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Objectives The aim of the present systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the accuracy of automated landmarking using deep learning in comparison with manual tracing for cephalometric analysis of 3D medical images. Methods PubMed/Medline, IEEE Xplore, Scopus and ArXiv electronic databases were searched. Selection criteria were: ex vivo and in vivo volumetric data images suitable for 3D landmarking (Problem), a minimum of five automated landmarking performed by deep learning method (Intervention), manual landmarking (Comparison), and mean accuracy, in mm, between manual and automated landmarking (Outcome). QUADAS-2 was adapted for quality analysis. Meta-analysis was performed on studies that reported as outcome mean values and standard deviation of the difference (error) between manual and automated landmarking. Linear regression plots were used to analyze correlations between mean accuracy and year of publication. Results The initial electronic screening yielded 252 papers published between 2020 and 2022. A total of 15 studies were included for the qualitative synthesis, whereas 11 studies were used for the meta-analysis. Overall random effect model revealed a mean value of 2.44 mm, with a high heterogeneity (I2 = 98.13%, τ2 = 1.018, p-value p value = 0.012). Conclusion Deep learning algorithms showed an excellent accuracy for automated 3D cephalometric landmarking. In the last two years promising algorithms have been developed and improvements in landmarks annotation accuracy have been done.

To date, the feeding and oral-motor abilities of patients with CHARGE syndrome (CS) have not been longitudinally assessed. This study aims to investigate the level of these abilities at different ages and evaluate how they evolve during growth. We retrospectively analysed oral-motor features of 16 patients with molecularly confirmed CS (age range 4–21 years old; mean 11 years; SD 6 years; median 10 years). Nearly 100% of CS new-borns had weak sucking at birth, and half of them demonstrated poor coordination between breathing and swallowing. Over time, the percentages of children with tube feeding dependence (60% at birth) faced a slow but steady decrease (from 33% at 6 months, 25% at 12 months, to 13% at school age) in tandem with the decreasing risk of aspiration. The ability of eating foods requiring chewing was achieved at school age, after the acquisition of an adequate oral sensory processing. A mature chewing pattern with a variety of food textures was not achieved by more than half of patients, including those requiring artificial enteral nutrition. Most patients started prolonged oral-motor treatments with speech language therapists in early childhood.Conclusions: Although feeding and swallowing disorders are constant features in CS patients, a slow and gradual development of feeding abilities occurs in most cases. Rehabilitation plays a key role in overcoming structural and functional difficulties and attaining appropriate eating skills. What is Known:• Feeding problems and swallowing dysfunction have been noted in CHARGE syndrome.• The involvement of multiple factors, including structural problems in the mouth, throat, or esophagus, and neurological impairment, make feeding a complicated task in CHARGE individuals. What is New:• Dysphagia gradually improves in most CHARGE children over time, though with a wide interindividual variability.• The percentages of children with tube feeding dependence decrease over time from 60% at birth to 33% at 6 months and 13% at school age.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, together with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, is building a new High Field Vertical Magnet Test Facility (HFVMTF) to be situated in the Magnet Test Facility at Fermilab. The HFVMTF is jointly funded by the US DOE Offices of Science, High Energy Physics, and Fusion Energy Sciences, and will serve as a superconducting cable test facility for both communities. The background magnetic field for test samples is 15 T and will be produced by a magnet provided by LBNL operating at 1.9 K in superfluid helium. The samples will be placed in the background magnetic field, cooled to between 4.5 K and a user-specified upper limit, and will be powered with a superconducting transformer at up to 100 kA. Additionally, this facility will be used to test high-field superconducting magnet models and demonstrators, including hybrid magnets, produced by the US Magnet Development Program. Currently, the various tasks of the project are at different stages of execution, from conceptual to ready-for-construction designs. This paper describes the parameters and design status of the pit construction, cryostat, heat exchanger, lambda plate, power system, and quench protection and monitoring systems of the facility.

Within the US Magnet Development Program (MDP) a 15 T Nb3Sn dipole was developed, to demonstrate a magnet design for a post-LHC pp Collider. The magnet design is based on 60 mm aperture 4-layer shell-type coils, graded between the inner and outer layers to maximize the magnet performance. The cable in the two innermost layers has 28 strands 1.0 mm in diameter and the cable in the two outermost layers has 40 strands 0.7 mm in diameter. Both cables use RRP Nb3Sn wires produced by Bruker-OST. Magnet coils are surrounded by vertically-split thick iron laminations, con-nected by aluminum I-clamps, and a thick stainless-steel skin. The magnet was tested at the Vertical Magnet Test Facility (VMTF) at Fermilab. This paper reports the first results of magnetic measure-ments of the 15 T Nb3Sn dipole demonstrator including geometrical harmonics, coil magnetization and iron saturation effects. The ex-perimental data are compared with the magnetic calculations. Within the US Magnet Development Program (MDP), a 15 T Nb3Sn dipole was developed to demonstrate a possible magnet design for a post-LHC proton-proton Collider. The magnet design is based on 60 mm aperture 4-layer shell-type coils, graded between the inner and outer layers to maximize magnet performance. Magnet coils are surrounded by vertically split thick iron laminations, connected by aluminum I-clamps, and a thick stainless-steel skin. The magnet coils were preloaded to achieve 14 T in the first test. The magnet was tested at the Vertical Magnet Test Facility (VMTF) at Fermilab. This paper reports the first results of magnetic measurements of the 15 T Nb3Sn dipole demonstrator, including dipole strength, geometrical harmonics, coil magnetization and iron saturation effects. At the maximum quench current of 9742 A we obtained a dipole strength of 14.13 T.

Purpose Trust in and comparability of assessments are essential in clerkships in undergraduate medical education for many reasons, including ensuring competency in clinical skills and application of knowledge important for the transition to residency and throughout students' careers. The authors examined how assessments are used to determine internal medicine (IM) core clerkship grades across U.S. medical schools. Methods A multisection web-based survey of core IM clerkship directors at 134 U.S. medical schools with membership in the Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine was conducted in October through November 2018. The survey included a section on assessment practices to characterize current grading scales used, who determines students' final clerkship grades, the nature/type of summative assessments, and how assessments are weighted. Respondents were asked about perceptions of the influence of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Medicine Subject Examination (MSE) on students' priorities during the clerkship. Results The response rate was 82.1% (110/134). There was considerable variability in the summative assessments and their weighting in determining final grades. The NBME MSE (91.8%), clinical performance (90.9%), professionalism (70.9%), and written notes (60.0%) were the most commonly used assessments. Clinical performance assessments and the NBME MSE accounted for the largest percentage of the total grade (on average 52.8% and 23.5%, respectively). Eighty-seven percent of respondents were concerned that students' focus on the NBME MSE performance detracted from patient care learning. Conclusions There was considerable variability in what IM clerkships assessed and how those assessments were translated into grades. The NBME MSE was a major contributor to the final grade despite concerns about the impact on patient care learning. These findings underscore the difficulty in comparing learners across institutions and serve to advance discussions for how to improve accuracy and comparability of grading in the clinical environment.

Purpose The ideal surgical solution to reconstruct the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc after it has been removed has remained elusive. The major obstacle has been identifying a durable biocompatible material that will provide for restoration of TMJ function. The present study evaluated the outcomes of the interpositional implantation of a cryopreserved viable osteochondral allograft (CVOCA) combined with a viable cryopreserved umbilical cord tissue (vCUT) allograft after TMJ discectomy in patients with internal derangement and/or degenerative joint disease (DJD). Patients and Methods We implemented a retrospective case series study and enrolled patients with DJD or disc displacement diagnosed using the Diagnostic Criteria of Temporomandibular Disorders, who had undergone interpositional CVOCA and vCUT implantation after TMJ discectomy. The primary outcome variable was pain, measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). The secondary outcomes variables included maximal incisal opening (MIO) and Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) general subscale scores. The primary analysis compared the preoperative measures with those at the last follow-up visit. Descriptive and analytic statistics were computed to summarize the sample's characteristics and assess the pre- and postoperative differences. Results The study sample included 9 patients with a mean age of 36 years, and 44% were men. The VAS scores had decreased significantly from 9.0 ± 2.0 to 3.0 ± 3.0 postoperatively (P = .001). The MIO had increased from 31 ± 5 to 36 ± 5 mm (P = .178). The average GBI general subscale score of 13 ± 46 for the 9 patients showed a trend toward improved quality of life and patient satisfaction with the surgery. The median postoperative follow-up at the time of our report was 15 months (interquartile range, 10; range, 2 to 27) without treatment-related complications. Conclusions The reported outcomes suggest that the interpositional implantation of CVOCA and vCUT after TMJ discectomy could be a solution for reducing TMJ-related pain and restoring TMJ function. Longer follow-up and prospective multicenter studies are warranted.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Pathogenic somatic variants affecting the genes Histone 3 Family 3A and 3B (H3F3) are extensively linked to the process of oncogenesis, in particular related to central nervous system tumors in children. Recently, H3F3 germline missense variants were described as the cause of a novel pediatric neurodevelopmental disorder. We aimed to investigate patterns of brain MR imaging of individuals carrying H3F3 germline variants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we included individuals with proved H3F3 causative genetic variants and available brain MR imaging scans. Clinical and demographic data were retrieved from available medical records. Molecular genetic testing results were classified using the American College of Medical Genetics criteria for variant curation. Brain MR imaging abnormalities were analyzed according to their location, signal intensity, and associated clinical symptoms. Numeric variables were described according to their distribution, with median and interquartile range. RESULTS: Eighteen individuals (10 males, 56%) with H3F3 germline variants were included. Thirteen of 18 individuals (72%) presented with a small posterior fossa. Six individuals (33%) presented with reduced size and an internal rotational appearance of the heads of the caudate nuclei along with an enlarged and squared appearance of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. Five individuals (28%) presented with dysgenesis of the splenium of the corpus callosum. Cortical developmental abnormalities were noted in 8 individuals (44%), with dysgyria and hypoplastic temporal poles being the most frequent presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Imaging phenotypes in germline H3F3-affected individuals are related to brain features, including a small posterior fossa as well as dysgenesis of the corpus callosum, cortical developmental abnormalities, and deformity of lateral ventricles.

The aim of the study was to show the effect that two naturally occurring compounds, a cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, can have on the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells.The PubMed database was searched to retrieve studies published from 2000 to 2020, satisfying the inclusion criteria. The search keywords were: SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, lipid raft, endocytosis, hydroxytyrosol, cyclodextrin. Modeling of alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol were done using UCSF Chimera 1.14.The search results indicated that cyclodextrins can reduce the efficiency of viral endocytosis and that hydroxytyrosol has antiviral properties. Bioinformatic docking studies showed that alpha-cyclodextrin and hydroxytyrosol, alone or in combination, interact with the viral spike protein and its host cell receptor ACE2, thereby potentially influencing the endocytosis process.Hydroxytyrosol and alpha-cyclodextrin can be useful against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoids for the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab. The quench system was designed for a high level of dependability and long-term continuous operation. It is based on three tiers: Tier-I, FPGA-based Digital Quench Detection (DQD); Tier-II, Analog Quench Detection (AQD); and Tier-3, the quench controls and data management system. The Tier-I and Tier-II are completely independent and fully redundant systems. The Tier-3 system is based on National Instruments (NI) C-RIO and provides the user interface for quench controls and data management. It is independent from Tiers I & II. The DQD provides both quench detection and quench characterization (monitoring) capability. Both DQD and AQD have built-in high voltage isolation and user programmable gains and attenuations. The DQD and AQD also includes user configured current dependent thresholding and validation times. A 1st article of the three-tier system was fully implemented on the new Fermilab magnet test stand for the HL-LHC Accelerator Up-grade Project (AUP). It successfully provided quench protection and monitoring (QPM) for a cold superconducting bus test in November 2020. The Mu2e quench detection design has since been implemented for production testing of the AUP magnets. A detailed description of the system along with results from the AUP superconducting bus test will be presented.

Oral cancer is among the deadliest types of malignancy due to the late stage at which it is usually diagnosed, leaving the patient with an average five-year survival rate of less than 50%. The booming field of biosensing and point of care diagnostics can, in this regard, play a major role in the early detection of oral cancer. Saliva is gaining interest as an alternative biofluid for non-invasive diagnostics, and many salivary biomarkers of oral cancer have been proposed. While these findings are promising for the application of salivaomics tools in routine practice, studies on larger cohorts are still needed for clinical validation. This review aims to summarize the most recent development in the field of biosensing related to the detection of salivary biomarkers commonly associated with oral cancer. An introduction to oral cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is given to define the clinical problem clearly, then saliva as an alternative biofluid is presented, along with its advantages, disadvantages, and collection procedures. Finally, a brief paragraph on the most promising salivary biomarkers introduces the sensing technologies commonly exploited to detect oral cancer markers in saliva. Hence this review provides a comprehensive overview of both the clinical and technological advantages and challenges associated with oral cancer detection through salivary biomarkers.

The first part of this article focuses on two major forms of machining-related failures, namely machining workpiece (in-process) failures and machined part (in-service) failures. Discussion centers on machining conditions and metallurgical factors contributing to (in-process) workpiece failures, and undesired surface layers and metallurgical factors contributing to (in-service) machined part failures. The second part of the article discusses the effects of microstructure on machining failures and their preventive measures.

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of a novel cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-hyaluronic acid (HA)-based mouthrinse with chlorhexidine (CHX) and placebo mouthrinses in preventing plaque and gingivitis. The secondary outcomes were calculus, extrinsic stains, oral malodour and occurrence of adverse events. METHODS A 21-day randomized, double-blind, three-arm parallel study with random allocation of young dental students to any of the three mouthrinse groups. Thorough prophylaxis was done at baseline followed by a baseline examination for oral malodour, extrinsic stains, calculus, gingivitis and plaque by a single examiner. All the subjects used the allocated mouthrinse twice daily for 21 days and were examined again at the end of the experimental period. They were also interviewed for adverse events. Change in the scores of clinical indices was calculated and compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 75 subjects were included and completed the experiment. There was a significant difference for change in plaque index scores between the groups (P = .015); subjects in the placebo group experienced higher levels of plaque accumulation than the other groups. Teeth staining increased in the CHX (P

The new LCLS-II Superconducting Linear Accelerator Cryomodules are under construction at Fermilab. Installed inside each Super Conducting Radio Frequency (SCRF) Cryomodule is a superconducting magnet package to focus and steer an electron beam. The iron-dominated magnet package has conductively cooled racetrack-type coils with both quadrupole and dipole windings. For ease of installation, the magnet is splittable in the vertical plane. To confirm magnet specifications, we performed a quality acceptance in a liquid helium bath for quench testing, and we performed high-precision magnetic field measurements. The magnetic and mechanical center alignment was investigated using the vibrating wire technique. Several prototypes and all production units have been tested. This paper summarizes the magnetic measurements and quench test results of all tested units, including comparison of performance and repeatability between different units.

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide, with a daily increase in confirmed cases and infection-related deaths. The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on the 11th of March 2020. COVID-19 presents flu-like symptoms that become severe in high-risk medically compromised subjects. The aim of this study was to perform an updated overview of the treatments and adjuvant protocols for COVID-19. Methods: A systematic literature search of databases was performed (MEDLINE PubMed, Google Scholar, UpToDate, Embase, and Web of Science) using the keywords: “COVID-19”, “2019-nCoV”, “coronavirus” and “SARS-CoV-2” (date range: 1 January 2019 to 31st October 2020), focused on clinical features and treatments. Results: The main treatments retrieved were antivirals, antimalarials, convalescent plasma, immunomodulators, corticosteroids, anticoagulants, and mesenchymal stem cells. Most of the described treatments may provide benefits to COVID-19 subjects, but no one protocol has definitively proven its efficacy. Conclusions: While many efforts are being spent worldwide in research aimed at identifying early diagnostic methods and evidence-based effective treatments, mass vaccination is thought to be the best option against this disease in the near future.

(1) Background: The purpose of the present study was to retrospectively evaluate and compare the outcome of two sinus augmentation grafting protocols using a xenograft or blood clot alone over a 72-month follow-up. (2) Methods: Patients who received simultaneous lateral sinus floor augmentation and implant placement were included. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the grafting material, namely xenograft or blood clot, and into sub-groups based on the residual alveolar bone height (RABH) below the maxillary sinus, namely 4 to 6 mm or &gt, 6 mm. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were calculated for each material group and for each sub-group at 1, 3, and 6 years. (3) Results: In total, 289 implants inserted in 136 patients with a one-stage procedure were considered. A total of 35 failures were registered. Overall survival rates were 94.2% for xenograft and 85.9% for blood clot alone at 1 year, 91.1% and 81.6% at 3 years, and 91.1% and 78.7% at 6 years. (4) Conclusions: In patients with 4–6 mm RABH, graftless interventions exploiting blood clot alone were not as successful as those using xenograft. When the RABH is low, sinus floor augmentation associated with grafting materials should be preferred whenever possible.

The recent introduction of three-dimensional (3D) printing is revolutionizing dentistry and is even being applied to orthodontic treatment of malocclusion. Clear, personalized, removable aligners are a suitable alternative to conventional orthodontic appliances, offering a more comfortable and efficient solution for patients. Including improved oral hygiene and aesthetics during treatment. Contemporarily, clear aligners are produced by a thermoforming process using various types of thermoplastic materials. The thermoforming procedure alters the properties of the material, and the intraoral environment further modifies the properties of a clear aligner, affecting overall performance of the material. Direct 3D printing offers the creation of highly precise clear aligners with soft edges, digitally designed and identically reproduced for an entire set of treatment aligners; offering a better fit, higher efficacy, and reproducibility. Despite the known benefits of 3D printing and the popularity of its dental applications, very limited technical and clinical data are available in the literature about directly printed clear aligners. The present article discusses the advantages of 3D printed aligners in comparison to thermoformed ones, describes the current state of the art, including a discussion of the possible road blocks that exist such as a current lack of approved and marketed materials and limited existence of aligner specific software. The present review suggests the suitability of 3D direct printed aligners is superior to that of thermoformed manufactured aligners because of the prior’s increased accuracy, load resistance, and lower deformation. It is an overall more stable way to produce an aligner where submillimeter movements can make a difference in treatment outcome. Direct 3D printing represents a complex method to control the thickness of the aligner and therefore has a better ability to control the force vectors that are used to produce tooth movement. There is currently no other approved material on the market that can do this. The conclusion of this article is that we encourage further in vitro and in vivo studies to test these new technologies and materials.

At the end of 2019, a new disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 appeared in Wuhan Province in China. Children seemed to be infected less frequently than adults, and family clusters seemed to play an important role in the spread of the pandemic. The aim of this study is to evaluate the serological profile of children and young adults between 4 and 16 years of age in order to assess the transmission patterns of COVID-19 between cohabitants. The subjects lived with at least one cohabitant who tested positive for the disease using a nasopharyngeal swab. To avoid contact with the disease, families were interviewed by telephone. Forty-nine children and adolescents with a mean age of 11 years were then subjected to a rapid lateral flow chromatographic test. Of them, seven (14.3%) were immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive, and four (8.2%) were immunoglobulin M (IgM)-positive. In total, 16.3% of the tested sample had antibodies against SARS-CoV-2: this may confirm the lower vulnerability of children to COVID-19, despite the small sample size. The time from the negativization of the cohabitant until the test day may have influenced the results, especially when this timeframe is wide.

The paper deals with the geomorphological, stratigraphic, geotechnical and stability characteristics of the terraced slopes in the Amalfi-Ravello area (23 km2); the main aim is to evaluate the safety factors of the terrace – dry masonry wall system and to identify the main causes which could cause the collapse. Thanks to several on-site inspections aimed at defining the size of the masonry walls and collecting pyroclastic soils supported by the walls, physical-mechanical laboratory tests and numerical stability analyses were carried out. The latter were performed in both static and dynamic conditions, also evaluating the thrust on the artifact attributable to the formation of perched groundwater tables at the back of the wall. This study showed that in the condition of lack of water infiltration from the rainfalls behind the wall, the whole terrace-wall system is stable, on the contrary it fails. For this reason, the need to install drainage systems that remove rainwater and prevent its infiltration has risen. Taking into account the extension of the terraces in the study area (about 163 km) and the abandonment of ancient agronomic practices in many areas that are difficult to reach, it is believed that this intervention can improve, in many cases, the global stability of these anthropized territories, although highly vulnerable.

Accelerator magnet test facilities frequently need to measure different magnets on differently equipped test stands and with different instrumentation. Designing a modular and highly reusable system that combines flexibility built-in at the architectural level as well as on the component level addresses this need. Specification of the backbone of the system, with the interfaces and dataflow for software components and core hardware modules, serves as a basis for building such a system. The design process and implementation of an extensible magnetic measurement data acquisition and control system are described, including techniques for maximizing the reuse of software. The discussion is supported by showing the application of this methodology to constructing two dissimilar systems for rotating coil measurements, both based on the same architecture and sharing core hardware modules and many software components. The first system is for production testing 10 m long cryo-assemblies containing two MQXFA quadrupole magnets for the high-luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider and the second for testing IQC conventional quadrupole magnets in support of the accelerator system at Fermilab.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Dye plants catalog, sorted by APG IV criteria.

Additional file 4: Supplementary Table 3. Dye algae catalog.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Table 2. Dye fungi and lichens catalog.

Additional file 1: Supplementary File 1. A wider and more complete database and the currently available data.

The continuous cooling transformation (CCT) behavior of eight 2¼Cr-1Mo steels from a statistically designed matrix was determined. These steels contained two levels of carbon (0.07 and 0.16 wt.%), manganese (0.35 and 0.85%), chromium (1.5 and 2.8%), and molybdenum (0.3 and 1.25%). Each steel was tested in a quenching dilatometer at five to six cooling rates between 725 and 1.2 °C/min. For each CCT sample, the change in length, microstructure, and macrohardness were determined. The ferrite content was also measured for samples cooled near the ferrite nose. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed for various CCT diagram parameters. The correlation analysis showed that carbon and chromium contents significantly affected the critical temperatures and the bainite and martensite transformation temperatures. Increasing carbon content significantly increased the hardness for the bainite and martensite range of cooling rates, but hardness at slower cooling rates was unaffected by alloying elements. Regression equations were obtained for the critical temperatures and the ferrite nose cooling rate.

3D optical, surface imaging is becoming an important instrument for diagnosis, treatment planning and follow up of children, who should not receive ionizing radiations unless strictly necessary. The instruments are fast, safe, and neither painful nor fastidious. Their use for clinical applications should be accompanied by a systematic data collection in healthy young people, spanning from birth to late adolescence into young adulthood. Researchers all over the world should collaborate towards this goal, with the definition of these new facial standards.

Introduction: Intraoral scanning techniques, laser scans and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) are becoming widely diffused in dental practice. These instruments can replace dental plaster casts with digital models; recent investigations have found that measurements taken on digital models do not differ clinically from those obtained on CBCT scans and physical models, but only intra-examiner reliability has been assessed. In the current study we tested both intra- and inter-examiner variations, together with inter-techniques reliability. Methodology: Data from six adult subjects were retrospectively obtained. Twelve dental distances were measured on dental plaster casts using a digital calliper; on digital 3D CBCT images using inVivoDental software (Anatomage, San Jose, CA); and on laser scanned surfaces using Mirror Vectra Software (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, NJ). Two different operators performed all measurements twice. Bland-Altman analysis, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were used for comparisons. Results: The intra- and inter-operator biases range was 0-0.34 mm. The reproducibility range was 72-99%. The three different techniques gave very similar measurements, with biases between ±0.1 mm. Reproducibility ranged between 90 and 100%; the best reproducibility coefficients were found between plaster and digital casts, and only three differences were larger than 0.5 mm. Calliper measurements slightly overestimated digital casts values. Only the mesiodistal distance of tooth 24 (p=0.002) was significantly different among techniques. Conclusion: Measurements on digital dental models and CBCT reconstructions of the dental arches seem clinically reliable as direct calliper measurements. The inter- and intra-operator reliabilities were acceptable, some more care may be needed for CBCT measurements.