Search

Coral microbiomes play crucial roles in holobiont homeostasis and adaptation. The host's ability to populate broad ecological niches and to cope with environmental changes seems to be related to the flexibility of the coral microbiome. By means of high-throughput DNA sequencing we characterized simultaneously both bacterial (16S rRNA) and Symbiodiniaceae (ITS2) communities of four reef-building coral species (Mussismilia braziliensis, Mussismilia harttii, Montastraea cavernosa, and Favia gravida) that differ in geographic distribution and niche specificity. Samples were collected in a marginal reef system (Abrolhos, Brazil) in four sites of contrasting irradiance and turbidity. Biological filters governed by the host are important in shaping corals' microbiome structure. More structured associated microbial communities by reef site tend to occur in coral species with broader geographic and depth ranges, especially for Symbiodiniaceae, whereas the endemic and habitat-specialist host, M. braziliensis, has relatively more homogenous bacterial communities with more exclusive members. Our findings lend credence to the hypothesis that higher microbiome flexibility renders corals more adaptable to diverse environments, a trend that should be investigated in more hosts and reef areas., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the survival rate of pterygoid implants compared to implants placed in different maxilla area and to settle as an alternative solution for the rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla atrophy. Studies that were included for this systematic review were selected using different database of references: PubMed Medline, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. Other journal platforms were also used for the research. Five articles met the strict inclusion/exclusion criteria of the 180 articles founded. This systematic review was registered on Prospero (CRD42023409706) and followed PRISMA statement. A total of 768 implants placed presented 97.43 % with a peak of 100 % of survival rate. Follow-up period varies from a minimum of 1 year to a maximum of six years. Pterygoid implants could be a valid alternative in patients presenting a posterior maxilla atrophy, but results should be interpreted cautiously due to the difficulty of the surgical technique. Further studies in the future should be taken in consideration to confirm the success rate of pterygoid implants since there is only one prospective RCT, potentially incorporating modern technologies such as guided surgery or navigated surgery could be a solution for the success of pterygoid implants, minimizing the risk and less dependent on the operator., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The aim of this work was to systematically review and carry out a statistical metanalysis to identify the best treatment for close oroantral communications and fistulas and to avoid the risk of recurrence., Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted on the MEDLINE database (Pubmed), Scopus, and Google scholar using the following keywords: "oro antral communication (OAC)" OR "oro antral fistula (OAF)" OR "antro-oral communication" OR "communication between maxillary sinus and oral cavity" OR "oro-sinusal communication" OR "oro-sinusal fistula" OR "sinus communication" OR "sinus fistula" OR "antral communication" AND "treatment" OR "management" OR "surgical treatment" OR "surgical interventions". This work was performed in accordance with the guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses). After article screening, 9 RCTs (randomized controlled trials), comparing two or more techniques, were included in this review., Results: A statistically significant difference was detected in favor of the buccal fat pad compared to the buccal advancement flap and palatal rotational flap., Conclusions: With the limitations of this study, the buccal fat pad showed the best results in terms of communication closure and reducing the risk of relapse.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of diode laser and ozone gas in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DHS)., Methods: One hundred thirty-two teeth from 44 patients with moderate DHS were randomized into 3 groups according to a split-mouth design. In the diode laser group, the operator irradiated the superficial dentin exposed with an 808-nm wavelength and incremental power from 0.2 to 0.6 W with a 20-second interval. In the ozone gas group, the operator applied a high dose of ozone (32 g/m 3 ) for 30 seconds using a silicon cup. In the placebo group, no therapy was applied. The dentin sensitivity level was evaluated upon enrollment (T0), immediately after treatment (T1), 3 months post-treatment (T2), and 6 months post-treatment (T3) with a cold air blast challenge and tactile stimuli. The pain severity was quantified according to the visual analogue scale. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to scrutinize potential statistical disparities among the treatments. Statistical significance was predetermined at P < .05., Results: A significant decrease of DHS was observed in the ozone gas group and the `diode laser group immediately after treatment and after 3 and 6 months of the therapy. After 6 months from the therapy, the sensitivity values in the teeth treated with ozone gas remained statistically lower than those treated with diode lasers (P < .05)., Conclusions: A laser diode and ozone gas are both efficient as dentin sensitivity treatment. Ozone maintains an invariable effectiveness after 6 months., (Copyright © 2024 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Oral mucositis is a common and debilitating side effect induced by stem cell transplantation that is experienced by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy. This condition involves inflammation and ulceration of the oral mucosa, leading to pain, difficulty with eating and speaking, and an increased risk of infections. Mucositis not only compromises the quality of life for cancer patients, but also affects treatment outcomes and may necessitate dose reductions or treatment delays. This scientific article provides a comprehensive overview of mucositis. The purpose of this literature review with a meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy of laser therapy in treating post-transplant mucositis. Materials and methods : A search of the literature from 3 May 2023 was carried out on three online databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only studies that treated patients with laser therapy were considered; only studies with the placebo-treated control group were considered. Review Manager version 5.2.8 (Cochrane Collaboration) was used for the pooled analysis. We measured the std. mean difference between the two groups (laser and placebo). Results : There were 230 papers included in this review. Two hundred twenty-seven were excluded. Furthermore, a manual search was performed. After the search phase, three articles were considered in the study. The overall effect showed differences in the degree of mucositis in the laser-treated patients compared with the placebo group. The meta-analysis shows a reduction in the degree of mucositis in the patients treated with laser therapy (std. mean difference -1.34 [-1.98; -0.98]; C.I. 95%). Conclusions : The application of laser therapy results in decreased severity of oral mucositis from radiation and chemotherapy. Our study shows that the application of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of transplant mucositis has excellent efficacy in relieving the symptoms and severity of mucositis.

This study investigates the physiological response to heat stress of three genetically different Symbiodiniaceae strains isolated from the scleractinian coral Mussismilia braziliensis, endemic of the Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. Cultures of two Symbiodinium sp. and one Cladocopium sp. were exposed to a stepwise increase in temperature (2°C every second day) ranging from 26°C (modal temperature in Abrolhos) to 32°C (just above the maximum temperature registered in Abrolhos during the third global bleaching event-TGBE). After the cultures reached their final testing temperature, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, single cell attributes (relative cell size and chlorophyll fluorescence), and photosynthetic efficiency (effective (Y(II)) and maximum (Fv/Fm) quantum yields) were measured within 4 h and 72 h. Non-photochemical coefficient (NPQ) was estimated based on fluorescence values. Population average ROS production was variable across strains and exposure times, reaching up a 2-fold increase at 32°C in one of the Symbiodinium sp. strains. A marked intrapopulation difference was observed in ROS production, with 5 to 25% of the cells producing up to 10 times more than the population average, highlighting the importance of single cell approaches to assess population physiology. Average cell size increases at higher temperatures, likely resulting from cell cycle arrest, whereas chlorophyll fluorescence decreased, especially in 4 h, indicating a photoacclimation response. The conditions tested do not seem to have elicited loss of photosynthetic efficiency nor the activation of non-photochemical mechanisms in the cells. Our results unveiled a generalized thermotolerance in three Symbiodiniaceae strains originated from Abrolhos' corals. Inter and intra-specific variability could be detected, likely reflecting the genetic differences among the strains., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Amario et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of the socket shield technique (SST), an innovative surgical method introduced in 2010, for reducing buccal bone plate resorption., Methods: The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Clinical studies conducted in humans and investigating the SST were searched on PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar in November and December 2021. The implant survival rate, percentage of complications, and clinical parameters (marginal bone loss [MBL], pink esthetic score [PES], and buccal bone plate resorption [BBPR]) were analyzed using the collected data., Results: The initial search resulted in 132 articles. After article screening, the full texts of 19 studies were read and 17 articles were finally included in the review. In total, 656 implants were installed with the SST. Nine of the 656 implants experienced failure, resulting in an implant survival rate of 98.6%. The percentage of complications was about 3.81%. The analysis of clinical parameters (MBL, PES, and BBPR), showed favorable results for the SST. The mean MBL in implants placed with the SST was 0.39±0.28 mm versus 1.00±0.55 mm in those placed without the SST. PES had a better outcome in the SST group, with an average of 12.08±1.18 versus 10.77±0.74. BBPR had more favorable results in implants placed with the SST (0.32±0.10 mm) than in implants placed with the standard technique (1.05±0.18 mm)., Conclusions: The SST could be considered beneficial for preserving the buccal bone plate. However, since only 7 of the included studies were long-term randomized controlled trials comparing the SST with the standard implant placement technique, the conclusions drawn from this systematic review should be interpreted with caution., Trial Registration: PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42020180637., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported., (Copyright © 2023. Korean Academy of Periodontology.)

Objective: The aim of this case report was to show the marginal bone level (MBL) variation, after 28 months, around an aesthetic post-extraction implant immediate loading positioned in a 46-years-old woman., Material and Methods: After a careful evaluation of the X-rays and CBCT images, a 4×13 conical implant was placed in seat 21 after the atraumatic extraction of the fractured element and the management of the infected area. Correct primary stability (torque 70 Ncm) was obtained by inserting the implant in a palatal position with respect to the alveolus. To complete the surgery, regeneration procedures were carried out using a granular bone substitute (Geistlich Bio-Oss®) covered with a connective tissue graft taken from the palate. Just three days later, a straight titanium abutment Curvomax™ with gold tite (UNIHG) was screwed (35 Ncm) and a lithium disilicate glass ceramic crown was cemented., Results: The radiographic analysis of the MBL at 28 months of follow-up shows a significant stability of the peri-implant bone confirmed by an excellent aesthetic integration of the soft tissues around the prosthetic crown., Conclusions: A careful and dedicated surgical planning accompanied by the use of appropriate materials and an accurate surgical protocol, seems to allow the rehabilitation of frontal areas that is difficult to manage, obtaining excellent aesthetic, functional and predictable results over time. We believe that the goal, in this case, is also linked to the immediate delivery of the final crown which has significantly reduced operating times and improved aesthetic parameters, translating into better patient satisfaction.

The aim of this study was to compare three different light-curing-units (LCUs) and determine their effectiveness in the adhesive cementation of indirect composite restorations when a light-curing resin cement is used. Two resin composites were selected: Enamel Plus HRI (Micerium) and AURA (SDI). Three thicknesses (3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm) were produced and applied as overlays and underlays for each resin composite. A standardized composite layer was placed between underlay and overlay surfaces. Light curing of the resin-based luting composites was attained through the overlay filters using LCUs for different exposure times. All specimens were allocated to experimental groups according to the overlay thickness, curing unit and curing time. Vickers Hardness (VH) notches were carried out on each specimen. Data were statistically evaluated. The curing unit, curing time and overlay thickness were significant factors capable of influencing VH values. The results showed significantly decreased VH values with increasing specimen thickness ( p < 0.05). Significant differences in VH values were found amongst the LCUs for the various exposure times ( p < 0.05). According to the results, a time of cure shorter than 80 s (with a conventional quartz-tungsten-halogen LCU) or shorter than 40 s (with a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) LCU) is not recommended. The only subgroup achieving clinically acceptable VH values after a short 20 s curing time included the 3 mm-thick overlays made out of the AURA composite, when the high-power LED LCU unit was used (VH 51.0). Composite thickness has an intense effect on polymerization. In clinical practice, light-cured resin cements may result in insufficient polymerization for high thickness and inadequate times. High-intensity curing lights can attain the sufficient polymerization of resin cements through overlays in a significantly shorter time than conventional halogen light.

Introduction. In May-June 2018, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis involved students and school staff from kindergartens and primary schools in Pescara, southern Italy. Aim. We present details of the epidemiological and microbiological investigation, and the findings of the analytical study, as well as the implemented control measures. Methodology. To identify possible risk factors associated with the observed outbreak, a case control study was conducted using a questionnaire to collect information on the date of symptoms onset, type and duration of symptoms, type of healthcare contact, school attendance, and food items consumed at school lunches during the presumed days of exposure. Attack rates were calculated for each date and school. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios of being a case and the odds of illness by food items consumed, respectively. Moreover, we carried out a comparative genomic analysis using whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) of Campylobacter jejuni strains isolated during the outbreak investigation to identify the source of the outbreak. Results. Overall, 222 probable cases from 21 schools were identified, and C. jejuni was successfully isolated from 60 patients. The meals in the schools involved were provided by two cooking centres managed by a joint venture between two food companies. Environmental and food sampling, epidemiological and microbiological analyses, as well as a case control study with 176 cases and 62 controls from the same schools were performed to identify the source of the outbreak. The highest attack rate was recorded among those having lunch at school on 29 May (7.8 %), and the most likely exposure was 'caciotta' cheese (odds ratio 2.40, 95 % confidence interval 1.10-5.26, P =0.028). C. jejuni was isolated from the cheese, and wgMLST showed that the human and cheese isolates belonged to the same genomic cluster, confirming that the cheese was the vehicle of the infection. Conclusion. It is plausible that a failure of the pasteurization process contributed to the contamination of the cheese batches. Timely suspension of the catering service and summer closure of the schools prevented further spread.

The aim of the present study was to in vitro evaluate the effect of dentin conditioning with hydroabrasion on the microtensile bond strengths of three adhesive systems, compared to the standard etch-and-rinse technique. Sixty extracted human third molars were collected, and their midcoronal occlusal dentin was used for the microtensile bond strength test. Teeth were randomly assigned to three groups according to the adhesive system used: ExciTE F DSC, ENA Bond, and Scotchbond Universal. Specimens from each group were further divided into four subgroups: control specimens were treated with standard adhesive procedures; hydroabraded (HA) specimens were subjected to preventive hydroabrasion with three different intensity levels. After bonding procedures, composite crowns were incrementally built up. After thermocycling, specimens were subsequently sectioned into 1 × 1 mm sticks, and microtensile bond strengths were measured. Data were statistically analyzed. Failure mode analysis was performed. There were no significant differences in terms of bond strength between standard adhesion protocols and adhesion with HA preconditionings. On the other hand, the type of adhesive used had a significant effect on the tensile bond strength. Subgroups treated with hydroabrasion at higher intensity showed a slightly increased frequency of cohesive fractures. In conclusion, hydroabrasion can be used for dentin cavity preparation or finishing, since it does not seem to affect the bonding effectiveness., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Michele Tepedino et al.)

Recently, concerns have been rising about the impact of increasing the depletion of natural resources and the relevant generation of construction and demolition waste, on the environment and economy. Therefore, several efforts have been made to promote sustainable efficiency in the construction industry and the use of recycled aggregates derived from concrete debris for new concrete mixtures (leading to so-called recycled aggregate concrete, RAC) is one of the most promising solutions. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in knowledge regarding the durability performances of RAC. In this study, we investigate durability of structural RAC subjected to wet-dry cycles. We analyze the results of an experimental campaign aimed at evaluating the degradation process induced by wetting and drying cycles on the key physical and mechanical properties of normal- and high-strength concrete, produced with coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) of different sizes and origins. On the basis of the results we propose a degradation law for wetting and drying cycles, which explicitly makes a possible correlation between the initial concrete porosity, directly related to the specific properties of the RCAs and the resulting level of damage obtained in RAC samples.

There is currently no consensus on the best way to remove adhesive remnants from teeth following debonding. The main objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of four adhesive resin removal (clean-up) techniques, performed with or without the use of an operative microscope. Forty human teeth were duplicated using an epoxy resin for impregnation. Brackets were bonded to teeth and debonded from teeth. Then, the samples were randomly divided into two equal groups-the naked eye group and the magnification group-and further subdivided into four equal subgroups, in order to compare the different techniques used for the clean-up. Each subgroup was formed of five natural teeth with the respective pre- and post-bonding replicas. Macro- and micro-analysis by means of a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy evaluated, qualitatively and quantitatively, the adhesive remnant index and the damage index of the enamel. Overall, the magnification improved the removal of resins compared to the naked eye ( p < 0.001), and the use of magnification constantly reduced resin residual and surface damage. Enamel damage and adhesive residual from the clean-up procedures represent an ascertained risk in orthodontics. The use of a magnification system improves the quality of debonding and clean-up techniques in a significant way.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare an electronic device, the Wand Injection System (Milestone Scientific Livingstone), with conventional anesthesia in terms of the following: pain sensation during anesthetic injection; effectiveness in achieving adequate anesthesia for a complete painless dental treatment; post-operative discomfort; and patient's anxiety toward dental treatment., Materials and Methods: Eighty adults from 18 to 70 years were enrolled in this cross-over study. Each patient served as his/her own control being subject to two anesthesia techniques: conventional and Single Tooth Anesthesia (STA) performed with the Wand. A split-mouth design was adopted in which each tooth undergoing conservative restorative or endodontic treatment received anesthesia with both techniques at 1-week interval. Before anesthetic administration, the patients' anxiety levels were determined. Physiological parameteres were measured before, during, and after the two injection procedures, and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain of injection, discomfort, and anesthetic efficacy. Differences in assessment of pain's injection, discomfort, anesthetic efficacy, vital parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation), and state anxiety levels were analyzed using Student's t test (p value < 0.001)., Results: The mean injection pain and post-operative discomfort ratings with Wand were lower than those with conventional syringe (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001, respectively). No differences were found in the assessment of anesthetic efficacy. Blood pressure and heart rate mean values were lower during the anesthesia performed with the Wand than with the conventional syringe (p < 0.001). The anxiety level was higher during the first appointment, independently from the device used for the injections., Conclusion: The STA technique resulted in lower pain, discomfort, and lower intensity of physiological parameters., Clinical Relevance: Single Tooth Anesthesia could be an efficacious alternative to conventional procedures.

Objectives: No-prep veneers, although ideally considered the best option because of tooth structure maximum preservation, have been frequently criticized for some potential limitations including esthetic outcomes and periodontal complications., Clinical Considerations: A new protocol to optimize no-prep veneers restorations is presented. A key point of the proposed technique is to identify optimal margins' positions: margin is positioned in the point of maximum convexity of teeth, avoiding the over contouring of traditional no-prep veneers., Conclusion: The procedure can be appreciated for the marginal accuracy and the resulting aesthetic stability. The case reports show that properly managed no-prep veneers can have biologically healthy and aesthetically pleasant tooth-restoration transitions and emergence profiles., Clinical Significance: High-quality no-prep veneers can be more challenging to realize than conventional veneers and the success seems to depend on a combination of good case selection, margins' position, sound adhesive principles, clinical, and laboratory experience., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background/purpose: This study compared maintenance of canal anatomy, occurrence of apical transportation, and working time observed after instrumentation with One Shape New Generation rotary system (Micro-Mega), with those observed after instrumentation with Reciproc (VDW) and WaveOne (Dentsply-Maillefer) reciprocating systems., Materials and Methods: The mesial canals of 45 mandibular molars (curvature angles between 35° and 45°) were selected. Specimens were randomly divided into three groups, and canal preparations were performed using One Shape, Reciproc, or WaveOne systems (size #25). A digital double radiographic technique was used to determine apical transportation and change in angle of curvature. Also, working time and instrument failures were recorded. Data were statistically analyzed., Results: During preparation, no file fractured. No statistically significant differences were found among groups. No system showed a significantly faster preparation time than others (P > 0.05). All instruments maintained the original canal curvature well and were safe to use., Conclusion: Both continuous rotary instrument and reciprocating systems did not have any influence on the presence of apical transportation or caused an alteration in angle of canal curvature.

Aim of this study was to investigate a specific airborne particle abrasion pretreatment on dentin and its effects on microtensile bond strengths of four commercial total-etch adhesives. Midcoronal occlusal dentin of extracted human molars was used. Teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to the adhesive system used: OptiBond FL (FL), OptiBond Solo Plus (SO), Prime & Bond (PB), and Riva Bond LC (RB). Specimens from each group were further divided into two subgroups: control specimens were treated with adhesive procedures; abraded specimens were pretreated with airborne particle abrasion using 50  μ m Al 2 O 3 before adhesion. After bonding procedures, composite crowns were incrementally built up. Specimens were sectioned perpendicular to adhesive interface to produce multiple beams, which were tested under tension until failure. Data were statistically analysed. Failure mode analysis was performed. Overall comparison showed significant increase in bond strength ( p < 0.001) between abraded and no-abraded specimens, independently of brand. Intrabrand comparison showed statistical increase when abraded specimens were tested compared to no-abraded ones, with the exception of PB that did not show such difference. Distribution of failure mode was relatively uniform among all subgroups. Surface treatment by airborne particle abrasion with Al 2 O 3 particles can increase the bond strength of total-etch adhesives.

Objective: Therapeutic options for dental trauma depend on the injuries' features. For patients with uncomplicated tooth fractures, adhesive materials and composite partial veneers may be a therapeutic solution that completely preserves healthy tooth structure., Clinical Considerations: An ultra-conservative approach, using indirect composite partial veneers to restore fractured anterior teeth is described in these case reports., Conclusion: Despite the position of the finish line in the middle of the clinical crown, this solution offers functional and esthetic outcomes using an indirect composite technique, and appears to be a suitable alternative to direct composite restorations or less conservative indirect veneers., Clinical Significance: Indirect composite partial veneers present considerable advantages, such as ultra-minimally invasive properties and excellent esthetic appearances. The success seems to depend on a combination of sound adhesive principles, adequate design of the restoration, laboratory experience, and cementation techniques. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:351-358, 2016)., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Optimal integration and long-term stability of oral rehabilitations require correct diagnostic approach, appropriate pre-prosthetic treatments and accurate therapeutic protocols. Technology provides devices to optimise therapeutic results, according to biologic constraints and aesthetic parameters., Case Report: The present report describes a multidisciplinary management in a young patient affected by lateral incisor agenesis, including pre-prosthetic orthodontic treatment and restorative and implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation. Minimally invasive clinical procedures with veneer restorations and flapless implant placement, followed by immediate prosthesis delivery, are carried out. Tridimensional diagnostic data and dedicated software were used for treatment planning, allowing to achieve optimal results.

The authors conducted a literature review focused on materials and techniques used in adhesive cementation for indirect composite resin restorations. It was based on English language sources and involved a search of online databases in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus using related topic keywords in different combinations; it was supplemented by a traditional search of peer-reviewed journals and cross-referenced with the articles accessed. The purpose of most research on adhesive systems has been to learn more about increased bond strength and simplified application methods. Adherent surface treatments before cementation are necessary to obtain high survival and success rates of indirect composite resin. Each step of the clinical and laboratory procedures can have an impact on longevity and the esthetic results of indirect restorations. Cementation seems to be the most critical step, and its long-term success relies on adherence to the clinical protocols. The authors concluded that in terms of survival rate and esthetic long-term outcomes, indirect composite resin techniques have proven to be clinically acceptable. However, the correct management of adhesive cementation protocols requires knowledge of adhesive principles and adherence to the clinical protocol in order to obtain durable bonding between tooth structure and restorative materials.

Background: Agenesis of mandibular incisors can lead to compromised dental and facial aesthetics and therefore requires appropriate treatment. When retained primary incisors are associated to this condition, a medium-term restoration may be provided before any definitive treatment to provide aesthetic relief to the young patient., Case Report: The aim of this paper is to discuss the aesthetic management of a case with bilateral congenital agenesis of permanent incisors and retained primary incisors, which were successfully treated with direct composite restorations., Conclusion: This appears a viable technique that restores function and aesthetics with a very conservative approach.

We compared flexural strength (FS) in four resin composites before and after three protocols for thermal cycling aging. Four resin composites were evaluated: Enamel Plus Hri, Gradia Direct Posterior, Grandioso, and Grandioso Flow. Sixty specimens (2 × 2 × 25 mm) were fabricated using a split metallic mold and light-cured for 30 s. The specimens were then randomly divided into four groups and tested using one of the following thermal cycling procedures: (1) storage in deionized water for 24 h (control group), (2) 15,000 cycles, 3) 30,000 cycles, and 4) 45,000 cycles. Each thermal cycling procedure was conducted between 5 °C and 55 °C, with a dwell time of 30 s. All specimens were subjected to a three-point bending test, to determine FS (0.5 mm/min). "Material" and "thermal aging" were significantly associated with FS (P < 0.001). A statistically significant interaction between the two factors was also detected (P < 0.001). In the non-aged groups, nanohybrid composites had the highest FS. FS significantly decreased after thermal cycling protocols in all composites tested. Gradia composite exhibited decrease in FS only after 45,000 cycles. In contrast, FS significantly decreased in the Grandioso Flow composite at 15,000 cycles. The trend in the decrease varied among composites, and the decrement in FS was not proportional to baseline values.

The aim of this study was to assess the flexural strength, flexural elastic modulus and Vickers microhardness of three resin composites prepared at room temperature or cured after one or repeated preheating cycles to a temperature of 39°C. Three resin composites were evaluated: Enamel Plus HFO (Micerium), Opallis (FGM), and Ceram X Duo (Dentsply DeTrey). For each trial, one group of specimens of each material was fabricated under ambient laboratory conditions, whereas in the other groups, the composites were cured after 1, 10, 20, 30, or 40 preheating cycles to a temperature of 39°C in a preheating device. Ten rectangular prismatic specimens (25 × 2 × 2 mm) were prepared for each group (N=180; n=10) and subjected to a three-point bending test for flexural strength and flexural modulus evaluation. Vickers microhardness was assessed on 10 cylindrical specimens from each group (N=180; n=10). Statistical analysis showed that, regardless of the material, the number of heating cycles was not a significant factor and was unable to influence the three mechanical properties tested. However, a significant main effect of the employed material on the marginal means of the three dependent variables was detected.

Purpose. Although new elastomeric impression materials have been introduced into the market, there are still insufficient data about their mechanical features. The tensile properties of 17 hydrophilic impression materials with different consistencies were compared. Materials and Methods. 12 vinylpolysiloxane, 2 polyether, and 3 hybrid vinylpolyether silicone-based impression materials were tested. For each material, 10 dumbbell-shaped specimens were fabricated (n = 10), according to the ISO 37:2005 specifications, and loaded in tension until failure. Mean values for tensile strength, yield strength, strain at break, and strain at yield point were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). Results. Vinylpolysiloxanes consistently showed higher tensile strength values than polyethers. Heavy-body materials showed higher tensile strength than the light bodies from the same manufacturer. Among the light bodies, the highest yield strength was achieved by the hybrid vinylpolyether silicone (2.70 MPa). Polyethers showed the lowest tensile (1.44 MPa) and yield (0.94 MPa) strengths, regardless of the viscosity. Conclusion. The choice of an impression material should be based on the specific physical behavior of the elastomer. The light-body vinylpolyether silicone showed high tensile strength, yield strength, and adequate strain at yield/brake; those features might help to reduce tearing phenomena in the thin interproximal and crevicular areas.

In vitro tests continue to be an indispensable method for the initial screening of dental materials. Thermal cycling is one of the most widely used procedures to simulate the physiological aging experienced by biomaterials in clinical practice. Consequently it is routinely employed in experimental studies to evaluate materials' performance. A literature review aimed to elucidate test parameters for in vitro aging of adhesive restorations was performed. This study aims to assess whether or not a standardized protocol of thermal cycling has been acknowledged from a review of the literature. An exhaustive literature search, examining the effect of thermal cycling on restorative dental materials, was performed with electronic database and by hand. The search was restricted to studies published from 1998 to August 2013. No language restrictions were applied. The search identified 193 relevant experimental studies. Only twenty-three studies had faithfully applied ISO standard. The majority of studies used their own procedures, showing only a certain consistency within the temperature parameter (5-55°C) and a great variability in the number of cycles and dwell time chosen. A wide variation in thermal cycling parameters applied in experimental studies has been identified. The parameters selected amongst these studies seem to be done on the basis of convenience for the authors in most cases. A comparison of results between studies would appear to be impossible. The available data suggest that further investigations will be required to ultimately develop a standardized thermal cycling protocol., (© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of indirect composite onlays-overlays bonded with a light-cured composite on vital molars., Materials and Methods: Forty-one patients were restored with 79 indirect composite restorations. The restorations were studied for an observation time of 5 years. Marginal adaptation, marginal discolouration, secondary caries, colour match and anatomic form were clinically examined following modified United States Public Health Service criteria. Each restoration was also examined for fractures and debonding. Endodontic complications were registered. Survival rate, based just on failures that required a replacement, and success rate that included also failures that required a repair intervention were statistically determined using a restoration and a patient-related analysis., Results: After 5 years, using each restoration as a statistical unit, the survival rate was 91.1% and the success rate 84.8%, with a high Kaplan-Meier estimated success probability of 0.852. Using the patient as the statistical unit, the survival rate was 90.2% and the success rate 85.4%, corresponding to a Kaplan-Meier estimated success probability of 0.857. On the basis of the criteria used, most of the restorations rated Alpha. Regarding marginal adaptation and marginal discolouration, 5 and 10.1% of the restorations, respectively, revealed Bravo ratings, Conclusions: Indirect composite restorations offer a predictable and successful treatment modality giving an optimal preservation of sound tooth tissue., Clinical Relevance: The preparation, cementation and finishing procedures are considered key factors for the long-term success of the indirect composite restorations.

Introduction: Nickel-titanium rotary instruments recently have been introduced with the purpose of creating an initial glide path. The purpose of this study was to compare the maintenance of canal anatomy, the occurrence of apical transportation, and the working time observed using mechanised instrumentation with the new G-File rotary system (Micro-Mega, Besançon Cedex, France) with those observed using instrumentation with the PathFile system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and manual instrumentation with K-type files (Micro-Mega) to create a glide path in curved root canals., Methods: The mesial canals of 45 mandibular molars (with curvature angles between 25° and 35°) were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups with 15 canals each, and canal preparations were performed by an endodontist using #12-17 G-File rotary instruments (group GF), #13-16-19 PathFile rotary instruments (group PF), and #10-15-20 K-type stainless steel manual files (group M). A digital double radiographic technique was used to determine apical transportation and the change in the angle of curvature. The working time was also calculated., Results: No statistically significant differences in the angle of canal curvature and apical transportation were found between the groups. However, concerning the working time, specimens from the group who underwent canal preparation using #12-17 G-File rotary instruments achieved significantly lower mean values when compared with the other 2 groups, whereas the group who underwent canal preparation using the #10-15-20 K-type stainless steel manual files had the highest values., Conclusions: The G-File rotary instruments, the PathFile system, and the manual instruments did not have any influence on the occurrence of apical transportation nor did they produce a change in the angle of canal curvature. The G-File instruments seemed to be the most rapid system in creating a safe glide path., (Copyright © 2013 American Association of Endodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to assess the flexural strengths of three resin composites prepared at room temperature or cured after 20 or 40 cycles of preheating to a temperature of 45°C. Three resin composites were evaluated: Enamel Plus HFO (Micerium) (HFO), Enamel Plus HRi (Micerium) (HRi), Opallis + (FGM) (OPA). One group of specimens for each composite was fabricated under ambient laboratory conditions, whereas in the other groups, the composites were cured after 20 or 40 preheating cycles to a temperature of 45°C in a preheating device. Ten specimens were prepared for each group. A three-point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and a Games-Howell test (α = 0.05). The two-way ANOVA showed that both the material and the number of heating cycles were significant factors, able to influence the flexural strength values (p<0.05). However, there was not a statistically significant interaction (p>0.05). For all three composites flexural strengths were not affected after 20 preheating cycles in comparison with the control groups (0 preheating cycles) but were, however, significantly decreased when 40 prewarming cycles were conducted. The HRi and OPA groups had the highest flexural strengths, with no statistically significant differences among them. HFO presented significantly lower flexural strengths in comparison with HRi.

The objective of the study was to analyse the histomorphology of enamel after repeated applications of a professional bleaching regimen. Enamel specimens were obtained from buccal surfaces of 20 extracted human incisors. Two specimens were obtained for each tooth. Half of each tooth was maintained in distilled water and served as control; the other part was treated with a 38 percent hydrogen peroxide professional bleaching agent. The treated specimens were divided in four groups: in group 1, the professional bleaching protocol suggested by the manufacturer was applied once; in group 2, the same protocol was repeated twice; in group 3, three times; in group 4, four times. Between bleaching applications and before SEM evaluation, enamel specimens were maintained in artificial saliva for 1 week. Enamel specimens for each group were submitted to a qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis (200X, 500X, 1000X, 3000X), comparing the treated specimens with the related control enamel. Results of the SEM analysis showed no relevant alteration on the enamel surfaces, when the bleaching protocol was applied once or twice. However, significant changes of enamel surface morphology were SEM observed in groups 3 and 4, suggesting a predominance of depressions when bleaching procedure was repeated three or four times. From the results of this in vitro study, it is possible to state that bleaching procedures should not be carried out indiscriminately. SEM analysis showed important alterations of the prismatic structure of the enamel when the bleaching protocol was applied three and four times.

Aim: Objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of fiber post placement on fracture resistance of pulpless anterior teeth restored with standardised Class III and Class IV resin composite fillings., Materials and Methods: One hundred and five human maxillary central incisors were selected and randomly divided into 7 (n=15) experimental groups (endodontic therapy/ endodontic therapy and one Class III resin composite filling/ endodontic therapy and one Class IV resin composite filling/ endodontic therapy and two Class III resin composite fillings/ endodontic therapy, fiber post and one Class III resin composite filling/ endodontic therapy, fiber post and one Class IV resin composite filling/ endodontic therapy, fiber post and two Class III resin composite fillings). Specimens underwent fracture strength test. Means (N) were calculated and data were analysed using 1-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons tests (p=0.05)., Results: Concerning teeth with two Class III, fiber post placement significantly increased fracture strength values from 603.59 to 864.24 N. Specimens restored with one Class III (795.21 N without post, 936.68 N with post) showed higher fracture strength values if compared with specimens with two Class III, with significant differences just concerning specimens without a fiber post. Fracture strength was not significantly influenced by fiber post placement in Class IV groups (720.71 N without post, 799.69 N with post)., Conclusion: Data suggest that fiber post placement may significantly improve anterior teeth fracture strength when at least two Class III composite fillings are associated to the endodontic treatment. No significant effect of fiber post placement could be recorded when just one Class III or one Class IV composite filling were present.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of laminate porcelain veneers bonded with a light-cured composite. Thirty patients were restored with 119 porcelain laminate veneers. The veneers were studied for an observation time of 7 years. Marginal adaptation, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, color match, and anatomic form were clinically examined following modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Each restoration was also examined for cracks, fractures, and debonding. Pulp vitality was verified. In addition, plaque and gingival indexes and increase in gingival recession were recorded. Survival rate evaluating absolute failures and success rate describing relative failures were statistically determined, using both restoration and patient-related analyses. On the basis of the criteria used, most of the veneers rated Alfa. After 7 years, the results of the clinical investigation regarding marginal adaptation and marginal discoloration revealed only 2.5% and 4.2% Bravo ratings, respectively, among the 119 initially placed veneers. Using the restoration as the statistical unit, the survival rate was 97.5%, with a high estimated success probability of 0.843 after 7 years. Using the patient as the statistical unit, the survival rate was 90.0% and the estimated success probability after 7 years was 0.824. Gingival response to the veneers was all in the satisfactory range. Porcelain laminate veneers offer a predictable and successful treatment modality giving a maximum preservation of sound tooth. The preparation, cementation, and finishing procedures adopted are considered key factors for the long-term success and aesthetical result of the veneer restorations.

Purpose: To assess the microhardness of three resin composites employed in the adhesive luting of indirect composite restorations and examine the influence of the overlay material and thickness as well as the curing time on polymerization rate., Materials and Methods: Three commercially available resin composites were selected: Enamel Plus HRI (Micerium) (ENA), Saremco ELS (Saremco Dental) (SAR), Esthet-X HD (Dentsply/DeTrey) (EST-X). Post-polymerized cylinders of 6 different thicknesses were produced and used as overlays: 2 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, and 6 mm. Two-mm-thick disks were produced and employed as underlays. A standardized amount of composite paste was placed between the underlay and the overlay surfaces which were maintained at a fixed distance of 0.5 mm. Light curing of the luting composite layer was performed through the overlays for 40, 80, or 120 s. For each specimen, the composite to be cured, the cured overlay, and the underlay were made out of the same batch of resin composite. All specimens were assigned to three experimental groups on the basis of the resin composite used, and to subgroups on the basis of the overlay thickness and the curing time, resulting in 54 experimental subgroups (n = 5). Forty-five additional specimens, 15 for each material under investigation, were produced and subjected to 40, 80, or 120 s of light curing using a microscope glass as an overlay; they were assigned to 9 control subgroups (n = 5). Three Vicker's hardness (VH) indentations were performed on each specimen. Means and standard deviations were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed using 3-way ANOVA. Within the same material, VH values lower than 55% of control were not considered acceptable., Results: The used material, the overlay thickness, and the curing time significantly influenced VH values. In the ENA group, acceptable hardness values were achieved with 3.5-mm or thinner overlays after 120 or 80 s curing time (VH 41.75 and 39.32, respectively), and with 2-mm overlays after 40 s (VH 54.13). In the SAR group, acceptable hardness values were only achieved with 2-mm-thick overlays after 120 or 80 s curing time (VH 39.81 and 29.78, respectively). In the EST-X group, acceptable hardness values were only achieved with 3-mm or thinner overlays, after 120 or 80 s curing time (VH 36.20 and 36.03, respectively)., Conclusion: Curing time, restoration thickness, and overlay material significantly influenced the microhardness of the tested resin composites employed as luting agents. The clinician should carefully keep these factors under control.

This report presents a new clinical protocol that facilitates the diagnostic, surgical, and prosthetic phases of immediately loaded implant rehabilitations. The proposed technique aims to simplify recording of the centric relation, which is usually done immediately after surgery, during the surgical impression phase. This shortens operative time while meeting requirements for an accurate impression and is thus simple and cost effective. The case report of a maxillary full-arch immediately loaded implant rehabilitation in a 45-year-old patient illustrates the clinical steps in the proposed procedure and confirms its repeatability.

Endosseous dental implants have revolutionized the methods clinicians use to treat edentulous and partially edentulous patients. Traditional implant protocol specifies a healing period of several months after tooth extraction, as well as an unloaded healing period prior to restoration. Over the last decade, numerous studies have documented successful immediate placement of endosseous dental implants in fresh extraction sites and have found positive results with early functional loading. The purpose of this article is to present a clinical treatment protocol for the immediate placement and early loading of dental implants and to report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the SLActive surface Straumann Bone Level implant placed in either maxillary or mandibular fresh extraction sockets.

The present study evaluated the durability of bond strength between zirconia and 3 different resin cements. Thirty stabilized tetragonal zirconium-dioxide blocks were duplicated in dual-curing resin core build-up material specimens. Resin blocks were randomly luted to zirconium surfaces using 1) Clearfil Esthetic Cement (CLF), 2) RelyX Unicem Aplicap (RELX), or 3) Multilink Automix (MLA). After 24 h, half of the specimens from each of the 3 groups were loaded in tension until fracture (0.5 mm/min). The remaining half were tested after 6,000 thermal cycles (5 to 55°C). Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey test (α = 0.05). Fractographic analysis was performed using a stereomicroscope. Tensile bond strength values were significantly affected by the luting agent system employed and by thermal aging (P < 0.001). The highest tensile bond strength values in non-thermal-aged groups were observed for specimens from the RELX and CLF groups. In contrast, in the thermal-aged groups, the highest tensile bond strength values were for the MLA and RELX groups. Moreover, while thermocycling significantly affected bond strengths in the RELX and CLF groups, the mean strength of the MLA group did not significantly change after aging. There was little difference in the distribution of failure modes in any group.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of four current resin-based adhesives on expanded ex vivo human dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DP-MSCs)., Methodology: Dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells were derived from dental pulps of ten donors. After in vitro isolation, dental pulp stem cells were analysed using flow cytometry. The immunophenotype of DP-MSCs disclosed the homogeneous expression of the mesenchymal-related antigens CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166. DP-MSCs were exposed to four different commercially available bonding systems (CMF Bond, Prime&Bond NT, Clearfil S(3) Bond, XP Bond), and after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation the morphological features and the cell growth were analysed. Moreover, the cell viability was evaluated at the same times by MTT assay. Data were statistically analysed using a two-way anova and Holm-Sidak method (alpha set at 0.05)., Results: Significant differences were observed between the four groups when comparing DP-MSCs appearance. DP-MSCs survived and proliferated without inhibition in the presence of CMF Bond adhesive. On the contrary, microscopic evaluation of the other three groups revealed extensive cytotoxic effects from the dentine bonding agents. The MTT assay revealed no statistically significant differences in cell viability after 72 h between the control group and CMF Bond group. All the other experimental groups had statistically lower optical density values., Conclusions: CMF Bond adhesive allowed human dental pulp stem cells to survive and proliferate. All of the other dentine bonding agents had extensive cytotoxic effects.

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence that resin composite and porcelain veneer restorations, associated or not to fiber post placement, have on fracture resistance and deflection of pulpless anterior teeth., Methods: One hundred twenty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected. Teeth were randomly divided into 7 experimental groups (veneer preparation/resin composite veneer placement/endodontic therapy and resin composite veneer placement/endodontic therapy, fiber post and resin composite veneer placement/porcelain veneer placement/endodontic therapy and porcelain veneer placement/endodontic therapy, fiber post and porcelain veneer placement) and a control group (n = 15). Specimens were loaded to fracture recording crown deflection, and data were statistically analyzed., Results: Veneer preparations did not significantly influence fracture resistance of incisors. On the contrary, veneer preparation significantly increased specimen deflection values. Fiber posts seemed to significantly increase mean maximum load values for endodontically treated teeth restored with either composite or porcelain veneers., Conclusions: A fiber post restoration can be suggested when endodontic treatment is associated with veneer restoration. Veneer restorations seem to be an optimal choice also for endodontically treated teeth.

Microtensile bond strength (microTBS) evaluation and fractographic analysis were used to compare four luting systems in the cementation of resin-based composite (RBC) and ceramic disks to dentin. Forty freshly-extracted molars were transversally sectioned to expose flat, deep dentin surfaces. Forty cylindrical specimens (5-mm diameter and 10-mm height), consisting of 20 RBC disks and 20 leucite-based glass ceramic disks, were produced. The RBC disks were sandblasted with 50-microm Al2O3. The ceramic disks were conditioned with 9.5% hydrofluoric acid gel and silane application. All the disks were then bonded to dentin surfaces according to the luting cements to be used: two etch-and-rinse luting agents (XP bond/CoreXFlow; Dentsply [XP]) (Enabond/EnaCem HF; Micerium [ENA]), a self-etch luting system (ED Primer II A+B/Panavia F2.0; Kuraray-Dental [PAN]) and a self-adhesive luting agent (RelyX Unicem; 3M ESPE [UNI]). The adhesive/luting cement systems were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions. The specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce multiple beams, approximately 1 mm2 in area. All the specimen preparations were performed by the same operator. The beams were tested under tension at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute until failure. The microTBS data were analyzed by two different one-way-ANOVA and multiple comparison Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). All the fractured beams were observed using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 200x magnification for fracture mode determination. The mean bond strength in MPa (SD) for the RBC (Co) and ceramic (Ce) groups were: XP-Co = 31.39 (13.51), ENA-Co = 30.93 (10.17), PAN-Co = 18.29 (10.02), UNI-Co = 19.33 (7.91); XP-Ce = 4.83 (1.86), ENA-Ce = 5.15 (1.66), PAN-Ce = 4.36 (1.80), UNI-Ce = 7.16 (2.52). Statistical analysis showed that the bond strengths were significantly affected by the luting agent employed for both the RBC and ceramic groups (p<0.001). In particular, the XP-Co group and the ENA-Co group did not differ from each other (p > 0.05) and showed significantly higher bond strengths than the PAN-Co and UNI-Co groups (p < 0.05). On the contrary, the UNI-Ce group showed the highest bond strengths compared to the other ceramic experimental groups (p < 0.05). Regarding failure mode, differences were found between the RBC groups: for the etch-and-rinse luting systems (XP-Co and ENA-Co groups), most failures occurred cohesively in the luting agent, while the self-etch luting system (PAN-Co group) and self-adhesive luting system (UNI-Co group) failed predominantly adhesively at the luting agent-dentin interface. Little differences were found between the ceramic groups, where failure type was primarily adhesive between cement and ceramic.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of multiple adhesive layers of three etch-and-rinse adhesives on both adhesive thickness and microtensile bond strength (microTBS)., Materials and Methods: Midcoronal occlusal dentin of 36 extracted human molars was used. Teeth were randomly assigned to 3 groups (EB, XP, PQ) according to the adhesive system to be used: PQ1 (Ultradent) (PQ), EnaBond (Micerium) (EB), or XP Bond (Dentsply/DeTrey) (XP). Specimens from each group were further divided into three subgroups according to the number of adhesive coatings (1, 2, or 3). In all subgroups, each adhesive layer was light cured before application of each additional layer. After bonding procedures, composite crowns were incrementally built up. Specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the adhesive interface to produce multiple beams, approximately 1 mm2 in area. Beams were tested under tension at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. Adhesive thicknesses and failure modes were evaluated with SEM. The microTBS data and mean adhesive thickness were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and multiple-comparison Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05)., Results: The mean bond strength (in MPa (SD)) of group EB gradually increased from 1 to 3 consecutive coatings (27.02 (9.38) to 44.32 (4.93), respectively) (p < 0.05). The highest mean bond strengths for the PQ (46.66 (12.95)) and XP groups (40.55 (5.69)) were obtained applying two adhesive coatings. The mean thickness of the adhesive layer (in microm (SD)) significantly increased with the number of coatings (p < 0.05), ranging from 29.45 (1.42) to 77.64 (1.10) for PQ, from 5.12 (0.68) to 37.75 (0.92) for EB, and from 12.64 (0.68) to 37.92 (0.71) for the XP group. Failure modes for EB specimens were mainly classified as adhesive failure between adhesive and dentin. The XP3 and PQ3 subgroups showed a greater number of total cohesive failure in adhesive., Conclusion: Multiple adhesive coats significantly affected bond strength to dentin. An excess of adhesive layer thickness can negatively influence the strength and the quality of adhesion.

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of endodontic therapy, veneer preparation, and their association on fracture resistance and deflection of pulpless anterior teeth and assess whether restoration with quartz fiber-reinforced post can influence these properties. Seventy-five freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected. Teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (veneer preparation/endodontic therapy/endodontic therapy and veneer preparation/endodontic therapy, veneer preparation, and fiber post placement) and a control group (n = 15). Specimens were loaded to fracture recording crown deflection under load, and data were statistically analyzed. Veneer preparations and endodontic treatment did not significantly influence fracture resistance of maxillary incisors. On the contrary, preparation for veneer significantly increased the deflection values of the specimens. Fiber post restorations seemed to significantly increase mean maximum load values for specimens prepared for veneers. A fiber-reinforced post restoration can be suggested when endodontic treatment is associated with veneer preparation.