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1. Measurement of the forward η meson production rate in p-p collisions at s $$ \sqrt{\textrm{s}} $$ = 13 TeV with the LHCf-Arm2 detector

Author: O. Adriani, E. Berti, P. Betti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D’Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Hagenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, Y. Kitagami, M. Kondo, Y. Matsubara, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi, P. Papini, G. Piparo, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, M. Scaringella, Y. Shimizu, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W. C. Turner, and K. Yoshida
Subjects: Forward Physics, Hadron-Hadron Scattering, Particle and Resonance Production, QCD, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract The forward η mesons production has been observed by the Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf) experiment in proton-proton collision at s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV. This paper presents the measurement of the inclusive production rate of η in p T < 1.1 GeV/c, expressed as a function of the Feynman-x variable. These results are compared with the predictions of several hadronic interaction models commonly used for the modelling of the air showers produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This is both the first measurement of η mesons from LHCf and the first time a particle containing strange quarks has been observed in the forward region for high-energy collisions. These results will provide a powerful constraint on hadronic interaction models for the purpose of improving the understanding of the processes underlying the air showers produced in the Earth’s atmosphere by ultra-energetic cosmic rays.
Published: 2023
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2. The CALOCUBE project for a space based cosmic ray experiment: design, construction, and first performance of a high granularity calorimeter prototype

Author: O., Adriani, S., Albergo, L., Auditore, A., Basti, E., Berti, G., Bigongiari, L., Bonechi, M., Bongi, V., Bonvicini, S., Bottai, P., Brogi, G., Cappello, G., Carotenuto, G., Castellini, W., Cattaneo P., R., Cecchi, C., Checchia, R., D'Alessandro, S., Detti, M., Fasoli, N., Finetti, A., Italiano, P., Lenzi, P., Maestro, M., Manetti, S., Marrocchesi P., N., Mori, F., Morsani, M., Olmi, A., Orsini, G., Orzan, L., Pacini, P., Papini, G., Pellegriti M., A., Rappoldi, S., Ricciarini, A., Sciuto, P., Spillantini, O., Starodubtsev, L., Stiaccini, F., Stolzi, A., Sulaj, E., Suh J., A., Tiberio, A., Tricomi, A., Trifiro, M., Trimarchi, E., Vannuccini, A., Vedda, Zampa, G., and N, N. Zampa
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Current research in High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics touches on fundamental questions regarding the origin of cosmic rays, their composition, the acceleration mechanisms, and their production. Unambiguous measurements of the energy spectra and of the composition of cosmic rays at the "knee" region could provide some of the answers to the above questions. So far only ground based observations, which rely on sophisticated models describing high energy interactions in the earth's atmosphere, have been possible due to the extremely low particle rates at these energies. A calorimetry based space experiment that could provide not only flux measurements but also energy spectra and particle identification, would certainly overcome some of the uncertainties of ground based experiments. Given the expected particle fluxes, a very large acceptance is needed to collect a sufficient quantity of data, in a time compatible with the duration of a space mission. This in turn, contrasts with the lightness and compactness requirements for space based experiments. We present a novel idea in calorimetry which addresses these issues whilst limiting the mass and volume of the detector. In this paper we report on a four year R&D program where we investigated materials, coatings, photo-sensors, Front End electronics, and mechanical structures with the aim of designing a high performance, high granularity calorimeter with the largest possible acceptance. Details are given of the design choices, component characterisation, and of the construction of a sizeable prototype (Calocube) which has been used in various tests with particle beams.
Published: 2019
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3. Direct Measurement of the Spectral Structure of Cosmic-Ray Electrons+Positrons in the TeV Region with CALET on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Published: 2023
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4. Direct measurements of cosmic rays with the calorimetric electron telescope on the international space station

Author: Y. Akaike, O. Adriani, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, W. V. Zober
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope, CALET, has been measuring high-energy cosmic rays on the International Space Station since October 13, 2015. The scientific objectives addressed by the mission are to search for possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons and potential signatures of dark matter, and to investigate the details of galactic cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation. The calorimetric instrument, which is 30 radiation lengths or 1.3 proton interaction lengths thick with fine imaging capability, is optimized to measure cosmic-ray electrons by achieving large proton rejection and excellent energy resolution well into the TeV region. In addition, very wide dynamic range of energy measurement and individual charge identification capability enable us to measure proton and nuclei spectra from a few tens GeV to a PeV scale. Nearly 20 million cosmic-ray shower events over 10 GeV per month are triggered and the continuous observation has been kept without any major interruption since the start of operation. Using the data obtained over 6.5 years of operation, we will present a brief summary of the CALET observation including electron spectrum, and proton and nuclei spectra as well as the performance study on orbit with MC simulations.
Published: 2023
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5. Charge-Sign Dependent Cosmic-Ray Modulation Observed with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W.R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J.H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M.L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G.A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T.G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M.H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H.S. Krawczynski, J.F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P.S. Marrocchesi, A.M. Messineo, J.W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A.A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H.M. Motz, K. Sakai, and M. Sasaki
Subjects: Space Sciences (General), Instrumentation and Photography
Abstract: We present the observation of a charge-sign dependent solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope onboard the International Space Station over 6 yr, corresponding to the positive polarity of the solar magnetic field. The observed variation of proton count rate is consistent with the neutron monitor count rate, validating our methods for determining the proton count rate. It is observed by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope that both GCR electron and proton count rates at the same average rigidity vary in anticorrelation with the tilt angle of the heliospheric current sheet, while the amplitude of the variation is significantly larger in the electron count rate than in the proton count rate. We show that this observed charge-sign dependence is reproduced by a numerical “drift model” of the GCR transport in the heliosphere. This is a clear signature of the drift effect on the long-term solar modulation observed with a single detector.
Published: 2023
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6. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Helium Spectrum from 40 GeV to 250 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Published: 2023
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7. Cosmic-Ray Boron Flux Measured from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Published: 2022
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8. Observation of Spectral Structures in the Flux of Cosmic-Ray Protons from 50 GeV to 60 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Published: 2022
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9. CALET Search for Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Waves During the LIGO/Virgo O3 Run

Author: O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, M Bongi, P Brogi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, K Ebisawa, A W Ficklin, H Fuke, S Gonzi, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizak, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kobayashi, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, P Maestro, P S Marrocches, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, N Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A de Nolfo, S Okuno, J F Ormes, N Ospina, S Ozawa, L Pacini, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Sakai, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, A Sulaj, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, K Yoshida, and W V Zober
Subjects: Astronomy
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET)on the International Space Station consists of a high-energy cosmic-ray CALorimeter (CAL)and a lower-energy CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic-ray nuclei from Z=1 throughZ∼40, and gamma rays over the range1 GeV–10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs)since 2015 October. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM—the two Hard X-ray Monitors consisting of LaBr3(Ce)scintillators sensitive to 7 keV–1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma-ray Monitor BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV–20 MeV—and the high-energy CAL consisting of a charge detection module, imaging calorimeter, and the fully active total absorption calorimeter. The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented.
Published: 2022
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10. Measurement of energy flow, cross section and average inelasticity of forward neutrons produced in s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the LHCf Arm2 detector

Author: The LHCf collaboration, O. Adriani, E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D’Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi, P. Papini, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, K. Sato, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W.C. Turner, and M. Ueno
Subjects: Forward physics, Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments), Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we report the measurement of the energy flow, the cross section and the average inelasticity of forward neutrons (+ antineutrons) produced in s $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions. These quantities are obtained from the inclusive differential production cross section, measured using the LHCf Arm2 detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in six pseudorapidity regions: three of them (η > 10.75, 8.99 < η < 9.21 and 8.80 < η < 8.99), albeit with smaller acceptance and larger uncertainties, were already published in a previous work, whereas the remaining three (10.06 < η < 10.75, 9.65 < η < 10.06 and 8.65 < η < 8.80) are presented here for the first time. The analysis was carried out using a data set acquired in June 2015 with a corresponding integrated luminosity of 0.194 nb −1. Comparing the experimental measurements with the expectations of several hadronic interaction models used to simulate cosmic ray air showers, none of these generators resulted to have a satisfactory agreement in all the phase space selected for the analysis. The inclusive differential production cross section for η > 10.75 is not reproduced by any model, whereas the results still indicate a significant but less serious deviation at lower pseudorapidities. Depending on the pseudorapidity region, the generators showing the best overall agreement with data are either SIBYLL 2.3 or EPOS-LHC. Furthermore, apart from the most forward region, the derived energy flow and cross section distributions are best reproduced by EPOS-LHC. Finally, even if none of the models describe the elasticity distribution in a satisfactory way, the extracted average inelasticity is consistent with the QGSJET II-04 value, while most of the other generators give values that lie just outside the experimental uncertainties.
Published: 2020
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11. Direct Measurement of the Nickel Spectrum in Cosmic Rays in the Energy Range from 8.8 GeV/n to 240 GeV/n with CALET on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Published: 2022
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12. Precision Measurement of the Nickel Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 8.8 GeV/n to 240 GeV/n with CALET on the International Space Station

Author: O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, M Bongi, P Brogi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checcia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, K Ebisawa, A W Ficklin, H Fuke, S Gonzi, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, A Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kobayashi, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, N Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, S Nakahira, and Kenichi Sakai
Subjects: Astronomy, Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract: The relative abundance of nickel with respect to iron is by far larger than all other trans-iron elements, therefore it provides a favourable opportunity for a low background measurement of its spectrum. Since nickel, as well as iron, is one of the most stable nuclei, the nickel energy spectrum and its relative abundance with respect to iron provide important information to estimate the abundances at the source and to model the propagation of heavy nuclei. However, only a few direct measurements of cosmic-ray nickel at energy larger than∼3 GeV/n are available at present in the literature and they are affected by strong limitations in both energy reach and statistics. In this paper we present a measurement of the differential energy spectrum of nickel from 8.8 GeV/nto 240 GeV/n, carried out with unprecedented precision by the Calorimetric Electron1 Telescope(CALET) in operation on the International Space Station since 2015. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number Z = 40). The particle’s energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter (1.2 proton interaction lengths, 27 radiation lengths) preceded by a thin imaging section (3 radiation lengths) providing tracking and energy sampling. This paper follows our previous measurement of the iron spectrum [1] and it extends our investigation on the energy dependence of the spectral index of heavy elements. It reports the analysis of nickel data collected from November 2015 to May 2021 and a detailed assessment of the systematic uncertainties. In the region from 20 GeV/nto 240 GeV/n our present data are compatible within the errors with a single power law with spectral index−2.51±0.07.
Published: 2022
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13. East–West Proton Flux Anisotropy Observed with the PAMELA Mission

Author: A. Bruno, M. Martucci, F. S. Cafagna, R. Sparvoli, O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, M. Boezio, E. A. Bogomolov, M. Bongi, V. Bonvicini, D. Campana, P. Carlson, M. Casolino, G. Castellini, C. De Santis, A. M. Galper, S. V. Koldashov, S. Koldobskiy, A. N. Kvashnin, A. Lenni, A. A. Leonov, V. V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, N. Marcelli, A. G. Mayorov, W. Menn, M. Mergè, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, V. V. Mikhailov, R. Munini, G. Osteria, B. Panico, P. Papini, M. Pearce, P. Picozza, M. Ricci, S. B. Ricciarini, M. Simon, A. Sotgiu, P. Spillantini, Y. I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, G. I. Vasilyev, S. A. Voronov, Y. T. Yurkin, G. Zampa, and N. Zampa
Subjects: Astrophysics
Abstract: We present a study of the east–west anisotropy of trapped-proton fluxes in low-Earth orbit based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics(PAMELA)experiment. The differential intensities of eastward- and westward-traveling protons detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly region were estimated as a function of equatorial pitch angle and drift shell, for six energy bins between80 MeV and 2 GeV. We found that, as a consequence of the strong atmospheric gradient coupled with the large gyro radius in this energy range, the intensities of eastward fluxes exceed those of westward fluxes by a factor of∼10–20. However, the reported directional asymmetry also depends on the sign of the local flux gradient, resulting in more intense westward fluxes beyond the radial distances where the inner belt peaks. PAMELA observations can be used to improve the description of the near-Earth radiation environment at lowest altitudes and highest trapping energies, where current theoretical and empirical models are affected by the largest uncertainties. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Cosmic rays(329);Van Allen radiation belts(1758)1. Introduction Low-altitude inner-belt protons are strongly influenced by the density distribution of Earth’s atmosphere, mostly through interactions with its neutral constituents, which induce significant flux anisotropies. In prim is, the atmospheric loss cone results in a steep pitch-angle distribution, which becomes narrower for lower drift shells. A further, azimuthal anisotropy originates from finite gyro radius effects at proton energies in excess of a few tens of MeV(Haerendel1962; Lenchek & Singer1962). In fact, for a given spacecraft position, protons with the same pitch angle but different gyro phase—the azimuth angle associated with the gyration motion—have their guiding centers on different drift shells. In particular, protons from the west and from the east gyrate around magnetic field lines located at higher and lower altitudes, respectively. The guiding-center separationΔhincreaseswith increasing energy, so that protons moving eastward will encounter progressively lower drift-averaged densities, thus experiencing less atmospheric absorption; the opposite situation will occur for protons traveling westward, resulting in an east–west asymmetry of flux intensities whenΔhbecomes comparable to or larger than the flux scale height(Garmire1963; Heckman &Nakano1963).The trapped-flux anisotropy is a relevant aspect of the modeling of the low Earth orbit(LEO)radiation environment, given the significant engineering implications, especially for The Astrophysical Journal,919:114(6pp), 2021 October 1https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1677© 2021. The American Astronomical Society.
Published: 2021
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14. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, M Bongi, P Brogi, Alessandro Bruno, J H Buckley, Nicholas Wade Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, K Ebisawa, H Fuke, S Gonzi, T Gregory Guzik, Thomas Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kobayashi, K Kohri, J F Krizmanic, J T Link, J W Mitchell, A A Moiseev, G A De Nolfo, K Sakai, and M Sasaki
Subjects: Astrophysics
Abstract: The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this paper a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number Z = 40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV/n to 2 TeV/ n our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index−2.60±0.03.
Published: 2021
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15. Measurement of inclusive forward neutron production cross section in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$ TeV with the LHCf Arm2 detector

Author: The LHCf collaboration, O. Adriani, E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D’Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, Y. Makino, K. Masuda, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi, P. Papini, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, K. Sato, M. Shinoda, T. Suzuki, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W. C. Turner, M. Ueno, and Q. D. Zhou
Subjects: Forward physics, Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments), Unfolding, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we report the measurement relative to the production of forward neutrons in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 $$ \sqrt{s}=13 $$ TeV obtained using the LHCf Arm2 detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The results for the inclusive differential production cross section are presented as a function of energy in three different pseudorapidity regions: η > 10.76, 8.99 < η < 9.22 and 8.81 < η < 8.99. The analysis was performed using a data set acquired in June 2015 that corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 0.194 nb−1. The measurements were compared with the predictions of several hadronic interaction models used to simulate air showers generated by Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays. None of these generators showed good agreement with the data for all pseudorapidity intervals. For η > 10.76, no model is able to reproduce the observed peak structure at around 5 TeV and all models underestimate the total production cross section: among them, QGSJET II-04 shows the smallest deficit with respect to data for the whole energy range. For 8.99 < η < 9.22 and 8.81 < η < 8.99, the models having the best overall agreement with data are SIBYLL 2.3 and EPOS-LHC, respectively: in particular, in both regions SIBYLL 2.3 is able to reproduce the observed peak structure at around 1.5–2.5 TeV.
Published: 2018
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16. Measurement of forward photon production cross-section in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV with the LHCf detector

Author: O. Adriani, E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D'Alessandro, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, T. Iwata, K. Kasahara, Y. Makino, K. Masuda, E. Matsubayashi, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, P. Papini, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, M. Shinoda, T. Suzuki, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W.C. Turner, M. Ueno, and Q.D. Zhou
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: In this paper, we report the production cross-section of forward photons in the pseudorapidity regions of η>10.94 and 8.99>η>8.81, measured by the LHCf experiment with proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV. The results from the analysis of 0.191nb−1 of data obtained in June 2015 are compared to the predictions of several hadronic interaction models that are used in air-shower simulations for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Although none of the models agree perfectly with the data, EPOS-LHC shows the best agreement with the experimental data among the models.
Published: 2018
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17. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Carbon and Oxygen Spectra from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, J. Link, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. De Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida
Subjects: Astrophysics
Abstract: In this paper, we present the measurement of the energy spectra of carbon and oxygen in cosmic rays based on observations with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station from October 2015 to October 2019. Analysis, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties, and results are reported. The energy spectra are measured in kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with an all-calorimetric instrument with a total thickness corresponding to 1.3 nuclear interaction length. The observed carbon and oxygen fluxes show a spectral index change of ∼0.15 around 200 GeV/n established with a significance > 3σ. They have the same energy dependence with a constant C/O flux ratio 0.911 ± 0.006 above 25 GeV/n. The spectral hardening is consistent with that measured by AMS-02, but the absolute normalization of the flux is about 27% lower, though in agreement with observations from previous experiments including the PAMELA spectrometer and the calorimetric balloon-borne experiment CREAM.
Published: 2020
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18. CALET on the International Space Station: the first three years of observations

Author: P Brogi, O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, Y Asaoka, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, H Fuke, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, J Link, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, N. Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, H Murakami, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A de Nolfo, S Okuno, J F Ormes, N Ospina, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Saka, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, and K Yoshida
Subjects: Instrumentation And Photography, Astrophysics
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope CALET is a space instrument designed to carry out precision measurements of high energy cosmic-rays on the JEM-EF external platform on the International Space Station, where it has been collecting science data continuously since mid-October 2015. In addition to its primary goal of identifying nearby sources of high-energy electrons and possible signatures of dark matter in the electron spectrum, CALET is carrying out extensive measurements of the energy spectra, relative abundances and secondary-to-primary ratios of elements from proton to iron, and even above (up to Z = 40), studying the details of galactic particle propagation and acceleration. An overview of CALET based on the data taken during the first three years of observations is presented, including a direct measurement of the electron+positron energy spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV. The proton spectrum has been measured from 50 GeV to 10 TeV covering, for the first time with a single space-borne instrument, the whole energy interval previously investigated in separate sub-ranges by magnetic spectrometers and calorimetric instruments. Preliminary spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei are also presented, together with gamma-ray observations and searches for an e.m. counterpart of LIGO/ Virgo GW events.
Published: 2020
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19. CALET Results after Three Years on the International Space Station

Author: Y Asaoka, O Adriani, Y Akaike, K Asano, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, H Fuke, T G Guzik, T Hams, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, J F Krizmanic, J Link, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, J W Mitchell, S Miyake, A A Moiseev, M Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, S Nakahira, J Nishimura, G A De Nolfo, S Okuno, N Opsina, J F Ormes, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, V Pal'shin, P Papini, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, K Sakai, T Sakamoto, M Sasaki, Y Shimizu, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takita, T Tamura, T Terasawa, S Torii, Y Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, and K Yoshida
Subjects: Astronomy
Abstract: The CALET (CALorimetric Electron Telescope) space experiment, which is currently conducting direct cosmic-ray observations onboard the International Space Station (ISS), is an all-calorimetric instrument optimized for cosmic-ray electron measurements with capability to measure hadrons and gamma-rays. Since the start of observation in October 2015, smooth and continuous operations have taken place. In this paper, we will give a brief summary of the CALET observations ranging from charged cosmic rays, gamma-rays, to space weather, while focusing on the energy spectra of electrons and protons.
Published: 2020
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20. Solar-cycle Variations of South Atlantic Anomaly Proton Intensities Measured with the PAMELA Mission

Author: A. Bruno, M. Martucci, F. S. Cafagna, R. Sparvoli, O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, M. Boezio, E. A. Bogomolov, M. Bongi, V. Bonvicini, D. Campana, P. Carlson, M. Casolino, G. Castellini, C. De Santis, A. M. Galper, S. V. Koldashov, S. Koldobskiy, A. N. Kvashnin, A. Lenni, A. A. Leonov, V. V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, N. Marcelli, A. G. Mayorov, W. Menn, M. Mergè, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, V. V. Mikhailov, R. Munini, G. Osteria, B. Panico, P. Papini, M. Pearce, P. Picozza, M. Ricci, S. B. Ricciarini, M. Simon, A. Sotgiu, P. Spillantini, Y. I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, G. I. Vasilyev, S. A. Voronov, Y. T. Yurkin, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, and T. R. Zharaspayev
Published: 2021
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21. CALET Results After Three Years on Orbit on the International Space Station

Author: P Maestro, O. Adriani, E. Berti, M. Bongi, Y. Akaike, Y. Asaoka, G. Bigongiari, P. Brogi, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. Bruno, N. Cannady, M. L. Cherry, T. G. Guzik, Y. Kawakubo, J. P. Wefel, M. Ichimura, M. H. Israel, B. F. Rauch, K. Kasahara, J. F. Krizmanic, A. M. Messineo, J W Mitchell, S. Miyake, M. Mori, N. Mori, L. Pacini, P. Papini, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, F. Palma, S. B. Ricciarini, T. Sakamoto, T. Tamura, S. Torii, and K. Yoshida
Subjects: Astrophysics
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is an astroparticle physics experiment installed on the International Space Station since August 2015. The CALET mission was conceived to address several outstanding questions of high-energy astroparticle physics, like indirect detection of dark matter, the origin of cosmic rays (CRs), their mechanisms of acceleration and galactic propagation, the presence of possible nearby astrophysical CR sources. That can be achieved by precise measurements of the fluxes of CR electrons and gamma-rays up to the unexplored region above 1 TeV, and the energy spectra and composition of CR nuclei from a few tens of GeV to hundreds of TeV. In order to perform these observations, the instrument combines a thick total absorption PWO crystal calorimeter for energy measurement, a scintillator hodoscope for charge identi�cation and thin imaging tungsten-scintillating �fiber calorimeter providing accurate particle tracking and complementary charge measurement. In this paper, we will present an overview of the main CALET results based on the data collected in the first three years of the mission.
Published: 2019
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22. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, S. Bonechi, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, V. Di Felice, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, N. Hasebe, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, T. Lomtadze, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, K. Mori, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, H. Murakami, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, A. V. Penacchioni, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, I. Takahashi, M. Takayanagi, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, H. Tomida, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, S. Ueno, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida
Published: 2019
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23. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years On Orbit

Author: Y Asaoka, O Adriani, Yosui Akaike, Katsuaki Asano, M G Bagliesi, E Berti, G Bigongiari, W R Binns, S Bonechi, M Bongi, A Bruno, Paolo Brogi, J H Buckley, N Cannady, G Castellini, C Checchia, M L Cherry, G Collazuol, V Di Felice, K Ebisawa, Hideyuki Fuke, T Gregory Guzik, T Hams, N Hasebe, K Hibino, M Ichimura, K Ioka, W Ishizaki, M H Israel, K Kasahara, J Kataoka, R Kataoka, Y Katayose, C Kato, N Kawanaka, Y Kawakubo, K Kohri, H S Krawczynski, John F Krizmanic, T Lomtadze, Paolo Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, A M Messineo, John W Mitchell, S Miyake, Alexander A Moiseev, K Mori, M Mori, N Mori, H M Motz, K Munakata, H Murakami, Satoshi Nakahira, J Nishimura, Georgia Adair De Nolfo, James O Okuno, J F Ormes, S Ozawa, L Pacini, F Palma, V Pal’shin, P Papini, A V Penacchioni, B F Rauch, S B Ricciarini, Kenichi Sakai, Takuma Sakamoto, M Sasaki, A Shiomi, R Sparvoli, P Spillantini, F Stolzi, S Sugita, J E Suh, A Sulaj, I Takahashi, M Takayanagi, M Takita, Takumi Tamura, N Tateyama, T Terasawa, H Tomida, S Torii, Yoshiki Tsunesada, Y Uchihori, S Ueno, E Vannuccini, J P Wefel, K Yamaoka, S Yanagita, A Yoshida, K Yoshida, and Y Shimizu
Subjects: Physics Of Elementary Particles And Fields
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron+positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1,000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the �rst two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well.
Published: 2019
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24. Measurement of very forward neutron energy spectra for 7 TeV proton–proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider

Author: O. Adriani, E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, G. Castellini, R. D'Alessandro, M. Del Prete, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, K. Kawade, Y. Makino, K. Masuda, E. Matsubayashi, H. Menjo, G. Mitsuka, Y. Muraki, Y. Okuno, P. Papini, A.-L. Perrot, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, Y. Sugiura, T. Suzuki, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W.C. Turner, and Q.D. Zhou
Subjects: LHC, Forward neutron production, Hadronic-interaction model, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf) experiment is designed to use the LHC to verify the hadronic-interaction models used in cosmic-ray physics. Forward baryon production is one of the crucial points to understand the development of cosmic-ray showers. We report the neutron-energy spectra for LHC s=7 TeV proton–proton collisions with the pseudo-rapidity η ranging from 8.81 to 8.99, from 8.99 to 9.22, and from 10.76 to infinity. The measured energy spectra obtained from the two independent calorimeters of Arm1 and Arm2 show the same characteristic feature before unfolding the detector responses. We unfolded the measured spectra by using the multidimensional unfolding method based on Bayesian theory, and the unfolded spectra were compared with current hadronic-interaction models. The QGSJET II-03 model predicts a high neutron production rate at the highest pseudo-rapidity range similar to our results, and the DPMJET 3.04 model describes our results well at the lower pseudo-rapidity ranges. However, no model perfectly explains the experimental results over the entire pseudo-rapidity range. The experimental data indicate a more abundant neutron production rate relative to the photon production than any model predictions studied here.
Published: 2015
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25. LHCf Run II physics results in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Author: Alessio Tiberio, O. Adriani, E. Berti, P. Betti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D'Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, Y. Kitagami, M. Kondo, Y. Matsubara, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi, P. Papini, G. Piparo, S. Ricciarini, T. K. Sako, N. Sakurai, M. Scaringella, Y. Shimizu, T. Tamura, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W. C. Turner, and K. Yoshida
Published: 2022

26. Extended Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Spectrum from 11 GeV to 4.8 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, M. G. Bagliesi, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, S. Bonechi, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, V. Di Felice, K. Ebisawa, H. Fuke, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, M. Hareyama, N. Hasebe, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, T. Lomtadze, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, K. Mori, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, H. Murakami, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, F. Palma, P. Papini, A. V. Penacchioni, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, J. E. Suh, A. Sulaj, I. Takahashi, M. Takayanagi, M. Takita, T. Tamura, N. Tateyama, T. Terasawa, H. Tomida, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, S. Ueno, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, and K. Yoshida
Published: 2018
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27. CALET Search for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational waves during the LIGO/Virgo O3 run

Author: O. Adriani, Y. Akaike, K. Asano, Y. Asaoka, E. Berti, G. Bigongiari, W. R. Binns, M. Bongi, P. Brogi, A. Bruno, J. H. Buckley, N. Cannady, G. Castellini, C. Checchia, M. L. Cherry, G. Collazuol, K. Ebisawa, A. W. Ficklin, H. Fuke, S. Gonzi, T. G. Guzik, T. Hams, K. Hibino, M. Ichimura, K. Ioka, W. Ishizaki, M. H. Israel, K. Kasahara, J. Kataoka, R. Kataoka, Y. Katayose, C. Kato, N. Kawanaka, Y. Kawakubo, K. Kobayashi, K. Kohri, H. S. Krawczynski, J. F. Krizmanic, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. M. Messineo, J. W. Mitchell, S. Miyake, A. A. Moiseev, M. Mori, N. Mori, H. M. Motz, K. Munakata, S. Nakahira, J. Nishimura, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Okuno, J. F. Ormes, N. Ospina, S. Ozawa, L. Pacini, P. Papini, B. F. Rauch, S. B. Ricciarini, K. Sakai, T. Sakamoto, M. Sasaki, Y. Shimizu, A. Shiomi, P. Spillantini, F. Stolzi, S. Sugita, A. Sulaj, M. Takita, T. Tamura, T. Terasawa, S. Torii, Y. Tsunesada, Y. Uchihori, E. Vannuccini, J. P. Wefel, K. Yamaoka, S. Yanagita, A. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, and W. V. Zober
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Gamma-ray astronomy Gamma-ray bursts Gravitational wave sources Gamma-ray transient sources, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station (ISS) consists of a high-energy cosmic ray CALorimeter (CAL) and a lower-energy CALET Gamma ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic ray nuclei from Z = 1 through Z $\sim$ 40, and gamma rays over the range 1 GeV - 10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma ray bursts (GRBs) since Oct. 2015. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma ray counterparts to gravitational wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM - the two Hard X-ray Monitors (HXM) consisting of LaBr$_{3}$(Ce) scintillators sensitive to 7 keV to 1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma ray Monitor (SGM) BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV to 20 MeV - and the high-energy CAL consisting of a CHarge-Detection module (CHD), IMaging Calorimeter (IMC), and fully active Total Absorption Calorimeter (TASC). The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented., 27 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
Published: 2022

28. Helium fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment from the minimum to the maximum solar activity for solar cycle 24

Author: N. Marcelli, M. Boezio, A. Lenni, W. Menn, R. Munini, O. P. M. Aslam, D. Bisschoff, M. D. Ngobeni, M. S. Potgieter, O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, E. A. Bogomolov, M. Bongi, V. Bonvicini, A. Bruno, F. Cafagna, D. Campana, P. Carlson, M. Casolino, G. Castellini, C. De Santis, A. M. Galper, S. V. Koldashov, S. Koldobskiy, A. N. Kvashnin, A. A. Leonov, V. V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, M. Martucci, A. G. Mayorov, M. Mergè, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, V. V. Mikhailov, G. Osteria, B. Panico, P. Papini, M. Pearce, P. Picozza, M. Ricci, S. B. Ricciarini, M. Simon, A. Sotgiu, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, Y. I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, G. I. Vasilyev, S. A. Voronov, Y. T. Yurkin, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, Marcelli, N., Boezio, M., Lenni, A., Munini, W. Menn R., Aslam, O. P. M., Bisschoff, D., Ngobeni, M. D., Potgieter, M. S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bogomolov, R. Bellotti E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Carlson, D. Campana P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Galper, C. De Santis A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Mergè, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Settore FIS/01, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Heliosphere, Cosmic ray detectors, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Cosmic ray astronomy, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Abstract: Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. In this paper, we present new spectra for helium nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from January 2010 to September 2014 over a three Carrington rotation time basis. These data are compared to the PAMELA spectra measured during the previous solar minimum providing a picture of the time dependence of the helium nuclei fluxes over a nearly full solar cycle. Time and rigidity dependencies are observed in the proton-to-helium flux ratios. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra., 9 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2022

29. The MURAVES muon telescope: a low power consumption muon tracker for muon radiography applications

Author: M. D’Errico, F. Ambrosino, G. Baccani, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, A. Bross, R. Ciaranfi, L. Cimmino, V. Ciulli, R. D’Alessandro, F. Giudicepietro, S. Gonzi, G. Macedonio, V. Masone, B. Melon, N. Mori, M. Orazi, G. Passeggio, R. Peluso, A. Pla-Dalmau, G. Saracino, G. Scarpato, P. Strolin, E. Vertechi, L. Viliani, D'Errico, M., Ambrosino, F., Baccani, G., Bonechi, L., Bongi, M., Bross, A., Ciaranfi, R., Cimmino, L., Ciulli, V., D'Alessandro, R., Giudicepietro, F., Gonzi, S., Macedonio, G., Masone, V., Melon, B., Mori, N., Orazi, M., Passeggio, G., Peluso, R., Pla-Dalmau, A., Saracino, G., Scarpato, G., Strolin, P., Vertechi, E., and Viliani, L.
Subjects: History, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract: Muon Radiography or muography is based on the measurement of the absorption or scattering of cosmic muons, as they pass through the interior of large scale bodies, In particular, absorption muography has been applied to investigate the presence of hidden cavities inside the pyramids or underground, as well as the interior of volcanoes’ edifices. The MURAVES project has the challenging aim of investigating the density distribution inside the summit of Mt. Vesuvius. The information, together with that coming from gravimetric measurements, is useful as input to models, to predict how an eruption may develop. The MURAVES apparatus is a robust and low power consumption muon telescope consisting of an array of three identical and independent muon trackers, which provide in a modular way a total sensitive area of three square meters. Each tracker consists of four doublets of planes of plastic scintillator bars with orthogonal orientation, optically coupled to Silicon photomultipliers for the readout of the signal. The muon telescope has been installed on the slope of the volcano and has collected a first set of data, which are being analyzed.
Published: 2022

30. Cosmic-Ray Boron Flux Measured from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O, Adriani, Y, Akaike, K, Asano, Y, Asaoka, E, Berti, G, Bigongiari, W R, Binns, M, Bongi, P, Brogi, A, Bruno, J H, Buckley, N, Cannady, G, Castellini, C, Checchia, M L, Cherry, G, Collazuol, G A, de Nolfo, K, Ebisawa, A W, Ficklin, H, Fuke, S, Gonzi, T G, Guzik, T, Hams, K, Hibino, M, Ichimura, K, Ioka, W, Ishizaki, M H, Israel, K, Kasahara, J, Kataoka, R, Kataoka, Y, Katayose, C, Kato, N, Kawanaka, Y, Kawakubo, K, Kobayashi, K, Kohri, H S, Krawczynski, J F, Krizmanic, P, Maestro, P S, Marrocchesi, A M, Messineo, J W, Mitchell, S, Miyake, A A, Moiseev, M, Mori, N, Mori, H M, Motz, K, Munakata, S, Nakahira, J, Nishimura, S, Okuno, J F, Ormes, S, Ozawa, L, Pacini, P, Papini, B F, Rauch, S B, Ricciarini, K, Sakai, T, Sakamoto, M, Sasaki, Y, Shimizu, A, Shiomi, P, Spillantini, F, Stolzi, S, Sugita, A, Sulaj, M, Takita, T, Tamura, T, Terasawa, S, Torii, Y, Tsunesada, Y, Uchihori, E, Vannuccini, J P, Wefel, K, Yamaoka, S, Yanagita, A, Yoshida, K, Yoshida, and W V, Zober
Abstract: We present the measurement of the energy dependence of the boron flux in cosmic rays and its ratio to the carbon flux in an energy interval from 8.4 GeV/n to 3.8 TeV/n based on the data collected by the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) during ∼6.4 yr of operation on the International Space Station. An update of the energy spectrum of carbon is also presented with an increase in statistics over our previous measurement. The observed boron flux shows a spectral hardening at the same transition energy E_{0}∼200 GeV/n of the C spectrum, though B and C fluxes have different energy dependences. The spectral index of the B spectrum is found to be γ=-3.047±0.024 in the interval 25E200 GeV/n. The B spectrum hardens by Δγ_{B}=0.25±0.12, while the best fit value for the spectral variation of C is Δγ_{C}=0.19±0.03. The B/C flux ratio is compatible with a hardening of 0.09±0.05, though a single power-law energy dependence cannot be ruled out given the current statistical uncertainties. A break in the B/C ratio energy dependence would support the recent AMS-02 observations that secondary cosmic rays exhibit a stronger hardening than primary ones. We also perform a fit to the B/C ratio with a leaky-box model of the cosmic-ray propagation in the Galaxy in order to probe a possible residual value λ_{0} of the mean escape path length λ at high energy. We find that our B/C data are compatible with a nonzero value of λ_{0}, which can be interpreted as the column density of matter that cosmic rays cross within the acceleration region.
Published: 2022

31. Investigating the Vela SNR's Emission of Electron Cosmic Rays with CALET at the International Space Station

Author: John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, S. Miyake, P. Spillantini, Holger Motz, Y. Katayose, M. Takita, S. Sugita, Ryuho Kataoka, K. Kobayashi, W.V. Zober, O. Adriani, K. Ebisawa, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Kazutaka Yamaoka, Kunihito Ioka, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, J. P. Wefel, L. Pacini, J. F. Ormes, Michael Cherry, T. Sakamoto, A. A. Moiseev, M. Ichimura, Jason Link, Shoji Torii, A.W. Ficklin, Jun Kataoka, Yoichi Asaoka, Masaki Mori, Katsuaki Asano, Thomas Hams, S. Ozawa, P. S. Marrocchesi, John Mitchell, Jun Nishimura, Sandro Gonzi, Y. Akaike, M. H. Israel, F. Stolzi, Henric Krawczynski, Y. Shimizu, N. Ospina, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, K. Sakai, Chihiro Kato, Kazunori Kohri, M. Bongi, S. Okuno, A. Shiomi, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, N. Cannady, K. Hibino, W. R. Binns, T. Tamura, M. Sasaki, G. Castellini, G. Collazuol, K. Kasahara, T. G. Guzik, J. H. Buckley, Shohei Yanagita, Satoshi Nakahira, Y. Kawakubo, A. Bruno, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, C. Checchia, S. B. Ricciarini, Kazuoki Munakata, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, Toshio Terasawa, Kenji Yoshida, Paolo Maestro, G. A. de Nolfo, Norita Kawanaka, and Brian Rauch
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Electron, Vela, law.invention, Telescope, Supernova, Positron, Pulsar, law, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract: The ISS-based Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is directly measuring the energy spec- trum of electron+positron cosmic rays up to 20 TeV. Cosmic-ray electrons of TeV region energy are limited by energy loss to a propagation range of about 1 kpc, therefore the expected sources are a few nearby supernova remnants (SNR), with the Vela SNR dominating the spectrum. The latest spectrum measured by CALET in combination with the positron-only flux published by AMS-02 is fitted with a comprehensive model including nearby pulsars as the source of the positron excess. This model is extended to the TeV region by addition of the flux from the Vela SNR as calculated with DRAGON, with the integrated energy emitted in electron cosmic rays by the SNR as a variable scale factor. Exploring various scenarios for the time and energy dependence of the cosmic-ray release from Vela, under varied propagation conditions, best-fitting interpretations of the spectrum and upper limits on the emission of cosmic-ray electrons by Vela have been derived.
Published: 2021

32. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: Toshio Terasawa, Kazunori Kohri, Yoichi Asaoka, A. Bruno, Katsuaki Asano, Masato Takita, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, K. Kobayashi, Y. Shimizu, Kazutaka Yamaoka, M. Bongi, Paolo Maestro, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, Satoshi Sugita, Ryuho Kataoka, N. Ospina, J. Link, A. A. Moiseev, Y. Kawakubo, Henric Krawczynski, F. Stolzi, Norita Kawanaka, Chihiro Kato, M. Sasaki, Kenji Yoshida, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, S. Ozawa, G. Castellini, O. Adriani, Shohei Yanagita, J. F. Ormes, Shoji Torii, Katsuaki Kasahara, Brian Rauch, Kunihito Ioka, Satoshi Nakahira, T. Tamura, K. Ebisawa, K. Hibino, W. R. Binns, Sandro Gonzi, M. Ichimura, S. Okuno, S. Miyake, M. H. Israel, Y. Katayose, P. Spillantini, Michael Cherry, J. P. Wefel, Yosui Akaike, Masaki Mori, C. Checchia, John Mitchell, Jun Kataoka, T. Sakamoto, Jun Nishimura, A. Shiomi, K. Sakai, Kazuoki Munakata, P. S. Marrocchesi, John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, N. Cannady, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, Holger Motz, T. G. Guzik, J. H. Buckley, L. Pacini, S. B. Ricciarini, T. Hams, P. Papini, and E. Vannuccini
Subjects: Physics, Spectral index, Proton, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Calorimeter, Telescope, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Atomic number, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract: The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV/n to 2.0 TeV/n allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number Z=40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV/n to 2 TeV/n our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60±0.03.
Published: 2021

33. PRECISE COSMIC RAYS MEASUREMENTS WITH PAMELA

Author: A. Bruno, O. Adriani, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Bellotti, M. Boezio, E. A. Bogomolov, M. Bongi, V. Bonvicini, S. Borisov, S. Bottai, F. Cafagna, D. Campana, R. Carbone, P. Carlson, M. Casolino, G. Castellini, L. Consiglio, M. P. De Pascale, C. De Santis, N. De Simone, V. Di Felice, A. M. Galper, W. Gillard, L. Grishantseva, G. Jerse, A. V. Karelin, M. D. Kheymits, S. V. Koldashov, S. Y. Krutkov, A. N. Kvashnin, A. Leonov, V. Malakhov, L. Marcelli, A. G. Mayorov, W. Menn, V. V. Mikhailov, E. Mocchiutti, A. Monaco, N. Mori, N. Nikonov, G. Osteria, F. Palma, P. Papini, M. Pearce, P. Picozza, C. Pizzolotto, M. Ricci, S. B. Ricciarini, L. Rossetto, R. Sarkar, M. Simon, R. Sparvoli, P. Spillantini, Y. I. Stozhkov, A. Vacchi, E. Vannuccini, G. Vasilyev, S. A. Voronov, Y. T. Yurkin, J. Wu, G. Zampa, N. Zampa, and V. G. Zverev
Subjects: Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040
Abstract: The PAMELA experiment was launched on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The apparatus was designed to conduct precision studies of charged cosmic radiation over a wide energy range, from tens of MeV up to several hundred GeV, with unprecedented statistics. In five years of continuous data taking in space, PAMELA accurately measured the energy spectra of cosmic ray antiprotons and positrons, as well as protons, electrons and light nuclei, sometimes providing data in unexplored energetic regions. These important results have shed new light in several astrophysical fields like: an indirect search for Dark Matter, a search for cosmological antimatter (anti-Helium), and the validation of acceleration, transport and secondary production models of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Some of the most important items of Solar and Magnetospheric physics were also investigated. Here we present the most recent results obtained by the PAMELA experiment.
Published: 2013
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34. The CaloCube calorimeter for high-energy cosmic-ray measurements in space: Performance of a large-scale prototype

Author: Anna Vedda, P. Spillantini, A. Rappoldi, N. Zampa, J. E. Suh, M. Olmi, A. Sulaj, G. Zampa, Raffaello D'Alessandro, V. Bonvicini, A. Sciuto, Lucrezia Auditore, S. B. Ricciarini, Alessia Tricomi, Gabriele Bigongiari, M. Bongi, S. Bottai, Eugenio Berti, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, P. S. Marrocchesi, F. Stolzi, Mauro Fasoli, A. Basti, S. Detti, G. Orzan, C. Poggiali, Paolo Brogi, C. Checchia, Sebastiano Albergo, Paolo Maestro, Antonio Trifiro, M. Antonelli, G. Castellini, C. Pizzolotto, Antonio Italiano, O. Adriani, Federico Pirzio, P. W. Cattaneo, Lorenzo Bonechi, O. Starodubtsev, M. Trimarchi, Nicola Mori, A. Tiberio, L. Pacini, Antonio Agnesi, M. G. Pellegriti, N. Finetti, Adriani, O, Agnesi, A, Albergo, S, Antonelli, M, Auditore, L, Basti, A, Berti, E, Bigongiari, G, Bonechi, L, Bongi, M, Bonvicini, V, Bottai, S, Brogi, P, Castellini, G, Cattaneo, P, Checchia, C, D'Alessandro, R, Detti, S, Fasoli, M, Finetti, N, Italiano, A, Maestro, P, Marrocchesi, P, Mori, N, Orzan, G, Olmi, M, Pacini, L, Papini, P, Pellegriti, M, Pirzio, F, Pizzolotto, C, Poggiali, C, Rappoldi, A, Ricciarini, S, Sciuto, A, Spillantini, P, Starodubtsev, O, Stolzi, F, Suh, J, Sulaj, A, Tiberio, A, Tricomi, A, Trifiro, A, Trimarchi, M, Vedda, A, Vannuccini, E, Zampa, G, and Zampa, N
Subjects: Calorimeters, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, Space instrumentation, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Scale (ratio), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Aerospace engineering, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, Physics, Calorimeter, Large Hadron Collider, business.industry, Isotropy, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physic, Granularity, business, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The direct observation of high-energy cosmic rays, up to the PeV energy region, will increasingly rely on highly performing calorimeters, and the physics performance will be primarily determined by their geometrical acceptance and energy resolution. Thus, it is extremely important to optimize their geometrical design, granularity and absorption depth, with respect to the totalmass of the apparatus, which is amongst the most important constraints for a space mission. CaloCube is an homogeneous calorimeter whose basic geometry is cubic and isotropic, obtained by filling the cubic volume with small cubic scintillating crystals. In this way it is possible to detect particles arriving from every direction in space, thus maximizing the acceptance. This design summarizes a three-year R&D activity, aiming to both optimize and study the full-scale performance of the calorimeter, in the perspective of a cosmic-ray space mission, and investigate a viable technical design by means of the construction of several sizable prototypes. A large scale prototype, made of a mesh of 5x5x18 CsI(Tl) crystals, has been constructed and tested on high-energy particle beams at CERN SPS accelerator. In this paper we describe the CaloCube design and present the results relative to the response of the large scale prototype to electrons., 24 pages, 19 figures
Published: 2021

35. East-West Proton Flux Anisotropy Observed with the PAMELA Mission

Author: G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, G. Castellini, Mirko Boezio, André Monaco, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, G. Osteria, Sergey Koldobskiy, G. I. Vasilyev, G. C. Barbarino, A. G. Mayorov, A. Lenni, L. Marcelli, A. Vacchi, A. Bruno, V. V. Malakhov, Nicola Mori, P. Picozza, A. M. Galper, P. Spillantini, S. A. Voronov, O. Adriani, A. N. Kvashnin, W. Menn, E. A. Bogomolov, C. De Santis, M. Simon, A. A. Leonov, Riccardo Munini, N. Marcelli, M. Bongi, Y. T. Yurkin, Matteo Martucci, Roberto Bellotti, V. V. Mikhailov, P. Carlson, Alessandro Sotgiu, F. Cafagna, S. V. Koldashov, Marco Ricci, E. Mocchiutti, N. Zampa, V. Bonvicini, Y. I. Stozhkov, G. A. Bazilevskaya, R. Sparvoli, M. Merge, D. Campana, Marco Casolino, Bruno, A., Martucci, M., Cafagna, F. S., Sparvoli, R., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Santis, C. D., Galper, A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Lenni, A., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Marcelli, N., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Space and Planetary Science, East west, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Proton flux, Anisotropy
Abstract: We present a study of the east-west anisotropy of trapped-proton fluxes in low-Earth orbit based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment. The differential intensities of eastward- and westward-traveling protons detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly region were estimated as a function of equatorial pitch angle and drift shell, for six energy bins between 80 MeV and 2 GeV. We found that, as a consequence of the strong atmospheric gradient coupled with the large gyroradius in this energy range, the intensities of eastward fluxes exceed those of westward fluxes by a factor of ∼10-20. However, the reported directional asymmetry also depends on the sign of the local flux gradient, resulting in more intense westward fluxes beyond the radial distances where the inner belt peaks. PAMELA observations can be used to improve the description of the near-Earth radiation environment at lowest altitudes and highest trapping energies, where current theoretical and empirical models are affected by the largest uncertainties.
Published: 2021

36. Measurement of the Iron Spectrum in Cosmic Rays from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.0 TeV$/n$ with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: O, Adriani, Y, Akaike, K, Asano, Y, Asaoka, E, Berti, G, Bigongiari, W R, Binns, M, Bongi, P, Brogi, A, Bruno, J H, Buckley, N, Cannady, G, Castellini, C, Checchia, M L, Cherry, G, Collazuol, K, Ebisawa, H, Fuke, S, Gonzi, T G, Guzik, T, Hams, K, Hibino, M, Ichimura, K, Ioka, W, Ishizaki, M H, Israel, K, Kasahara, J, Kataoka, R, Kataoka, Y, Katayose, C, Kato, N, Kawanaka, Y, Kawakubo, K, Kobayashi, K, Kohri, H S, Krawczynski, J F, Krizmanic, J, Link, P, Maestro, P S, Marrocchesi, A M, Messineo, J W, Mitchell, S, Miyake, A A, Moiseev, M, Mori, N, Mori, H M, Motz, K, Munakata, S, Nakahira, J, Nishimura, G A, de Nolfo, S, Okuno, J F, Ormes, N, Ospina, S, Ozawa, L, Pacini, P, Papini, B F, Rauch, S B, Ricciarini, K, Sakai, T, Sakamoto, M, Sasaki, Y, Shimizu, A, Shiomi, P, Spillantini, F, Stolzi, S, Sugita, A, Sulaj, M, Takita, T, Tamura, T, Terasawa, S, Torii, Y, Tsunesada, Y, Uchihori, E, Vannuccini, J P, Wefel, K, Yamaoka, S, Yanagita, A, Yoshida, and K, Yoshida
Subjects: High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray acceleration Cosmic ray composition and spectra Cosmic ray propagation Cosmic ray sources Cosmic rays and astroparticles, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic rays
Abstract: The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray iron over a wide energy interval. In this Letter a measurement of the iron spectrum is presented in the range of kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.0 TeV$/n$ allowing the inclusion of iron in the list of elements studied with unprecedented precision by space-borne instruments. The measurement is based on observations carried out from January 2016 to May 2020. The CALET instrument can identify individual nuclear species via a measurement of their electric charge with a dynamic range extending far beyond iron (up to atomic number $Z$ = 40). The energy is measured by a homogeneous calorimeter with a total equivalent thickness of 1.2 proton interaction lengths preceded by a thin (3 radiation lengths) imaging section providing tracking and energy sampling. The analysis of the data and the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties are described and results are compared with the findings of previous experiments. The observed differential spectrum is consistent within the errors with previous experiments. In the region from 50 GeV$/n$ to 2 TeV$/n$ our present data are compatible with a single power law with spectral index -2.60 $\pm$ 0.03., Comment: main text: 7 pages, 4 figures; supplemental material: 10 pages, 12 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2012.10319
Published: 2021
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37. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Carbon and Oxygen Spectra from 10 GeV/n to 2.2 TeV/n with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: Toshio Terasawa, Satoshi Sugita, L. Pacini, Ryuho Kataoka, W. Ishizaki, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, Alberto Messineo, K. Ebisawa, N. Ospina, H. Fuke, Katsuaki Asano, P. Spillantini, Michael Cherry, Yosui Akaike, Norita Kawanaka, Masaki Mori, R. Sparvoli, Shoji Torii, F. Palma, T. Hams, S. B. Ricciarini, Maria Grazia Bagliesi, Chihiro Kato, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, A. Bruno, T. Sakamoto, Sandro Gonzi, M. H. Israel, T. Tamura, J. E. Suh, Kazunori Kohri, J. Link, Holger Motz, P. Brogi, Masato Takita, O. Adriani, Kazutaka Yamaoka, Kunihito Ioka, Jun Kataoka, P. Maestro, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. A. Moiseev, Jun Nishimura, Y. Katayose, John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, G. Castellini, Henric Krawczynski, G. Bigongiari, Shohei Yanagita, Y. Shimizu, Satoshi Nakahira, Y. Tsunesada, Kenji Yoshida, M. Bongi, T. G. Guzik, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, W. R. Binns, G. Collazuol, Brian Rauch, J. P. Wefel, J. H. Buckley, G. A. de Nolfo, S. Miyake, M. Ichimura, N. Cannady, S. Ozawa, S. Okuno, C. Checchia, John Mitchell, Kazuoki Munakata, A. Shiomi, Yoichi Asaoka, F. Stolzi, K. Hibino, Y. Kawakubo, M. Sasaki, Katsuaki Kasahara, K. Sakai, K. Kobayashi, and J. F. Ormes
Subjects: Physics, Spectral index, Spectrometer, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Electron, Kinetic energy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract: In this paper, we present the measurement of the energy spectra of carbon and oxygen in cosmic rays based on observations with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station from October 2015 to October 2019. Analysis, including the detailed assessment of systematic uncertainties, and results are reported. The energy spectra are measured in kinetic energy per nucleon from 10 GeV$/n$ to 2.2 TeV$/n$ with an all-calorimetric instrument with a total thickness corresponding to 1.3 nuclear interaction length. The observed carbon and oxygen fluxes show a spectral index change of $\sim$0.15 around 200 GeV$/n$ established with a significance $>3\sigma$. They have the same energy dependence with a constant C/O flux ratio $0.911\pm 0.006$ above 25 GeV$/n$. The spectral hardening is consistent with that measured by AMS-02, but the absolute normalization of the flux is about 27% lower, though in agreement with observations from previous experiments including the PAMELA spectrometer and the calorimetric balloon-borne experiment CREAM.
Published: 2020

38. Measurement of energy flow, cross section and average inelasticity of forward neutrons produced in $$ \sqrt{s} $$ = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the LHCf Arm2 detector

Author: The LHCf collaboration, O. Adriani, E. Berti, L. Bonechi, M. Bongi, R. D’Alessandro, S. Detti, M. Haguenauer, Y. Itow, K. Kasahara, H. Menjo, Y. Muraki, K. Ohashi, P. Papini, S. Ricciarini, T. Sako, N. Sakurai, K. Sato, T. Tamura, A. Tiberio, S. Torii, A. Tricomi, W.C. Turner, M. Ueno, École polytechnique (X), and LHCf
Subjects: p p: scattering, anti-n: hadroproduction, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CERN Lab, interaction: model, Proton, 13000 GeV-cms, FOS: Physical sciences, energy flow, n: hadroproduction, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, rapidity dependence, differential cross section: measured, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), phase space, Cross section (physics), Hadron-Hadron scattering (experiments), Energy flow, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Neutron, Elasticity (economics), Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Physics, air: showers, Large Hadron Collider, showers: atmosphere, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, LHC-F, 3. Good health, CERN LHC Coll, cosmic radiation, Pseudorapidity, Forward physics, lcsh:QC770-798, High Energy Physics::Experiment, numerical calculations: Monte Carlo, p p: colliding beams, Particle Physics - Experiment, experimental results
Abstract: In this paper, we report the measurement of the energy flow, the cross section and the average inelasticity of forward neutrons (+ antineutrons) produced in $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV proton-proton collisions. These quantities are obtained from the inclusive differential production cross section, measured using the LHCf Arm2 detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurements are performed in six pseudorapidity regions: three of them ($��> 10.75$, $8.99 < ��< 9.21$ and $8.80 < ��< 8.99$), albeit with smaller acceptance and larger uncertainties, were already published in a previous work, whereas the remaining three ($10.06 < ��< 10.75$, $9.65 < ��< 10.06$ and $8.65 < ��< 8.80$) are presented here for the first time. The analysis was carried out using a data set acquired in June 2015 with a corresponding integrated luminosity of $\mathrm{0.194~nb^{-1}}$. Comparing the experimental measurements with the expectations of several hadronic interaction models used to simulate cosmic ray air showers, none of these generators resulted to have a satisfactory agreement in all the phase space selected for the analysis. The inclusive differential production cross section for $��> 10.75$ is not reproduced by any model, whereas the results still indicate a significant but less serious deviation at lower pseudorapidities. Depending on the pseudorapidity region, the generators showing the best overall agreement with data are either SIBYLL 2.3 or EPOS-LHC. Furthermore, apart from the most forward region, the derived energy flow and cross section distributions are best reproduced by EPOS-LHC. Finally, even if none of the models describe the elasticity distribution in a satisfactory way, the extracted average inelasticity is consistent with the QGSJET II-04 value, while most of the other generators give values that lie just outside the experimental uncertainties., 22 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2020

39. Time dependence of the flux of helium nuclei in cosmic rays measured by the pamela experiment between 2006 july and 2009 december

Author: A. N. Kvashnin, M. Simon, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, Per Carlson, N. Marcelli, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, O. Adriani, W. Menn, M. D. Ngobeni, F. Cafagna, Sergey Koldobskiy, G. C. Barbarino, V. Bonvicini, Y. I. Stozhkov, N. Zampa, G. A. Bazilevskaya, Andrea Vacchi, P. Spillantini, V. V. Mikhailov, E. Mocchiutti, V. V. Malakhov, M. Bongi, Alfonso Monaco, Alessandro Sotgiu, R. Sparvoli, G. Osteria, A. Bruno, M. Merge, O. P. M. Aslam, Matteo Martucci, S. A. Voronov, Roberto Bellotti, S. V. Koldashov, E. A. Bogomolov, A. M. Galper, Marco Ricci, A. Lenni, D. Campana, G. I. Vasilyev, Marco Casolino, C. De Santis, Alexey Leonov, Y. T. Yurkin, Driaan Bisschoff, Riccardo Munini, Nicola Mori, L. Marcelli, A. G. Mayorov, G. Castellini, M. S. Potgieter, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, P. Picozza, Mirko Boezio, Marcelli, N., Boezio, M., Lenni, A., Menn, W., Munini, R., Aslam, O. P. M., Bisschoff, D., Ngobeni, M. D., Potgieter, M. S., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G. C., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Galper, A. M., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Merg, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Mikhailov, V. V., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sotgiu, A., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., 10060014 - Potgieter, Marthinus Steenkamp, 13161229 - Ngobeni, Mabedle Donald, and 20056950 - Bisschoff, Driaan
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, chemistry.chemical_element, Flux, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Galactic cosmic rays, 01 natural sciences, Galactic cosmic ray, Heliosphere, Cosmic ray detectors, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Helium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Settore FIS/01, DARK MATTER, Astronomy and Astrophysics, COSMIC RAYS, Charged particle, ANTIPROTONS, chemistry, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Cosmic ray detector
Abstract: Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z = 2 component in the cosmic radiation provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the heliosphere. The PAMELA experiment, with its long flight duration (2006 June 15-2016 January 23) and the low energy threshold (80 MeV/n) is an ideal detector for cosmic-ray solar modulation studies. In this paper, the helium nuclei spectra measured by the PAMELA instrument from 2006 July to 2009 December over a Carrington rotation time basis are presented. A state-of-the-art three-dimensional model for cosmic-ray propagation inside the heliosphere was used to interpret the time-dependent measured fluxes. Proton-to-helium flux ratio time profiles at various rigidities are also presented in order to study any features that could result from the different masses and local interstellar spectra shapes.
Published: 2020

40. Measurement of forward photon production cross-section in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV with the LHCf detector

Author: T. K. Sako, Hiroaki Menjo, Yoshitaka Itow, Alessia Tricomi, Toshiharu Suzuki, A. Tiberio, E. Matsubayashi, M. Haguenauer, N. Sakurai, O. Adriani, Y. Makino, T. Tamura, M. Ueno, K. Kasahara, W. C. Turner, Kimiaki Masuda, Raffaello D'Alessandro, S. B. Ricciarini, Eugenio Berti, M. Bongi, P. Papini, Lorenzo Bonechi, T. Iwata, Yasushi Muraki, Maiko Shinoda, Shoji Torii, and Q. D. Zhou
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photon, Large Hadron Collider, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, Cosmic ray, Interaction model, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Pseudorapidity, 0103 physical sciences, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract: In this paper, we report the production cross-section of forward photons in the pseudorapidity regions of η>10.94 and 8.99>η>8.81 , measured by the LHCf experiment with proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV . The results from the analysis of 0.191nb−1 of data obtained in June 2015 are compared to the predictions of several hadronic interaction models that are used in air-shower simulations for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Although none of the models agree perfectly with the data, EPOS-LHC shows the best agreement with the experimental data among the models.
Published: 2018

41. Spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10–1000 MeV in the PAMELA experiment in the flare events of 2006–2015

Author: Alfonso Monaco, C. De Santis, R. Sparvoli, Roberto Bellotti, A. M. Galper, M. Merge, Yu. T. Yurkin, G. A. Bazilevskaya, A. N. Kvashnin, S. Bottai, V. Di Felice, Per Carlson, M. Bongi, F. Cafagna, G. Castellini, Sergey Koldashov, Alexey Leonov, Matteo Martucci, V. Bonvicini, V. V. Malakhov, Andrea Vacchi, E. A. Bogomolov, N. Zampa, D. Campana, L. Marcelli, M. Simon, Yuri Stozhkov, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, O. Adriani, A. Bruno, Marco Casolino, Sergey Koldobskiy, A. V. Karelin, Marco Ricci, W. Menn, M. F. Runtso, G. C. Barbarino, Riccardo Munini, S. A. Voronov, P. Spillantini, P. Papini, Nicola Mori, A. G. Mayorov, E. Vannuccini, S. Y. Krutkov, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, G. Osteria, P. Picozza, G. I. Vasilyev, E. Mocchiutti, V. V. Mikhailov, Mirko Boezio, A. A. Kvashnin, Bogomolov, E. A., Adriani, O., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Barbarino, G. C., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bonvicini, V., Bongi, M., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Galper, A. M., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Casolino, M., Campana, D., Karelin, A. V., Carlson, P., Castellini, G., Cafagna, F., Kvashnin, A. A., Kvashnin, A. N., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S. A., Krutkov, S. Y., Leonov, A. A., Mayorov, A. G., Malakhov, V. V., Martucci, M., Marcelli, L., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Picozza, P., Pearce, M., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Runtso, M. F., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., and Yurkin, Y. T.
Subjects: Physics Solar flare, Solar neutrons, Space experiments: Neutrons, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Hadron, General Physics and Astronomy, Flux, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Physics and Astronomy (all), Space experiment, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Neutron detection, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Settore FIS/01, Physics, Solar flare, Physics::Space Physics, Flare
Abstract: The first results from measuring the spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV in the solar flares of 2006-2015 observed by the PAMELA international space experiment are presented. The PAMELA neutron detector with 3He counters and a moderator with an area of 0.18 m2 allows us to estimate the flux of solar neutrons during solar flares. Solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV likely occurred in 21 out of the 24 analyzed flares of 2006-2015. © 2017, Allerton Press, Inc.
Published: 2017

42. Galactic Cosmic Ray Electrons and Positrons over a Decade of Observations in the PAMELA Experiment

Author: M. Bongi, P. Spillantini, M. Simon, Alfonso Monaco, V. Di Felice, E. Mocchiutti, Matteo Martucci, G. A. Bazilevskaya, N. Zampa, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, D. Campana, Yu. I. Stozhkov, O. Adriani, V. Bonvicini, Alexey Leonov, V. V. Mikhailov, P. Carlson, V. V. Malakhov, S. V. Koldashov, Marco Ricci, A. V. Karelin, L. Marcelli, Marco Casolino, A. G. Mayorov, M. F. Runtso, Riccardo Munini, S. A. Voronov, Sergey Koldobskiy, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, C. De Santis, A. Bruno, M. Merge, G. C. Barbarino, W. Menn, Yu. T. Yurkin, R. Sparvoli, P. Picozza, G. Osteria, F. Cafagna, P. Papini, E. A. Bogomolov, Mirko Boezio, E. Vannuccini, A. A. Kvashnin, Andrea Vacchi, G. Castellini, Roberto Bellotti, A. M. Galper, G. I. Vasilyev, Nicola Mori, A. N. Kvashnin, S. Yu. Krutkov, Mikhailov, V. V., Adriani, O., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Barbarino, G. C., Bellotti, R., Bogomolov, E. A., Boezio, M., Bonvicini, V., Bongi, M., Bruno, A., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Galper, A. M., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Casolino, M., Campana, D., Karelin, A. V., Carlson, P., Castellini, G., Cafagna, F., Kvashnin, A. A., Kvashnin, A. N., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S. A., Krutkov, S. Y., Leonov, A. A., Mayorov, A. G., Malakhov, V. V., Martucci, M., Marcelli, L., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Panico, B., Papini, P., Picozza, P., Pearce, M., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Runtso, M. F., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., and Yurkin, Y. T.
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Physics, Settore FIS/01, Earth's orbit, Range (particle radiation), Antiparticle, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Electron, Cosmic-ray particles, 01 natural sciences, Cosmology, Magnetic spectrometers, Positrons, Positron, Physics::Space Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Satellite, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite into a near-polar Earth orbit with an altitude of 350-600 km, in order to study fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to hundreds of GeV. The results from observations of electron and positron fluxes in 2006-2016 are presented.
Published: 2019

43. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station: Results from the First Two Years of Operation

Author: John Krizmanic, Chihiro Kato, M. Ichimura, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Eugenio Berti, A. Yoshida, N. Mori, Y. Uchihori, A. Sulaj, J. E. Suh, Holger Motz, Kazutaka Yamaoka, H. Tomida, T. Hams, S. Bonechi, Satoshi Sugita, Y. Shimizu, Ryuho Kataoka, T. Tamura, S. Miyake, M. Bongi, T. G. Guzik, Y Akaike, Kazuoki Munakata, J. H. Buckley, I. Takahashi, K Hibinov, N. Tateyama, Jun Kataoka, S. Okuno, K. Sakai, John Mitchell, Jun Nishimura, Shoji Torii, Kazunori Kohri, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, Masahiro Takayanagi, Toshio Terasawa, Katsuaki Asano, Teimuraz Lomtadze, Henric Krawczynski, A. Shiomi, R. Sparvoli, Y. Katayose, H. Murakami, Kenji Yoshida, K. Mori, L. Pacini, J. F. Ormes, A. V. Penacchioni, M. H. Israel, J. P. Wefel, O. Adriani, Kunihito Ioka, T. Sakamoto, V. Di Felice, S. B. Ricciarini, M. Sasaki, S. Ozawa, Shinji Ueno, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, P. S. Marrocchesi, G. Collazuol, G. A. de Nolfo, K. Ebisawa, A. Bruno, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, C. Checchia, Michael Cherry, Masaki Mori, G. Castellini, Shohei Yanagita, Satoshi Nakahira, Maria Grazia Bagliesi, Yoichi Asaoka, F. Stolzi, N. Cannady, P. Spillantini, A. A. Moiseev, Brian Rauch, W. R. Binns, Paolo Maestro, K. Kasahara, N. Hasebe, Norita Kawanaka, F. Palma, Y. Kawakubo, V. Pal'shin, and M. Takita
Subjects: Astroparticle physics, Physics, Gravitational wave, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, QC1-999, Dark matter, Astronomy, Electron, 01 natural sciences, LIGO, law.invention, Telescope, Positron, law, 0103 physical sciences, International Space Station, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) space experiment, which has been developed by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States, is a high-energy astroparticle physics mission on the International Space Station (ISS). The primary goals of the CALET mission include investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, detailed study of galactic cosmic-ray acceleration and propagation, and search for dark matter signatures. With a long-term observation onboard the ISS, the CALET experiment measures the flux of cosmic-ray electrons (including positrons) up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays to 10 TeV, and nuclei up to 1,000 TeV based on its charge separation capability from Z = 1 to 40. Since the start of science operation in mid-October, 2015, a continuous observation has been maintained without any major interruptions. The number of triggered events over 10 GeV is nearly 20 million per month. By using the data obtained during the first two-years, here we present a summary of the CALET observations: 1) Electron+positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation with a characterization of the on-orbit performance. The search results for the electromagnetic counterparts of LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are also discussed.
Published: 2019

44. Cosmic ray electrons and positrons over decade with the PAMELA experiment

Author: P. Spillantini, O. Adriani, W. Menn, F. Cafagna, V. Bonvicini, A. Bruno, S. Yu. Krutkov, Yu. I. Stozhkov, M. Bongi, M. Merge, L. Marcelli, Maria Teresa Ricci, A. Vacchi, V. V. Mikhailov, S. V. Koldashov, P. Carlson, S. O. Kleymenova, Sergey Koldobskiy, Riccardo Munini, G. C. Barbarino, G. A. Bazilevskaya, D. Campana, C. De Santis, André Monaco, Marco Casolino, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, M. Simon, P. Picozza, Yu. T. Yurkin, V. Di Felice, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, N. Zampa, V. V. Malakhov, Mirko Boezio, P. Papini, Alexey Leonov, E. Vannuccini, G. I. Vasiliev, R. Sparvoli, Nicola Mori, Roberto Bellotti, A. N. Kvashnin, Matteo Martucci, A. M. Galper, E. Mocchiutti, A. V. Karelin, S. A. Voronov, G. Castellini, A. G. Mayorova, E. A. Bogomolov, G. Osteria, Mikhailov, V. V., Adriani, O., Barbarino, G., Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F. S., Campana, D., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Santis, C., Di Felice, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Kleymenova, S. O., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A. A., Malakhov, V. V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorova, A. G., Menn, W., Merge, M., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Papini, P., Panico, B., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasiliev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., and Zampa, N.
Subjects: Physics, History, Earth's orbit, Antiparticle, Settore FIS/04, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, COSMIC RAYS, Electron, Computer Science Applications, Education, SOLAR MINIMA, Positron, Physics::Space Physics, Satellite, WIDE ENERGY RANGE
Abstract: The PAMELA experiment has measured cosmic ray particles and antiparticles fluxes at Earth orbit from June 2006 till January 2016 onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite. Measurements were carried out during the solar minimum of 23 solar cycle with negative polarity A < 0 of heliospheric magnetic field till the beginning of 24 cycle with positive polarity A > 0. In this paper, the results of observations of electron and positron fluxes are presented in wide energy range from several hundreds MeVs till several TeVs These measurements provide important information to study cosmic ray sources and propagation in Galaxy and heliosphere.
Published: 2019

45. Direct Measurement of the Cosmic-Ray Proton Spectrum from 50 GeV to 10 TeV with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station

Author: K. Sakai, Y. Tsunesada, Gabriele Bigongiari, Eugenio Berti, A. A. Moiseev, A. Yoshida, Brian Rauch, Y. Katayose, Shinji Ueno, J. P. Wefel, T. G. Guzik, J. H. Buckley, F. Stolzi, K. Mori, Y. Kawakubo, J. F. Ormes, W. R. Binns, Y. Shimizu, Paolo Maestro, Henric Krawczynski, Ryuho Kataoka, M. Bongi, Yoichi Asaoka, N. Cannady, T. Hams, G. Castellini, Shohei Yanagita, Satoshi Nakahira, S. Okuno, Shoji Torii, J. E. Suh, N. Mori, Kenji Yoshida, Holger Motz, K. Hibino, Y. Uchihori, M. Ichimura, Norita Kawanaka, M. H. Israel, G. Collazuol, Maria Grazia Bagliesi, F. Palma, Teimuraz Lomtadze, G. A. de Nolfo, Y. Akaike, K. Ebisawa, L. Pacini, Katsuaki Asano, S. Bonechi, A. V. Penacchioni, O. Adriani, S. B. Ricciarini, Michael Cherry, Kunihito Ioka, R. Sparvoli, T. Tamura, Masaki Mori, K. Kasahara, Manami Sasaki, H. Murakami, T. Sakamoto, P. Papini, N. Hasebe, E. Vannuccini, Kazuoki Munakata, Jun Kataoka, Jun Nishimura, V. Di Felice, Kazunori Kohri, Masahiro Takayanagi, Kazutaka Yamaoka, H. Tomida, A. Bruno, Masato Takita, Chihiro Kato, S. Ozawa, P. Spillantini, W. Ishizaki, Alberto Messineo, C. Checchia, Toshio Terasawa, P. S. Marrocchesi, John Mitchell, John F. Krizmanic, A. Sulaj, I. Takahashi, A. Shiomi, H. Fuke, Paolo Brogi, and S. Miyake
Subjects: Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, CALET, Cosmic ray, Electron, Calorimetry, 01 natural sciences, Power law, International Space Station, law.invention, SUPERNOVA-REMNANTS, ENERGY, COMPONENT, Telescope, Nuclear physics, Cosmic ray measurement, law, 0103 physical sciences, Cosmic Ray Proton Spectrum, 010306 general physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Spectral index, Spectrometer, Settore FIS/04, Space stations, Cosmic Ray Proton Spectrum, CALET Experiment, International Space Station, Spectrum analysis, CALET Experiment, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nucleon
Abstract: 著者人数: CALET Collaboration 100名 (所属. 宇宙航空研究開発機構宇宙科学研究所(JAXA)(ISAS): 海老沢, 研; 福家, 英之; 森, 国城; 西村, 純; 高柳, 昌弘; 冨田, 洋; 上野, 史郎), Number of authors: 100 (Affiliation. Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)(ISAS): Ebisawa, Ken; Fuke, Hideyuki; Mori, Kunishiro; Nishimura, Jun; Takayanagi, Masahiro; Tomida, Hiroshi; Ueno, Shiro), 資料番号: SA1190040000
Published: 2019

46. The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the international space station: Results from the first two years on orbit

Author: A. M. Messineo, G. Castellini, A. Sulaj, N. Tateyama, F. Stolzi, Paolo Papini, G. A. de Nolfo, Shunsuke Ozawa, Seiya Ueno, P. Brogi, L. Pacini, Nicola Mori, J. E. Suh, Y. Katayose, Holger Motz, T. G. Guzik, V. Pal'shin, Satoshi Sugita, P. Spillantini, Katsuaki Kasahara, S. Yanagita, K. Hibino, Nobuyuki Hasebe, Chihiro Kato, Y. Kawakubo, Shoji Torii, Ryuho Kataoka, Hideyuki Fuke, Roberta Sparvoli, S. Bonechi, John Mitchell, Henric Krawczynski, N. Cannady, Shoko Miyake, G. Bigongiari, John Krizmanic, M. H. Israel, Kazutaka Yamaoka, A. Shiomi, Kazuoki Munakata, E. Vannuccini, Y. Shimizu, Atsumasa Yoshida, J. F. Ormes, M. Bongi, Yoichi Asaoka, Wataru Ishizaki, Yukio Uchihori, Maria Grazia Bagliesi, H. Tomida, T. Hams, J. Nishimura, Emanuele Berti, Kenji Yoshida, M. Ichimura, T. Lomtadze, G. Collazuol, Toshio Terasawa, Katsuaki Asano, H. Murakami, C. Checchia, Yoshiki Tsunesada, W. R. Binns, Kazunori Kohri, K. Sakai, V. Di Felice, Alexander Moiseev, J. Kataoka, A. Bruno, A. V. Penacchioni, T. Tamura, Manami Sasaki, J. H. Buckley, O. Adriani, Kunihito Ioka, T. Sakamoto, Masato Takita, Y Akaike, I. Takahashi, S. B. Ricciarini, Michael Cherry, Masaki Mori, Satoshi Nakahira, K. Mori, P. Maestro, Brian Rauch, M. Takayanagi, John P. Wefel, Norita Kawanaka, F. Palma, Ken Ebisawa, S. Okuno, and P. S. Marrocchesi
Subjects: History, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, astro-ph.HE, International Space stations, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Education, law.invention, Telescope, Positron, law, 0103 physical sciences, International Space Station, Gamma-ray observations, 010306 general physics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Settore FIS/01, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Astroparticle physics, Physics, Cosmic ray electrons, Gravitational wave, Gamma rays, Astronomy, LIGO, Computer Science Applications, Particle acceleration, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Telescopes
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a high-energy astroparticle physics space experiment installed on the International Space Station (ISS), developed and operated by Japan in collaboration with Italy and the United States. The CALET mission goals include the investigation of possible nearby sources of high-energy electrons, of the details of galactic particle acceleration and propagation, and of potential signatures of dark matter. CALET measures the cosmic-ray electron + positron flux up to 20 TeV, gamma-rays up to 10 TeV, and nuclei with Z=1 to 40 up to 1,000 TeV for the more abundant elements during a long-term observation aboard the ISS. Starting science operation in mid-October 2015, CALET performed continuous observation without major interruption with close to 20 million triggered events over 10 GeV per month. Based on the data taken during the first two-years, we present an overview of CALET observations: uses w/o major interruption 1) Electron + positron energy spectrum, 2) Nuclei analysis, 3) Gamma-ray observation including a characterization of on-orbit performance. Results of the electromagnetic counterpart search for LIGO/Virgo gravitational wave events are discussed as well., 10 pages, 10 figures, a contribution to the proceedings of 26th Extended European Cosmic Ray Symposium, 6-10 July 2018, Russia, which summarizes our recent publications such as arXiv:1712.01711, arXiv:1712.01757, arXiv:1803.05834, arXiv:1806.09728, and arXiv:1807.01435
Published: 2019

47. CaloCube: A new concept calorimeter for the detection of high energy cosmic rays in space

Author: E Berti, O Adriani, S Albergo, G Ambrosi, L Auditore, A Basti, G Bigongiari, L Bonechi, S Bonechi, M Bongi, V Bonvicini, S Bottai, P Brogi, G Cappello, P W Cattaneo, R D Alessandro, S Detti, M Duranti, M Fasoli, N Finetti, V Formato, M Ionica, A Italiano, P Lenzi, P Maestro, P S Marrocchesi, N Mori, G Orzan, M Olmi, L Pacini, P Papini, A Rappoldi, S Ricciarini, A Sciuto, G Silvestre, O Starodubtsev, F Stolzi, J E Suh, A Sulaj, A Tiberio, A Tricomi, A Trifirò, M Trimarchi, E Vannuccini, A Vedda, G Zampa, N Zampa, Berti, E, Adriani, O, Albergo, S, Ambrosi, G, Auditore, L, Basti, A, Bigongiari, G, Bonechi, L, Bonechi, S, Bongi, M, Bonvicini, V, Bottai, S, Brogi, P, Cappello, G, Cattaneo, P, Alessandro, R, Detti, S, Duranti, M, Fasoli, M, Finetti, N, Formato, V, Ionica, M, Italiano, A, Lenzi, P, Maestro, P, Marrocchesi, P, Mori, N, Orzan, G, Olmi, M, Pacini, L, Papini, P, Rappoldi, A, Ricciarini, S, Sciuto, A, Silvestre, G, Starodubtsev, O, Stolzi, F, Suh, J, Sulaj, A, Tiberio, A, Tricomi, A, Trifir, A, Trimarchi, M, Vannuccini, E, Vedda, A, Zampa, G, and Zampa, N
Subjects: Energy resolutions, History, Calorimeters, CsI, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, calorimeter, energy resolution, High Energy Physics::Experiment, High energy physics, Cosmic rays, Computer Science Applications, Education, crystal
Abstract: Given the good performances in terms of geometrical acceptance and energy resolution, calorimeters are the best suited detectors to measure high energy cosmic rays directly in space. However, in order to exploit this potential, the design of calorimeters must be carefully optimized to take into account all limitations related to space missions, due mainly to the mass of the experimental apparatus. CaloCube is a three years R&D project, approved and financed by INFN in 2014, aiming to optimize the design of a space-borne calorimeter by the use of a cubic, homogeneous and isotropic geometry. In order to maximize detector performances with respect to the total mass of the apparatus, comparative studies on different scintillating materials, different sizes of crystals and different spacings among them have been performed making use of Monte Carlo simulations. In parallel to this activity, several prototypes instrumented with CsI:Tl cubic crystals have been constructed and tested with particle beams (muons, electrons, protons and ions). Both simulations and prototypes showed that the CaloCube design leads to a good particle energy resolution (< 2% for electromagnetic showers, < 40% for hadronic showers) and a good effective geometric factor (> 3:5 m2 sr for electromagnetic showers, > 2:5 m2 sr for hadronic showers). Thanks to these performances, in 5 years of operation it would be possible to measure the ux of electrons+positrons up to some tens of TeV and the uxes of protons and nuclei up to some units of PeV/nucleon, hence extending these measurements by at least one order of magnitude in energy compared to the experiments currently operating in space.
Published: 2019

48. CALET Results after Three Years on Orbit on the International Space Station

Author: Y. Akaike, A. Bruno, Paolo Maestro, O. Adriani, F. Stolzi, Nicola Mori, T. Tamura, F. Palma, Brian Rauch, Alberto Messineo, Katsuaki Kasahara, C. Checchia, John Mitchell, M. Sasaki, Kazuoki Munakata, G. Collazuol, Kenji Yoshida, M. Ichimura, Gabriele Bigongiari, M. Bongi, Eugenio Berti, Michael Cherry, Y. Kawakubo, Masaki Mori, J. P. Wefel, S. Miyake, Shoji Torii, M. H. Israel, Yoichi Asaoka, L. Pacini, S. B. Ricciarini, P. Papini, Holger Motz, Paolo Brogi, P. S. Marrocchesi, A. Sulaj, T. Sakamoto, T. G. Guzik, John Krizmanic, and N. Cannady
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Dark matter, Cosmic ray, astroparticle physics, cosmic rays sources, cosmic rays propagation, cosmic rays energy spectrum, cosmic rays composition, international space station, Scintillator, dark matter, law.invention, Telescope, Hodoscope, cosmic rays, law, cosmic rays sources, International Space Station, cosmic rays composition, cosmic rays energy spectrum, Astroparticle physics, Physics, Calorimeter (particle physics), international space station, Astronomy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, astroparticle physics, antiprotons, cosmic rays propagation
Abstract: The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is an astroparticle physics experiment installed on the International Space Station since August 2015. The CALET mission was conceived to address several outstanding questions of high-energy astroparticle physics, like indirect detection of dark matter, the origin of cosmic rays (CRs), their mechanisms of acceleration and galactic propagation, the presence of possible nearby astrophysical CR sources. That can be achieved by precise measurements of the fluxes of CR electrons and γ rays up to the unexplored region above 1 TeV, and the energy spectra and composition of CR nuclei from a few tens of GeV to hundreds of TeV. In order to perform these observations, the instrument combines a thick total absorption PWO crystal calorimeter for energy measurement, a scintillator hodoscope for charge identification and thin imaging tungsten-scintillating fiber calorimeter providing accurate particle tracking and complementary charge measurement. In this paper, we will present an overview of the main CALET results based on the data collected in the first three years of the mission.
Published: 2019

49. Force-field parameterization of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum: Validation for Forbush decreases

Author: R. Carbone, Sergey Koldobskiy, G. C. Barbarino, S. Y. Krutkov, V. Formato, A. V. Karelin, S. A. Voronov, G. A. Kovaltsov, N. Zampa, G. A. Bazilevskaya, E. A. Bogomolov, Laura Rossetto, V. Bonvicini, Yu. T. Yurkin, Y. I. Stozhkov, V. G. Zverev, P. Picozza, G. Osteria, P. Spillantini, Nicola Mori, M. Simon, N. De Simone, E. Mocchiutti, L. Marcelli, Alfonso Monaco, A. Vacchi, V. Di Felice, R. Sparvoli, M. Merge, A. Bruno, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, Marco Ricci, G. I. Vasilyev, Roberto Bellotti, A. M. Galper, C. De Santis, A. N. Kvashnin, Riccardo Munini, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, Per Carlson, V. V. Malakhov, P. Papini, E. Vannuccini, Ilya Usoskin, V. V. Mikhailov, C. De Donato, F. Cafagna, Matteo Martucci, Sergey Koldashov, A. G. Mayorov, G. Castellini, Valentina Scotti, Alexey Leonov, F. Palma, Mirko Boezio, D. Campana, Ritabrata Sarkar, Marco Casolino, O. Adriani, S. Bottai, W. Menn, M. Bongi, C. Pizzolotto, G., Usoskin, G. A., Kovaltsov, O., Adriani, G. C., Barbarino, G. A., Bazilevskaya, R., Bellotti, M., Boezio, E. A., Bogomolov, M., Bongi, V., Bonvicini, S., Bottai, A., Bruno, F., Cafagna, D., Campana, R., Carbone, P., Carlson, M., Casolino, G., Castellini, C., De Donato, C., De Santi, N., De Simone, V., Di Felice, V., Formato, A. M., Galper, A. V., Karelin, S. V., Koldashov, S. A., Koldobskiy, S. Y., Krutkov, A. N., Kvashnin, A. A., Leonov, V., Malakhov, L., Marcelli, M., Martucci, A. G., Mayorov, W., Menn, M., Mergè, V. V., Mikhailov, E., Mocchiutti, A., Monaco, N., Mori, Munini, Riccardo, G., Osteria, F., Palma, B., Panico, P., Papini, M., Pearce, P., Picozza, C., Pizzolotto, M., Ricci, S. B., Ricciarini, L., Rossetto, R., Sarkar, V., Scotti, V. M., Simon, Sparvoli, P., Spillantini, Y. I., Stozhkov, P., Vacchi, E., Vannuccini, G. I., Vasilyev, S. A., Voronov, Y. T., Yurkin, G., Zampa, N., Zampa, V. G., Zverev, Usoskin, I. G., Kovaltsov, G. A., Adriani, O., Barbarino, Giancarlo, Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Formato, V., Galper, A. M., Karelin, A. V., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskiy, S., Krutkov, S. Y., Kvashnin, A. N., Leonov, A., Malakhov, V., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Mayorov, A. G., Menn, W., Mergé, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Pizzolotto, C., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Rossetto, L., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Simon, M., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Stozhkov, Y. I., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasilyev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Yurkin, Y. T., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., and Zverev, V. G.
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Aerospace Engineering, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Cosmic rays, Forbush decrease, Heliosphere, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Geophysics, Energy spectrum, Settore FIS/01, Physics, Spectrum (functional analysis), Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Force field parameterization, Geophysics, Physics::Space Physics, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Parametrization
Abstract: A useful parametrization of the energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) near Earth is offered by the so-called force-field model which describes the shape of the entire spectrum with a single parameter, the modulation potential. While the usefulness of the force-field approximation has been confirmed for regular periods of solar modulation, it was not tested explicitly for disturbed periods, when \GCR\ are locally modulated by strong interplanetary transients. Here we use direct measurements of protons and α -particles performed by the \PAMELA\ space-borne instrument during December 2006, including a major Forbush decrease, in order to directly test the validity of the force-field parameterization. We conclude that (1) The force-field parametrization works very well in describing the energy spectra of protons and α -particles directly measured by \PAMELA\ outside the Earths atmosphere; (2) The energy spectrum of \GCR\ can be well parameterized by the force-field model also during a strong Forbush decrease; (3) The estimate of the \GCR\ modulation parameter, obtained using data from the world-wide neutron monitor network, is in good agreement with the spectra directly measured by \PAMELA\ during the studied interval. This result is obtained on the basis of a single event analysis, more events need to be analyzed.
Published: 2015

50. Measurement of the large-scale anisotropy of cosmic rays in the PAMELA experiment

Author: P. Spillantini, S. A. Koldobskii, E. Mocchiutti, G. I. Vasil’ev, V. Bonvicini, Mark Pearce, S. B. Ricciarini, Marco Ricci, Roberta Sparvoli, C. De Santis, P. Papini, Per Carlson, M. Bongi, E. Vannuccini, S. Bottai, C. De Donato, M. Simon, L. Marcelli, A. Vacchi, V. Di Felice, V. V. Malakhov, Mirko Boezio, A. Bruno, Alfonso Monaco, Sergey Koldashov, Riccardo Munini, E. A. Bogomolov, W. Menn, P. Picozza, Valerio Formato, S. Yu. Krutkov, F. Cafagna, Yu. T. Yurkin, R. Carbone, M. Merge, G. Osteria, N. Zampa, O. Adriani, S. A. Voronov, D. Campana, A. G. Maiorov, Alexey Leonov, V. V. Mikhailov, Nicola Mori, Marco Casolino, Ritabrata Sarkar, Valentina Scotti, G. Castellini, F. Palma, G. A. Bazilevskaya, Matteo Martucci, Roberto Bellotti, A. M. Galper, G. C. Barbarino, A. N. Kvashnin, A. V. Karelin, N. De Simone, G. Zampa, Beatrice Panico, M. L. Rosetto, A. V., Karelin, O., Adriani, G. C., Barbarino, G. A., Bazilevskaya, R., Bellotti, M., Boezio, E. A., Bogomolov, M., Bongi, V., Bonvicini, S., Bottai, A., Bruno, A., Vacchi, E., Vannuccini, G. I., Vasil’Ev, S. A., Voronov, A. M., Galper, C., De Donato, C., De Santi, N., De Simone, V., Di Felice, G., Zampa, N., Zampa, F., Cafagna, D., Campana, R., Carbone, P., Carlson, M., Casolino, G., Castellini, A. N., Kvashnin, S. V., Koldashov, S. A., Koldobskii, S. Y., Krutkov, A. A., Leonov, L., Marcelli, M., Martucci, A. G., Maiorov, V. V., Malakhov, W., Menn, M., Mergè, V. V., Mikhailov, E., Mocchiutti, A., Monaco, N., Mori, Munini, Riccardo, G., Osteria, F., Palma, B., Panico, P., Papini, M., Pearce, P., Picozza, M., Ricci, S. B., Ricciarini, M. L., Rosetto, M., Simon, R., Sarkar, V., Scotti, R., Sparvoli, P., Spillantini, V., Formato, Y. T., Yurkin, Karelin, A. V., Adriani, O., Barbarino, Giancarlo, Bazilevskaya, G. A., Bellotti, R., Boezio, M., Bogomolov, E. A., Bongi, M., Bonvicini, V., Bottai, S., Bruno, A., Vacchi, A., Vannuccini, E., Vasil’Ev, G. I., Voronov, S. A., Gal’Per, A. M., De Donato, C., De Santis, C., De Simone, N., Di Felice, V., Zampa, G., Zampa, N., Cafagna, F., Campana, D., Carbone, R., Carlson, P., Casolino, M., Castellini, G., Kvashnin, A. N., Koldashov, S. V., Koldobskii, S. A., Krut’Kov, S. Y. u., Leonov, A. A., Marcelli, L., Martucci, M., Maiorov, A. G., Malakhov, V. V., Menn, W., Mergè, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Mocchiutti, E., Monaco, A., Mori, N., Munini, R., Osteria, G., Palma, F., Panico, B., Papini, P., Pearce, M., Picozza, P., Ricci, M., Ricciarini, S. B., Rosetto, M. L., Simon, M., Sarkar, R., Scotti, V., Sparvoli, R., Spillantini, P., Formato, V., and Yurkin, Y. u. T.
Subjects: Physics, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Scale (ratio), Settore FIS/04, Astronomy, Cosmic ray, anisotropy, Astrophysics, Galaxy, satellite experiment, Physics::Geophysics, Dipole, cosmic rays, PAMELA, Equatorial coordinate system, Physics::Space Physics, Magnitude (astronomy), Cosmic Rays, anisotropy, PAMELA, Satellite, Anisotropy, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
Abstract: Large-scale anisotropy or so-called sidereal-diurnal wave has been detected in the PAMELA satellite experiment in the time interval of 2006–2014. The magnitude of anisotropy has been measured simultaneously for the Southern and Northern Hemispheres in the equatorial coordinate system. The results confirm the data of ground-based experiments.
Published: 2015

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