Search

To compare the effects of cortexin, cerebrolysin and actovegin on memory impairment, cerebral circulation and morphological changes in the hippocampus of rats with chronic brain ischemia.The study was conducted using male rats with chronic brain ischemia caused by stenosis of the common carotid arteries by 50%. Animals received cortexin (0,3; 1 or 3 mg/kg), cerebrolysin (0,8; 2,5 or 7,5 ml/kg) and actovegin (5 ml/kg) in two 10-day courses with 10 days of treatment break. The severity of cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Morris water maze, passive and active avoidance tests. Cerebral circulation using laser flowmetry and brain hippocampus structures were studied in the end of treatment.Cognitive impairment in animals with chronic brain ischemia was accompanied by the development of pathological changes in the CA1 and CA4 regions of the hippocampus. Administration of cortexin (1 and 3 mg/kg) and cerebrolysin (2.5 and 7.5 ml/kg) to rats with chronic brain ischemia had almost no effect on cerebral blood flow, but contributed to the improvement in memory formation and retrieval processes in the Morris water maze. The treatment effect was comparable for both drugs and persisted after 10 days of treatment break. Morphological assessment showed a decrease in the severity of pathological changes in the hippocampal regions.The course-administration of cortexin and cerebrolysin lead to a decrease in the severity of memory impairment and pathomorphological changes in the hippocampus in rats with chronic brain ischemia.Оценить влияние курсовой терапии препаратами Кортексин, Церебролизин и Актовегин на состояние памяти, мозговое кровообращение и структуру гиппокампа у крыс с хроническим нарушением мозгового кровообращения (ХНМК).Исследование проводили на крысах-самцах с ХНМК, которое моделировали стенозом сонных артерий на 50%. Лечение проводили двумя 10-дневными курсами (с перерывом 10 дней): вводили Кортексин (0,3; 1 или 3 мг/кг), Церебролизин (0,8; 2,5 или 7,5 мл/кг) и Актовегин (5 мл/кг). Выраженность нарушений памяти оценивали в водном лабиринте Морриса, тестах УРПИ и ТЭИ. На завершающем этапе у животных методом лазерной флоуметрии определяли состояние мозгового кровообращения, после чего проводили морфометрию структур гиппокампа.Нарушения памяти сопровождались морфологическими изменениями в CA1 и CA4 зонах гиппокампа. Курсовое введение животным с ХНМК препаратов Кортексин (1 и 3 мг/кг) и Церебролизин (2,5 и 7,5 мл/кг) значимо не влияло на уровень мозгового кровотока, но способствовало сопоставимому улучшению процессов формирования и сохранения памятного следа в водном лабиринте Морриса, при этом эффект сохранялся после 10-дневной отмены, а при морфологической оценке отмечалась меньшая выраженность патологических изменений в зонах гиппокампа.Курсовое применение препаратов Кортексин и Церебролизин приводит к уменьшению выраженности нарушений памяти и патоморфологических изменений гиппокампа у животных с ХНМК.

The dorsal hippocampus (DH) is responsible for certain forms of learning and memory, and the ventral hippocampus (VH) plays an important role in the realization of stress reactions and anxious forms of behavior. The study was performed on 20 white rats at the age of 12 months. Modeling of combined stress (pulsating bright light, loud sound, vibration) was conducted daily for 30 minutes for 7 days in a special chamber consisting of 6 isolated compartments. In stressed animals (n = 10), in the DH and VH, a decrease the area of the neuronal perikarya (ANP), an increase in the relative number of shrunken neurons with hyperchromatosis of the cytoplasm, an increase in the relative area of GFAP immunoreactive material was observed. In addition, the decrease in relative ANP, width of the pyramidal layer, and the increase in the relative amount of caspase-3-immunopositive neuronal perikarya were observed in DH. With prolonged combined stress in rats at the age of 12 months, the most pronounced changes in the pyramidal layer in the DPH are found in CA3, and in the VH - in CA1.

The results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of serine racemase expression in the hippocampus of rats in chronic cerebral blood-flow disorders modeled by hypergravity in the caudo-cranial vector are presented in this article. A significant increase in the number of defective neurons showing the signs of damage, a decline in the relative density of pyramidal cells in all zones of the hippocampus combined with expressed pericellular and perivasculare dema were revealed. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated intensified serine racemase expression in CA1 as well as translocation of immunoreactive material to the dendrites of pyramidal neurons. The tendency to a decrease in serine racemase expression in CA3 and CA4 was registered.

During postnatal development, mice undergo a period of reduced responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis, the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), which is largely under control of maternal signals. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that this quiescence in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity is mediated by glucocorticoid feedback. For this purpose, the role of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in control of HPA activity was examined during the SHRP and in response to 24 h of maternal deprivation. Nondeprived or deprived (24 h) CD1 mice on postnatal d 8 were injected sc at 16 and 8 h before testing with the MR antagonist RU28318 or the GR antagonist RU38486. The results showed that, in nondeprived mice, blockade of GR rather than MR triggered a profound increase in anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA, circulating ACTH, and corticosterone concentrations. In contrast, CRH mRNA in hypothalamus and GR mRNA in hippocampus and hypothalamus were decreased. Blockade of the GR during the deprivation period amplified the rise in corticosterone induced by maternal deprivation, whereas it reversed the deprivation effect on the other HPA markers, leading to profound increases in plasma ACTH, proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the anterior pituitary, CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus, and MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus, but not in GR mRNA expression in the hippocampus and paraventricular nucleus. In conclusion, the data suggest that control of postnatal pituitary-adrenal activity during the SHRP involves GR-mediated feedback in the anterior pituitary, which is further potentiated in the absence of the mother.

During postnatal development, mice undergo a so-called stress hyporesponsive period, which is characterized by low basal corticosterone levels and the inability of mild stressors to induce a corticosterone response. The stress hyporesponsiveness is in part regulated by maternal factors. Twenty-four hours of deprivation results in an activation of basal and stress-induced corticosterone and a down-regulation of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the brain. It has been hypothesized that the CRH receptor 1 (CRHr1) may play an important regulatory role during development by mediating the effects of maternal deprivation. Using CRHr1-deficient mice we examined the role of this receptor on the maternal deprivation effects and in regulating the expression of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis-related genes. We could demonstrate that the CRHr1 is essential for the activation of the corticosterone response following maternal deprivation, most likely due to the lack of the receptor in the pituitary. Furthermore, we could show that the CRHr1 is regulating the expression of CRH and MRs. In contrast, effects of maternal deprivation during postnatal development on GRs are not mediated by this receptor.

Obesity and visceral fat accumulation are key features of the metabolic syndrome that represents one of the main health problems in western societies due to its neurovascular and cardiovascular complications. Epidemiological studies have identified chronic stress exposure as an important risk factor for the development of obesity and metabolic syndrome, but also psychiatric diseases, especially affective disorders. However, it is still unclear if chronic stress has merely transient or potentially lasting effects on body composition. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic social stress during the adolescent period on body fat composition in mice one year after the cessation of the stressor. We found that stress exposure during the adolescent period decreases subcutaneous fat content, without change in visceral fat, and consequently increases the visceral fat/subcutaneous fat ratio in adulthood. Further, we demonstrated that treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (paroxetine) during stress exposure prevented later effects on body fat distribution. These results from a recently validated chronic stress paradigm in mice provide evidence that stressful experiences during adolescence can alter body fat distribution in adulthood, thereby possibly contributing to an increased risk for metabolic diseases. Antidepressant treatment disrupted this effect underlining the link between the stress hormone system, metabolic homeostasis and affective disorders.

n/a

Vom Standpunkte des Chemikers betrachtet, ist Korksubstanz ein unlOsliches Gemenge von Anhydriden und Polymerisationsprodukten fester und flUssiger Fettsauren mit Resten von Glycerinestern derselben Sauren. Der junge Kork enthalt hOchstwahrscheinlich nur Glyceride, die gleich den trocknenden Olen unter Spaltung und Glycerinverlust allmahlich in die erstgenannten Verbindungen Ubergehen.

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a