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Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a significant concern in the camel population of Saudi Arabia. This study aimed to provide epidemiological insights into the disease by estimating the true prevalence in camels in the Eastern Province and Riyadh, using a Bayesian estimation framework, and exploring the associated risk factors through a frequentist approach. A total of 1200 camel blood samples were collected and analyzed using an indirect ELISA method. The true herd-level prevalence was estimated at 0.7 (95% probability interval: 0.57 to 0.81), and the mean expected true animal-level prevalence was 0.17 (0.14 to 0.20). Risk factors associated with Map seropositivity were identified, including sex, breed, raising system, and production type. Females, single breed camels, and nomadic raising systems were found to have lower odds of seropositivity, while camels used for racing and show had significantly higher odds. The study's Bayesian approach, adjusting for the imperfect accuracy of MAP tests, provides a nuanced understanding of the disease's prevalence in the region. The integration of true prevalence estimates with risk factor analysis offers a comprehensive framework that can guide future policies and strategies in the fight against paratuberculosis in Saudi Arabia. The findings emphasize the importance of targeted control measures, underscoring the urgent need for interventions in Saudi Arabia's camel population. By understanding the true disease prevalence and its associated risk factors, we can enhance disease management strategies, offering valuable insights for future control and eradication efforts in the region.

Carum carvi (Carium) or caraway is traditionally used for the treatment of several metabolic and non-metabolic disorders. In the current study, extracted oil, flavonoids, and alkaloids from the Carium were used to evaluate the effects of these components on blood lipid profile and heart regeneration from oxidative damages caused by hydrogen peroxide consumption. A total of 50 male BALB/c mice were used in this study with a body weight of 23-32 g. The animals were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10). Group 1: The animals in this group were considered the control group and fed with a normal diet. Group 2: Hyperoxidative stress was induced in this group by giving hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1% into the drinking water for 6 weeks. After this period, they did not receive any treatments and only received saline solution by intraperitoneal (IP) injection once a day for 4 weeks. Group 3: Hyperoxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1% for 6 weeks. All the animals in this group received 1.25 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) extracted oil from Caraway seeds for 4 weeks by IP injection once a day each week. Group 4: Hyperoxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1% for 6 weeks. All the animals in this group received 61.28 mg/kg B.W. extracted flavonoids from Caraway seeds for 4 weeks by IP injection once a day each week. Group 5: Hyperoxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1% for 6 weeks. All the animals in this group received 7.8 mg/kg B.W. extracted alkaloids from Caraway seeds for 4 weeks by IP injection once a day each week. The levels of glutathione and malondialdehyde were estimated in the liver and kidneys in the animals with cardiovascular disorders induced by hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 1%. The results of the current study showed that the alkaloids had the greatest effect in reducing harmful total cholesterol and a complete recovery of the heart and aorta from atherosclerotic lesions through viewing the tissue sections.

Ammonia in air can be hazardous to human and animal life and should be removed from the environment. Recently the removal of environmental pollutants such as ammonia by means of natural and modified zeolites has attracted a lot of attention and interests. In this study the capability of three Iranian natural zeolites (Clinoptilolite) in point of view of removal of ammonia from air was investigated. Through this research, different zeolites from various regions of Iran including Semnan, Meyaneh, and Firoozkooh resources were considered to be studied. These samples of zeolites were ground and granulized into 425 µm to 4 mm and were utilized in dynamic sorption experiments. Curves of sorption were plotted and breakthrough and saturated points of zeolite samples were obtained. The adsorption capacities at different ammonia concentrations, temperatures, and flow – rates were also calculated. Results obtained showed that, the natural Iranian zeolite (Clinoptilolite) was identified to be more efficient adsorbent than the others to remove ammonia from the air. In the same conditions, the obtained breakthrough time for clinoptilolite sample of Meyaneh was longer than the others ( 135min ), while, the adsorption capacity of Semnan clinoptilolite was higher than adsorbents ( 6.30 mg /g) (P