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Poor land leveling of paddy fields leads to irrigation problems which affect crop establishment and ultimately yield. One way to manage this is to vary the seeding rate according to the level profile of the land in order to get a more uniform crop establishment. In this work, a variable rate seeding technique for paddy production is presented. The method determined the variable rate seeding strategy based on the land leveling index of the plot. The leveling index is a measure of the unevenness of a land surface. The determination of land leveling index was carried out during the final land tilling stage. This minimized time and labor usage because the leveling index measurement could be done simultaneously while the land was being prepared. The system produced an accuracy of ± 20 mm vertically and ± 10 mm horizontally. The data collected from the system was processed to determine the leveling index of the field. Leveling index 5 was used as a reference to generate a variable rate seeding treatment map. Conditional rules were created to split the map into three categories (“High”, “Low” and “Even”) to facilitate practical use of the variable rate map. An analysis of variance was done to compare between the variable rate seeding strategy and the conventional blanket seeding strategy. The results showed that there was no significant difference in plant population between the “High”, “Low “and “Even” areas when the variable rate seeding strategy was employed. This means that the proposed approach was able to ensure a more uniform crop establishment across the paddy field.

Geophysical data through electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP) can be assisted to understanding hydrogeological characteristic of groundwater aquifer. By knowing the difference in electrical resistivity and induced polarization values in alluvium deposition will facilitate to identify any groundwater occurrence. In agriculture sector, shallow tube well will be option to farmers due to more economic. The resistivity measurements proved to be a good tool for mapping the subsurface in the Alluvium, especially when used in combination with Induced Polarization parameters. Alluvial deposits or fluvial deposits are composed of particles of gravel, sand, silt or clay size that are not bound or hardened by permeable mineral, by pressure, or thermal alteration of the grains. Consideration of gravelly deposition is the higher hydraulic conductivity. Furthermore, coarse to fine sand are the second higher followed by silt and clay are the lowest values. From the case study, the electrical resistivity tomography of these deposits ranged from 40 to 1000 Ωm, while the values of chargeability were 0 to 20 mS/m. The bottom of the aquifer consisted of a layer with gravelly sandy silt, and the resistivity was 260 Ωm, while the chargeability was 6.5 mS/m. The shallow tube well in quaternary aquifer was constructed at 51 m depth with thickness of aquifer was 24 m to 51 m depth into the ground will consider for groundwater resources. The groundwater discharge from tubewell is 6.53 m3/hr in mixed gravel, sandy and silt.