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A lectin (designated as ARL) was purified first time from the Asparagus racemosus root with the molecular weight of 14.0 kDa containing about 4.8% carbohydrate. ARL showed hemagglutination activity in both mice and human erythrocytes that were inhibited by three complex sugars among the 26 sugars tested. ARL was thermostable that mostly preserved activity at its optimum pH 8.0. Around 48% and 52.5% human colorectal cancer (HCT-116) cells growth was inhibited by 160 μg/ml of ARL and 256 μg/ml of previously purified Geodorum densiflorum rhizome lectin (GDL). Induction of apoptosis in HCT-116 cells was confirmed by Hoechst 33342 staining, caspase inhibitors, but ROS generation was only observed for ARL. The expression level of BAX and p53 genes increased with a decrease of PARP gene expression for both lectins. The expression of FAS and FADD were increased with the decrease of WNT after treatment with GDL. ARL inhibited 68% and 26% of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell growth in vivo in mice after treating with 3.0 and 1.5 mg/kg/day doses for five consecutive days. ARL increased the expression level of NFκB and arrested S cell cycle phase in EAC cells, in contrast, G2/M phase was arrested by ARL and GDL in HCT-116.

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the most severe form of protein energy malnutrition (PEM). Few studies found serum electrolyte, serum calcium level changes as important factors of poor outcome. Hypoglycemia is already established as a risk factor for death in severe acute malnutrition. Edema, diarrhea and vomiting are commonly present in severe acute malnutrition which has impact on electrolyte balance and blood sugar level in healthy children. Their impact in severe acute malnutrition is not clearly established. This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, MMCH from March 2018 to October 2019 to estimate serum electrolyte, serum calcium and random blood sugar level in severe acute malnutrition and their relationship with edema, vomiting and diarrhea. Forty-one (41) cases of SAM were enrolled in this study. Test samples were collected before starting the treatment. Case record form was used to collect information. Cases were divided into Group A and Group B based on the presence or absence of vomiting or diarrhea, respectively. Again, all cases were divided into Group C and Group D based on presence or absence of edema, respectively. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics version 23. Mean age was 9.71±10.4 months with 85.36% having age less than 1 year. Twenty-four (58.5%) were male and 17(41.5%) were female. Parents had low level of education with 48.8% mother and 51.2% father having primary education or no education. Higher number of serum electrolyte, serum calcium and blood sugar were found with hyperglycemia present in 29.3%, hypocalcemia in 22%, hypokalemia in 22% and hyponatremia in 19.5% cases. Hypokalemia was present more in SAM with vomiting or diarrhea (p=0.008). Other disturbances do not vary on presence or absence of edema and vomiting or diarrhea. Result of the present study shows hypokalemia is associated with SAM with vomiting/diarrhea. Hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyponatremia and hypernatremia were also present in high number. These changes should be detected early and treated accordingly.

Recently, green synthesis of silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl-NPs) has gained a lot of interest because of the usage of natural resources, rapidness, eco-friendliness, and benignancy. Several researchers reported that silver-based biogenic NPs have both antimicrobial and anticancer properties. In the present study, Ag/AgCl-NPs were synthesized from Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract, and their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiproliferative mechanisms against human MCF-7 cell lines were evaluated. Synthesis of Ag/AgCl-NPs from the Z. mauritiana fruit extract was confirmed by the changes of color and a peak of the UV–visible spectrum at 428 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, X-ray powder diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, atomic force microscope, and Fourier transform infrared. Antibacterial activity was checked against four pathogenic bacteria and two fungi. Cytotoxicity was checked against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and mice Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells by MTS assay and clonogenicity assay. Cell morphology of the control and nanoparticle-treated MCF-7 cells were checked by Hoechst 33342, YF488-Annexin V, and caspase-3 substrates. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was studied by using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression. Synthesized nanoparticles were heat stable cubic crystals with an average size of 16 nm that contain silver and chlorine with various functional groups. The synthesized Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited the growth of three pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Shigella boydii, and Escherichia coli) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma spp.). Ag/AgCl-NPs inhibited the growth of MCF-7 and EAC cells with the IC50 values of 28 and 84 μg/mL, respectively. No colony was formed in MCF-7 cells in the presence of these nanoparticles as compared with control. Ag/AgCl-NPs induced apoptosis and generated ROS in MCF-7 cells. The expression level of FAS, FADD, and caspase-8 genes increased several folds with the decrease of PARP gene expression. These results demonstrated that the anti-proliferation activity of Ag/AgCl-NPs against MCF-7 cells resulted through ROS generation and induction of apoptosis through the Fas-mediated pathway.

Elderly women are very much prone to develop fracture at neck of femur sustained by even minute trauma. Most of the cases are due to fall. Osteoporosis gives rise to this vulnerable condition. In developing countries like Bangladesh the women of rural areas are the prime victims mostly due to illiteracy. To assess the quality-of-life (QOL) of elderly women (60 years) with untreated hip fractures in a rural areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh is the objective of this study. This prospective study was done from January 2019 to December 2019 in Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of Mymensingh Medical Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Twenty-five elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur were enlisted in this study. EuroQol (EQ-5D) was applied to assess the Quality of life of subjects before and after the situation. Twenty-five elderly women of healed operated neck of femur were included as comparison group, matched for age, economic condition and educational status among neighborhood people. So, sample size was fifty. Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were applied to compare EQ-5D mean scores. Participants with hip fracture, 60% (15/25), 68% (17/25), 68% (17/25), 60% (15/25) and 92% (23/25) reported severe problems with mobility, pain, usual activity, self-care and anxiety respectively. The EQ-5D mean score among the elderly with fracture neck of femur was 0.198 (SD 0.14). It was low when compared with the same subjects before the occurrence of the event (Z-6.522, p0.001) and as compared with the comparison group (Z-7.92 p0.001). QOL scores assessed using EQ-5D index scores was poor among elderly women with untreated fracture neck of femur as compared with the healed operated comparison group. Vast majority of study participants in this study were reported severe problems like mobility, pain, usual activity and self-care and anxiety.

This research was conducted to find out the seasonal (monsoon and post monsoon) variation in gut contents ofLabeo calbasufrom June to November, 2016 in Dekharhaorof Sunamgonj district, Bangladesh. Three orders of phytoplankton were identified from the gut contentviz.Bacillariophyceae (11 genera), Chlorophyceae (9 genera), and Cyanophyceae (4 genera). Bacillariophyceae (6.98±1.61×103cell/L) were identified as the most dominant phytoplankton group. Two types of zooplanktonviz.crustacean (5 genera) and rotifer (5 genera) were identified. Crustaceans (0.88±0.4×103cell/L) were identified as the dominant group among zooplankton. Feeding intensity (average index of fullness, Gastrosomatic index) was higher in the post monsoon season compared with the monsoon season. The findings concluded thatL. calbasuprefers phytoplankton over zooplankton, and the plankton consumption was slightly higher in the post-monsoon season than in the monsoon season. This research is expected to be crucial in the management and conservation of endangeredL. calbasuin open waters, as well as provide baseline work for future research and open the path for captive aquaculture

Intramedullary nailing is a pillar in the treatment of femoral shaft fractures. But it is not possible in all cases especially in comminuted fractures. This study has been designed to explain the importance of Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPO) with the locking plate in the treatment of comminuted Femoral Shaft Fracture. Twenty (20) such patients were treated by MIPO and analysis has been done in this study to get fruitful result and to find out the effectiveness of this procedure who were admitted at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh from February 2018 to January 2019. Mean age of the patients were 49.20±14.41 years. Based on AO classification, there were 4, 8 and 8 patients belong to type A, B and C respectively. The union period for all the patients was in between 12 to 14 weeks. The mean union period was 12.90±1.997 weeks. Mean follow up period was 19.70±2.77 weeks. Mean full weight bearing period was 16.50±1.10 weeks. In Thoresen scoring system excellent result was 9(45%), good result was 10(20%) and fair result was 01(5%). Mal-alignment happened in two cases. However, delayed union and broken screws were found in two cases each of which was treated accordingly. Comminuted Femoral shaft fracture with MIPO procedure is more effective treatment than intramedullary nailing. Furthermore, mal-alignment is the basic complexity that must be taken away intraoperatively.

Danis-Weber type-B ankle fracture is one of the most common injuries in young and active individual. This fracture offers a considerable challenge to orthopedic surgeon. Though there are several options for treating such type of fracture, ORIF by Pre-contoured Distal Fibular Locking Plate is the preferred option in the recent years. This descriptive type of observational study was performed from July 2017 to June 2019 in NITOR. Thirty (30) patients, 22 male and 8 female with an average age of 39 years with Danis-Weber type-B ankle fracture underwent ORIF by Pre-contoured Distal Fibular Locking Plate for fractured fibula and ORIF by 4.0mm cannulated cancellous screw for fractured medial malleolus. All the patients were initially managed by analgesic and short leg posterior slab. Average follow up was 24 weeks. Final outcome was assessed by AOFAS score. The main cause of injury was RTA (56.67%). Mean operation time was 1.2 hours. Mean duration of Hospital stay was 16.43±1.73 days. Superficial infection was in 3.33% and skin necrosis in 3.33% patient. Mean duration of radiological healing was 12.73±0.39 weeks. At final follow up, mean dorsi flexion was 10.93°±0.357° and plantar flexion was 50.93°±0.357°. Ninety percent (90%) patient had no difficulties in walking on any surface; 96.67% patient had stable ankle hind foot; 86.67% patient had good. Ten percent (10%) had fair and 3.33% patient had poor alignment of foot. The mean score in this study was 88.67±2.31. Satisfactory outcome was observed in 86.67% patients and 13.33% had unsatisfactory results. On the basis of results in the present study, it can be concluded that treatment of Danis-Weber type-B ankle fracture by Pre-contoured Distal Fibular Locking Plate is an effective and reliable method.

Transpedicular screw fixation is a challenging procedure for the correction of deformity of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) in the dorso-lumbar spine. The inadvertently misplaced screws have a high risk of complications. The exactness of the pedicle screws is normally distinct as the screws axis being fully enclosed within the cortices of the pedicle. Evaluation of the surgical correction of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by transpedicular screws and rods was done in single posterior dynamic approach. This prospective observational study was conducted in the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation, Dhaka and different Hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2015 to March 2017. Ten patients at the age9 years and19 years who were admitted with a diagnosis of AIS during the period of study. The pedicle is a power nucleus of the vertebra and offers a secure grip of all 3 columns. Pedicle screw instrumentation has advantages of rigid fixation with improved 3D correction and it has been accepted as a reliable method with a high margin of safety. Accurate placement of the pedicle screws is important to reduce possible irreversible complication. So, all cases were corrected by transpedicular screws and rods in single posterior approach. In every case fusion was done in selected segments. In this study out of 10 patients 7(70.0%) were 10 to 14 years of age and 3(30.0%) were 15 to 18 years. Mean age 9.51±2.13 years. Minimum 10 years and maximum 18 years. Majority 7(70.0%) of the patients were female and the rest 3(30.0%) male. Five (50.0%) presented with level of involvement, 3(30.0%) patients thoracic and 2(20.0%) patients had lumbar. Maximum 7(70.0%) presented right sided involvement and rest 3(30.0%) left sided involvement. Before surgical intervention 100% patients had rib hump and positive Adams forward bending test, 70.0% patients had asymmetry of shoulder and uneven hip and also 50% patients had pain. After surgical treatment with transpedicular screws and rods through posterior approach, 70% of patients improved in terms of deformity. The average major curve deformity as defined by Cobb angle measurements was measured to be 54.9°±9.9° (40°-68°) in pre-surgery. After surgery this deformity corrected to 16.0°±4.9° (10°-24°) on average as measured in erect posture posterior anterior and lateral view. This represents significant improvement average of 71.4±4.3% (64.6-75.09) (p0.001). This correction was maintained at 24 months after surgery. Functional results assessed by Modified Macnab criteria, significant number of 7(70.0%) patients had excellent outcome, 2(20.0%) patients had good outcome, 1(10.0%) patients had fair outcome and no poor outcome. Ninety percent (90%) patients had satisfactory results. No patient deteriorates neurologically after surgery. It is concluded that satisfactory curve correction and maintenance thereof is possible in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, with posterior instrumentation by transpedicular screw and rods with effective reduction of cost and associated risks.

The central sulcus (CS) is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex. Variations in the morphology of the central sulcus are seen with respect to the length and depth of the central sulcus. This study was done to establish a normal standard of length and depth of central sulcus in different age and sex groups of Bangladeshi people. Interhemispheric age and gender differences of the central sulcus were done by cross sectional descriptive study which was performed into four categories- Group A (20 to 29 years), Group B (30 to 39 years), Group C (40 to 49 years) and Group D (50 yearsabove). The specimens were collected from morgue in the department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh by purposive sampling technique. The length of central sulcus was measured by using thread and the depth was measured by using wooden stick at middle of the upper, middle and lower third of the central sulcus in superolateral surface. The mean length of central sulcus was 10.51±0.529cm to 9.78±0.996cm in male and 10.27±0.786cm to 8.83±0.379cm in female. Depth of the central sulcus was 1.333±0.100cm to 1.029±0.125cm in male and 1.173±0.144cm to 1.01±0.200cm in female. The difference in mean lengthdepth of the central sulcus for both left and right hemisphere between male and female was statistically non significant in all age groups. In present study the length and depth of the central sulcus showed gradual decreasing values with advancing age. Knowledge of morphometry of central sulcus is not only important during neurosurgery of brain but also holds tremendous significance in diagnosis and management of diseases of the cerebral cortex. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the length and depth of the central sulcus of Bangladeshi people which will minimize the dependency on foreign standards.

Cellular death of bone due to impairment of the blood supply leading to collapse resulting in pain, and loss of joint function is known as avascular necrosis (AVN). The head of femur is the most common bone affected by avascular necrosis followed by talus and scaphoid. We evaluate the results of core decompression with non-vascularized fibular graft in avascular necrosis of femoral head. This quasi experimental study was done at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and some other private hospitals of Bangladesh. The study includes patients who underwent core decompression and non-vascularized fibular grafting in avascular necrosis of femoral head from January 2017 to December 2018. In this study we evaluated total 20 patients and majority of the patients belongs to the group of 20-30 years. Out of 20 patients, 8 of them were unilaterally involved rest 12 had bilateral involvement. Out of 24 hips of bilateral involvement 4 were grade III and IV (Ficat and Arlet classification) therefore not included in the study. So, we study 28 hips only. The average success rate was 90% after core decompression and non-vascularized fibular bone grafting. Harris hip score of 60 on presentation had poorer outcome. Patients with less than 80 degrees of flexion had poorer outcome.

Distal tibial fractures are difficult to manage as the bone is subcutaneous with depleted muscular cover; the consequent decreased vascularity leads to complications. Minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) is a very good option for managing this type of fractures. This study was carried out to evaluate the outcome of patients treated with distal tibial locking plate by MIPO technique. Twenty patients with distal tibia fractures treated with distal tibial anatomical locking plate were prospectively studied from July 2013 to December 2016. The result was excellent in 18(90%) of patients i.e. 18 patients had an AOFAS score of 90 or greater out of a possible 100 points. The mean score was 94.28; the mean time for radiological union was 20.1 weeks with a range of 16 to 30 weeks. We encountered superficial infection in 02 (10%) of our patients which were managed with dressings and appropriate antibiotics. Two patients had union with valgus angulation of less than 5°. No malunion was detected. One patient had ankle stiffness requiring extensive physiotherapy to regain range of movement. Plate removal was done in 4 cases. MIPO technique is a good fixation method for fractures distal third of tibia, preserving blood supplyfracture hematoma.

Variety of conditions may be responsible for low back pain but lumber spinal canal stenosis is an important cause of low back pain. Lumber spinal canal stenosis usually presents with low backache with neurogenic claudication and shortness of walking distance in adult patient. Surgical management of lumbar spinal canal stenosis by decompression surgery is effective method. This prospective interventional study was performed in patient with clinical features like low back pain with radicular pain, neurogenic claudication, signs of root compression, positive MRI findings attending in department of Orthopaedic Surgery Mymensingh Medical College Hospital and Private Hospital from July 2016 to June 2019. Thirty patients were evaluated among those 20(66.6%) were 50 years and above. The mean age was 47.5±1.6 years. Male to female ratio was roughly 8:1. Almost all of the patients had low backache with radiation to the back of the thigh and leg with motor weakness (60%). About 66.6% of the patients had sensory deficit and 83.3% had neurogenic claudication. Majority (80.0%) of the patients at presentation had a suffering of 12 or12 months. The mean duration of suffering was 14.7±5.1 months. About 55% of the patients were able to perform heel-walking and 36.0% tip-toe walking. Nearly 57% of the patients had sensory deficit along the distribution of 1st sacral nerve and 53.3% along the distribution of lumber 5 nerves. Diagnosis shows that 16.6% of patients had L4 lesion, 50% L5, 10.0% patients had L4L5 and 46.6% S1. Laminectomy was done in 26.6% of patients, laminectomy and disectomy in 33.3% and laminectomy, discectomyforaminal decompression in 40.0% of patients. Twenty five (83.5%) of patients was free from symptoms. Eighty percent (80.0%) of patients shows minimal disability and 20.0% moderate disability on the basis of Oswestry Disability Index, while by MacNab criteria, most (80%) of patients was excellent, 10% good and another 10% fair. Repeated measure ANOVA statistics showed that mean Oswestry score decreased significantly from 54.5% at baseline to 22% at the end of 1 year (p0.001).

Many patients come with open fracture tibia-fibula initially managed by surgical toileting and the application of indigenous uniaxial external fixator in our country. Many of them lead to non-uniting fracture or sometimes signs of union absent within 4 months from the time of initial fracture and become infected also. This quasi experimental study included 40 skeletally matured patients was conducted from 05 February 2014 to 05 February 2018 in the department of Orthopedics, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensigh, Bangladesh. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Ilizarov external fixator for treatment of infected gap non-uniting mid shaft tibia-fibula fracture which was initially open fracture Gustilo II to Gustilo III B. Uniaxial external fixators were replaced by to Ilizarov external fixators which multiaxial. Here male 30(75%), female 10(25%) with mean 28 years of age were analyzed in this study based on the inclusion criteria. Twenty eight (70%) fractures had right tibia-fibula while 12(30%) fracture had involved left tibia-fibula. Twelve (30%) patients had a grade II, grade III A- 18(45%), grade IIIB- 10(25%) open fracture tibia-fibula according to the Gustilo and Anderson classification. Initial mode of injury RTA was 28(70%), fall from height 8(20%), physical assault 4(10%). Mean interval between initial trauma and Ilizarov external fixator application was 4.4 months (ranges 4.2-4.8 months).Union or signs of union achieved in all cases in an average time of 17.12 weeks (range 14-20 weeks). The Ilizarov fixator was kept for an average period of 195 days (range 180-210 days). Minimal follow-up was 9 months after complete frame removal (average: 12 months, range: 9-18 months). Based on ASAMI scoring system, bony and functional results were assessed. The bony results were excellent in 24(60%), good in 12(30%), fair in 4(10%) and the Functional results were excellent in 18(45%), good in 16(40%), fair in 4(10%) and poor in 2(5%). In 16(40%) patients 20 wires had pin tract infection in this series. Most pin-tract infections healed well with regular dressing and oral antibiotics but in 8(20%) patients 8 affected loose wires were exchanged. Limb length discrepancy was 1.5cm in 18(45%) patients and 2.0cm in 22(55%) patients. The small sample sizes and short duration of follow-up were the study limitations. We need a life boat or life jacket during journey. As Orthopeadic Surgeon we are always in danger and Ilizarov method is the life boat technology in orthopedic surgery. It restores bone biology without disturbing the medullary cavity. To avoid repeated surgical intervention and to reduce the cost of treatment, we suggest that gap non-uniting infected tibia-fibula fracture which was primarily open should be fixed by Ilizarov external fixator than continuing treatment with indigenous uniaxial external fixator.

High-throughput big dataset generated through next generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA samples helps identify key differences in the function and taxonomy between microbial communities as well as shed light on the diversity of microbes, cooperation and evolution in any particular ecosystem. During this study, three statistical techniques namely, Random Forest (RF), Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) approaches were employed for functional analysis of 212 publicly available metagenomic datasets within and between 10 environments against 27 metabolic functions. RF generates the 8 most important metabolic variables along with MDS and LDA among which Photosynthesis has the highest score (70.20); Phages, prophages has the second highest score (61.31) and Membrane Transport was found to have the eighth highest score (45.29). The MDS plot was found useful to visualize the separation of the microbes from human or animal hosts from other samples along the first dimension and the separation of the aquatic and mat communities along the second dimension. LDA analyses compared the extent of the microbial samples into three broad groups: the human and animal associated samples, the microbial mats, and the aquatic samples. RF showed that phage activity is a major difference between host-associated microbial communities and free-living. The MDS and LDA techniques suggest that mat communities were unique from both the animal associated metagenomes and the aquatic samples with differences in the vitamin and cofactor metabolism.J. bio-sci. 24: 45-53, 2016

Giant-cell tumor constitutes 4-20% of all primary bone tumors in south East Asian population. They are benign locally aggressive bone tumour first described by cooper in 1818. These tumors occur predominantly in meta-epiphyseal region. Most often they are located around the knee joint. Although most of the tumors are diagnosed on plain radiograph alone, varying CT and MRI presentations of these tumors are essential to narrow down the differentials has an extended pre operative assessment.

Femoral shaft fractures are severe injuries and challenging for both, the patient and the surgeon. This study has been designed to assess the success rate of exchange nailing with autogenous cancellous bone graft for the treatment of non united femoral shaft fractures previously treated by ORIF with intramedullary nail. This quasi experimental study was carried out in the Department of OrthopaedicsTraumatology of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and NITOR from July 2007 to December 2008. Thirteen patients were followed up regularly for at least 1 (one) year after each operation to assess the functional outcome as well as union time according to the prescribed scoring system. Final outcome was analyzed by SPSS-18 version. Level of significance was set at 0.05 (p0.05). In this study exchange nailing with autogenous cancellous bone graft were done for femoral shaft fracture with nonunion in 13 patients. Mean±SD age was 39.08±5.780 years; Male: Female = 9:4. Among 13 nonunion fractures, all (100%) were united after exchange nailing with autogenous cancellous bone graft in aseptic condition. Mean union time was 26.97±2.976 weeks in static mode of fixation. Union time was highest in atrophic type of fracture and lowest in hypertrophic type of fracture. Final outcome according to modified Thoresen's score was satisfactory 92.29%; according to modified Silvia's score was 10.77±0.832. Exchange nailing with autogenous cancellous bone graft is an effective method of treatment in femoral shaft fracture with nonunion after intramedullary nailing. It provides a good scope to reinforce the optimum mechanical stability by a larger diameter nail and locked if necessary; as well as biological stimulation by reaming and bone grafting.

Preeclampsia is one of the most frequent complication of pregnancy which manifested by hypertension during pregnancy for the first time after 20th weeks of gestation with proteinuria. The aim of the study was to estimate the changes in serum calcium level in preeclamptic patients when compared with normal pregnant women. The case control study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 100 subjects were included. Among them 50 were subjects of preeclamptic patients as case and another 50 were apparently healthy normal pregnant women as control. The study revealed that serum calcium level was lower in preeclamptic women (case) as compared to healthy control subjects. The mean values of serum calcium levels were 7.63±0.42 and 8.12±0.94mg/dl in case and control group respectively. The difference in mean serum calcium were highly significant (p0.001) when compared between case and control.

Distal third comminuted humerus shaft fractures are challenging injuries to treat because of complex anatomy and fracture patterns. Functional bracing, operative treatment with intramedullary nails or conventional plates also has limitation of inadequate fixation in the distal third comminuted humerus shaft fractures. Locking compression plate (LCP) has been introduced to overcome this problem. Our aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of osteosynthesis of distal third comminuted humerus shaft fractures by LCP using posterior approach. This prospective observational study was conducted from July 2015 to June 2018 at Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) and National Institute of TraumatulogyOrthopaedic Rehablitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Thirty three patients were operated on for comminuted fractures of distal third humerus. Two cases were excluded from the evaluation of final out come due to their discontinued follow up. Treatment included open reduction and LCP fixation by posterior mid line approach. The range of motion of the shoulder and elbow were evaluated according to the criteria by modified Constant and Murley scoring system. Union was achieved in all the patients after a mean of 17 weeks (range 12-24 weeks). Deep infection, nonunion, malunion, implant failure or permanent nerve injury did not occur in any of the patients. Three patients had transient radial nerve palsy. Four patients developed superficial infections. All patients were relieved pain postoperatively. Shoulder range of motion was excellent in 20 patientselbow range of motion was excellent in 21 patients. Functional out come were excellent in 11good in 16 patients which constituted 87% satisfactory results. Treatment with open reduction and LCP fixation by posterior approach is a safe and effective option in distal third comminuted humeral fractures.

The aim of this prospective experimental study was to analyze the radiological and clinical results of the supra condylar fracture of Humerus in children and conducted the functional outcome of closed reduction and internal fixation by percutaneous Kirschner-wire from lateral side and crossed technique in the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Sher-E-Bangla Nagor, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2011 to June 2013. Patients diagnosed as closed Supracondylar fracture of Humerus in children due to trauma were the study population. Total 30 patients aged 2 to 12 years irrespective of sex were included in the study and were divided in 2 groups. Information obtained included age, sex, type of fracture, management, outcomes and complications. The mean age was 7.80±2.08 and 5.93±2.31 years for Group I and Group II patients. Age range was 2-12 years. Males were predominant 11(73.3%) Group I and Group II. Fractures were primarily caused by fall from tree and left side predominant. In Group I the time elapsed between injury and surgery was minimum 2 hours and maximum 24 hours with mean±SD was 9.20±7.20, while in Group II minimum and maximum of 3 and 48 hours respectively with mean±SD was 9.60±11.01. Minimum and maximum post operative hospital stays were 1 and 2 days in Group I and Group II. Follow-up were carried out after 1, 3, 6 and 12 weeks of operation. Loss of post operative range of motion of elbow and loss of carrying angle was not significant (p0.05). Functional outcome was analyzed by Flynn's grading. In this study there were 3(20%) cases with excellent, 10(66.67%) were good and 2(13.33%) were fair functional outcomes in Group I. In Group II excellent, good and fair functional outcome were 3(20%), 9(60%) and 3(20%) respectively. After chi-square test there was no significant difference between two groups.

Local post traumatic kyphosis may impair spinal sagittal balance and result in seven disability and programmed neurological deficit. In operative group the mean±SD fracture kyphosis was 34.21±3.7 at the time of admission and mean±SD kyphosis was 17.64±3.20 at the time of final follow up. In conservative group the mean±SD kyphosis was 32.96±4.06 at the time of admission and mean±SD kyphosis was 40.28±4.72 at the time of final follow up. It is interesting to note that in conservative group kyphosis increased (7.3) during final follow up but decreased (16.57) in operative group during final follow up due to spinal instrumentation and post-lateral fusion. Local post traumatic kyphosis may impair spinal sagittal balance and result in severe disability and progressive neurological deficit. Objective of the study is to find out the better option in the management of post traumatic kyphotic deformity in thoracolumbar Spain injury. The quasi-experimental study was carried out at the National Institute of TraumatologyOrthopedic Rehabilitation (NITOR), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2006 to December 2008. A total number of 40 patients with post traumatic thoracolumbar spine injuries with kyphotic deformity selected purposively. Out of 40 cases 1 patient missed from final follow up. Rest of 39 patients was included in this study. All patients were admitted within 3 weeks of injury. Most were referred from peripheral hospitalsome were admitted in emergency and outpatient department of NITOR. Among those 25 patients were conservatively treated and 14 were operatively treated. In operative group the mean±SD fracture kyphosis was 34.21±3.7 at the time of admission and mean±SD kyphosis was 17.64±3.20 at the time of final follow up. In conservative group the mean±SD kyphosis was 32.96±4.06 at the time of admission and mean±SD kyphosis was 40.28±4.72 at the time of final follow up. It is to note that in conservative group kyphosis increased (7.3) during final follow up but decreased (16.57) in operative group during final follow up due to spinal instrumentation and post-lateral fusion.

This cross sectional, descriptive and analytic type study was conducted among 5-10 years aged Bangladeshi children at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat) on 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) from January 2016 to December 2016. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Any kind of foot deformity resulting either from congenital or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement. The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding foot height, to measure correlation of stature with foot height and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Stature of the subject was measured with the stadiometer and foot height was measured using flexible measuring tape. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean foot height of both sides of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 5.90±0.76cm, 5.76±0.64cm, 6.80±0.35cm, 6.86±0.35cm, 7.24±0.46cm and 7.28±0.66cm respectively and those of female were 5.48±0.67cm, 6.25±0.28cm, 6.19±0.58cm, 6.42±0.34cm, 6.30±0.49cm and 6.30±0.39cm respectively. Correlation between stature and foot height was made. Foot height showed non-significant positive correlation with stature in 5 years old male, 6 years old male, 7 years old male and female, 8 years old male, 9 years old male and female and 10 years old male and female. In case of 5 years old female, it showed significant positive correlation with stature.

This cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 70 postmortem vermiform appendix (male 34 and female 36) to find out the external diameter of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people in different age and sex. The specimens were collected from autopsy laboratory of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from October 2016 to March 2017 by purposive sampling technique. The collected samples were divided into four age groups. They were Group A (upto 20 years), Group B (21 to 40 years), Group C (41 to 60 years) and Group D (above 60 years). Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The vermiform appendix was collected and preserved in 10% formol-saline solution. The external diameter of vermiform appendix was measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Three measurements were taken at its base, middle and near the tip (1cm away from the tip) and expressed in mm. The data were analyzed by using student unpaired 't' test and compaired with the findings of other national and international studies and standard text books. It was observed that external diameter of vermiform appendix gradually decreased as age advanced. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix at base was 6.50±0.82 mm, 6.22±0.60 mm, 6.00±0.51 mm and 5.51±0.57 mm in Group A, B, CD respectively. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix at middle was 6.09±0.89 mm, 5.67±0.65 mm, 5.38±0.59 mm and 4.95±0.76 mm in Group A, B, C and D respectively. The mean±SD external diameter of vermiform appendix near the tip (1 cm away from the tip) was 5.73±0.88 mm, 5.21±0.72 mm, 4.81±0.74 mm and 4.34±0.74 mm in Group A, B, C and D respectively. Statistical analysis shows that the mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix at its base between Group AD, BD were statistically moderately significant at p0.01 level. Between Group CD was statistically significant at p0.05 level and between Group AB, BC, AC were statistically non significant at p = or0.05 level. Mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix at its middle between Group AD, BD were statistically moderately significant at p0.01 level. Between Group AC was statistically significant at p0.05 level and between Group AB, BC, CD were statistically non significant at p = or0.05 level. Mean differences of external diameter of vermiform appendix near its tip (1 cm away from the tip) between Group AD was statistically highly significant at p0.001 and mean differences between Group BD, AC were statistically moderately significant at p0.01 level. Between Group AB was statistically significant at p0.05 level and between Group BC, CD were statistically non significant at p = or0.05 level. Mean external diameter of vermiform appendix in male was higher than that of female in all age group at its base, middle and near the tip (1cm away from the tip) but mean difference between sexes in the different study groups was statistically non significant at p = or0.05 level. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the external diameter of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people.

A cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 70 postmortem vermiform appendix (male 34 and female 36) to find out the length of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people in different age and sex. The specimens were collected from autopsy laboratory of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh from October 2016 to March 2017 by purposive sampling technique. The collected samples were divided into four age groups. They were Group A (upto 20 years), Group B (21 to 40 years), Group C (41 to 60 years) and Group D (above 60 years). Dissection was performed according to standard autopsy techniques. The vermiform appendix was collected and preserved in 10% formol-saline solution. The length of the vermiform appendix was determined by measuring the distance from its base to tip with the help of a flexible thread. Then the thread was placed on measuring scale graduated in centimeter which represents the length of vermiform appendix. The data were analyzed by using student unpaired 't' test and compared with the findings of other national and international studies and standard text books. It was observed that length of vermiform appendix gradually decreased as age advanced. The mean±SD length of vermiform appendix was 9.41±1.26cm, 8.63±1.32cm, 7.96±1.20cm and 6.81±0.75cm in Group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean length of vermiform appendix in male was 9.92±1.55cm in Group A, 9.09±1.19cm in Group B, 8.04±1.10cm in Group C, 6.88±0.86cm in Group D and in female mean length of vermiform appendix was 9.12±1.06cm in Group A, 8.31±1.34cm in Group B, 7.79±1.60cm in Group C, 6.69±0.63cm in Group D. Statistical analysis shows that the mean differences of the length of vermiform appendix between AD, BD were statistically highly significant. The mean difference between Group AC was moderately significant. Between Group CD the difference was statistically significant and between Group AB, BC were statistically non significant. No significance difference of length of vermiform appendix between male and female was observed. The present study will help to increase the information pool on the length of vermiform appendix of Bangladeshi people.

This cross sectional, descriptive and analytic study was conducted among 5-10 years aged 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat), Bangladesh from January 2016 to December 2016. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Any kind of congenital and acquired foot deformity was excluded to construct standard measurement. The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding ball circumference, to measure its correlation with body weight and this attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Weight of the subject was measured with the digital weighing machine and ball circumference was measured using flexible measuring tape. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean ball circumference of right side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 16.93±1.05cm, 17.00±0.72cm, 18.10±1.28cm, 18.33±.99cm, 19.37±1.12cm and 19.94±1.30cm respectively and those of female were 16.27±1.10cm, 16.85±0.59cm, 17.44±0.92cm, 18.02±0.82cm, 18.00±1.58cm and 19.23±1.40cm respectively. The mean ball circumference of left side of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 16.86±1.05cm, 16.94±.70cm, 18.02±1.29cm, 18.26±.99cm, 19.27±1.12cm and 19.87±1.29cm respectively and those of female were 16.18±1.10cm, 16.77±0.62cm, 17.36±0.92cm, 17.98±0.87cm, 17.90±1.58cm and 19.13±1.40cm respectively. In this study on both sides, ball circumference showed non-significant positive correlation with body weight in 5 years old male and female, 6 years old male and female, 7 years old male and female, 8 years old female, 9 years old male and female and 10 years old male and female. In case of 8 years old male, it showed non-significant negative correlation with body weight.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most commonly injured ligament occurs in young adult population, which markedly reduces activity level. Anterior cruciate ligament rupture is a threat to the homeostasis of the knee. So, reconstruction of the ACL is necessary to make them fit and return to their pre-injury activity level. The choice of graft for ACL reconstruction is a matter of debate, with the BPTB graft and quadruple graft of ST-G being the two most popular options. Use of triplet graft of semi-tendinosus tendon alone without sacrificing gracilis is another option. So hypothesis was Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with triplet autograft of semi-tendinosus tendon alone is an effective procedure. This prospective interventional study was conducted from October 2011 to March 2013 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Fourteen patients who had a unilateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture underwent arthroscopic reconstruction with triplet graft of semi-tendinosus tendon. Accelerated ACL reconstruction rehabilitation protocol was followed and final outcome evaluation done at 24 weeks according to IKDC knee examination form and Lysholm knee scoring scale. Preoperative Lysholm knee score was 52.64 and postoperative score was 90, that shows significant improvement (p0.05). According to Lysholm knee scoring scale, excellent results (95-100 points) were obtained in 33% patients, good results (85-94 points) in 53% patients, fair and poor (7% each). For arthroscopic ACL reconstruction, choice of semi-tendinosus tendon alone preserving gracilis, comparable outcome as with BPTB/ST-G graft, can be achieved, minimizing the hamstring strength deficit. Moreover gracilis being reserved for future use in revision ACL reconstruction and/or in other reconstructive surgery.

This cross sectional, descriptive and analytic type study was conducted among 5-10 years aged Bangladeshi children at different areas of Mymensingh district (Fulpur, Muktagacha, Fulbaria, Trisal and Haluaghat) on 109 Bangladeshi children (70 male and 39 female) from January 2016 to December 2016. Sample collection was done by nonrandom purposive sampling technique. Any kind of foot deformity resulting either from congenital or physical injury were excluded to construct standard measurement. The present anthropometric study was designed to construct data of 5 to 10 years aged Bangladeshi children regarding foot length, to measure correlation of stature with foot length and an attempt has been made out to grow interest among the researchers for future study and also to compare the data with the data of the people of other races. Stature of the subject was measured with the stadiometer and foot length was measured using slide calipers. The children were asked to stand with weight distributed equally on both feet. The legs were perpendicular to the feet. The mean foot length of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 years aged male were 16.72±1.11cm, 17.12±.72cm, 19.04±1.27cm, 19.10±.76cm, 20.11±1.25cm and 20.88±1.01cm respectively and those of same aged female were 16.44±1.2cm, 17.85±0.50cm, 18.53±0.76cm, 19.14±0.58cm, 19.87±1.88cm and 20.95±1.36cm respectively. Correlation between stature and foot length was made. Foot length showed non- significant positive correlation with stature in 5 years old male and female, 6 years old male, 7 years old male and female, 8 years old male and female, 9 years old and 10 years old female. In case of 9 years and 10 years old male, it showed significant positive correlation with stature. Comparison of foot length between male and female children was done by Unpaired Students 't' test which was statistically non-significant.

A Moringa oleifera seed lectin (MOSL) was purified by using chitin column with the molecular mass of 17±1kDa. The lectin agglutinated mouse, cow and human erythrocytes and the hemagglutination activity was inhibited by methyl-α-d-mannopyranoside, methyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, lactose and glucose. The lectin exhibited 100% hemagglutination activity at the pH range from 8.0 to 9.0 and temperature range from 30 to 60°C. Additionally, the lectin gradually lost its activity in the presence of urea but the activity abolish completely when treated with EDTA. MOSL showed mild toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with a LC50 value of 131.0μg/ml. Antiproliferative activity was studied against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells and 71.08% cell growth inhibition was observed in vitro at 200μg/ml. The lectin was injected (i.p.) into EAC mice at the doses of 2.0 and 4.0mg/kg/day for five consecutive days and 25.38% and 55% of cell growth inhibition was observed, respectively. MOSL caused the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase as determined by FACS flow cytometry. The cell growth inhibition was due to the induction of apoptosis in the EAC cells which was confirmed by cell morphological study, caspase-3 inhibitor and activation of Bak and suppression of Bcl-2 and NF-κB genes expression.

Recent computational studies predict mechanical strain–induced changes in thermal transport, which is yet to be validated by experimental data. In this article, we present experimental evidence of an increase in thermal conductivity of nominally 200-nm-thick freestanding amorphous silicon thin films under externally applied tensile loading. Using a combination of nanomechanical testing and infrared microscopy, we show that 2.5% tensile strain can increase thermal conductivity from 1 to 2.4 W/m-K. We propose that such an increase in thermal conductivity might be due to strain-induced changes in microstructure and/or carrier density. Microstructural and optical reflectivity characterization through Raman and infrared spectroscopy are presented to investigate this hypothesis.

Recent studies on free convective heat transfer from micro and nanoscale structures show that the heat transfer coefficient is size dependent. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase at smaller scales, which is ascribed to the higher surface area to volume ratio. Also, the mode is changed from advection to conduction due to the decaying influence of the gravitational field. Interestingly, it is tacitly assumed that the size effect is due to the specimen, since not a single study on the effect of the size of heat source on the convective heat transfer exists in the literature. In this study, we provide unambiguous experimental evidence of the predominance of heater size on the heat transfer coefficient. For micro-heaters, the heat transfer coefficient is measured to about 3200 W/m2 K. This value drops to about 110 W/m2 K for a millimeter scale heater and to 10 W/m2 K for a macroscopic heater; all for a nanoscale thin film specimen. This finding is particularly significant in microelectronic applications where localized heating (hot spots) in small areas is very common.

Context: Plants have been used in treating human diseases for thousands of years. Medicinal plant drug discovery continues to provide new and important leads against various pharmacological targets including cancer, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's, and pain. Objectives: The chemical investigation, antimicrobial activity and toxicity of the active principles isolated from the plant. Materials and Methods: The rectified spirit extract of the fresh stem of the plant Tinospora cordifolia was fractionated using standard chromatographic techniques to afford several fractions. The fraction TC-1 was purified by crystallization and screened. FTIR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectral analyses were performed to characterize the compound. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of TC-1 were observed by “Disc diffusion method” against a number of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Standard antibiotics “Kanamycin” (30?g/disc) and “Fluconasol” (500 ?g/disc) were used respectively for comparison. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound TC-1 was carried out by the “Serial Dilution Technique”. The compound also showed significant activity against the brine shrimp nauplii. Results: The compound TC-1 showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activities against all tested organisms.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TC-1 against Bacillus megaterium and Salmonella typhi-A was found to be 128?g/ml in nutrient broth medium. The value of medium lethal concentration, LC 50 (9.34 ?g/ml) indicated the high toxic effect of the compound TC-1. Conclusion: It may be concluded that the compound TC-1 is an alkaloid having significant activities. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17737 J. bio-sci. 20: 153-160, 2012

The influence of temperature and stress on grain growth was investigated in nanocrystalline nickel thin films in situ inside a transmission electron microscope. Independently, temperature and stress did not show any appreciable effect. However, concurrent loading at only 20% of melting temperature and 20% of yield stress resulted in significant grain boundary mobility and grain growth. We propose that grain growth in nanocrystals is a stress-heterogeneity-relieving mechanism that may not necessarily be associated with plasticity as proposed in the literature.

The thermal conductivity of low-dielectric-constant (low-k) SiOC:H and SiC:H thin films has been measured as a function of porosity using a heat transfer model based on a microfin geometry and infrared thermometry. Microscale specimens were patterned from blanket films, released from the substrate, and subsequently integrated with the experimental setup. Results show that the thermal conductivity of a dense specimen, 0.7 W/mK, can be reduced to as low as 0.1 W/mK by introducing 30% porosity into it. The measured thermal conductivity shows a nonlinear decrease with increasing porosity that approximately follows the porosity-weighted simple medium model for porous materials. Neither the differential effective medium nor the coherent potential model could predict the density dependence of the thermal conductivity. These results suggest that more careful consideration is required for application of generic porous materials modeling to low-k dielectrics.

Accurate prediction of heat transfer from micro and nanoscale devices is very important for their operation and reliability. While the general consensus is that the heat transfer coefficient increases at the smaller scales, the literature also indicates contradiction in the scaling across length scales. In this paper, we present an experimental technique to accurately characterize heat transfer from micro to nano scales using infrared microscopy on nanofabricated specimens that are integrated with micro heaters. The heat transfer coefficient for quiescent air is found to be about two orders of magnitude higher than its bulk counterpart. It also showed pronounced inversely proportional relationship with temperature and suggested that solid to air conduction is the dominant mode of heat transfer. It was found that pressure only indirectly influences heat transfer. Based on the experimental data, we present an empirical relationship for the heat transfer coefficient that depends on the ratio of the surface area to cross-sectional area, temperature of the heated solid and its proximity to other solid bodies.

Characterization of thermal transport in nanoscale thin films with very low thermal conductivity (

Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based techniques can outperform conventional materials characterization tools in terms of specimen size and resolution. In addition, multi-functioning as well as access to analytical microscopy is also feasible for complete multi-physics characterization. We present the design and fabrication of a versatile tool that can perform mechanical, electrical and thermal characterization of nanoscale freestanding thin films. The tool is smaller than 3mm x 5mm and is compatible with virtually all types of analytical chambers. This feature allows 'in-situ' studies inside electron microscopes for real time acquisition of composition, microstructure and defect evolution and dynamics data. The unique advantage of such simultaneous acquisition of quantitative and qualitative data can be realized through accurate and quick 'observation-based' modeling of materials behavior. We present preliminary studies on multiphysics, as well as single domain characterization to demonstrate the novel experimental technique.

Annually, homicide contributes to a greater number of the total head injury cases. This retrospective study was conducted from 1(st) January 2009 to 31(st)December 2011 at Dhaka Medical College Mortuary. During this study period of three years a total of 15300 autopsies were done of which 5649 cases (36.84%) were of head injuries. Of them 747(13.22%) were of homicidal, 4080(72.22%) road-traffic accidents, 502(8.88%) accidental and 320(5.66%) cases of fall from heights. Three hundred ninety eight (398) urban cases (53.27%) out numbered 307 rural cases (41.09%) followed by 42 unknown cases (5.62%). Most cases belong to the younger age group i.e. 21-40 years (43.34%) with male preponderance 470(63.10%). Defense wounds were present in 281 cases (37.82%) out of the total 747 homicidal head injuries. There were 206(27.57%) upper limb, 176(23.56%) spinal, 139(18.60%) abdominal, 135(18.07%) thoracic, 58(7.76%) lower limb and 33(4.41%) pelvic injuries found as associated injury. There were 258(34.53%) fractures of occipital followed by 209(28.29%) parietal, 113(15.01%) frontal, 104(13.75%) temporal, 24(3.21%) ant. Cranial fossa, 23(3.07%) post. Cranial fossa and 16(2.08%) of middle cranial fossa fractures. Extradural haemorrhage was more i.e. 434 cases (58.43%) followed by subdural, combination of all, subarachnoid and intra-cerebral haemorrhages. Cases of concussion were more common i.e. 445(59.75%) than lacerated and combination of them. Blunt weapon tops the list of causative weapons i.e. 669(89.22%) than firearms 59(8.07%) and sharp pointed weapons 19(2.68%).

A lectin (termed NNTL) was purified from the extracts of Nymphaea nouchali tuber followed by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydrophobic chromatography on HiTrap Phenyl HP and by repeated anion-exchange chromatography on HiTrap Q FF column. The molecular mass of the purified lectin was 27.0 ± 1.0 kDa, as estimated by SDS/PAGE both in the presence and in the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol. NNTL was an o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside sugar-specific lectin that agglutinated rat, chicken and different groups of human blood cells and exhibited high agglutination activity over the pH range 5–9 and temperatures of 30–60°C. The N-terminal sequence of NNTL did not show sequence similarity with any other lectin and the amino acid analysis revealed that NNTL was rich in leucine, methionine and glycine residues. NNTL was a glycoprotein containing 8% neutral sugar and showed toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii with an LC50 value of 120 ± 29 μg/ml and exerted strong agglutination activity against four pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Sarcina lutea, Shigella shiga and Shigella sonnei). In addition, antiproliferative activity of this lectin against EAC (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma) cells showed 56% and 76% inhibition in vivo in mice at 1.5 and 3 mg·kg−1·day−1 respectively. NNTL was a divalent ion-dependent glycoprotein, which lost its activity markedly in the presence of denaturants. Furthermore, measurement of fluorescence spectra in the presence and absence of urea and CaCl2 indicated the requirement of Ca2+ for the stability of NNTL.

We present experimental evidence of anomalously high grain boundary mobility in 3–5 nm grain size platinum films at near room temperature. This mobility can be explained in terms of the localized electromigration stresses of the order of a few GPa that we observed. In the absence of conventional deformation mechanisms, the stress is relaxed through rapid grain growth up to a grain size of 40 nm. For larger grain sizes, grain boundary mobility is reduced as the stresses are relaxed by grain rotation and dislocation-based deformation mechanisms.

We demonstrate a microelectromechanical-system-based setup for fatigue studies on 200-nm-thick freestanding aluminum specimens in situ inside the transmission electron microscope. The specimens did not show any sign of fatigue damage even at 1.2 ×106 cycles under nominal stresses about 80% of the static ultimate strength. We show direct evidence to propose that the conventional theory of fatigue crack nucleation through slip bands does not work for nanoscale freestanding thin films, which gives rise to the anomalous fatigue insensitivity.

Objective: Uniform sized agarose gel beads were prepared from agarose by emulsification technique. The prepared matrix has been attached with commercially available concanavalin A (conA) and finally it has applied to purify mulberry seed lectin. The present work shows a simple and inexpensive method for the preparation of an affinity matrix for purification of conA specific mulberry seed lectin. Method: Firstly, conA was immobilized on agarose gel beads and coupled to hexadiamine by using amino reactive bifunctional crosslinker (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-trizine). Then it used as affinity matrix for the purification of mulberry seed lectin (designated as MSL). In purification protocol initially conA has been immobilized with agarose. Then MSL have been purified from the seeds of Morus alba L. Result: The agarose beads showed the best uniformity when 2-2.5% concentration of Tween 80 was used. The newly prepared affinity matrix agarose gel was able to purify MSL with the molecular weight of 22 kDa in a single step. The purified lectin strongly agglutinated with mice, chicken, bovine and human blood types A, B and O erythrocytes respectively. There was no activity found on goat erythrocytes. Conclusion: The present work shows a simple and inexpensive method for the preparation of an affinity chromatographic matrix. The prepared matrix was applied to purify mulberry seed lectin.

People with rare hypertrichosis syndromes became crowd-drawing money-making phenomena in many 19th century sideshow acts. These individuals have been referred to as dog-men, hair-men, and werewolves. In 1993, Baumister et al. described congenital hypertrichosis lanuginose or Ambras syndrome: a distinct form of congenital hypertrichosis characterized by excessive hair growth over the body and face associated with facial and occasional dental anomalies. Much is not known about this syndrome since fewer than 50 cases have been documented worldwide. In this case report, a nine year old girl presented with excessive hair growth throughout her body that was denser along her midline. Furthermore, her face displayed the typical dysmorphic features characteristic of Ambras syndrome: a round tip nose, thickened nasal cartilage, antiverted nares, prominent philtrum with deep groove, and a trapezoid mouth. Oral examination revealed normal oral mucosa with completely missing and unerupted decidious and permanent teeth. Panoramic radiographs confirmed unerupted deciduous teeth. Previous case reports have mentioned the presence of occasional dental anomalies such as retarded first and second dentition and absence of some teeth. However, this is the first reported case of Ambras syndrome presenting with complete anodontia. Prior cytogenetic studies performed on persons with Ambras syndrome have implicated a balanced pericentric inversion of chromosome 8. However, it is likely that dental anomalies are likely a result of a different genetic rearrangement. Further studies are needed to explore the cause of this rare phenotype of Ambras syndrome with complete unerupted dentition.

Congenital talipes equino varus (CTEV) is a common complex congenital anomaly affecting approximately 1 per 900 live births in Bangladesh. Current trends in the treatment of idiopathic clubfoot have shifted from extensive surgical release to more conservative techniques. The Ponseti method that includes manipulation, serial casting, percutaneous tenotomy and bracing has recently become very popular for the management of CTEV with reported excellent outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of Percutaneous Tenotomy in the treatment of equinus deformity of idiopathic clubfoot. Between June 2012 and November 2013 we treated 47 feet in 34 children by the Ponseti method. The standard protocol described by Ponseti was used. Percutaneous tenotomy of the Achilles tendon was performed under local anaesthesia in the outpatient department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital. The Pirani score was used for assessment and mean follow up time was 12 months. The compliance of percutaneous tenotomy among the 47 feet was recorded and 40(85.1%) were good, 4(8.5%) were fair and 3(6.4%) were poor. The rating of final outcome of percutaneous tenotomy after one year follow-up periods among 47 feet, 36(76.6%) were good, 11(23.4%) were fair and zero (0%) were poor. This study permits to conclude the percutaneous tenotomy in Ponseti method as a safe, effective outdoor procedure to correct the residual equinus deformity of club foot after serial casting.

Privacy aware anonymous trading for smart grid using digital currency has received very low attention so far. In this paper, we analyze the possibility of Bitcoin serving as the user friendly and effective privacy aware trading currency to facilitate energy exchange for smart grid.

The forced unfolding process of bovine carbonic anhydrase II (BCA II) was examined at the atomic level by the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. By force spectroscopy, experimentally obtained force-extension curves (F-E curves) showed a prominent force peak after 50 nm extension. F-E curves obtained from our simulation had three force peaks appearing after extensions of 10-17 nm, 40 nm, and 53 nm, each signifying a brittle fracture of a specific local structure. Upon undergoing the final fracture at 53 nm of extension, the entire molecule became a single flexible chain and was further extended to its full theoretical length, almost as a random coil. This feature of the 53-nm peak strongly suggested its close correspondence to the experimentally observed force peak at approximately 60-nm extension. The 53-nm peak in the molecular dynamics simulation corresponded to the unfolding process of the beta-sheeted core that includes zinc-coordinating histidine residues. These results suggest that the structural change occurring at 50-60 nm in atomic force microscopy experiments corresponded to the destruction of the zinc coordination site.

In order to better understand the contribution of the knotted folding pattern to the enzymatic and mechanical properties of carbonic anhydrases, we replaced Gln-253 of bovine carbonic anhydrase II with Cys, which allowed us to measure the mechanical strength of the protein against tensile deformation by avoiding knot tightening. The expressed protein, to our surprise, turned out to contain two conformational isomers, one capable of binding an enzymatic inhibitor and the other not, which led to their separation through affinity chromatography. In near- and far-UV circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra, the separated conformers were very similar to each other and to the wild-type enzyme, indicating that they both had native-like conformations. We describe new evidence which supports the notion that the difference between the two conformers is likely to be related to the completeness of the C-terminal knot formation.

The atomic force microscope is currently used in our and many other laboratories to measure the mechanical response of polypeptide and proteins against tensile forces applied to well defined positions in their chemical structures. The resulting force vs. extension (F-E) curves are analyzed in relation to their known conformations under various conditions. The method can be extended to study the mechanical responses of other, often much larger biological structures, and extract the component proteins and DNAs from cell membranes and chromosomes.

A simplified experimental evolution encompassing the essence of natural one was designed in an attempt to understand the involved mechanism. In our system, molecular evolution was observed through three serial cycles of consecutive random mutagenesis of the glutamine synthetase gene and chemostat culture of the transformed Escherichia coli cells containing the mutated genes. Selection pressure was imposed solely on the glutamine synthetase gene when varieties of mutant genes compete in an unstructured environment of the chemostat. The molecular phylogeny and population dynamics were deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the genes isolated from each of the chemostat runs. An initial mutant population in each cycle, comprised of diversified closely-related genes, ended up with several varieties of mutants in a state of coexistence. Competition between two mutant genes in the final population of the first cycle ascertained that the observed coexisting state is not an incidental event and that cellular interaction via environmental nutrients is a possible mechanism of coexistence. In addition, the mutant gene once extinct in the previous passage was found to have the capacity to reinvade and constitute the gene pool of the later cycle of molecular evolution. These results, including the kinetic characteristics of the purified wild-type and mutant glutamine synthetases in the phylogenetic tree, revealed that the enzyme activity had diverged, rather than optimized, to a fittest value during the course of evolution. Here, we proposed that the plasticity of gene fitness in consequence of cellular interaction via the environment is an essential mechanism governing molecular evolution.

Two conformers of the human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) counterpart, bovine carbonic anhydrase II (CAB), which has 259 amino acid residues, were detected using the force mode of an atomic force microscope (AFM). Genetically engineered CAB (named CAB253Cys) was prepared by adding a cysteine residue at its N-terminus as well as replacing Glu253 with Cys to sandwich the protein molecule between silanized surfaces of silicon wafer and functionalized tip in the AFM. The genetically inserted Cys253 was located upstream of the protein’s previously established knot structure, such that the protein could be stretched without forming the “knot”. Two distinct types of force-extension curves were observed when the protein was stretched using the force-extension mode of the AFM. One represents a native-like state and the other a rather relaxed conformation relative to the native one. The relaxed CAB conformation was not affected by the addition of enzyme’s specific inhibitor p-aminomethylbenzenesulfonamide, indicating that, in this state, the protein lacks its active site. As the AFM was able to identify two newly found conformers of CAB by mechanical means, results of this study indicate that AFM is a useful means to describe multiple competent conformations for a variety of biologically important proteins.