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Service robots have received increasing attention in mobile robotics field with the recent advancement in technology and computing power. One of the important aspects of service robots is the vision recognition system. This system is crucial for the robot to navigate through the surrounding and detect the objects such as obstacles and targets. Most of the recent service robots use costly sensors such as LIDAR and high-end vision system in order to recognize its environment. This paper proposes to use a cost-effective sensor which is an omni-directional camera to obtain a full 360° field of view (FOV) of the surrounding environment. The images from the camera were then used to identify the location of the human in any direction from the robot. From the results, the optimal method to unwrap the omni-directional image and recognition of human is promising. In addition, the direction and heading of the robot is also configurable in future works using the proposed method.

Turn signal neglects have been identified as among the main contributors to motorcycle crashes and injuries in Malaysia. To date, several prior naturalistic observational studies have been conducted to address this situation. Nevertheless, aspects including the use of turn signals for various motorcycle movements, factors contributing to such use and how the motorcycle riders initiate and cancel the turn signals were still lacking. Thus, this study was initiated to address the aforementioned gaps through in-vehicle video recordings from the perspective of a car driver, along the pre-determined routes in several locations in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Based on the 3963 observations, the multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that female riders and those who wore helmets, carried a pillion, ingressed and egressed the expressways, turned at the 3-legged unsignalized intersections, entered the roundabouts, performed right turns, and travelled on weekdays, at dawn, dusk, night, during inclement weather, and on single carriageway, and single lanes were significantly more likely to activate their turn signals. The results also indicated that the majority of riders initiated the turn signals before crossing the line either along expressways or at intersections. Longer duration of turn signal initiation and cancellation were observed at unsignalized intersections as compared to expressways and signalized intersections. These findings necessitate either the development of new or improvement of existing technological system to increase the use of turn signals among riders.

The combustion of the internal combustion engine results in high heat and pressure produce as exhaust gas. The high-temperature exhaust gas will transfer the heat to surrounding via convection, conduction, and radiation. In the combustion chamber, the exhaust valve and its seat will reach high temperatures due to hot gases exit through the engine exhaust port. This high temperature must be reduced to avoid damaging the engine. In this project, the existing material of the valve seat is tested using computational fluid dynamics simulation for heat analysis. Simulation of transient thermal is conducted to study the detailed behavior of heat transfer of the valve and valve seat in the engine. Four copper-based material of the valve seat is selected which is beryllium copper, chromium copper, brass, bronze are simulated. In the simulation, the brass valve seat has the highest heat absorbance rate which averagely 30% higher than cast iron valve seat in terms of temperature differences. Most of the copper-based valve seat can absorb averagely 10% to 30% more heat than cast iron valve seat depends on the material’s thermal conductivity.

Objects such as vehicles are considered one of challenging obstruction on the road and very little attention has been made to address its significance on the wireless signal. As such, this paper validates the impact of vehicle obstruction on signal propagation using received signal strength indicator (RSSI) based on the wireless channel measurements of realistic environmental obstruction at 2.4 GHz frequency band. Low mobility IEEE 802.15.4 XBee S2C compliant device which is designed to collect received signal power was used and these devices were deployed at area congested with cars. The channel measurements were conducted on LOS car parking area with two scenarios; single-sided and double-sided vehicle obstruction which mimics the obstruction of metal objects. The effect of existing vehicle on the signal propagation is demonstrated based on RSSI and RMSE. The attenuation profile of vehicular obstruction on wireless signal is modeled and compared with large-scale propagation models. Results show that metal object significantly reduce transmission range and signal power. The findings may incite for future implementation of cooperative deployment program and internet of things (IoT) applications in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication.

There are many types of aerator that can be used to perform a water treatment process either from air to water or from water to air approaches. Other than focusing on the performance itself, the usage cost of aerator should be forecasted in detail too to have a sustainable and economical method in remediating the polluted water. Therein, the cost performance analysis was demonstrated by performing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation on improving water quality based on various aerator models. The simulation was focused in a small-scale aeration tank that consists of a mixing chamber, air duct, and a few of bubble diffusers. The improvement of water quality was assessed by calculating the number of gas bubble particles produced by 4 different configurations of aerator model, namely aerator model A, B, C and D, respectively. Results found that the aerator model D (5 bubble diffuser at 620 L/min) produces the highest number of gas particles up to 72.2%. However, the aerator model C (5 bubble diffuser at 300 L/min) was found to achieve the most efficient and sustainable approach based on energy consuming and cost of aerator configuration when compared to the other aerator models.

Water pollution is closely related to the Water Quality Index (WQI). One of the parameters in classifying WQI is dissolved oxygen (DO) that can be improved by introducing the surface and subsurface aerations. Herein, the Perlis River’s water quality was investigated by evaluating the DO’s improvement based on various aeration systems. The changes of DO (mg/L) and DO improvement (%) were evaluated during both low and high tide conditions. A total of 9 sets of data collection had been studied by comparing base DO (without running of aeration) and measured DO (with running of aeration) of river. The DO sensor was used to measure the changes of DO in the aeration measurement system. Results found that the DO improvement managed to achieve 74.89%, 10.18%, 35.58%, and 52.45% for water jet, air compressor, commercial venturi, and DIY venturi, respectively. Besides, different behaviour of DO’s improvement was observed during low and high tide conditions.

As the engine reached high speed, the exhaust valve temperature increased exponentially due to the exhaust gas produced by the combustion process between the mixture of air and fuel within the combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine. The valve is subjected to thermal loading due to high temperature and pressure within the cylinder, which must withstand a material temperature for sustainable and optimal operation. To avoid this loss, a perfect medium must be prepared to ensure that the heat is extracted smoothly. This can be done when the valve is in contact with the seat and there is a periodic heat transfer contact. Therefore, it is imperative to research the correlation between valve and valve seat to understand the two sections’ heat transfer mechanism. In this study, thermal contact analysis was used to identify heat transfer between the valve and the valve seat as both parts are interconnected. This research also has an interest in studying the two surface conduction mechanisms as the exhaust valve closed in steady-state conditions. Thus, this study portrays a significant method, particularly for the determining the distribution of temperature, heat flux, and heat flux direction between the valve and its seat using ANSYS Workbench.

A novel aeration measurement system was developed to evaluate the water treatment process in a river to acquire a more comparable dissolved oxygen value even if various types of aerations are tested. The system comprises of DO sensor, water flowmeter, anemometer, PVC pipes, water pump, air compressor pump, and truck tyre tubes. The PVC pipes consisting of a main drainage hole, 5 holes for dissolve oxygen data collection, 1 hole as the location of aerator system, and connectors were designed as the major part of the system by using Computer Aided Design software. The main drainage hole (horizontal pipe) was designed to be 288.5 cm in length, while the measured holes (vertical pipes) were designed to be 45.7 cm in height. By considering a systematic approach, the designed system is hopefully able to solve measuring issue of dissolved oxygen in moving water and to provide a better evaluation of water treatment process.

Vision aided pick and place cartesian robot is a combination of machine vision system and robotic system. They communicate with each other simultaneously to perform object sorting. In this project, machine vision algorithm for object sorting to solve the problem in failure sorting due to imperfection of images edges and different types of colours is proposed. The image is acquired by a camera and followed by image calibration. Pre-processing of image is performed through these methods, which are HSI colour space transformation, Gaussian filter for image filtering, Otsu’s method for image binarization, and Canny edge detection. LabVIEW edge-based geometric matching is selected for template matching. After the vision application analysed the image, electrical signal will send to robotic arm for object sorting if the acquired image is matched with template image. The proposed machine vision algorithm has yielded an accurate template matching score from 800 to 1000 under different disturbances and conditions. This machine vision algorithm provides more customizable parameters for each methods yet improves the accuracy of template matching.

Electro-Hydraulic Actuator (EHA) system is a third order non-linear system which is highly suffer from system uncertainties such as Coulomb friction, viscous friction and pump leakage coefficient which makes this system more complicated for the designing of the controller. The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has proposed in this paper to control EHA system and main problem in its application is to tune the parameter to its optimum value. Two different methods are used to tune the PID controller which are trial and error and Ziegler-Nichols method. MATLAB Simulink is used to simulate the system. In order to determine the performance of EHA system for the position tracking. 3 different of external disturbance such as 0N, 5000N and 10000N has been injected into the system. Simulation results show that the Ziegler-Nichols fine tuning method provides the better tracking performance when compared to the trial and error method for every specific disturbance setting. The Ziegler Nichols method provides better disturbance rejection as the performances indexes such as percentage overshoot, settling time and steady state error are not affected by the varying of disturbance.

Battery thermal management system (BTMS) plays an important thing as to control of the battery thermal behaviours. Recently, most of the manufacturer either in automobile, motorcycle, and electric vehicle (EV) industry are using this application of BTMS for their product. It is because BTMS promising the extend the period and lifespan of the battery and the battery system controlling the temperature distribution and circulation on the system. Lithium-ion battery is one of the common usages in BTMS. Lithium-ion battery promising the goals such as higher performance, better cycle stability, and improved protection are being followed with the selection and engineering of acceptable electrode materials. It also shows a goal for future such as high of the energy storage due to higher energy density by weight among other rechargeable batteries. However, there still have factor that are limiting the performance/application when using lithium-ion as battery thermal management system (BTMS). For example, the performance, cost, life, and protection of the battery. The main reason is therefore important in order to achieve optimum efficiency when working under different conditions. Hence, the best range of temperature and the cooling capacity of lithium-ion battery need to evaluate in order to increasing the lifespan of lithium-ion battery at the same time can increasing the performance of the cell. This study found that the higher the velocity of air, the higher the cooling capacity that gain from the surrounding. It also was strongly related to the dry bulb temperature of surrounding air.

Motorcycle chassis is one of the most important structures in the design of a motorcycle. Excessive vibration occurs in chassis is undesirable as it may lead to structural failure and discomfort among riders. This study aims to model the motorcycle chassis and carry out dynamic analysis to understand the behaviour of the chassis under vibration. Modelling of chassis was conducted based on Seri Perlis motorcycle, which is characterised by double cradle frame. In dynamic analysis, the modal and harmonic response analysis were employed in this study of the motorcycle chassis and the material used is low carbon steel. Both modal and harmonic response analysis were conducted using Ansys. The results show natural frequencies for six mode shapes and the steady-state response of the chassis under the engine weight excitation revealed that the deformation under z-axis orientation was more prevalent. From this study, the dynamic behaviour of the chassis was understood and improvement of the chassis can be made in the future.

MODENAS CT115 engine is a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) engine, with a rated power of 8.8 horsepower at 9000 rpm. One of the main concerns of engine research is the overheating of engines. Overheating can affects the performance of an engine by leading to a loss of strength and thermal strain. To prevent failure, thermal analysis is used to determine the flow of heat with precision to optimise temperature distribution. The investigation is done using ANSYS Thermal simulation on the CAD model of the engine cylinder head, intake and exhaust valve, and intake and exhaust valve seat insert. The comparison to the existing valve seat insert is made using three different valve seat insert materials: Beryllium-copper C17200, Bronze-copper C61300, and Brass C36000. The research results proved that Brass C36000 provides the best thermal reduction and heat transfer increment compared to the existing valve seat insert material.

Two types of loading protocol, i.e., monotonic loading and cyclic loading, were compared to investigate the effect on the mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel. The specimen used is a dog-bone specimen in accordance with ASTM E8 and ASTM E606 standard. For cyclic loading, the multiple-step method is used to obtain the hysteresis loop of the material. A total of 13 strain amplitude conditions had been carried out, ranging from 0.05%-0.65%. The stress-strain curve shows that the cyclic stress-strain curve is higher than the monotonic stress-strain curve due to the cyclic hardening behaviour in the 316L stainless steel. The cyclic hardening behaviour increases the ultimate tensile stress of the material. However, when the material gains its strength through cyclic hardening, the ductility in the material will decrease.

Fracture is the separation of an object into two or more pieces caused by crack growth under the action of applied stress. There are many different methods for fracture evaluation has been made but still lacks information on properties of Aluminium 6026-T9. Aluminium 6026 is non-toxic since it does not contain Tin (Sn) and features a great corrosion resistance. This study focuses on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of Aluminium 6026-T9. The material is cut and shaped into dog-bone specimens by referring the ASTM E8 and was eventually undergoing a tensile test to evaluate the mechanical properties. A linear elastic analysis of three different crack characteristics which are single edge crack, double edge crack and center crack were performed in Mode I analysis to evaluate its fracture toughness. The stress intensity factor (SIF) value near the crack tip obtained from the simulation process were then compared with analytical value and had been discussed. The percentage of error found that the numerical and analytical values are closed to each other.

Aerospace Composites Malaysia (ACM) Sdn Bhd produces one of the aircraft components, which is an aircraft composite panel. Currently, the painting of the composite aircraft panel is manually conducted by the high skilled human operator. However, there are several issues of manual painting, which are the precision of the thickness specifications, uneven spray, dust-free, microbubble, colour appearance, and contour of the aircraft composite panel. Consequently, these issues contribute to the aircraft aerodynamic performances, productivity, and index time of the aircraft composite panel’s production. Thus, the main objectives are to investigate the human painting mimicking robot incorporated with the existing painting environment. The proposed environment becomes smart precision painting systems. In conclusion, the proposed prototype will overcome the quality issue of aircraft composite panel painting faced by Boeing worldwide aircraft industries. Furthermore, the proposed prototype will increase productivity and contribute to the maintaining of the aircraft’s aerodynamic performance.

Co-pyrolysis of rubberwood sawdust (RWS) waste and polypropylene (PP) was carried out at different temperatures (450,500,550, and 600°C) with biomass to plastics ratio 1:1 by using fixed bed drop-type pyrolyzer. The yield of pyrolysis oil has an increasing trend as the temperature increased from 450°C to 550°C. However, the pyrolysis oil yield dropped at a temperature of 600°C. Co-pyrolysis of RWS and PP generated maximum pyrolysis oil with 36.47 wt.% at 550°C. The result is compared with the pyrolysis of RWS only without plastics, with the same feedstock, and the maximum pyrolysis oil yield obtained was 33.3 wt.%. The water content in pyrolysis oil of co-pyrolysis RWS with PP is lower than RWS only with 54.2 wt.% and 62 wt.% respectively. Hydrocarbons, acyclic olefin, alkyl, and aromatic groups are the major compound in the pyrolysis oil from the co-pyrolysis process. Carbon monoxide (52.2 vol.%) and carbon dioxide (38.2 vol.%) are the major gas components.

In vehicular communication, signal transmission in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) mode typically takes place on highways, urban, suburban and rural environments. The presence of buildings in these environments poses a challenge to model path loss (PL) due to multiple propagation mechanisms such as diffractions and reflections. However, very little attention has been made to address building effects on the performance of V2I communication links in microcell environment. This paper investigates signal propagation characteristics caused by the impact of building under micro-cellular environment whereby the base station or road-side-unit (RSU) is usually located under the rooftop of building to allow communication between RSU and mobile station or on-board-unit (OBU) on the road. The goal of this paper is to validate and discuss available path loss models based on effect of building obstruction towards RSU-OBU links specifically in residential housing area. The channel measurements are conducted based on static line-of-sight (LOS) settings of a real-world environment at 2.4 GHz frequency band using IEEE 802.15.4 XBee S2C compliant device to measure its receive power. The results are demonstrated based on received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and root mean square error (RMSE). The attenuation profile is validated and compared with suitable path loss models to evaluate best fit and most compatible model based on our measurements data and environment. The analysis shows that several V2I path loss models and V2V channel models are applicable to be used as a reference to model in LOS microcell environment with building obstruction. The finding shows that PL Urban yields the best fit V2I path loss model in terms of RMSE when compared to our measurement campaign at 2.4 GHz.

We have designed a service robot that can be used for Wi-Fi RSSI Fingerprint database construction for indoor positioning system. This work aims to aid and ease the signal fingerprint database construction process which currently conducted manually by carrying the data acquisition tools around the experimental field. The robot architecture design considered the values and constraint in performance, aesthetic, cost, and expandability. Analysis of the robot’s mobile specification was made in order to choose the optimum hardware components. The robot has three main sections which are mobile platform, storage compartment, and user interactive screen that is capable to display facial expression and other useful information.

This paper presents a driving cycle construction methodology in Malaysia's urban road system by utilizing on-road data collection from Kuala Lumpur. Micro trip cycle construction approach is use in this study to construct driving cycle for Malaysia's urban road system. The driving cycle constructed using this approach is a transient driving cycle similar to WLTC, JC08 and FTP-75 driving cycles, which is experimental based and are more reflecting the actual driving conditions hence has more representatives comparing to polygonal driving cycles such as NEDC and J10–15 mode driving cycles. It was found that the characteristic of the newly developed driving cycle in Malaysia's urban road system has small relative percentages when compared to the target parameters (whole database) hence it is best represent the driving condition in Kuala Lumpur. The cycle construction methodology proposed in this study is appropriate for developing urban driving cycles, though some improvements need to be considered to increase the representativeness of the driving cycle.

This research is aimed to investigate the effects of rubbernecking phenomena towards vehicle deceleration rate due to primary accident in urban area. Through simulation of accident on the selected roads, 4 cases of study were emphasized to validate the effectiveness of safety incident screens as road barrier, which are current road traffic without accident, accident without incident screen, accident with incident screen (no sign) and accident with incident screen (‘CAUTION’ sign). By adopting chase car method, speed-time data was collected by specifying 200 m of straight road for normal traffic zone and 200 m of rubbernecking zone respectively to assess the vehicle deceleration rate. Results show that the vehicle deceleration rate is higher in rubbernecking zone (up to − 1.71 km/h/s) in comparison with normal traffic zone (up to — 1.55 km/h/s). By setting up safety incident screens, the vehicle deceleration rate is proven to be reduced (as low as — 0.97 km/h/s). The results obtained is anticipated to be benefical in Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) technology as an input for braking capacity exclusively when there is an accident in heavy traffic.

Air-Conditioning systems based on vapor compression system consuming a lot of energy. Meanwhile, Valeriy Maisotsenko has improved evaporative cooling system where just consume a small amount of fan power. The resulting cycle is called as Maisotsenko Cycle where dew point as the limitation rather than wet bulb temperature. This developed the dew point cooling system with very low power consumption. The aims of this project are to identify dew point cooling system suitability for cooling at high humidity region, to find a solution at high humidity region and to stimulate temperature distributions in a small room that equipped with the dew point cooling system.

The simulation process being conducted to determine the air flow effect between the original exhaust system and modified exhaust system. The simulations are conducted to investigate the flow distribution of exhaust gases that will affect the performance of the engine. The back flow pressure in the original exhaust system is predicted toward this simulation. The design modification to the exhaust port, exhaust pipe, and exhaust muffler has been done during this simulation to reduce the back flow effect. The new designs are introduced by enlarging the diameter of the exhaust port, enlarge the diameter of the exhaust pipe and created new design for the exhaust muffler. Based on the result obtained, there the pulsating flow form at the original exhaust port that will increase the velocity and resulting the back pressure occur. The result for new design of exhaust port, the velocity is lower at the valve guide in the exhaust port. New design muffler shows that the streamline of the exhaust flow move smoothly compare to the original muffler. It is proved by using the modification exhaust system, the back pressure are reduced and the engine performance can be improve.

The massive deployment of wireless infrastructure especially in the trending 4th Industrial Revolution (IR4.0) has opened the opportunity for wireless-based positioning and localization. The works on wireless positioning system revolves on two techniques, the geometrical technique employing either triangulation or trilateration, and mapping technique employing signal fingerprint method. The later is more favoured since the accuracy was superior to geometrical technique. However, the signal fingerprint method required enormous efforts in order to record and stored the signal fingerprint. This paper investigates the new approach in constructing the signal fingerprint using organic approach. The signal is recorded using the developed apps, and then the user sends the signal data into the cloud. The organic fingerprinting data were compared to the conventional fingerprinting. The preliminary results show promising accuracy in the experimented indoor environment.

Connected car has become one of emerging technology in the automotive industries and vehicular communication studies on the other hand, has become one heavily researched topic in academia which focuses on the performance of various parameters upon vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication-based in the IEEE 802.11p vehicular communication studies. In urban environment, obstructions from existence of building, trees, street’s layout and other obstruction or objects can strongly influence the receive signal levels at 2.4 GHz frequency band. To ensure reliable and stable communication link for efficient future deployments of cooperative RSUs deployments, will require analyses on the signal strength upon environments that generally characterized by challenging propagation conditions. This article presents the results of experimental field testing of signal characteristics of different types of road topology such as grass, gravel and tar surface on open field environment. The results show that road topology or streets layout have an effect on V2I communication and the attenuation resulted from certain types of road’s surface can give significant impact on signal propagation.

Fever is happened when the human having infection or other illness which the body temperature is higher than normal body temperature. The heat load released during the fever cause the uncomfortable condition to the human. Thermoelectric is used in the design of heat exchanger to provide cooling by using electricity which reliefs the fever uncomfortable. The thermal comfort zone for human and the analysis of the heat load from the human head surface are determined. The analysis focuses on the fever teenagers aged range from 15 to 25. The range of the thermal comfort zone is from 20 °C to 25 °C whereas the range for the total heat load from the head surface is from 10.56 W to 16.39 W. The findings from the analysis will be used in the design of heat exchanger that suites the requirement from the analysis result. The fluid flow effect of the working fluid and thermal effect of the heat exchanger are simulated by ANSYS Fluent. In addition, the different types of Peltier plate and fluid as well as the different materials of heat exchanger and tube have applied into heat exchanger design model for observing the effect of the fluid flow in heat exchanger. Using ANSYS Fluent, the temperature contours are compared and found that the combination of alumina Al2O3 nanofluid, copper heat exchanger have better performance due to high heat transfer rate while the tube materials show no effect. The best performance of cooling in the design of the heat exchanger is proposed. These design criteria include the selection of the material of heat exchanger, tube and fluid as well as the selection of the device such as Peltier plate, battery, cooler fan and pump.

The increase industrial and agricultural development, caused by the population growth on the one hand and the limited water resources available on the other hand has caused the groundwaters to be considered as a valuable water supply more than ever. Optimal operating policies are very much essential for sustainable management of reservoir as poor operating policies may lead to over or underuse of water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the water availability of Timah Tasoh Reservoir, water demand for minor scheme paddy, and hence balance the water inflow and outflow from Timah Tasoh Reservoir. The study area for agriculture is the minor scheme for whole Perlis state, and inflow areas are Lubok Sireh, Padang Besar at Titi Keretapi, Wang Kelian and Kaki Bukit. The result shows that the water inflow to Timah Tasoh Reservoirs is sufficient to supply for the needs of minor scheme agriculture. The highest water balance among the first planting season is in May. Total inflows calculated are much more significant than the total outflows; therefore, it concludes that the water available in Timah Tasoh Reservoir is enough to supply for minor scheme paddy in Perlis for a whole year.

Service robot is becoming more popular in recent study. It has opened up various opportunity to solve problems as well as the challenges need to be studied. While there are many successfully developed service robot out there, the general design principle with respect to the application need a description with solid justification. This review paper seeks and compare the design principle, specification, and hardware selection of several successfully developed service robot such as Sacarino and Blackbot. Based on the study, the most important design principles include simple mobile platform, modular structure, and aesthetic design.

The key objective of this work was to observe the effect of chemical treatments on the oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres. The OPEFB fibres were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) by 3% of concentration and 7 hours of soaking time. The treated OPEFB fibres were subjected to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The FTIR spectroscopy and XRD performed using Spectrum RXI and Shimadzu XRD 6000 respectively. The FTIR result shows that the physical properties of the treated OPEFB fibres changed due to amount of amorphous materials removed. While the XRD results show the major crystalline peak occurred at 2θ = 29.8°.

Fracture mechanics studies on fatigue crack growth under elastic-plastic condition is usually characterized by J integral range, ΔJ determined by an approximation from area under load-displacement hysteresis loop developed by Dowling and Begley. Despite being supported by some experimental data which reported that fatigue crack growth rates under elastic-plastic conditions have good correlations with ΔJ, the applicability of ΔJ on crack growth in a material subjected to cyclic bending remains inconclusive. In this study, finite element analysis of a four point-bending rectangular plate model with an edge crack length a/W between 0.1 to 0.5 was carried out under displacement amplitude δ a between 0.1 to 1.5 mm to represent small to large scale yielding conditions. The elastic component was found to be the driven force of fatigue crack growth parameter in small scale yielding (SSY) condition while in large scale yielding (LSY) condition, the plastic component must be considered. It was also found that the simple method of ΔJ-integral calculation using load-displacement approach is overestimated for shallow crack under LSY condition.

Demands for localization system has been growing rapidly in the last several years both for an outdoor and indoor area. In conjunction with this, the capability and reliability of this system to precisely locate and track objects of interest for the indoor area has catered researchers and study on how to do so. One of the major ideas on making it more advance is by incorporating the use of wireless devices into the system. There are numbers of issues that could interrupt the efficiency and success of the system. One of the main problems is the signal loss mainly caused by the attenuation of the signal as they propagate through from the transmitter to the receiver. These attenuations are mostly due to the surface types the signal are traveling on and the objects that are in the Line of Sight in between the transmitter and receiver. In order to ensure the most reliable and efficient wireless connection between transmitter and receiver, a propagation study on the signal is needed for us to analyze and find the best way to trade off the signal attenuation based on the environment surrounding the system. By doing so, a thorough system that has models that can work efficiently even if we are to consider the attenuation factors. The system consists of nodes installed inside the research institute that acts as both transmitter and receivers. The transmitter and receiver will then process the signal that will then determine their location. The receiver is connected to the laptop in order to get a real-time reading so that we will be able to locate the transmitter. A networked of nodes are installed inside the research institute for experiment and the layout of the research is conferred for future references. Data from the experiment are then analyzed and a model for the signal propagation alongside the research institute is created. This model will be able to apprehend the signal attenuation despite the surrounding environment such as furniture and walls. A completed asset tracking system with models of signal attenuation will be built in the future for a more efficient signal transmission.

The distribution of the liquid and gas flows in multi-pass channel that illustrate a compact evaporator for air-conditioning system was experimentally studies. The dividing header are design horizontal with a square cross section of 20mm x 20mm and length is 290mm, also ten curve multi-pass channel with length of 300mm each connected between the circle cross section 50mm combination tank. The distance between the dividing header and combing tank were 120mm. The test was conduct under uniform backpressure conditions; additionally, the working fluid used was water and air. This experiment conducted to examine the influence of inlet-flow at the header entrance (stratified flow and annular-mist flow) under uniform backpressure condition to improve the uniform of the water distribution inside every curve channels. It was found that the inlet-flow condition at the entrance header has relatively influence the water distribution. By comparison between two flow conditions, great value of uniformity for water distribution in each channel is improved under annular-mist flow condition.

At present, the development of autonomous vehicle has altered the outlook of modern transportation worldwide. The state-of-the-art vehicular communication for transportation system is advancing, especially in vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communication. An effective communication between vehicle and infrastructure has become a significant part of autonomous transportation criteria. The necessity for high quality of service communication inspire for good planning and preparation in communication process. Per se, this paper proposes vegetation attenuation models for advance planning of communication process between vehicle to infrastructure, defined mainly by plants, trees and vegetation along the roadways in Malaysia. The channel measurement performed in Universiti Malaysia Perlis test-bed having large tall trees and low shrubs along the routes resulted in several interesting results which would shape the planning of CAV communication. It is observed that communication close to low plantation or shrub requires high power consumption as the range is significantly reduced. It is also learned that certain types of plantations allows for different level of signal attenuation depending on the antenna heights. The research also found out that the attenuation profile follows strictly the log normal distribution and as such certain planning could be made to reshape the communication process to cater for this.

Indoor positioning system (IPS) is a system that is used to locate and navigate inside a building. GPS systems are unusable indoors because it relies heavily on satellite signals. Thus, a number of methods have been proposed by researchers to solve this problem in order to locate user’s position inside buildings. In this paper, we propose methods for IPS by utilizing the RSS of Wi-Fi access points (AP) and using trilateration technique. A new algorithm has been developed based on proposed methods. Four Wi-Fi APs have been placed on grid in obstacle-free environment to send the signal to the receiver (i.e. portable personal computer) for determining the position by using trilateration technique. The receiver has been placed on the predefined locations in order to investigate the accuracy of the proposed method. The results gathered after series of experimental works and show an acceptable level of accuracy. The highest percentage of error is 10%. In terms of distance, the actual location varies compared to...

Daylight has been broadly acknowledged as the principal source of lighting in buildings and as a critical design element in architecture. Daylighting system utilised daylight by collecting, reflecting and dispersing the natural light throughout a given area. Light diffuser is one of components for the daylighting system that creates an even spread of light across any designated area. The purpose for this project is to analyse an optimum diffuser design that can scattered daylight into a room within the desired value of light intensity. The parameter for designing the diffuser can be divided into two categories which are the shapes of the diffuser and the types of material assigned to the diffuser. Each of this parameter will be analysed in term of lux intensity value and area covered. Analysis was conducted using Autodesk 3ds Max Design software throughout the project.

This paper reviews improvement of intake port for Modenas CT115s by using CATIA software for the design and ANSYS software for the simulation result. Intake port is referring to the passage in the cylinder head which connect the intake manifold to the intake valve through which the fuel-air mixture proceeds on its way to the cylinders. The results obtained has been analysed and interpreted in formed of plotted graph. From the analysis, increasing the inlet of the intake port size can increasing the volume flow rate. The main impact is high angle of intake port that can give high torque and power. The decision to choose the proper angle for the each design is important because it will affect the major result for the simulation. Thus, it can be concluded that the increase of the inlet size and using the best angle of the intake port can increase the engine performance which allow higher fuel-air mixture entrance during the combustion process.

Energy efficiency rating and labelling program encourages the manufacturers in ranking the performance of air conditioners by specifying the energy consumption and energy saving for all the tested models. The star rating benefits the consumers to buy air conditioners that work more efficient and save more money after a long period of time. The international standard ISO 5151 regulates the testing and rating for performance of non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps. However, Malaysia experiences hotter climate since it is near to the equator. Thus, Malaysians have other preferable condition, which is different with the comfort zone specified in the standard test condition. An Annual Performance Factor (APF) test of a room air conditioner was conducted to compare the average Malaysian preferable condition and the standard test condition. Results showed that the indoor dry bulb/wet bulb temperature, 27 °C/19 °C of ISO 5151 standard requirement shall be applied for all room air conditioners in Malaysia. Although Malaysians favour the comfort zone of indoor dry bulb/wet bulb temperature, 25 °C/18 °C, the cooling capacity, the energy efficiency ratio and the coefficient of performance at standard requirement is higher, which are more than 2.559 %, 2.051 % and 2.049 % respectively after comparison. The results confirm that the room air conditioners at Malaysia should comply with the standard test condition based on ISO 5151 for better energy and cost efficient.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the fuel consumption of passenger cars in Malaysia by using 1D-simulation. The analysis of fuel consumption will focus on common model of cars in Malaysia and will be carried out by using existing driving cycle. New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), Federal Test Procedure (FTP75) Driving Cycle, and Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTC) Driving Cycle were used as the established driving profiles. The new local driving cycle which was developed by UniMAP Motorsport Technology Research Unit (MoTECH) was used as the main driving profile for the simulation. A 1.3L Perodua Myvi 2012 with manual transmission was been selected as the vehicle model for the project. The simulation results were compared with the established driving cycles. The results show the average fuel consumption and emissions of passenger cars is critically affected by the driving behaviors' and vehicle engines condition. The aggressive driving gives the higher rate of fuel consumption and also the cold start-up engine affecting the fuel devours and emissions rate. In addition, comparison of the obtained simulation results with manufacturer's published data showed a good agreement thus indicating suitability of the model to be used in further research.

This paper is covered waste heat energy recovery at SH1900 gasoline portable electric generator by using a thermoelectric generator (TEG). Thermoelectric is universally known as a device that can directly convert heat to the electricity. Voltage and current will be generated by the thermoelectric when temperature difference existing between the two surfaces of TEG. The exhaust system of the gasoline portable engine generator was used as the waste heat source. A single TEG1-199-1.4-0.5 Thermoelectric generator with the dimension of 40mm × 40mm was placed at the exhaust surface to harvest the waste heat from engine generator surface. Four tests were conducted to see the effect of the voltage and current generated on the temperature difference between cold source and hot source of TEG. The electric current generated through the temperature difference is then can be used to power an auxiliary device or to be stored.

Cam profile plays a critical role which adjusts the valve lift to allow the air fuel mixture flow in into cylinder in order to obtain the optimum performance of engine. This paper reviews the effect of valve lift overlap by analyzing charge flow in various cam profiles for and determine the optimum overlapping valve lift to enhancement of cam performance. By using Ansys software, the parameters like volumetric efficiency, mass flow rate and velocity will be measured which ultimately make impact up on the engine power and torque. Therefore, for this study 0.5mm to 3mm are tested to figure out the effects in combustion process. Overall, by considering the discussion, the results shows that valve lift adjustment of 2mm for both intake and exhaust valve has the best performance among others.

Annular mist flow generating device is being developed to generate annular mist flow of air and water to simulate two phase flow pattern in the evaporator. The annular mist flow generating device is use for experimental study of the air water flow behaviour that simulates the two phase flow of refrigerant. Annular mist flow at inlet of the dividing header will provide batter air water distribution to the branches. The annular mist flow generating device shall be designed using computer aided drawing (CAD) software. Then, fabricate the annular mist flow generating device. After that, the annular mist flow generating device will be test experimentally by visual observation of the air water flow pattern. The air superficial velocity and water superficial velocity use in this experiment is 1.0m/s - 5.0m/s and 0.015m/s - 0.045m/s respectively. The test channel had a horizontal header with a square cross section of 20mm × 20mm and length of 290 mm with 10 upward branches. In this experiment the air water flow patterns is observed and recorded using digital camera. It was found that the device generate annular mist flow at frontal of the dividing header. This experiment proved that the device is capable of generating annular mist flow within the design range of air and water superficial velocities.

In this study, the main focus is to study the thrust generation of various propeller blade width-spans with the mouth-ring application. By using the parameter, the thrust were calculated based on the value of velocity, voltage and RPM. The testing was performing in three different width-span that are; 10mm, 8mm and 5mm. There are also variable that be tested that cover the reducing the diameter of mouth-ring from 36 mm to 32mm. In addition, if compared the gaps and different position proved that centre position gives better thrust. Furthermore, the application of mouth-ring is evaluated to be good base on this study