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During the winter seasons 2021/2022 and 2022/2023, two field experiments were conducted at the Ismailia Experiment Research Station in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, to assess the effect of soil conditioners and cyanobacteria at different irrigation levels on the growth and productivity of wheat plants grown in sandy soil. The experimental treatments were arranged in the split-split plot design shown below: Two bio fertilizer treatments were represented by subplot A0: no application and A1: cyanobacteria (Anabaena crcinalis) inoculation. Four natural soil conditioner treatments at a rate of 2.4 mg ha-1 were arranged in sub-sub plot (control): no application, (Z) zeolite, (B) bentonite, and (F) feldspar. The results revealed that cyanobacteria inoculation combined with natural soil conditioners resulted in positive and statistically significant increases in all parameters studied. The highest mean values were obtained in the majority of cases when cyanobacteria and feldspar were combined in a 70% irrigation level, with no significant difference when cyanobacteria and feldspar were combined in full irrigation level. All growth parameters were increased per plant. The investigated factors had a significant impact on NPK uptake by grains and straw, total amino acid percentages in wheat grains, and available NPK in soil. Furthermore, the presence of cyanobacteria associated with soil conditioners led to an increase in soil dehydrogenase, indole acetic acid levels. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to use cyanobacteria and soil conditioners as natural resources to minimize water use while boosting the production and growth characteristics of wheat plants. Finally, the findings of this study suggested that inoculating wheat plants with cyanobacteria in combination with soil conditioners can reduce up to 30% of the total amount of water required by wheat plants, and that using natural resources and bio fertilizer can be recommended to improve soil fertility while minimizing the environmental impact of chemical fertilizer.

Partial balanced incomplete block designs have a wide range of applications in many areas. Such designs provide advantages over fully balanced incomplete block designs as they allow for designs with a low number of blocks and different associations. This paper introduces a class of partially balanced incomplete designs. We call it partially balanced network designs (PBNDs). The fundamentals and properties of PBNDs are studied. We are concerned with modeling PBNDs as graph designs. Some direct constructions of small PBNDs and generalized PBNDs are introduced. Besides that, we show that our modeling yields an effective utilization of PNBDs in constructing graph codes. Here, we are interested in constructing graph codes from bipartite graphs. We have proved that these codes have good characteristics for error detection and correction. In the end, the paper introduces a novel technique for generating new codes from already constructed codes. This technique results in increasing the ability to correct errors.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private company. Main funding source(s): Novartis Corporation Sdn Bhd Background In real world settings, factors that may affect prognosis of HF patients include comorbidities, lack of guideline-directed medical therapies (GDMT) and laboratory findings in particular elevated cardiac biomarkers. Purpose This report aimed to provide insights into these important clinical characteristics in hospitalized HF patients. Methods MYHF registry is a prospective, observational study of symptomatic HF patients (NYHA II-IV) hospitalized in 18 tertiary care centers in Malaysia over a period of 3 years starting in 2019. The key comorbidities, GDMT and natriuretic peptides (NP) utilization in hospitalized HF patients enrolled in MYHF Registry will be analyzed. Results A total of 2,717 patients, mean age 60.17 years (SD 13.62) and predominantly males (66.8%) were recruited. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 36.5% (SD 15.3); with 64.6% HFrEF (LVEF ≤40%), 21.6% HFpEF (LVEF ≥50%) and 11.3% HFmrEF (LVEF 41-49%). Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (71.5%), followed by diabetes (59.8%), ischemic heart disease (55.9%), dyslipidemia (46.6%) and chronic kidney disease (30.9%). At admission, mean SBP was 137.6 mmHg (SD 29), with 5.9% and 42.6% of patients with SBP < 100 mmHg and ≥ 140 mmHg, respectively. Mean HbA1c value was 7.56% (SD 2.0). Mean total cholesterol and LDL-C were 4.30 mmol/L (SD 1.66) and 2.62 mmol/L (SD 1.34), respectively. At admission, mean serum creatinine was 145.76 umol/L (SD 119.64) and 1 out of 2 patients (55.1%) had eGFR =5000 pg/ml. Hospitalization has been known to provide good opportunity for GDMT optimization. Although about two third (59.2%) of patients in this registry had previous history of heart failure hospitalization, only 33.7% of patients were on dual GDMT (ACEi/ARB/ARNI +BB) and 1 out of 10 (13.5%) were on triple GDMT (ACEi/ARB/ARNI+BB+MRA) during admission. Conclusions Hospitalized HF patients in MYHF registry are generally young, with high prevalence of co-morbidities, worse laboratory findings and had under-utilization of GDMT. The knowledge gained will be crucial for guiding management of HF patients to improve the prognosis.

A pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is causing an unprecedented situation for the world’s health services. Health, local communities, and government are adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, on January 21, 2020, the WHO Emergency Committee declared a global health emergency because of increasing numbers of COVID-19 case notifications from countries overseas. While the pandemic caused grave damage to socioeconomic phenomena and multiple global phenomena such as commodity prices, remittances, trade, tourism, significant job loss, and drastically lower wages, the pandemic has also negatively affected multiple global phenomena. The advent of technology has spurred significant changes in many aspects of our lives and improved the exchange of information, the presentation of data, and the management of medical resources through telemedicine. In this article, we present a mathematical data visualization approach for analyzing pandemic data behaviors, such as exponential growth and deviations using the data related to COVID-19 events. Furthermore, this article will include studies on the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on finance sector.

There is a long history of interest in modeling Poisson regression in different fields of study. The focus of this work is on handling the issues that occur after modeling the count data. For the prediction and analysis of count data, it is valuable to study the factors that influence the performance of the model and the decision based on the analysis of that model. In regression analysis, multicollinearity and influential observations separately and jointly affect the model estimation and inferences. In this article, we focused on multicollinearity and influential observations simultaneously. To evaluate the reliability and quality of regression estimates and to overcome the problems in model fitting, we proposed new diagnostic methods based on Sherman–Morrison Woodbury (SMW) theorem to detect the influential observations using approximate deletion formulas for the Poisson regression model with the Liu estimator. A Monte Carlo method is done for the assessment of the proposed diagnostic methods. Real data are also considered for the evaluation of the proposed methods. Results show the superiority of the proposed diagnostic methods in detecting unusual observations in the presence of multicollinearity compared to the traditional maximum likelihood estimation method.

Nanotechnology has become an important tool for fish disease prevention and treatment. The current study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of dietary thyme essential oil (TEO) and its nano-emulsion (TEO-NE) for motile Aeromonas septicemia prevention (MAS) in Oreochromis niloticus after in vitro evaluation. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from naturally diseased Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus showed signs of septicemia and congestion of internal organs. Prevalence of MAS among diseased O. niloticus and C. gariepinus was 86.9 and 44.4%, respectively. The obtained isolates were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila by molecular assay and found to be highly pathogenic as they contained hemolysin and cytotoxic enterotoxin virulence genes. Experimental infection and medial lethal concentration were performed and it was 1.5 × 104. TEO-NE was synthesized by ultrasonication and characterized by TEM, ATR-FTIR, and zeta potential. The antibacterial activity of TEO-NE was noticed at the least concentration during in vitro evaluation. TEO-NE succeeded in preventing MAS in dietary fed O. niloticus with no mortality compared to 10 and 80% O. niloticus groups fed TEO and positive control group, respectively. Dietary TEO-NE induced significant increase in IgM, IL-1β, and lysozyme. Liver and kidney functions were within the normal levels in groups fed TEO and TEO-NE.

The current research aims to evaluate the susceptibility of the tomato of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars 65,015 (CV1), Basma (CV2), Dalia (CV3), 320 (CV4), and 844 (CV5) to early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani, A. alternata, and Curvularia lunata under greenhouse conditions. All five cultivars were inoculated with the tested pathogenic fungi. The results showed that CV1 was highly resistant to early blight disease whereas CV5 was most susceptible to it. The causal pathogens decreased the total chlorophyll contents of the tomato cultivars and caused the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions, and lipid peroxidation, having the greatest effect in CV5 followed by CV4 and the least effect in CV1. The pathogenic fungi also significantly stimulated the synthesis of ascorbic acid and reduced the production of glutathione, salicylic acid, soluble phenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonialyase, and polyphenol oxidase in all the infected tomato cultivars except CV4 or CV5, with CV1 showing the greatest changes. Histopathological studies of the infection phases of A. solani and C. lunata on the highly resistant cultivar CV1 and the susceptible cultivar CV5 under the light microscope demonstrated that the leaves of CV1 were coated with thick epidermal hairs and glandular hairs and had relatively few stomata, whereas those of CV5 had a limited number of hairs and many stomata. Electron microscopy further showed that the fungal mycelia of A. solani and C. lunata easily attacked the open stomata of the hypersensitive cultivar CV5.

The turbulent flow between concentric cylinders both rotating in the same or opposite directions is investigated theoretically. A finite difference scheme is developed to solve the boundary layer equations covering the flow. A two-equation model of turbulence was employed in this study. Modifications have been made to the model to take into account the effect of rotating on of the cylinders and the existing of the wall. The effect of changing the radius ratio, axial Reynolds number and angular velocity ratio on the hydraulic friction head loss of air is studied . Distributions for axial mean velocity, tangential mean velocity, turbulence intensity and shear stress in both the entrance region and fully developed region are predicted, also. Comparisons of the present numerical results with other investigators results show good agreement.

Tomato plants displaying early blight symptoms were collected from different localities in the provinces of Assiut and Sohag, Egypt. The causal pathogens were isolated on potato dextrose agar plates. Pathogenicity tests with 48 isolates were carried out under greenhouse conditions on tomato cultivar (CV 844). All tested isolates caused symptoms of early blight disease with different degrees. The highest disease severity on tomato plants was found after inoculation with isolate No. 6 followed by isolates No. 20 and No. 31. The most pathogenic isolates were identified by sequence analysis using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The analysis of the amplified sequences from fungal isolates No. 6, 20 and 31 displayed 99 - 100% nucleotide identity with Alternaria solani, Curvularia lunata and A. alternata, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Curvularia lunata as one of the causal pathogens of early blight disease of tomato plants in Egypt.

This paper is concerned with statistical inference of multiple constant-stress testing for progressive type-II censored data with binomial removal. The failure times of the test units are assumed to be independent and follow the modified Kies exponential (MKEx) distribution. The maximum likelihood method as well as Bayes method are used to derive both point and interval estimates of the parameters. Furthermore, a real data application for transformers turn insulation is used to illustrate the proposed methods. Moreover, this real data set is used to show that MKEx distribution can be a possible alternative model to the exponential, generalized exponential and Weibull distributions. Finally, simulation studies are carried out to investigate the accuracy of the different estimation methods.

The present study was carried out under field conditions over two successive winter seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 on clay loam soil at the Experimental Farm at Shandaweel Agriculture Research Station, Sohag Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research was to investigate effects of salicylic acid application in combination with foliar spraying with different rates of some microelements (Iron, Zinc and Manganese) on green and seed yield of some pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars. Under field conditions of this study, the interaction among Palmoral cv., 150 ppm of microelements and 300 ppm of salicylic acid concentrations produced the highest production of green pod yield (ton/fed.) and seed yield (kg/fed.) of pea. Furthermore, the application of interaction among Jaguar cv., 150 ppm of microelements and 300 ppm of salicylic acid concentrations gave the highest number of green pods per plant. The interaction among Master B cv., 150 ppm of microelements and 300 ppm of salicylic acid concentrations produced the tallest green pod (cm) and number of green seeds/green pod of pea over both experimental seasons. The highest values of the investigated yield and quality parameters were obtained by the interaction between 150 ppm of microelements and 300 ppm of salicylic acid in the first and second seasons. From results of this experiment, it could be concluded that application of adequate amounts of salicylic acid in combination with foliar application of microelements is one of the most important factors involved in improving yield and quality of pea plants and productivity.

Two field experiments were conducted during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons at the experimental farm of the Agricultural Research Station, Agric. Res. Center, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt (Lat. 30° 35' 30" N, Long. 32° 14' 50" E, 10 m ASL), to evaluate the effect of fallow (control(, clover and fodder maize as a preceding crops and foliar application of some micronutrients on yield and yield components of wheat cv. Gemmiza 11. The experimental design was split plot with three replications. Main plots were allocated by preceding crops and sub plots were occupied by three micronutrients salts FeSO4, ZnSO4 and MnSO4, in seven combinations of micronutrients foliar application T1: (Fe +Zn + Mn), T2: (Fe +Zn), T3: (Fe + Mn), T4: Fe, T5: (Zn + Mn), T6: Zn and T7: Mn. Micronutrients were sprayed three times at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. Results showed that wheat significantly affected by the preceding summer crops. Clover as a preceding crop left good residual effect on wheat plant which gave the highest values for all studied characters e.g. plant height, number of spikes/m2, No. of spikelets/spike, No. of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield as well as straw and grain contents from Fe, Mn and Zn in the two seasons. With respect to micronutrients, the results showed that the differences between these treatments had significant effect on each of plant height, number of spikes/m2, No. of spikelets/spike, No. of grains/spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield. The foliar application of mixture nutrients (Fe + Mn + Zn) produced the highest values of yield and its components during both seasons. Moreover, the foliar spray of Fe, Mn and Zn (alone or together and all three nutrients) has significant effect on wheat straw and grain-Fe, Mn and Zn concentrationduring the two seasons. Also, the results indicated that the interaction between preceding crops and micronutrients treatments had insignificant effect on all studied characters, except 1000 grain weight in the first season and number of spikelets/spike in the second one. In conclusion growing wheat following to clover and foliar application by mixture of Fe+Mn+Zn produced the maximum net income valued 2186 and 2098 LE.fad-1 during two seasons, respectively, compared to the other treatments.

Motivated by the connotation of survival Renyi entropy and its related dynamic version, we introduce them in terms of their lower bounds and mean residual life function. Moreover, we illustrate the relation between survival Renyi entropy and some of measures of information. Furthermore, the hazard rate order implies ordering of dynamic survival Renyi entropy. Our models are considered a more comprehensive version of generalized order statistics and give some properties and characterization results. Finally, a non-parametric estimation of survival Renyi entropy is included based on real COVID-19 data and simulated data.

From the perspective of Malaysian health care providers, denosumab was cost-effective in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, with an optimal outcome starting at age 60 years. Our results provide important insights into the value for money of anti-osteoporotic agents that can serve as a reference for other countries with comparable epidemiological data.The study aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of denosumab with alendronate and no treatment in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis among the Malaysian population.A well-validated Markov model was used to estimate the cost-effectiveness of denosumab in a hypothetical cohort of postmenopausal osteoporotic women between 50 and 80 years old who had no history of fractures. A 10-year time horizon from the perspective of Malaysian health care providers was used in this analysis. The model parameters, including transition probabilities and costs, were based on Malaysian sources. Treatment efficacy data were obtained from a network meta-analysis. The study outcomes were presented as incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of the results. A cost-effectiveness threshold was set at MYR 21,438 (USD 5175) per QALY.Denosumab was found to be a cost-effective option for postmenopausal osteoporotic women aged 60 and older. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for denosumab versus alendronate ranged from MYR 16,955 (USD 4093) per QALY at age 60 to MYR 4380 (USD 1057) per QALY at age 80. The cost-effectiveness of denosumab improved monotonically with increasing age. Denosumab was 72.8-92.7% likely to be cost-effective at the cost-effectiveness threshold. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the results were robust across all parameter variations, with the annual cost of denosumab being the most sensitive.From the perspective of the Malaysian health care provider, denosumab appears to be a cost-effective treatment choice for postmenopausal osteoporotic women over 60 years of age.

This laboratory and field experiment were to assess the use of rice straw (RS); biochar rice straw- compost (BRS); rice straw- ammonium (RSN) and compost (ST) at 0, 12.5 and 25 Mg ha-1 on the development of wheat plants and improve a sandy soil's productivity. In winter seasons of 2017/2018 – 2018/2019 at the Ismailia Agricultural Research Station. In laboratory experiment soil treatments incubation and studied OC%, SP, FC, PWP and AW. In field experiment i.e. yield, yield components, N, K and P, pH, ECe and bulk density at ripeness's stage, times application before sowing (Ap1) and with sowing (Ap2) on wheat and study design a split block. Results the end of incubation period, losses of OC% about 21.2, 7, 20.6 and 32.1% due to 25 Mg ha-1 for RS, BRS, RSN and ST respectively, we found a positive effect of rice straw and compost on SP, FC, PWP and AW. In field experiment the highest relative increase over control due to 25 Mg ha-1 BRS, RSN and ST at Ap1 for plant height were 36.58, 68.95 and 74.73 % where dry weight/plant were 35.00 48.44 and 69.06 %, grain yield were 45.13, 58.70 and 69.32%. 100 seed weight and N K P content significant affected by BRS, RSN and ST respectively. Soil available N, K and P due to all organic treatments. Soil EC was improved by RSN and ST, addition of ST impact on pH and bulk density was slightly reduced, but BRS was due to a slight increase.

Background: Music therapy is the use of music to improve health or functional outcomes. Music therapy is a creative arts therapy.Aim of Study: This study was conducted to investigate effect music with exercise on range of motion and pain in pediatric lower limb burn.Subjects: Thirty patients with 2nd degree lower limb burn were conducted in the present study. All patients with age ranged from 10 to 15 years. They were selected from El-Kasr El-Ainy Hospital and Om El-Masreen Hospital in Cairo, Egypt.Methods: Patients assigned randomly into two Groups (A and B) equal in number: Group (A) fifteen patients received the traditional physiotherapy plus music with exercise v for 12 weeks (3 sessions/week). Group (B) fifteen patients received the recommended traditional physiotherapy for 12 weeks.Evaluation: Evaluation of both Groups (A and B) were done before starting the treatment and at the end of study by visual analog scale and goniometer.Results: This study showed a statistically significant improvement in range of motion and pain. Increase in flexion and extension and ankle dorsiflexion and planter flexion in Group A than Group B and significant improvement in pain in Group A than Group B.Conclusion: Music with exercise is an effective modality for improving range of motion and pain.

Executive summary Many visions of 6G and the evolution of data rates in wireless systems in general are directing their vectors toward Tbps communications by 2030. This target, with the important goal of sustainable development in the future world, will inevitably lead to many questions within the RF community about whether this will be feasible at all, and how. As the same question is also raised by other experts from various fields, this paper will examine the challenges and opportunities before us from many perspectives. It is evident that 6G will not only be extremely high-speed communications. For example, the existing wireless infrastructure and new solutions in ultra-low power communications will also live and evolve, further enriching the fabric of wireless systems serving an even wider spread of applications. 6G is also expected to merge communications and sensing in a new way, and the wide bandwidth needed for data will also benefit many high-precision sensing applications. Multi-use, scalability, and energy efficiency will be of the utmost importance, and the tradeoffs will be neither straightforward nor easy to implement, or even understand, without a deep dive into key technologies. These are evolving mostly from the well-established solutions in the market, but at the same time, the need for something completely new is evident. The gap between radio and optical communications is also narrowing, potentially answering some of the concerns. This white paper will not only discuss the opportunities but also the serious challenges that are foreseeable in the technology community. These may slow down, or in the worst case even block, some of the development paths. How we cope with such threats and use the existing opportunities in the engineering process from early research to final products in the current landscape is one of the key questions that will be asked by the RF community. At the end of this paper, a list of refined questions will be shared. These are not for the RF community alone, but for experts working in various disciplines and stakeholders that are together building the future of 6G enabled by radio technologies.

G. Gattar is located in the northern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt, bounded by latitudes 26° 52´ - 27° 08´ N and longitudes 33° 13´ – 33° 26´ E and covers an area of about 178 km2. Eighteen samples, nine from uraniferous and nine from mineralized granites were measured radiometrically for 238U, 232Th, 226RaeU and 40K determination by Na-I detector and the radioactive minerals identified by alpha track method. Based on the petrography, radioactive mineral content and radioactivity, Gattarian granites were classified into uraniferous and mineralized granites. Uranium contents reach up to 229 ppm in the uraniferous granites and to 20300 ppm in the mineralized granites, which is extremely higher than the international limits. eTh/eU ratio of the studied uraniferous and mineralized granites show average ratios of 0.05 and 0.0044, respectively, which is extremely lower than the average of igneous rocks, suggesting uranium enrichment in reducing conditions. The uraniferous and mineralized granites U/Th ratios average are 62.23 and 4234.45, respectively, indicating that the studied two granitic types are considered highly productive rocks. The radioelements interrelations manifest that the distribution of radioelements not only magmatic but also related to hydrothermal redistribution of radionuclides associating with uranium deposition. The radiological hazard parameters, such as the dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex), internal (Hin) hazard indices and gamma index (Iγ) were estimated for these granites and compared with the international levels. Nearly, all the studied samples are to a great extent higher than the recommended permissible levels for all environmental parameters.

Estimating the left tail of quadratic forms in Gaussian random vectors is of major practical importance in many applications. In this letter, we propose an efficient importance sampling estimator that is endowed with the bounded relative error property. This property significantly reduces the number of simulation runs required by the proposed estimator compared to naive Monte Carlo (MC), especially when the probability of interest is very small. Selected simulation results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of our estimator compared to naive MC as well as some of the well-known approximations.

Extropy, as a complementary dual of entropy, has been discussed in many works of literature, where it is declared for other measures as an extension of extropy. In this article, we obtain the extropy of generalized order statistics via its dual and give some examples from well-known distributions. Furthermore, we study the residual and past extropy for such models. On the other hand, based on Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern distribution, we consider the residual extropy of concomitants of m-generalized order statistics and present this measure with some additional features. In addition, we provide the upper bound and stochastic orders of it. Finally, nonparametric estimation of the residual extropy of concomitants of m-generalized order statistics is included using simulated and real data connected with COVID-19 virus.

Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, low or high temperature, and heavy-metal toxicity are major limiting factors of crop productivity and sustainability. Over a few decades, several traditional and modern breeding methods have been used in the development of stress-tolerant plants. However, abiotic stress tolerance is a complex trait as plants respond to stresses by activating complex molecular and biochemical networks. To improve plant’s tolerance to abiotic stresses, a good knowledge of diverse mechanisms and/or pathways involved in the stress response is needed. With modern technology advancement, functional genomics approaches can provide enormously in understanding the gene-regulatory networks operating in diverse stresses. This chapter provides recent progresses on functional genomics, presenting various approaches such as next-generation sequencing, functional mapping of quantitative trait loci, genome-wide hybridization, and transgenesis and genome editing in addition to identification and validation of the candidate genes for crop improvements. Additionally, technologies related to gene expression, mutagenesis, map-based cloning, and different genomic-assisted strategies are assessed and discussed in the light of integration of the information acquired through functional genomics.

Technological growth had changed the conduction way of the warfare. This work is paying attention with developing the performance of a SSM (surface-to-surface missile) aerodynamically controlled system via both predictive and Neuro-Fuzzy controllers. The analysis and design demand somehow precise system model with different uncertainties via 6-DOF simulation. The executive differential equations of the missile motion are obtained from the model of missile's aerodynamic that built by means of the Missile Datcom software. Hence getting the required aerodynamics stability derivatives by the resulted aerodynamics data, the required transfer functions are calculated based on the equations of motion for the missile. Then the yaw autopilot is designed using the calculated transfer functions and to recognize the command signal produced by the guidance laws. The form of guidance commands are in the lateral acceleration components. By using the whole system model, the computer simulators are made by using the Matlab-Simulink software, where predictive and hybrid AI (Artificial Intelligence) Neuro-Fuzzy Yaw autopilots are compared proving that the more stability and less processing time.

Executive Summary In many places all over the world, rural and remote areas lack proper connectivity. This has led to an increasing digital divide. These areas may have low population density, low incomes, difficult terrain, and non-existent infrastructure, lacking a power grid, for example. This makes them less attractive places in which to invest and operate connectivity networks. 6G could be the first mobile radio generation that truly aims to close the digital divide. However, to do so, special requirements and challenges must be considered from the beginning of the design process. The aim of this white paper is to discuss requirements and challenges and indicate the related identified research topics that must be solved in 6G. This white paper first provides a generic discussion, illustrates some facts, and discusses targets set in international bodies for rural and remote connectivity and the digital divide. The paper then delves into technical details, i.e. into the solutions space. First, a background overview is provided, followed by a closer elaboration of individual elements, i.e. terrestrial back-haul networks, terrestrial back-haul solutions, non-terrestrial solutions, the need for local operations, and frequency spectrum issues. Each technical section ends with a discussion and then lists the highlights of the identified 6G challenges and research ideas.

Sustainable groundwater management is an important practice of water resources engineering, especially, in case of deserts and oases where there is no source of surface water and precipitation rarely occurs. The importance increases when the only source of groundwater is a nonrenewable aquifer. This is the case of new reclaimed areas in Farafra Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. The only source of irrigation water is groundwater extracted from the nonrenewable Nubian Sandstone Aquifer (NSA). There is a great agricultural development in Farafra Oasis as a part of the 1.5 million feddan mega project. Agricultural development, for new areas, is a must for Egypt to fulfil the increasing food demand accompanied with the increasing population growth rate. However, this development has to consider the sustainability of groundwater usage along with the social, economic, and national security aspects. Groundwater extraction rate from NSA has increased. As it is a nonrenewable aquifer, there is no groundwater recharge. Consequently, the groundwater potentiometric level (GPL) decreases with time. The traditional sustainability concept of safe yield or discharge equals recharge is not applicable on such cases. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation (MWRI) of Egypt set the groundwater sustainability criteria for groundwater-dependent new reclaimed areas in Farafra Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt. Both duration and economic lifting depth, have been considered. This paper presents groundwater sustainability assessment for extraction rates, Qwell = -1000, -2000, -3000, -4000, and -5000 m3 /d, to obtain the most beneficial sustainable extraction rate according to the MWRI sustainability criteria. A new groundwater-dependent reclaimed area of 10,000 feddan in Sahl Baraka, Farafra oasis, was taken as a case study area. GIS functions were used to obtain the values of unknown data and develop the initial groundwater potentiometric map. MODFLOW was used to construct a numerical model for groundwater extraction rate simulation for the case study area. This model was calibrated and used to obtain the depression cone drawdown (DCD) associated with different extraction rates. All NSA regional drawdown rates at Farafra oasis were considered. Benefit –Deficit analysis for duration and economic lifting depth criteria are presented and show that theextraction rate of Qwell = -3000 m3 /d is the most beneficial sustainable extraction rate according to the MWRI adopted sustainability criteria.

Background Obesity is nowadays considered as one of the public health problem which is associated with a great variety of diseases, most notably affecting the cardiovascular system. Aim of the Work is to evaluate and compare between the outcome of bariatric surgery directly after Intragastric balloon extraction versus delayed bariatric surgery (six weeks to three months) following balloon extraction. Patients and Methods The study was a Prospective Randomized study which included 30 patients who underwent a planned mini gastric bypass surgery following an intragastric balloon extraction. The patients were divided according to time of surgery to 2 groups: Group A (15patients): Delayed Second scheduled surgery after balloon extraction (6 weeks to 3 months). Group B (15 patients) Immediate surgery in the same session of balloon extraction. Results The mean age of the study was 35.36 years ranging from 21 to 50 years with ±8.227 standard deviation. The mean age of Group A was 35.6 versus 35.13 in Group B. The mean weight of the patients was 112.5±9.8kg ranging from 95 kg to 145kg. The mean weight of Group A was 110.13±8.27 versus 114.86±10.88 in Group B. The mean BMI of the study was 46.46±4.7 ranging from 38 to 60. The mean BMI for Group A was 45.66 versus 47.26 for Group B. Conclusion We concluded that a delayed bariatric surgery following an extraction of the balloon is more favorable than a same session surgery and extraction of the balloon in terms of duration of the operation, hospital stay and early post-operative complications.