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Introduction: The purpose of this research was to predict mental illness among university students using various machine learning (ML) algorithms. Methods: A structured questionnaire-based online survey was conducted on 2121 university students (private and public) living in Bangladesh. After obtaining informed consent, the participants completed a web-based survey examining sociodemographic variables and behavioral tests (including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 scale). This study applied six well-known ML algorithms, namely logistic regression, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminate analysis, K-nearest neighbors, Naïve Bayes, and which were used to predict mental illness among university students from Dhaka city in Bangladesh. Results: Of the 2121 eligible respondents, 45% were male and 55% were female, and approximately 76.9% were 21–25 years old. The prevalence of severe depression and severe anxiety was higher for women than for men. Based on various performance parameters, the results of the accuracy assessment showed that RF outperformed other models for the prediction of depression (89% accuracy), while SVM provided the best result than other models for the prediction of anxiety (91.49% accuracy). Conclusion: Based on these findings, we recommend that the RF algorithm and the SVM algorithm were more moderate than any other ML algorithm used in this study to predict the mental health status of university students in Bangladesh (depression and anxiety, respectively). Finally, this study proposes to apply RF and SVM classification when the prediction of mental illness status is the core interest.

Background & aim: Motor skills are the driving force of human growth and development. Pre-school and primary school ages are important developmental periods that require special attention in motor skills training. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the effect of a selected exercise program course on improving gross motor skills of children with hearing impairment in Amol city. Methods: The present research was a quasi-experimental study using pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included all students with hearing impairment in Amol city who were studying in the academic year 2011-2012. Sixteen participants were selected based on the available sample and demographic questionnaire. Participants were randomly divided into two homogeneous groups of 8 as control and experimental groups based on the pre-test scores of the general motor skills test. The participants of the experimental group performed parts of the selected Spark training program for 18 sessions. The participants in the control group performed their usual activities. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and multivariate covariance tests. Results: The findings of the present study indicated that the experimental group performed better than the control group in all subscales, especially gross motor skills, such as jumping and licking skills (P≤0.05). The selected movement program indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the two skills of jumping and licking with statistically high power (P≤0.01). The square of ETA was related to the displacement of 0.51. In effect, the impact rate was 51%. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that the performance of selected physical activity had a significant effect on the subtests of mobility skills and object control in children with hearing impairment. The results indicated that by presenting a selected educational program, it was possible to provide an opportunity for the development of object control and movement skills, which were the basis of specialized and sports skills in children.

BackgroundThe present study aimed to identify factors that are associated with puberty knowledge among school-going rural adolescents in Bangladesh.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 2724 school-going (grades VI-IX) adolescents who were aged between 10-24 years. The adolescents resided only in rural areas of Bangladesh. In this study, relationship between socio-demographic factors and controlling behaviour was assessed considering Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. Considering the complex nature of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model the structural equation model to explore factors related to the Adolescents' knowledge of pubertal changes.ResultsThe structural equation model result showed a significant association among gender, education, age, and parental limit setting on daily activities with student's knowledge on pubertal changes. peer connection, and peer regulation were associated with adolescent knowledge on puberty directly as well as through the mediator variables year of schooling, academic performance and, parental behavioural control.ConclusionAdolescents Age, years of schooling, and teachers concerns are positively associated with adolescents' knowledge on puberty. Whereas, parents' and peers' controlling behaviors are negatively associated with adolescents' understanding of pubertal changes. Therefore, there is needed an effective plan to raise the attention of parents and teachers on adolescents' pubertal issues to ensure adolescents' informed pubertal period.

Objectives To determine the need for recovery (NFR) among emergency physicians and to identify demographic and occupational characteristics associated with higher NFR scores.Design Cross-sectional electronic survey.Setting Emergency departments (EDs) (n=112) in the UK and Ireland.Participants Emergency physicians, defined as any registered physician working principally within the ED, responding between June and July 2019.Main outcome measure NFR Scale, an 11-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses how work demands affect intershift recovery.Results The median NFR Score for all 4247 eligible, consented participants with a valid NFR Score was 70.0 (95% CI: 65.5 to 74.5), with an IQR of 45.5–90.0. A linear regression model indicated statistically significant associations between gender, health conditions, type of ED, clinical grade, access to annual and study leave, and time spent working out-of-hours. Groups including male physicians, consultants, general practitioners (GPs) within the ED, those working in paediatric EDs and those with no long-term health condition or disability had a lower NFR Score. After adjusting for these characteristics, the NFR Score increased by 3.7 (95% CI: 0.3 to 7.1) and 6.43 (95% CI: 2.0 to 10.8) for those with difficulty accessing annual and study leave, respectively. Increased percentage of out-of-hours work increased NFR Score almost linearly: 26%–50% out-of-hours work=5.7 (95% CI: 3.1 to 8.4); 51%–75% out-of-hours work=10.3 (95% CI: 7.6 to 13.0); 76%–100% out-of-hours work=14.5 (95% CI: 11.0 to 17.9).Conclusion Higher NFR scores were observed among emergency physicians than reported in any other profession or population to date. While out-of-hours working is unavoidable, the linear relationship observed suggests that any reduction may result in NFR improvement. Evidence-based strategies to improve well-being such as proportional out-of-hours working and improved access to annual and study leave should be carefully considered and implemented where feasible.

Abstract Background & Aim: Several studies have investigated the relationship between motor growth and environmental capability in children with mental disorder in the world.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of providing (educational environment and physical activity) environment on motor improvement in children with mental disorders 6 to 9 years old. Methods: This is an applied and experimental study (interventional). The statistical population of this study was all 175 children with mental disorder 6 to 9 years old in Babol in 2017. Based on the facilities and cooperation of teachers and principals of exceptional schools in Babol, 50 male students were selected by convenience sampling and then randomly assigned to one of the experimental or control groups (25 in each group). To assess the motor skills of the children, the U.S. Bruinstein test was used. Data were analyzed by covariance analysis. Results: The results showed that the providers had an impact on improvement of motor skills such as upper extremity coordination, agility, balance, response rate (p 0.01). Also, the results of this study showed that there is a significant difference between the estimated mean scores of post-test motor improvement between the experimental and control groups (p> 0.01.( Conclusion: It is possible to pay attention to the environment and environmental abilities and the use of suitable methods for increasing the motor developmental abilities of children with mental disorders. By using the methods of providing and using the environment, many of the drug methods and complications arising from their use can be prevented.

Urbanization is one of the most significant global changes. The rapid growth in urban area isimposing high pressure to land and their resources. With regard to various ecological services of the Hyrcanian ecosystems and the necessity to conserve them, this research aimed to investigate the growth trend of urban areas and their impacts on land suitability of the conservational patches in Korganroud watershed, Guilan Province. First, the undeveloped parts of the watershed were divided into two main ecosystem types of forest and rangeland. Then, for each ecosystem type, required parameters of the CAPS Model (land capability and ecological parameters) were calculated and combined using linear combination approach. In total, 14 different zones with an area o 64,541 hectare (19% of the watershed‘s area: 13% jungle and 6% rangeland ecosystems) were distinguished as conservational patches. Simulation of the urban growth was done using a Markov-Cellular Automata Urban Change Modeling method called SLEUTH. We designed three different scenarios of historical, managed and ecologically sustainable growth for the period of 2008 - 2050. Finally, integration of the results of two approaches was implemented using a loose coupling approach. Results reflect a general trend in decline of patch suitability influenced by type and size of the urban area growth. According to the results, the observed changes in urban growth for the historical scenario provide a development approach different to the changes for the other two scenarios which collectively fall in another approach to development. Thus, conservational suitability of the area can be preserved by changing the development approach and harnessingcurrent trend of the urban area growth.

Background: Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We came to examine the total excess mortality due to the GI cancer in Mazandaran province.Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991were available from Babol Cancer Registry. Patients were followed up for 15 years by the year 2006. Using the West Coale-De­meny life table model, a number of five life tables for men and four for women, corresponding to each birth cohort, were constructed. Observed survival was obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the Expected survival cal­culated using the direct adjusted method represented by STEIN et al.Results: The sample of subjects encompassed 66.3% men and 33.7% women with mean age 58.26 ± 10.90, and endoscopy was the general method for cancer detection. Esophagus accounted for 74.2%, and stomach and colorectal accounted for 22.7% and 3.1% of GI cancers, respectively. Survival rate in 15 years following diagnosis was nearly 6%. Comparing pa­tient and expected survival curves showed a significantly reduced survival for patients of each GI cancer over the whole period and especially during the first two years after diagnosis.Conclusion: Patients experienced reduced survival associated with the development of GI cancers. Considering individuals in a population come from different cohorts, adjustment by constructing distinct life tables for different birth cohorts is rec­ommended. The West model is recommended as a first choice to represent mortality in countries whose registration systems are exposed to various errors.

Background: Listeria monocytogenes is of major concern to the food industry in general and the dairy industry in particular. Little is known about incidence of this pathogenic bacterium in dairy products in Iran.Methods: A survey was made from 23 September 2006 to 22 June 2007 for Listeria species in ninety samples of tradi­tional and industrial cheeses, in milk and surface where the cheeses were manufactured from unpasteurized raw milk in the province of Isfahan (Iran).Results: Listeria murrayi, L. grayi and L. ivanovii, were detected in nine traditional cheeses and one raw milk sample. None of the different Listeria species were isolated from the industrial cheeses and their environment.Conclusion: There are almost good hygienic conditions in domestic cheese manufacturing farmhouses in Isfahan area, but we should try to improve hygienic levels until we have none of the Listeria spp. in our samples.

Background: The use of cardiac surgical database is necessary for evaluating and improving the quality of care. The aim of this report was to provide useful information for surgeons in Iran and other countries for their daily practice. Methods: We analyzed data from 14288 consecutive patients in four different types of procedures, namely isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), combined CABG and valve (CABG-V), only valve (V), and other adult cardiac surgical operations from 2002 to 2006. Results: The activity load increased from 1765 in 2002 to 3309 surgical operations in 2006 with almost 87.2% of activity being isolated CABG. The mortality rate for CABG was 1%, which decreased from 1.7% to 0.9% over the five years. The mortality rates for CABG-V and V were 5.8% and 4.8% in the last year of the study, respectively. Over the 5 yr period, the proportion of urgent operations increased substantially from 4% to 24.5% (P< 0.0001), causing a reduction in elective operations. The mean length of hospital stay for the entire population was 8.38±5.74 d, which remained almost steady during the study period. Conclusion: This database can serve as a valuable resource of preoperative measurers and surgical outcomes for surgeons and researchers with a view to improving overall surgical performance.

Background: Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We came to examine the total excess mortality due to the GI cancer in Mazandaran province. Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991were available from Babol Cancer Registry. Patients were followed up for 15 years by the year 2006. Using the West Coale-De­meny life table model, a number of five life tables for men and four for women, corresponding to each birth cohort, were constructed. Observed survival was obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the Expected survival cal­culated using the direct adjusted method represented by STEIN et al. Results: The sample of subjects encompassed 66.3% men and 33.7% women with mean age 58.26 ± 10.90, and endoscopy was the general method for cancer detection. Esophagus accounted for 74.2%, and stomach and colorectal accounted for 22.7% and 3.1% of GI cancers, respectively. Survival rate in 15 years following diagnosis was nearly 6%. Comparing pa­tient and expected survival curves showed a significantly reduced survival for patients of each GI cancer over the whole period and especially during the first two years after diagnosis. Conclusion: Patients experienced reduced survival associated with the development of GI cancers. Considering individuals in a population come from different cohorts, adjustment by constructing distinct life tables for different birth cohorts is rec­ommended. The West model is recommended as a first choice to represent mortality in countries whose registration systems are exposed to various errors.

Background: The use of cardiac surgical database is necessary for evaluating and improving the quality of care. The aim of this report was to provide useful information for surgeons in Iran and other countries for their daily practice. Methods: We analyzed data from 14288 consecutive patients in four different types of procedures, namely isolated coro­nary artery bypass grafting (CABG), combined CABG and valve (CABG-V), only valve (V), and other adult cardiac surgical op­erations from 2002 to 2006. Results: The activity load increased from 1765 in 2002 to 3309 surgical operations in 2006 with almost 87.2% of activity be­ing isolated CABG. The mortality rate for CABG was 1%, which decreased from 1.7% to 0.9% over the five years. The mor­tality rates for CABG-V and V were 5.8% and 4.8% in the last year of the study, respectively. Over the 5 yr period, the pro­portion of urgent operations increased substantially from 4% to 24.5% (P< 0.0001), causing a reduction in elective op­erations. The mean length of hospital stay for the entire population was 8.38±5.74 d, which remained almost steady dur­ing the study period. Conclusion: This database can serve as a valuable resource of preoperative measurers and surgical outcomes for surgeons and researchers with a view to improving overall surgical performance.

Background The aim of this study is to estimate the factors at both the individual and community levels related to the adequacy of iodized salt in households in Bangladesh. Methods For this study we utilized the 2019 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data. A total of 61 242 households were chosen as samples from Bangladesh. In our study of socio-economic disparities, we applied a concentration indexing method. To identify the factors associated with the adequacy of iodine in salt at both the individual and community levels, we employed multilevel logistic regression. Aside from the multilevel regression used in the study, we also applied spatial analysis. Results The results indicated that the prevalence of iodine adequacy in household salt was found to be 57.8% (95% confidence interval 57.4 to 58.2). Rural areas have a higher concentration of iodine than urban areas. According to the multilevel model, younger women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.70), Muslim women (aOR 0.89), illiterate women (aOR 0.80) and those from poor households (aOR 0.33) were found to be less likely to consume iodine in concentrated salt compared with their counterparts. Disabled women and those with low media exposure have a lower likelihood of iodine adequacy in salt compared to their reference group. Furthermore, households in urban areas exhibited higher odds of having iodine adequacy in salt compared with households in rural areas. Barisal, Chattogram, Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions have lower iodine adequacy in salt compared with Sylhet Division. Conclusions The findings reveal that religion, physical disability and exposure to media exert an equal influence on the presence of iodized salt intake. Moreover, women's age, wealth status, education level and the educational background of the household head positively contribute to the adequacy of iodine in household salt. In light of these results, policymakers are advised to prioritize efforts aimed at enhancing iodine concentration, with a particular focus on mass media advertising, especially in rural areas (excluding Sylhet Division). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, data mining and machine learning methods in the medical field have received much attention and have optimized many complex issues in the medical field. One of the problems facing researchers is the appropriate dataset, and the suitable dataset on which different methods of data mining and machine learning can be applied is rarely found. One of the most reliable and appropriate datasets in the field of diabetes diagnosis is the Indian Survey Database. In this article, we have tried to review the methods that have been implemented in recent years using machine learning classification algorithms on this data set and compare these methods in terms of evaluation criteria and feature selection methods. After comparing these methods, it was found that models that used feature selection methods were more accurate than other approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]