohmann, W. Mankel, R. Maser, H. Melzer-Pellmann, I.-A. Meyer, A.B. Meyer, M. Missiroli, M. Mittag, G. Mnich, J. Muhl, C. Mussgiller, A. Myronenko, V. Pflitsch, S.K. Pitzl, D. Raspereza, A. Reichelt, O. Savitskyi, M. Saxena, P. Schütze, P. Schwanenberger, C. Shevchenko, R. Singh, A. Stefaniuk, N. Tholen, H. Vagnerini, A. Onsem, G.P.V. Walsh, R. Wen, Y. Wichmann, K. Wissing, C. Zenaiev, O. Zuber, A. Aggleton, R. Bein, S. Benecke, A. Biskop, H. Blobel, V. Buhmann, P. Vignali, M.C. Dreyer, T. Ebrahimi, A. Feindt, F. Garutti, E. Gonzalez, D. Haller, J. Hinzmann, A. Hoffmann, M. Karavdina, A. Kasieczka, G. Klanner, R. Kogler, R. Kovalchuk, N. Kurz, S. Kutzner, V. Lange, J. Marconi, D. Matysek, M. Multhaup, J. Niedziela, M. Niemeyer, C.E.N. Nowatschin, D. Perieanu, A. Reimers, A. Rieger, O. Scharf, C. Schleper, P. Schumann, S. Schwandt, J. Sonneveld, J. Stadie, H. Steinbrück, G. Stober, F.M. Stöver, M. Troendle, D. Usai, E. Vanhoefer, A. Vormwald, B. Wellhausen, J. Zoi, I. Abbas, S.M. Akbiyik, M. Ardila, L. Balzer, M. Barth, C. Barvich, T. Baselga, M. Baur, S. Blank, T. Boegelspacher, F. Butz, E. Caselle, M. Caspart, R. Chwalek, T. Colombo, F. Boer, W.D. Dierlamm, A. Morabit, K.E. Faltermann, N. Freund, B. Giffels, M. Harrendorf, M.A. Hartmann, F. Heindl, S.M. Husemann, U. Kassel, F. Katkov, I. Kudella, S. Maier, S. Metzler, M. Mildner, H. Mozer, M.U. Müller, Th. Neufeld, M. Plagge, M. Quast, G. Rabbertz, K. Sander, O. Schell, D. Schröder, M. Schuh, T. Shvetsov, I. Sieber, G. Simonis, H.J. Steck, P. Ulrich, R. Wassmer, M. Wayand, S. Weber, M. Weddigen, A. Weiler, T. Williamson, S. Wöhrmann, C. Wolf, R. Anagnostou, G. Asenov, P. Assiouras, P. Daskalakis, G. Geralis, T. Kyriakis, A. Loukas, D. Paspalaki, G. Topsis-Giotis, I. Karathanasis, G. Kesisoglou, S. Kontaxakis, P. Panagiotou, A. Saoulidou, N. Tziaferi, E. Vellidis, K. Kousouris, K. Papakrivopoulos, I. Tsipolitis, Y. Evangelou, I. Foudas, C. Gianneios, P. Katsoulis, P. Kokkas, P. Mallios, S. Manthos, N. Papadopoulos, I. Paradas, E. Strologas, J. Triantis, F.A. Tsitsonis, D. Csanad, M. Filipovic, N. Major, P. Nagy, M.I. Pasztor, G. Surányi, O. Veres, G.I. Bencze, G. Hajdu, C. Horvath, D. Hunyadi, A. Sikler, F. Vámi, T.Á. Veszpremi, V. Vesztergombi, G. Beni, N. Czellar, S. Karancsi, J. Makovec, A. Molnar, J. Szillasi, Z. Bartók, M. Raics, P. Trocsanyi, Z.L. Ujvari, B. Choudhury, S. Komaragiri, J.R. Bahinipati, S. Mal, P. Mandal, K. Nayak, A. Sahoo, D.K. Swain, S.K. Bansal, S. Beri, S.B. Bhatnagar, V. Chauhan, S. Chawla, R. Dhingra, N. Gupta, R. Kaur, A. Kaur, A. Kaur, M. Kaur, S. Kumar, R. Kumari, P. Lohan, M. Mehta, A. Sharma, S. Singh, J.B. Walia, G. Bhardwaj, A. Choudhary, B.C. Dalal, R. Garg, R.B. Gola, M. Jain, G. Keshri, S. Kumar, A. Malhotra, S. Naimuddin, M. Priyanka, P. Ranjan, K. Shah, A. Sharma, R. Bhardwaj, R. Bharti, M. Bhattacharya, R. Bhattacharya, S. Bhawandeep, U. Bhowmik, D. Dey, S. Dutt, S. Dutta, S. Ghosh, S. Mondal, K. Nandan, S. Purohit, A. Rout, P.K. Roy, A. Chowdhury, S.R. Sarkar, S. Sharan, M. Singh, B. Thakur, S. Behera, P.K. Chudasama, R. Dutta, D. Jha, V. Kumar, V. Netrakanti, P.K. Pant, L.M. Shukla, P. Aziz, T. Bhat, M.A. Dugad, S. Mahakud, B. Mitra, S. Mohanty, G.B. Sur, N. Sutar, B. Banerjee, S. Bhattacharya, S. Chatterjee, S. Das, P. Guchait, M. Jain, S. Kumar, S. Maity, M. Majumder, G. Mazumdar, K. Sahoo, N. Sarkar, T. Chauhan, S. Dube, S. Hegde, V. Kapoor, A. Kothekar, K. Pandey, S. Rane, A. Sharma, S. Chenarani, S. Tadavani, E.E. Etesami, S.M. Khakzad, M. Najafabadi, M.M. Naseri, M. Hosseinabadi, F.R. Safarzadeh, B. Zeinali, M. Felcini, M. Grunewald, M. Abbrescia, M. Calabria, C. Cariola, P. Colaleo, A. Creanza, D. Cristella, L. Filippis, N.D. Palma, M.D. Robertis, G.D. Florio, A.D. Errico, F. Fiore, L. Gelmi, A. Iaselli, G. Lezki, S. Loddo, F. Maggi, G. Maggi, M. Martiradonna, S. Miniello, G. My, S. Nuzzo, S. Pompili, A. Pugliese, G. Radogna, R. Ranieri, A. Selvaggi, G. Sharma, A. Silvestris, L. Venditti, R. Verwilligen, P. Zito, G. Abbiendi, G. Battilana, C. Bonacorsi, D. Borgonovi, L. Braibant-Giacomelli, S. Campanini, R. Capiluppi, P. Castro, A. Cavallo, F.R. Chhibra, S.S. Codispoti, G. Cuffiani, M. Dallavalle, G.M. Fabbri, F. Fanfani, A. Giacomelli, P. Grandi, C. Guiducci, L. Iemmi, F. Marcellini, S. Masetti, G. Montanari, A. Navarria, F.L. Perrotta, A. Rossi, A.M. Rovelli, T. Siroli, G.P. Tosi, N. Albergo, S. Costa, S. Mattia, A.D. Potenza, R. Saizu, M.A. Tricomi, A. Tuve, C. Barbagli, G. Brianzi, M. Chatterjee, K. Ciaranfi, R. Ciulli, V. Civinini, C. D'Alessandro, R. Focardi, E. Latino, G. Lenzi, P. Manolescu, F. Meschini, M. Paoletti, S. Russo, L. Scarlini, E. Sguazzoni, G. Strom, D. Viliani, L. Benussi, L. Bianco, S. Fabbri, F. Piccolo, D. Primavera, F. Ferro, F. Ravera, F. Robutti, E. Tosi, S. Benaglia, A. Beschi, A. Brianza, L. Brivio, F. Ciriolo, V. Guida, S.D. Dinardo, M.E. Fiorendi, S. Gennai, S. Ghezzi, A. Govoni, P. Malberti, M. Malvezzi, S. Manzoni, R.A. Massironi, A. Menasce, D. Moroni, L. Paganoni, M. Pedrini, D. Ragazzi, S. De Fatis, T.T. Zuolo, D. Buontempo, S. Cavallo, N. Crescenzo, A.D. Fabozzi, F. Fienga, F. Galati, G. Iorio, A.O.M. Khan, W.A. Lista, L. Meola, S. Paolucci, P. Sciacca, C. Voevodina, E. Azzi, P. Bacchetta, N. Benato, L. Bisello, D. Boletti, A. Bragagnolo, A. Carlin, R. Checchia, P. Dall'Osso, M. Manzano, P.D.C. Dorigo, T. Dosselli, U. Gasparini, F. Gasparini, U. Gozzelino, A. Lacaprara, S. Lujan, P. Margoni, M. Meneguzzo, A.T. Pozzobon, N. Ronchese, P. Rossin, R. Simonetto, F. Tiko, A. Torassa, E. Zanetti, M. Zotto, P. Zumerle, G. Braghieri, A. Canio, F.D. Gaioni, L. Magnani, A. Manghisoni, M. Montagna, P. Ratti, S.P. Re, V. Ressegotti, M. Riccardi, C. Riceputi, E. Salvini, P. Traversi, G. Vai, I. Vitulo, P. Solestizi, L.A. Biasini, M. Bilei, G.M. Bizzaglia, S. Cecchi, C. Checcucci, B. Ciangottini, D. Fanò, L. Ionica, M. Lariccia, P. Leonardi, R. Manoni, E. Mantovani, G. Marconi, S. Mariani, V. Menichelli, M. Morozzi, A. Moscatelli, F. Passeri, D. Placidi, P. Rossi, A. Santocchia, A. Spiga, D. Storchi, L. Androsov, K. Azzurri, P. Bagliesi, G. Basti, A. Beccherle, R. Bianchini, L. Boccali, T. Borrello, L. Bosi, F. Castaldi, R. Ciocci, M.A. Dell'Orso, R. Fedi, G. Fiori, F. Giannini, L. Giassi, A. Grippo, M.T. Ligabue, F. Magazzu, G. Manca, E. Mandorli, G. Mazzoni, E. Messineo, A. Moggi, A. Morsani, F. Palla, F. Palmonari, F. Raffaelli, F. Rizzi, A. Spagnolo, P. Tenchini, R. Tonelli, G. Venturi, A. Verdini, P.G. Barone, L. Cavallari, F. Cipriani, M. Daci, N. Re, D.D. Marco, E.D. Diemoz, M. Gelli, S. Longo, E. Marzocchi, B. Meridiani, P. Organtini, G. Pandolfi, F. Paramatti, R. Preiato, F. Rahatlou, S. Rovelli, C. Santanastasio, F. Amapane, N. Arcidiacono, R. Argiro, S. Arneodo, M. Bartosik, N. Bellan, R. Biino, C. Cartiglia, N. Cenna, F. Costa, M. Covarelli, R. Dellacasa, G. Demaria, N. Kiani, B. Mariotti, C. Maselli, S. Mazza, G. Migliore, E. Monaco, V. Monteil, E. Monteno, M. Obertino, M.M. Pacher, L. Pastrone, N. Paterno, A. Pelliccioni, M. Angioni, G.L.P. Rivetti, A. Romero, A. Ruspa, M. Sacchi, R. Shchelina, K. Sola, V. Solano, A. Staiano, A. Belforte, S. Candelise, V. Casarsa, M. Cossutti, F. Ricca, G.D. Vazzoler, F. Zanetti, A. Kim, D.H. Kim, G.N. Kim, M.S. Lee, J. Lee, S. Lee, S.W. Moon, C.S. Oh, Y.D. Sekmen, S. Son, D.C. Yang, Y.C. Kim, H. Moon, D.H. Oh, G. Goh, J. Kim, T.J. Cho, S. Choi, S. Go, Y. Gyun, D. Ha, S. Hong, B. Jo, Y. Lee, K. Lee, K.S. Lee, S. Lim, J. Park, S.K. Roh, Y. Kim, H. Almond, J. Kim, J. Kim, J.S. Lee, H. Lee, K. Nam, K. Oh, S.B. Radburn-Smith, B.C. Seo, S.H. Yang, U.K. Yoo, H.D. Yu, G.B. Kim, H. Kim, J.H. Lee, J.S.H. Park, I.C. Choi, Y. Hwang, C. Lee, J. Yu, I. Dudenas, V. Juodagalvis, A. Vaitkus, J. Ahmed, I. Ibrahim, Z.A. Ali, M.A.B.M. Idris, F.M. Abdullah, W.A.T.W. Yusli, M.N. Zolkapli, Z. Castilla-Valdez, H. Cruz-Burelo, E.D.L. Duran-Osuna, M.C. Cruz, I.H.-D.L. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Guisao, J.M. Rabadan-Trejo, R.I. Ramirez-Sanchez, G. Reyes-Almanza, R. Sanchez-Hernandez, A. 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Lima, R.T.D. Wamorkar, T. Wang, B. Wisecarver, A. Wood, D. Bhattacharya, S. Charaf, O. Hahn, K.A. Mucia, N. Odell, N. Schmitt, M.H. Sevova, S. Sung, K. Trovato, M. Velasco, M. Bucci, R. Dev, N. Hildreth, M. Anampa, K.H. Jessop, C. Karmgard, D.J. Kellams, N. Lannon, K. Li, W. Loukas, N. Marinelli, N. Meng, F. Mueller, C. Musienko, Y. Planer, M. Reinsvold, A. Ruchti, R. Siddireddy, P. Smith, G. Taroni, S. Wayne, M. Wightman, A. Wolf, M. Woodard, A. Alimena, J. Antonelli, L. Bylsma, B. Durkin, L.S. Flowers, S. Francis, B. Hart, A. Hill, C. Ji, W. Ling, T.Y. Luo, W. Winer, B.L. Wulsin, H.W. Cooperstein, S. Elmer, P. Hardenbrook, J. Hebda, P. Higginbotham, S. Kalogeropoulos, A. Lange, D. Luo, J. Marlow, D. Mei, K. Ojalvo, I. Olsen, J. Palmer, C. Piroué, P. Salfeld-Nebgen, J. Stickland, D. Tully, C. Malik, S. Norberg, S. Vargas, J.E.R. Barker, A. Barnes, V.E. Das, S. Gutay, L. Jones, M. Jung, A.W. Khatiwada, A. Miller, D.H. Neumeister, N. Peng, C.C. Qiu, H. Schulte, J.F. Sun, J. Thieman, J. Wang, F. Xiao, R. Xie, W. Cheng, T. Dolen, J. Parashar, N. Chen, Z. Ecklund, K.M. Freed, S. Geurts, F.J.M. Guilbaud, M. Kilpatrick, M. Li, W. Michlin, B. Nussbaum, T. Padley, B.P. Roberts, J. Rorie, J. Shi, W. Tu, Z. Zabel, J. Zhang, A. Betchart, B. Bodek, A. De Barbaro, P. Demina, R. Duh, Y.T. Dulemba, J.L. Fallon, C. Ferbel, T. Galanti, M. Garcia-Bellido, A. Han, J. Hindrichs, O. Khukhunaishvili, A. Lo, K.H. Petrillo, G. Tan, P. Taus, R. Verzetti, M. Agapitos, A. Bartz, E. Chou, J.P. Gershtein, Y. Espinosa, T.A.G. Halkiadakis, E. Heindl, M. Hughes, E. Kaplan, S. Elayavalli, R.K. Kyriacou, S. Lath, A. Montalvo, R. Nash, K. Osherson, M. Saka, H. Salur, S. Schnetzer, S. Sheffield, D. Somalwar, S. Stone, R. Thomas, S. Thomassen, P. Walker, M. Delannoy, A.G. Heideman, J. Riley, G. Rose, K. Spanier, S. Thapa, K. Bouhali, O. Hernandez, A.C. Celik, A. Dalchenko, M. Mattia, M.D. Delgado, A. Dildick, S. Eusebi, R. Gilmore, J. Huang, T. Kamon, T. Mueller, R. Osipenkov, I. Pakhotin, Y. Patel, R. Perloff, A. Perniè, L. Rathjens, D. Safonov, A. Tatarinov, A. Akchurin, N. Damgov, J. Guio, F.D. Dudero, P.R. Faulkner, J. Kunori, S. Lamichhane, K. Lee, S.W. Mengke, T. Muthumuni, S. Peltola, T. Undleeb, S. Volobouev, I. Wang, Z. D'Angelo, P. Greene, S. Gurrola, A. Janjam, R. Johns, W. Maguire, C. Melo, A. Ni, H. Padeken, K. Alvarez, J.D.R. Sheldon, P. Tuo, S. Velkovska, J. Xu, Q. Arenton, M.W. Barria, P. Cox, B. Hirosky, R. Joyce, M. Ledovskoy, A. Li, H. Neu, C. Sinthuprasith, T. Wang, Y. Wolfe, E. Xia, F. Harr, R. Karchin, P.E. Poudyal, N. Sturdy, J. Thapa, P. Zaleski, S. Brodski, M. Buchanan, J. Caillol, C. Carlsmith, D. Dasu, S. Dodd, L. Duric, S. Gomber, B. Grothe, M. Herndon, M. Hervé, A. Hussain, U. Klabbers, P. Lanaro, A. Levine, A. Long, K. Loveless, R. Maurisset, A. Ruggles, T. Savin, A. Smith, N. Smith, W.H. Woods, N.
Subjects: Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The structure of the CMS inner tracking system has been studied using nuclear interactions of hadrons striking its material. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded in 2015 at the LHC are used to reconstruct millions of secondary vertices from these nuclear interactions. Precise positions of the beam pipe and the inner tracking system elements, such as the pixel detector support tube, and barrel pixel detector inner shield and support rails, are determined using these vertices. These measurements are important for detector simulations, detector upgrades, and to identify any changes in the positions of inactive elements. © 2018 CERN for the benefit of the CMS collaboration.
Published: 2018

24. S191 Cerebellar contributions to fear behaviour

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Richard Apps, Charlotte Lawrenson, and Stella Koutsikou
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cued speech, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Local field potential, Fear, Sensory Systems, Midbrain, 03 medical and health sciences, Electrophysiology, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, nervous system, Physiology (medical), Periaqueductal grey, medicine, Premovement neuronal activity, Neurology (clinical), Fear conditioning, Psychology, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Objectives Various regions of the midbrain and cerebrum are known to play an important role in fear behaviour. This talk will present evidence that the cerebellum should also be added to this network. Methods Electrophysiological, lesioning and behavioural techniques in rats were used to study interactions between the cerebellum and the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG). Freezing was used as a behavioural measure to quantify fear before and after localized cerebellar lesions and was initiated innately e.g. via the predator odour test, or learned via auditory cued aversive foot shock fear conditioning. Electrodes were also implanted into the PAG and cerebellar nuclei, and neuronal activity was recorded during these fear paradigms. Results Our research has shown that a powerful physiological connection exists between the ventrolateral PAG and vermal lobule VIII (pyramis) of the cerebellum. Lesioning the pyramis disrupts innate and fear-conditioned freezing behaviour. In response to auditory cued fear conditioning there is an increase in beta and gamma local field potential activity in the cerebellar nuclei during presentation of the conditioned tone. Discussion Further work is needed to understand how cerebellar computations play a role in the affective and motor aspects of fear evoked freezing behaviour. Conclusions The cerebellar- PAG connection is a critical component of the neural network subserving emotionally related freezing behaviour. Significance These results highlight a role for the cerebellum in the neural networks underlying fear behaviour, raising the possibility of a new therapeutic target for fear related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
Published: 2017

25. Computational methods for a mathematical model of propagation of nerve impulses in myelinated axons

Author: Neville J. Ford, Patricia M. Lumb, and Pedro M. Lima
Subjects: Numerical Analysis, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Applied Mathematics, Numerical analysis, Mathematical analysis, Finite difference method, Computational mathematics, Computational Mathematics, Nonlinear system, symbols.namesake, medicine.anatomical_structure, Monotone polygon, medicine, symbols, Axon, Complex plane, Newton's method, Mathematics
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the approximate solution of a nonlinear mixed type functional differential equation (MTFDE) arising from nerve conduction theory. The equation considered describes conduction in a myelinated nerve axon. We search for a monotone solution of the equation defined in the whole real axis, which tends to given values at ±∞. We introduce new numerical methods for the solution of the equation, analyse their performance, and present and discuss the results of the numerical simulations.
Published: 2014

26. Roles of the periaqueductal gray in descending facilitatory and inhibitory controls of intramuscular hypertonic saline induced muscle nociception

Author: Jing Lei, Tao Sun, Hao-Jun You, and Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: Male, Nociception, Pain Threshold, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Injections, Intramuscular, Periaqueductal gray, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Lesion, Electrolytes, Developmental Neuroscience, Internal medicine, Reflex, Threshold of pain, medicine, Animals, Periaqueductal Gray, Muscle, Skeletal, Pain Measurement, Saline Solution, Hypertonic, Afferent Pathways, Hypoalgesia, Chemistry, Neural Inhibition, Rats, Hypertonic saline, Oncogene Proteins v-fos, Endocrinology, nervous system, Neurology, Hyperalgesia, Anesthesia, medicine.symptom
Abstract: Despite the importance of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the modulation of nociception and pain, many aspects of the roles of the different columns of the PAG in descending controls: facilitation and inhibition, are not understood. Employing a tonic muscle pain model established by i.m. injection of 5.8% saline into the gastrocnemius muscle, we now report the results of investigations designed to explore any differences in Fos expression in the different functional columns of the PAG in male Sprague-Dawley rats. In a second series of experiments, effects of the PAG on descending control of spinally-organized nociception were assessed by measuring hind paw withdrawal reflexes to noxious mechanical and heat stimulation before and after electrolytic lesion of specific columns of the PAG. Our results show that Fos expression within different columns of the PAG increases significantly and differentially following i.m. injection of 5.8% saline. The mean number of Fos positive neurons in the dorsolateral (dl), lateral (l), dorsomedial (dm) PAG elicited by i.m. injection of 5.8% saline reached a peak at 4h with a gradual decrease over time, whereas the maximum number of Fos-positive neurons in the ventrolateral (vl) PAG was observed 8h after i.m. injection. Contralateral lesion of the dl PAG significantly depressed ipsilateral secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in intramuscularly induced (5.8% saline) nociception (P0.05), whereas heat hypoalgesia was not affected (P0.05). By contrast, contralateral lesion of the vl PAG completely blocked the occurrence of ipsilateral heat hypoalgesia (P0.05), while bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia was unaffected (P0.05). In conclusion, functions of specific columns of the PAG in the control of spinal nociceptive activities are not homogeneous. It is suggested that, in this muscle pain model, the dl PAG and vl PAG participate in descending facilitation and inhibition of nociception, respectively.
Published: 2014

27. Top down control of spinal sensorimotor circuits essential for survival

Author: Stella, Koutsikou, Richard, Apps, and Bridget M, Lumb
Subjects: Feedback, Physiological, freezing behaviour, Symposium section reviews: Top‐down control of pain, cerebellum, Pyramidal Tracts, spinal cord, periaqueductal grey, survival, descending control, Symposium Review, nervous system, Animals, Humans, Periaqueductal Gray, nociception
Abstract: The ability to interact with challenging environments requires coordination of sensory and motor systems that underpin appropriate survival behaviours. All animals, including humans, use active and passive coping strategies to react to escapable or inescapable threats, respectively. Across species the neural pathways involved in survival behaviours are highly conserved and there is a consensus that knowledge of such pathways is a fundamental step towards understanding the neural circuits underpinning emotion in humans and treating anxiety or other prevalent emotional disorders. The midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) lies at the heart of the defence‐arousal system and its integrity is paramount to the expression of survival behaviours. To date, studies of ‘top down control’ components of defence behaviours have focused largely on the sensory and autonomic consequences of PAG activation. In this context, effects on motor activity have received comparatively little attention, despite overwhelming evidence of a pivotal role for the PAG in coordinating motor responses essential to survival (e.g. such as freezing in response to fear). In this article we provide an overview of top down control of sensory functions from the PAG, including selective control of different modalities of sensory, including proprioceptive, information forwarded to a major supsraspinal motor control centre, the cerebellum. Next, evidence from our own and other laboratories of PAG control of motor outflow is also discussed. Finally, the integration of sensorimotor functions by the PAG is considered, as part of coordinated defence behaviours that prepare an animal to be ready and able to react to danger.
Published: 2016

28. Correction to: Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper

Author: Richard Apps, Fredrik Bengtsson, Antoine M. Valera, Charlotte Lawrenson, Roy V. Sillitoe, Martijn Schonewille, Bridget M. Lumb, Philippe Isope, Douglas R. Wylie, Amanda M Brown, Elizabeth P. Lackey, Gang Chen, Jan Voogd, Timothy J. Ebner, Henrik Jörntell, Izumi Sugihara, Sho Aoki, Tom J. H. Ruigrok, Richard Hawkes, and Ludovic Spaeth
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Cognitive science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, nervous system, Neurology, Computer science, Neurology (clinical), GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: In the original version of this paper, the Title should have been written with “A Consensus paper” to read “Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper”.
Published: 2018

29. Spino-Olivary Projections in the Rat are Natomically Separate From Postsynaptic Dorsal Column Projections

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Nadia L Cerminara, Richard Apps, and Charlotte R. Flavell
Subjects: Male, Photomicrography, Cerebellum, cerebellum, Population, Biology, Olivary Nucleus, gracile, Postsynaptic potential, Neural Pathways, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, education, Research Articles, Neuronal Tract-Tracers, Fluorescent Dyes, Neurons, education.field_of_study, Medulla Oblongata, Lumbar Vertebrae, Gracile nucleus, General Neuroscience, Anatomy, tracer, Spinal cord, Axons, Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques, Lumbar Spinal Cord, medicine.anatomical_structure, inferior olive, Spinal Cord, Cerebellar cortex, Medulla oblongata, Neuroscience
Abstract: The gracile nucleus (GN) and lateral part of rostral dorsal accessory olive (rDAO) are important relays for indirect, postsynaptic dorsal column, and direct ascending pathways, respectively, that terminate as climbing fibers in the “hindlimb-receiving” parts of the C1 and C3 zones in the cerebellar cortex. While the spinal cells of origin of that project to GN and rDAO are from largely separate territories in the spinal cord, previous studies have indicated that there could be an area of overlap between these two populations in the medial dorsal horn. Given the access of these two ascending tracts to sensory (thalamic) versus sensorimotor (precerebellar) pathways, the present study therefore addresses the important question of whether or not individual neurons have the potential to contribute axons to both ascending pathways. A double-fluorescent tracer strategy was used in rats (red Retrobeads and Fluoro-Ruby or green Retrobeads and Fluoro-Emerald) to map the spatial distribution of cells of origin of the two projections in the lumbar spinal cord. The two pathways were found to receive input from almost entirely separate territories within the lumbar cord (levels L3–L5). GN predominantly receives input from lamina IV, while rDAO receives its input from three cell populations: medial laminae V–VI, lateral lamina V, and medial laminae VII–VIII. Cells that had axons that branched to supply both GN and rDAO represented only about 1% of either single-labeled cell population. Overall, the findings therefore suggest functional independence of the two ascending pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2179–2190, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Published: 2013

30. The road to IUPS

Author: David A. Eisner and Bridget M. Lumb
Published: 2013

31. Does inflammation induced by ultraviolet B and heat rekindling alter pain-related behaviour in rats?

Author: Nirosha S Weerasinghe, Bridget M. Lumb, Collette Taylor, Jo C Murrell, Melissa Smith, and Stella Koutsikou
Subjects: Male, Pentobarbital, Hot Temperature, Adult male, Ultraviolet Rays, Pain, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Sham group, 03 medical and health sciences, Random Allocation, 0302 clinical medicine, Light source, 030202 anesthesiology, parasitic diseases, Medicine, Animals, pain, rat, Rats, Wistar, integumentary system, General Veterinary, Behavior, Animal, business.industry, fungi, Ultraviolet b, Pelvic limb, Inflammatory pain, burrowing, Rats, heat rekindling, Anesthesia, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, ultraviolet B, medicine.drug
Abstract: ObjectiveTo investigate whether induction of the ultraviolet B and heat rekindling (UVB/HR) model alters burrowing behaviour in rats.Study designRandomized, blinded, prospective experimental study.AnimalsSixteen adult male Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g.MethodsIn the UVB/HR group (n = 8), UV irradiation was delivered to the heel area of the right plantar pelvic limb paw at a dose of 1000 mJ cm−2, using a narrow-band UVB light source. Twenty-four hours later, heat rekindling was performed by placement of a feedback-controlled thermode set at a constant temperature of 45 °C over the area of UVB irradiation for 5 minutes. Both interventions were carried out under pentobarbital anaesthesia. The ‘sham’ group (n = 8) was anaesthetized only. In the burrowing test, rats were housed singly for 2 hours in cages furnished with a burrow filled with sand. The amount of sand remaining in the burrow after 2 hours was weighed and the amount displaced from the burrow calculated. The burrowing test was carried out for two consecutive days prior to UVB irradiation (day 0), on day 1 prior to HR, on days 2 and 3 after UVB exposure and at equivalent time points in the sham group.ResultsRats in the sham group burrowed means (SD) of 2429 (73) g and 2358 (124) g of sand on days −2 and 3, respectively, while those in the UVB/HR group burrowed 2460 (26) and 2419 (58) g on days −2 and 3, respectively. There was no significant effect of treatment on the amount of sand burrowed at any time point.Conclusions and clinical relevancePain associated with UVB/HR model induction is below the threshold required to affect rat burrowing behaviour and therefore questions the face validity of UVB/HR as a translational model of inflammatory pain.
Published: 2016

32. Top-down control of pain

Author: Lucy F. Donaldson and Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, 030202 anesthesiology, Physiology, business.industry, Anesthesia, Medicine, business, Spinal cord, Periaqueductal gray, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Published: 2017

33. Meet our new Trustees

Author: Sarah Hall, Federico Formenti, Graham McGeown, and Bridget M. Lumb
Published: 2017

34. Ultraviolet B-induced inflammation in the rat: A model of secondary hyperalgesia?

Author: Emily K Davies, Joanna C Murrell, Y Boyle, Bridget M. Lumb, and Boris A. Chizh
Subjects: Male, Ultraviolet Rays, Chemistry, Dermatitis, Inflammation, Ultraviolet b, Pharmacology, Inflammatory pain, Rats, Disease Models, Animal, Mechanical Hyperalgesia, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Allodynia, Neurology, Hyperalgesia, Anesthesia, medicine, Ultraviolet irradiation, Animals, Neurology (clinical), Cutaneous inflammation, Inflammation Mediators, Rats, Wistar, medicine.symptom
Abstract: Cutaneous inflammation induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in the UV-B range has received significant recent interest as a translational inflammatory pain model. Changes in thermal and mechanical sensitivities in the area of primary hyperalgesia are well documented in both the rat and human UV-B models, but the occurrence of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia is controversial. We investigated the occurrence of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat UV-B model. Additionally, we investigated whether secondary hyperalgesia was enhanced by heat rekindling of UV-B-irradiated skin as a new rat inflammatory model of sensitisation with an enhanced central contribution. UV-B irradiation (1000 mJ/cm 2 ) induced significant secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia that peaked at 48 h. Heat rekindling (45 °C stimulus for 5 min) of UV-B-irradiated skin at 24 h further enhanced and prolonged this secondary mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia, with a peak at 72 h. Heat rekindling also induced a significant mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia on the contralateral hind paw, further suggesting the contribution of central sensitisation. Our data provide strong evidence for a central contribution in both the rat UV-B pain model and an enhanced contribution in the new model combining UV-B irradiation with heat rekindling. We also elucidate potential differences in the methods used by ourselves and others to obtain mechanical withdrawal thresholds in rats, which may explain the lack of secondary hyperalgesia in the rat UV-B model.
Published: 2011

35. Analytical and numerical investigation of mixed-type functional differential equations

Author: Pedro M. Lima, Patricia M. Lumb, Neville J. Ford, and M. Filomena Teodoro
Subjects: Splines, Recurrence relation, Differential equation, Transcendental equation, Applied Mathematics, 010102 general mathematics, Mathematical analysis, Mixed-type functional differential equation, Order of accuracy, 01 natural sciences, 010101 applied mathematics, Method of steps, Computational Mathematics, Collocation method, Functional equation, Least squares method, Applied mathematics, Almost everywhere, Uniqueness, 0101 mathematics, Mathematics
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the approximate solution of a linear non-autonomous functional differential equation, with both advanced and delayed arguments. We search for a solution x(t), defined for t∈[−1,k], (k∈N), that satisfies this equation almost everywhere on [0,k−1] and assumes specified values on the intervals [−1,0] and (k−1,k]. We provide a discussion of existence and uniqueness theory for the problems under consideration and describe numerical algorithms for their solution, giving an analysis of their convergence.
Published: 2010

36. Mixed-type functional differential equations: A numerical approach

Author: Neville J. Ford and Patricia M. Lumb
Subjects: Discrete mathematics, Computational Mathematics, Recurrence relation, Continuous function, Transcendental equation, Differential equation, Applied Mathematics, Numerical analysis, Mathematical analysis, Functional equation, Uniqueness, Absolute continuity, Mathematics
Abstract: The equations considered in this paper are mixed-type functional equations (sometimes known as forward-backward differential equations) that take the form u^'(t)=au(t)+bu(t-1)+cu(t+1),t@?I@?R. We consider basic existence and uniqueness properties when I=[t"1,t"2] and we seek solutions u@?C[t"1-1,t"2+1] that satisfy u(t)=w"1(t),t@?[t"1-1,t"1],u(t)=w"2(t),t@?[t"2,t"2+1], for prescribed functions w"1,w"2 absolutely continuous, respectively, on [t"1-1,t"1],[t"2,t"2+1]. With arbitrary boundary conditions specified in this way, the problem turns out to be ill-posed and so existence and uniqueness questions have an important role to play in developing numerical schemes. We consider, with t"1,t"2@?N, numerical approximations of a solution when it exists. The numerical methods that we consider are linear @q-methods and we investigate computationally their effectiveness through some illustrative examples.
Published: 2009

37. Changes in Plasma Folate Levels in Rats Inhaling Nitrous Oxide

Author: M. Lumb, Rosemary Deacon, I. Chanarin, and Janet Perry
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, medicine.medical_specialty, Inhalation, Chemistry, Nitrous Oxide, Hematology, Nitrous oxide, Rats, Vitamin B 12, chemistry.chemical_compound, Folic Acid, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Anesthesia, Plasma folate level, medicine, Animals, Vitamin B12
Abstract: Inhalation of nitrous oxide, which inactivates vitamin B12, is followed by a rise in the plasma folate level. The concentration of plasma folate remains elevated throughout the period of exposure to nitrous oxide. Returning the rats to the air is followed by a fall to pre-exposure plasma folate levels within 24 h.
Published: 2009

38. New approach to the numerical solution of forward-backward equations

Author: Neville J. Ford, Patricia M. Lumb, Filomena Teodoro, and Pedro M. Lima
Subjects: Mathematics (miscellaneous), Differential equation, Collocation method, Mathematical analysis, Orthogonal collocation, Forward backward, Approximate solution, Mathematics, Numerical partial differential equations
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the approximate solution of functional differential equations having the form: x′(t) = αx(t) + βx(t - 1) + γx(t + 1). We search for a solution x, defined for t ∈ [−1, k], k ∈ ℕ, which takes given values on intervals [−1, 0] and (k-1, k]. We introduce and analyse some new computational methods for the solution of this problem. Numerical results are presented and compared with the results obtained by other methods.
Published: 2009

39. Selective inhibition from the anterior hypothalamus of C- versus A-fibre mediated spinal nociception

Author: Bridget M. Lumb, Daniel A.A. Simpson, and P. Max Headley
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Hypothalamus, Pain, Selective inhibition, Nerve Fibers, Internal medicine, Animals, Medicine, Rats, Wistar, Microinjection, Afferent Pathways, business.industry, Chronic pain, Neural Inhibition, medicine.disease, Rats, Preoptic area, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nociception, Endocrinology, Spinal Cord, Neurology, Hyperalgesia, Anesthesia, Reflex, Nociceptor, Neurology (clinical), business, Anterior hypothalamus
Abstract: Modulation of spinal nociception from the anterior hypothalamus/preoptic area (AH/POA), and consequent alterations in the pain experience may contribute to integrated responses brought into play during fear or stress and as part of the sickness response. This study was designed to compare the effects of descending control from AH/POA on A- versus C-fibre-evoked spinal nociception, since any differential control is of behavioural and clinical importance given that A-fibre and C-fibre nociceptors convey different qualities of the pain signal (first and second pain, respectively), and play different roles in the development and maintenance of chronic pain states. In anaesthetised rats, electromyographic responses were recorded to monitor thresholds of withdrawal to slow (2.5 degrees Cs(-1)) or fast (7.5 degrees Cs(-1)) rates of skin heating of the hindpaw, to preferentially activate C- or A-nociceptors, respectively. Neuronal activation by microinjection of dl-homocysteic acid at sites within a specific region of AH/POA, lateral area of the anterior hypothalamus (LAAH), significantly increased response thresholds to slow heating rates (p
Published: 2008

40. Descending control of spinal nociception from the periaqueductal grey distinguishes between neurons with and without C-fibre inputs

Author: Alexander J. Waters and Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: Male, Central nervous system, Pyramidal Tracts, Dorsolateral, Midbrain, medicine, Animals, Periaqueductal Gray, Rats, Wistar, Pain Measurement, Neurons, Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated, Chronic pain, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Rats, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nociception, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spinal Cord, nervous system, Neurology, Nociceptor, Neurology (clinical), Neuron, Psychology, Neuroscience
Abstract: Information about noxious events in the periphery is conveyed to the spinal cord in A- and C-fibre nociceptive afferents, which have largely distinct electrical and chemical properties and which convey different qualities of the pain signal. Descending control that originates in the different functional columns of the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) has important roles in the modulation of spinal nociception in different behavioural and emotional states and, it is now believed, in animal models of chronic pain. However, few studies of descending control have considered differential modulation of A- versus C-nociceptor-evoked responses. Here, we report that descending inhibitory control from the rostrocaudal extent of the dorsolateral/lateral and ventrolateral columns of the PAG preferentially targets Class 2 deep dorsal horn neurons with C-fibre inputs. Pinch-evoked responses of these neurons were depressed significantly by -37+/-4.2% (P
Published: 2008

41. Laminar organization of spinal dorsal horn neurones activated by C- vs. A-heat nociceptors and their descending control from the periaqueductal grey in the rat

Author: Frankie M MacMillan, Bridget M. Lumb, D. M. Parry, and Stella Koutsikou
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Stimulation, Anatomy, Spinal cord, Periaqueductal gray, Midbrain, 03 medical and health sciences, Laminar organization, 0302 clinical medicine, Nociception, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Nociceptor, medicine, Posterior Horn Cell, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: The periaqueductal grey can differentially control A- vs. C-nociceptor-evoked spinal reflexes and deep spinal dorsal horn neuronal responses. However, little is known about the control of A- vs. C-fibre inputs to lamina I and the lateral spinal nucleus, and how this correlates with the control of deeper laminae. To address this, the laminar distributions of neurones expressing Fos-like immunoreactivity were determined following preferential activation of A- or C-heat nociceptors, using fast or slow rates of skin heating, respectively, in the absence or presence of descending control evoked from the periaqueductal grey. In lamina I, numbers of Fos-positive neurones following both fast and slow rates of skin heating were reduced significantly following activation in the ventrolateral and dorsolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey. In contrast, in the deep dorsal horn (laminae III-VI), activation in both the ventrolateral and dorsolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey significantly reduced the numbers of Fos-positive neurones evoked by C- but not A-nociceptor stimulation. C- but not A-heat nociceptor activation evoked Fos bilaterally in the lateral spinal nucleus. Stimulation in the ventrolateral but not the dorsolateral/lateral periaqueductal grey significantly increased the numbers of Fos-positive neurones evoked by A- and C-nociceptor stimulation bilaterally in the lateral spinal nucleus. These data have demonstrated differences in the descending control of the superficial vs. the deep dorsal horn and lateral spinal nucleus with respect to the processing of A- and C-fibre-evoked events. The data are discussed in relation to the roles of A- and C-nociceptors in acute and chronic pain.
Published: 2007

42. The Periaqueductal Gray Orchestrates Sensory and Motor Circuits at Multiple Levels of the Neuraxis

Author: Stella, Koutsikou, Thomas C, Watson, Jonathan J, Crook, J Lianne, Leith, Charlotte L, Lawrenson, Richard, Apps, and Bridget M, Lumb
Subjects: Male, Afferent Pathways, Patch-Clamp Techniques, Fear, Articles, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Efferent Pathways, Electric Stimulation, Hindlimb, Rats, H-Reflex, Posterior Horn Cells, Oncogene Proteins v-fos, nervous system, Cerebellum, Physical Stimulation, Conditioning, Psychological, Animals, Periaqueductal Gray, Rats, Wistar, Wakefulness, Evoked Potentials
Abstract: The periaqueductal gray (PAG) coordinates behaviors essential to survival, including striking changes in movement and posture (e.g., escape behaviors in response to noxious stimuli vs freezing in response to fear-evoking stimuli). However, the neural circuits underlying the expression of these behaviors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate in vivo in rats that activation of the ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) affects motor systems at multiple levels of the neuraxis through the following: (1) differential control of spinal neurons that forward sensory information to the cerebellum via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways (nociceptive signals are reduced while proprioceptive signals are enhanced); (2) alterations in cerebellar nuclear output as revealed by changes in expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity; and (3) regulation of spinal reflex circuits, as shown by an increase in α-motoneuron excitability. The capacity to coordinate sensory and motor functions is demonstrated in awake, behaving rats, in which natural activation of the vlPAG in fear-conditioned animals reduced transmission in spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways during periods of freezing that were associated with increased muscle tone and thus motor outflow. The increase in spinal motor reflex excitability and reduction in transmission of ascending sensory signals via spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways occurred simultaneously. We suggest that the interactions revealed in the present study between the vlPAG and sensorimotor circuits could form the neural substrate for survival behaviors associated with vlPAG activation.Neural circuits that coordinate survival behaviors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate in rats that the periaqueductal gray (PAG) affects motor systems at the following multiple levels of the neuraxis: (1) through altering transmission in spino-olivary pathways that forward sensory signals to the cerebellum, reducing and enhancing transmission of nociceptive and proprioceptive information, respectively; (2) by alterations in cerebellar output; and (3) through enhancement of spinal motor reflex pathways. The sensory and motor effects occurred at the same time and were present in both anesthetized animals and behavioral experiments in which fear conditioning naturally activated the PAG. The results provide insights into the neural circuits that enable an animal to be ready and able to react to danger, thus assisting in survival.
Published: 2015

43. Beyond Gene Inactivation:Evolution of Tools for Analysis of Serotonergic Circuitry

Author: Jonathan J. Crook, Stella Koutsikou, Bridget M. Lumb, Valentina Mosienko, Bernd Gloss, Cornelia Hainer, Natalia Alenina, and Sergey Kasparov
Subjects: Serotonergic system, Physiology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Gene Expression, Cre recombinase, Optogenetics, Biology, Serotonergic, Biochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Neural Pathways, TPH2, medicine, Recombinase, Animals, Premovement neuronal activity, Neurotransmitter, optogenetics, SERT, Cell Biology, General Medicine, Pet1, medicine.anatomical_structure, Genetic Techniques, chemistry, Neuron, Raphe nuclei, Neuroscience, Serotonergic Neurons
Abstract: In the brain, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) controls a multitude of physiological and behavioral functions. Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei give rise to a complex and extensive network of axonal projections throughout the whole brain. A major challenge in the analysis of these circuits is to understand how the serotonergic networks are linked to the numerous functions of this neurotransmitter. In the past, many studies employed approaches to inactivate different genes involved in serotonergic neuron formation, 5-HT transmission, or 5-HT metabolism. Although these approaches have contributed significantly to our understanding of serotonergic circuits, they usually result in life-long gene inactivation. As a consequence, compensatory changes in serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems may occur and complicate the interpretation of the observed phenotypes. To dissect the complexity of the serotonergic system with greater precision, approaches to reversibly manipulate subpopulations of serotonergic neurons are required. In this review, we summarize findings on genetic animal models that enable control of 5-HT neuronal activity or mapping of the serotonergic system. This includes a comparative analysis of several mouse and rat lines expressing Cre or Flp recombinases under Tph2, Sert, or Pet1 promoters with a focus on specificity and recombination efficiency. We further introduce applications for Cre-mediated cell-type specific gene expression to optimize spatial and temporal precision for the manipulation of serotonergic neurons. Finally, we discuss other temporally regulated systems, such as optogenetics and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) approaches to control 5-HT neuron activity.
Published: 2015

44. Spinal dorsal horn neuronal responses to myelinatedversusunmyelinated heat nociceptors and their modulation by activation of the periaqueductal grey in the rat

Author: Simon McMullan and Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: Dorsum, Midbrain, Linear relationship, nervous system, Lateral region, Physiology, Chemistry, Nociceptor, Skin temperature, Periaqueductal grey, Stimulation, Neuroscience
Abstract: The aim of this study was to further understand the central processing of inputs arising from unmyelinated and myelinated nociceptors by (i) determining the response characteristics of Class 2 dorsal horn neurones to preferential activation of C- and A-fibre heat nociceptors, and (ii) investigating the control exerted by the dorsolateral/lateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal grey (DL/L-PAG) on C- and A-fibre-evoked responses of these neurones. The use of different rates of skin heating to preferentially activate unmyelinated (C-fibre; 2.5°C s−1) versus myelinated (A-fibre; 7.5°C s−1) heat nociceptors revealed that, in response to C-nociceptor activation, Class 2 neurones encode well only over the first 5°C above threshold, and that at higher temperatures responses decline. In contrast, responses to A-nociceptor activation are linear and encode skin temperature over more than 10°C, and almost certainly into the tissue-damaging range. PAG stimulation raised thresholds and decreased significantly the magnitude of responses to A- and C-nociceptor activation. However, differences were revealed in the effects of descending control on the relationships between skin temperature and neuronal firing rate; the linear relationship that occurred over the first 5°C of slow rates of skin heating was no longer evident, whereas that to fast rates of skin heating was maintained over the entire range, albeit shifted to the right. These data indicate that the sensori-discriminative information conveyed in A-fibre nociceptors is maintained and that the information from C-nociceptors is lost in the presence of descending control from the DL/L-PAG. The data are discussed in relation to the role of the DL/L-PAG in mediating active coping strategies.
Published: 2006

45. An algorithm to detect small solutions in linear delay differential equations

Author: Neville J. Ford and Patricia M. Lumb
Subjects: Computational Mathematics, Linear differential equation, Simple (abstract algebra), Differential equation, Applied Mathematics, Numerical analysis, Delay differential equation, Algorithm, Linear equation, Mathematics
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm that provides a simple reliable mechanism for the detection of small solutions in linear delay differential equations. We provide background that emphasises the importance of detecting small solutions, we review existing experimental results and provide a mathematical justification for our choice of algorithm. The paper concludes with some examples.
Published: 2006

46. Central processing of input signals arising from myelinated and nonmyelinated nociceptors: In vivo studies

Author: Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: Physiology, business.industry, General Neuroscience, Chronic pain, medicine.disease, Spinal cord, Periaqueductal gray, Midbrain, medicine.anatomical_structure, Nociception, nervous system, Hypothalamus, Nociceptor, Medicine, Brainstem, business, Neuroscience
Abstract: Nociceptive information is transmitted to the spinal cord via A-and C-fiber nociceptors. These different groups of nociceptors convey different qualities of the pain signal and play different roles in chronic pain states. It is of considerable importance, therefore, to compare the respective central processing. To do this, we have developed a technique allowing us to preferentially activate either A-or C-heat nociceptors. This article describes functional anatomical approaches used to study spinal brainstem loops and their roles in determining the pain experience. It will focus on (i) A-vs C-nociceptive inputs to control centers in the midbrain periaqueductal gray and the hypothalamus, including interactions between these afferent signals, and (ii) differential descending control of A-vs C-nociceptor-evoked spinal nociception.
Published: 2006

47. Computational approaches to parameter estimation and model selection in immunology

Author: Philippe Krebs, Christopher A. H. Paul, J. M. Ford, Tobias Junt, S. J. Norton, Gennady Bocharov, Christopher T. H. Baker, P. M. Lumb, and Burkhard Ludewig
Subjects: Set (abstract data type), Computational Mathematics, Mathematical model, Estimation theory, Model selection, Computation, Applied Mathematics, Immunology, Delay differential equation, Akaike information criterion, Information theory, Mathematics
Abstract: One of the significant challenges in biomathematics (and other areas of science) is to formulate meaningful mathematical models. Our problem is to decide on a parametrized model which is, in some sense, most likely to represent the information in a set of observed data. In this paper, we illustrate the computational implementation of an information-theoretic approach (associated with a maximum likelihood treatment) to modelling in immunology. The approach is illustrated by modelling LCMV infection using a family of models based on systems of ordinary differential and delay differential equations. The models (which use parameters that have a scientific interpretation) are chosen to fit data arising from experimental studies of virus-cytotoxic T lymphocyte kinetics; the parametrized models that result are arranged in a hierarchy by the computation of Akaike indices. The practical illustration is used to convey more general insight. Because the mathematical equations that comprise the models are solved numerically, the accuracy in the computation has a bearing on the outcome, and we address this and other practical details in our discussion.
Published: 2005
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48. Inescapable and Escapable Pain is Represented in Distinct Hypothalamic-Midbrain Circuits: Specific Roles for aδ- and C-Nociceptors

Author: Bridget M. Lumb
Subjects: Coping (psychology), Hypothalamus, Nociceptors, Pain, General Medicine, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Midbrain, Fight-or-flight response, Nerve Fibers, Nociception, nervous system, Mesencephalon, Neural Pathways, Nociceptor, Animals, Humans, Deep pain, Cutaneous pain, Psychology, Neuroscience
Abstract: The affective responses to pain arising from deep somatic and visceral tissues differ markedly from those evoked by brief cutaneous insults. Deep pain evokes passive emotional coping that includes quiescence and vasodepression. In contrast, cutaneous pain evokes an active emotional coping: the fight or flight response. There is now considerable evidence to support the notion that nociceptive inputs arising from different peripheral domains drive the different functional columns of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) that co-ordinate either active or passive coping strategies. Nociceptive inputs from deep structures drive neurones in the ventrolateral columns that co-ordinate passive emotional coping whereas brief cutaneous insults activate the dorsolateral/lateral columns that co-ordinate active coping strategies. An emerging concept, as presented in the preceding article by Keay & Bandler, is that it is the behavioural significance of the nociceptive input, rather than its organ of origin per se, that determines the characteristics of the affective response. These authors provide evidence that brief, escapable stimuli activate neurones in the dorsolateral/lateral columns of the PAG and that inescapable, persistent pain, irrespective of its organ of origin, activates the ventrolateral column. This review will present recent evidence that differential representation of escapable and inescapable pain in the PAG extends to distinct representations of 'first' and 'second' pain, as indicated by the columnar distribution of neurones activated by inputs from Aδ- and C-nociceptors. Furthermore, the functional organisation of projections from circumscribed regions of the hypothalamus to the different columns of the PAG indicates that the behavioural significance of the pain signal is represented in brain regions other than the PAG. Experimental Physiology (2002) 87.2, 281-286.
Published: 2002

49. C-Nociceptor Activation of Hypothalamic Neurones and the Columnar Organisation of Their Projections to the Periaqueductal Grey in the Rat

Author: F.M. Semenenko, D. M. Parry, Daniel A.A. Simpson, Bridget M. Lumb, and Simon McMullan
Subjects: Male, Cholera Toxin, medicine.medical_specialty, Hot Temperature, Hypothalamus, Periaqueductal grey, Dorsolateral, medicine.disease_cause, Antibodies, FOS Protein, Nerve Fibers, Internal medicine, Neural Pathways, medicine, Animals, Periaqueductal Gray, Rats, Wistar, Neurons, Chemistry, Cholera toxin, Nociceptors, General Medicine, Rats, Endocrinology, nervous system, Nociceptor, Axoplasmic transport, Skin Temperature, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos, Neuroscience, Anterior hypothalamus
Abstract: The induction of Fos protein was used to localise hypothalamic neurones activated by ramps of noxious skin heating delivered at a rate of 2.5 degrees C s(-1) to preferentially activate C-nociceptors. This was combined with retrograde transport of cholera toxin subunit B from identified 'pressor' and 'depressor' sites in the dorsolateral/lateral or the ventrolateral columns of the periaqueductal grey. Fos-positive neurones were found throughout the rostral hypothalamus. Despite this wide distribution, those neurones double labelled retrogradely from the periaqueductal grey were focused in the lateral area of the anterior hypothalamus. More than 20 % of Fos-positive neurones in this region projected to depressor sites in the ventrolateral periaqueductal grey, and 10 % projected to its dorsolateral/lateral sector. These results are discussed in relation to the peripheral inputs to hypothalamic-midbrain pathways and their role in the cardiovascular responses to different components of the pain signal.
Published: 2002

50. Intrathecal reboxetine suppresses evoked and ongoing neuropathic pain behaviours by restoring spinal noradrenergic inhibitory tone

Author: Louise Hickey, Lucy F. Donaldson, Bridget M. Lumb, Anthony E. Pickering, and Sam W. Hughes
Subjects: Adrenergic Neurons, Male, Morpholines, Analgesic, Pharmacology, 17 Psychology And Cognitive Sciences, Norepinephrine, Reboxetine, Anesthesiology, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Injections, Spinal, Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors, business.industry, Antagonist, Neural Inhibition, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Nerve injury, medicine.disease, Yohimbine, Rats, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Allodynia, Neurology, Anesthesia, Neuropathic pain, Neuralgia, Neurology (clinical), medicine.symptom, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: The descending noradrenergic (NAergic) projection to the spinal cord forms part of an endogenous analgesic system. After nerve injury, a localised failure in this compensatory system has been implicated as a permissive factor in the development of neuropathic sensitisation. We investigated whether restoring descending NAergic tone with intrathecal reboxetine can oppose the development of the neuropathic pain phenotype after tibial nerve transection (TNT). Rats had a lumbar intrathecal catheter implanted at the time of nerve injury for administration of reboxetine (10 µg) in both acute and chronic dosing experiments. In acute dosing experiments, both intrathecal and systemic (30 mg/kg) reboxetine partially reversed mechanical allodynia. This antiallodynic effect of intrathecal reboxetine was blocked by prior administration of yohimbine ([alpha]2-adrenoceptor antagonist, 30 µg) but not by prazosin ([alpha]1-adrenoceptor antagonist, 30 µg) or propranolol ([beta]-adrenoceptor antagonist, 100 µg). Chronic intrathecal reboxetine (10 µg, intrathecally, twice daily for 2 weeks) suppressed the development of cold and mechanical allodynia. Nerve-injured animals demonstrated a place preference for intrathecal reboxetine, suggesting that it also reduced spontaneous pain. In contrast, an equivalent antiallodynic dose of systemic reboxetine (30 mg/kg) was aversive in both naive and TNT rats. On cessation of chronic intrathecal reboxetine, there was a gradual development of allodynic sensitisation that was indistinguishable from control TNT animals by 7 days after the end of dosing. Our results suggest that pharmacological restoration of spinal NAergic tone with intrathecal reboxetine can suppress both allodynia and spontaneous pain in the TNT model.
Published: 2014

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