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An emerging body of research finds that exposure to the shifting racial demographics of a nation can engender concerns about racial group status among members of the dominant racial group. The present work revisits this finding, probing a broader set of group status concerns than has been examined in most past research. Three experiments exposed four samples of White Americans to racial demographic information or race-neutral control information, then assessed their perception that the relative status of racial groups in the nation would change and the extent to which they were alarmed by such a status shift—that is, status threat. Consistent with past work, what we now term perceived status change increased in response to salient racial demographics information, relative to race-neutral control information, irrespective of participants’ political ideology. Departing from past work, however, the perceived threat associated with changing racial demographics was moderated by political ideology. Specifically, politically conservative White participants demonstrated high levels of group status threat in the neutral control condition that either increased (Study 1a, Study 2) or stayed equally high (Study 1b, Study 3) after exposure to information about a racial shift. In contrast, in all studies, politically liberal White participants demonstrated a modest level of group status threat in the control condition that was attenuated upon exposure to a racial shift. Taken together, these results suggest a polarization of responses to the increasing racial diversity of the nation, one that was not observed even just a few years ago.

Racial inequality is a foundational feature of the criminal justice system in the United States. Here we offer a psychological account for how Americans have come to tolerate a system that is so at odds with their professed egalitarian values. We argue that beliefs about the nature of racism—as being solely due to prejudiced individuals rather than structural factors that disadvantage marginalized racial groups—work to uphold racial stratification in the criminal justice system. Although acknowledging structural racism facilitates the perception of and willingness to reduce racial inequality in criminal justice outcomes, many Americans appear willfully ignorant of structural racism in society. We reflect on the role of psychological science in shaping popular understandings of racism and discuss how to contribute more meaningfully to its reduction.

Although there has been limited progress toward economic equality between Americans over the past half-century, many Americans are largely unaware of the persistence of economic racial disparities. One intervention for this widespread ignorance is to inform White Americans of the impact of racism on the outcomes of Black Americans. In two studies, we attempted to improve the accuracy of Whites’ perceptions of racial progress and estimates of contemporary racial economic equality. Reminding White Americans about the persistence of racial disparities produced smaller overestimates of how much progress had been made toward racial economic equality between 1963 and 2016. Rather than modifying overestimates of contemporary racial economic equality, participants who read about disparities assessed the past as more equitable than participants who did not. We discuss implications of these findings for efforts to address Whites’ misperceptions of racial economic equality and to challenge narratives of American racial progress.

Context The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the capacity to conduct medical research due to recruitment difficulties, supply chain shortages, and funding deficits. The clinical practice of otolaryngology was especially impacted due to a reduction in elective procedures, such as facial plastic surgeries and vocal fold injections. Objectives The primary objective was to examine the extent of clinical trial (CTs) disruption secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic in the field of otolaryngology. Methods On August 1, 2021, we conducted a systematic search utilizing ClinicalTrials.gov for CTs related to common otolaryngology disorders. We utilized the date range January 1, 2020 through August 1, 2021 to identify all trials potentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Investigators performed screening and data extraction in a duplicate, masked fashion. Trials resulting from the search were extracted for trial status, condition treated, enrollment number, funding, study type, study design, last update posted date, and trial location. Trials that explicitly mentioned COVID-19 as a reason for discontinuation or suspension were coded as such. For trials that did not explicitly mention COVID-19, we coded the reason provided from ClinicalTrials.gov. The Oklahoma State University Center for Health Science Institutional Review Board determined that this project did not qualify as human subject research. Results A total of 1,777 CTs met the inclusion criteria, and 223 CTs were discontinued between January 1, 2020 and August 1, 2021. Thirty-three (14.8%) of the 223 CTs reported discontinuation explicitly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 33 studies had 1,715 participants enrolled in total. Among the primary interventions, 11 (33.3%) were devices, 10 (30.3%) were drugs, 5 (15.2%) were behavioral, 4 (12.1%) were diagnostic tests, 1 (3.0%) was dietary, and 2 (6.1%) were labeled as “other.” Regarding the CT location, 20 (60.6%) were conducted in the United States, and 13 (39.4%) were conducted internationally. Of the 33 CTs, 19 (57.6%) were suspended, 9 (27.3%) were terminated, and 5 (15.2%) were withdrawn. The overall most common reason for trial disruption was recruitment difficulties (24.2%). Median enrollment for discontinued trials due to COVID-19 was 37 (interquartile range [IQR], 19–71) and for other reasons was 6 (IQR, 0–27), for which the Mann–Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference between the two (z=−3.913, p Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has incited an impact on clinical research in the field of otolaryngology. To preserve trial continuation amid future threats to participant interaction and communication, we recommend further exploration of remote monitoring practices and virtual procedures—those that will maintain the effectiveness and accuracy needed to establish novel therapeutics. We encourage future trials to gauge which remote assessments show the greatest validity, with the long-term goal of establishing innovative study designs resilient to future pandemics.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered perioperative medical practice owing to safety concerns, postponing elective or nonemergent procedures, supply chain shortages, and reallocating perioperative staff to care for patients with COVID-19. However, the impact of the pandemic on the conduct on anesthesiology clinical research is unknown. Objective The primary objective was to quantify the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on anesthesiology clinical research. Methods We performed a systematic search using ClinicalTrials.gov to identify clinical trials related to the practice of anesthesiology. We screened trials with status updates from January 1, 2020, through October 1, 2021, to capture trials potentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic by the time of our search. Investigators screened for relevant studies and extracted trial characteristics along with the reason for discontinuation reported on the clinical trial registry. Results A total of 823 clinical trials met inclusion criteria, and 146 clinical trials were discontinued within the designated date range. In total, 24 (16.4%) of the 146 clinical trials were halted explicitly owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant association existed between trial enrollment numbers and the likelihood of discontinuation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as larger trials were more likely to be disrupted (z=–2.914, P=.004). Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic is reportedly associated with the discontinuation of anesthesiology-related clinical trials. With the uncertain course of the COVID-19 pandemic, developing anesthesia trial protocols to help minimize social interaction and prevent premature trial disruption are imperative.

BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered perioperative medical practice owing to safety concerns, postponing elective or nonemergent procedures, supply chain shortages, and reallocating perioperative staff to care for patients with COVID-19. However, the impact of the pandemic on the conduct on anesthesiology clinical research is unknown. OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to quantify the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on anesthesiology clinical research. METHODS We performed a systematic search using ClinicalTrials.gov to identify clinical trials related to the practice of anesthesiology. We screened trials with status updates from January 1, 2020, through October 1, 2021, to capture trials potentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic by the time of our search. Investigators screened for relevant studies and extracted trial characteristics along with the reason for discontinuation reported on the clinical trial registry. RESULTS A total of 823 clinical trials met inclusion criteria, and 146 clinical trials were discontinued within the designated date range. In total, 24 (16.4%) of the 146 clinical trials were halted explicitly owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant association existed between trial enrollment numbers and the likelihood of discontinuation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as larger trials were more likely to be disrupted (z=–2.914, P=.004). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic is reportedly associated with the discontinuation of anesthesiology-related clinical trials. With the uncertain course of the COVID-19 pandemic, developing anesthesia trial protocols to help minimize social interaction and prevent premature trial disruption are imperative.

Racial inequality has been a persistent component of American society since before the nation's inception. The aim of this chapter is to consider the potential role of lay beliefs about the nature of racism—as primarily due to prejudiced individuals or, rather, to structural factors that disadvantage members of particular racial groups—in shaping perceptions of, and reactions to, societal racial inequality. Specifically, we review research examining the motivational and educational underpinnings of holding a structural understanding of racism and then consider some of the potential consequences of holding a structural, rather than more interpersonal, understanding of racism. We close with a discussion of the broader implications of accounting for lay beliefs about the nature of racism, especially holding a structural belief, in research exploring the psychological factors that shape responses to racial inequality and discuss potential future directions for research.

Five experiments ( N = 2,251) and a meta-analysis examine how group labels shape Americans’ levels of prejudice, behavioral intentions, and policy preferences toward immigrants living in the US without authorization. These studies extend research documenting how the perceived negativity of group labels (e.g., those describing gay people) affects people’s downstream attitudes. To this end, Study 1 examines the perceived negativity of the five most commonly used labels to describe unauthorized immigrants. Study 2 found that relatively negative (vs. neutral) labels (e.g., illegal aliens vs. noncitizens) engendered more prejudice, punitive behavioral intentions, and greater support for punitive policies. Study 3 replicates these effects and examines the role of familiarity. People who personally knew members of the group were more positive towards them overall, but were nevertheless susceptible to the labels’ influence. Studies 4 and 5 provide additional replications and explore prejudice as a mediator of behavioral intentions and policy preferences.

Background Surgical loupes have been increasingly popular among dental professionals for their visual and postural benefits. However, dental professionals will receive the full benefit of surgical loupes only if the loupes are adjusted fully to fit the individual needs of each clinician. In this study, the authors examine coaxial alignment of surgical loupes, a critical criterion for the proper adjustment of these optical systems. Methods The authors conducted an in-person survey by using a simple, quantitative visual tool to assess the coaxial alignment of surgical loupes among 97 dental professionals in British Columbia, Canada. Results Findings indicated that 82% of dental professionals surveyed experienced coaxial misalignment with their surgical loupes. Dental professionals wearing front–lens-mounted (flip-up) surgical loupes with full vertical adjustability, front–lens-mounted surgical loupes with limited vertical adjustability, and through-the-lens surgical loupes were equally likely to be practicing with coaxial misalignment of their surgical loupes. Front–lens-mounted surgical loupes with full vertical adjustability were the only type of surgical loupe that can be adjusted to achieve full coaxial alignment reliably (P Conclusions There was a high prevalence of coaxial misalignment among dental professionals in this cohort. Not all surgical loupes on the market satisfy the criteria for optimal postural and visual support of clinicians. Practical Implications The visual tool developed in this study enabled dental professionals to identify coaxial misalignment effectively and efficiently. Findings from this study will assist dental professionals in making informed decisions when choosing their magnification equipment and prompt surgical loupe manufacturers to develop more evidence-based products.

Dentistry is a natural match for clinical hypnosis. The special characteristics and requirements of dental diagnostic and treatment processes offer daily opportunities for dentists and patients to replace anxiety, pain, and uncontrolled challenges with confidence, comfort, and fully controlled solutions. The ways in which hypnosis can be used in dentistry are reviewed. However, dentists have not as a profession readily accepted, studied, nor utilized hypnosis for their clinical practices. The reasons for this poor linkage are catalogued and explained to both dentist and nondentist readers. Strategies and suggestions are made for introducing clinical hypnosis to dentists so that they might more readily and fully integrate useful hypnotic techniques into their dental practices.

Purpose The high computational effort of steady-state simulations limits the optimization of electrical machines. Stationary solvers calculate a fast but less accurate approximation without eddy-currents and hysteresis losses. The harmonic balance approach is known for efficient and accurate simulations of magnetic devices in the frequency domain. But it lacks an efficient method for the motion of the geometry. Design/methodology/approach The high computational effort of steady-state simulations limits the optimization of electrical machines. Stationary solvers calculate a fast but less accurate approximation without eddy-currents and hysteresis losses. The harmonic balance approach is known for efficient and accurate simulations of magnetic devices in the frequency domain. But it lacks an efficient method for the motion of the geometry. Findings The three-phase symmetry reduces the simulated geometry to the sixth part of one pole. The motion transforms to a frequency offset in the angular Fourier series decomposition. The calculation overhead of the Fourier integrals is negligible. The air impedance approximation increases the accuracy and yields a convergence speed of three iterations per decade. Research limitations/implications Only linear materials and two-dimensional geometries are shown for clearness. Researchers are encouraged to adopt recent harmonic balance findings and to evaluate the performance and accuracy of both formulations for larger applications. Practical implications This method offers fast-frequency domain simulations in the optimization process of rotating machines and so an efficient way to treat time-dependent effects such as eddy-currents or voltage-driven coils. Originality/value This paper proposes a new, efficient and accurate method to simulate a rotating machine in the frequency domain.

Purpose Considering the vector Helmholtz equation in three dimensions, this paper aims to present a novel approach for coupling the finite element method and a boundary integral formulation. It is demonstrated that the method is well-suited for many realistic three-dimensional problems in high-frequency engineering. Design/methodology/approach The formulation is based on partial solutions fulfilling the global boundary conditions and the iterative interaction between them. In comparison to other coupling formulation, this approach avoids the typical singularity in the integral kernels. The approach applies ideas from domain decomposition techniques and is implemented for a parallel calculation. Findings Using confirming elements for the trace space and default techniques to realize the infinite domain, no additional loss in accuracy is introduced compared to a monolithic finite element method approach. Furthermore, the degree of coupling between the finite element method and the integral formulation is reduced. The accuracy and convergence rate are demonstrated on a three-dimensional antenna model. Research limitations/implications This approach introduces additional degrees of freedom compared to the classical coupling approach. The benefit is a noticeable reduction in the number of iterations when the arising linear equation systems are solved separately. Practical implications This paper focuses on multiple heterogeneous objects surrounded by a homogeneous medium. Hence, the method is suited for a wide range of applications. Originality/value The novelty of the paper is the proposed formulation for the coupling of both methods.

Do demographic shifts in the racial composition of the United States promote positive changes in the nation’s racial dynamics? Change in response to the nation’s growing diversity is likely, but its direction and scope are less clear. This review integrates emerging social-scientific research that examines how Americans are responding to the projected changes in the racial/ethnic demographics of the United States. Specifically, we review recent empirical research that examines how exposure to information that the United States is becoming a “majority-minority” nation affects racial attitudes and several political outcomes (e.g., ideology, policy preferences), and the psychological mechanisms that give rise to those attitudes. We focus primarily on the reactions of members of the current dominant racial group (i.e., white Americans). We then consider important implications of these findings and propose essential questions for future research.

A decades-long trend toward greater racial and ethnic diversity in the United States is expected to continue, with White Americans projected to constitute less than 50% of the national population by mid century. The present review integrates recent empirical research on the effects of making this population change salient with research on how actual diversity affects Whites Americans’ intergroup attitudes and behavior. Specifically, we offer a framework for understanding and predicting the effects of anticipated increases in racial diversity that highlights the competing influences of intergroup concerns, such as relative group status and power, and more interpersonal experiences, such as positive contact, on intergroup relations. We close with a discussion of the likely moderators of the effects of the increasing national racial diversity and consider implications of this societal change for racial equity in the 21st century.

In the wake of the U.S. civil rights and women's rights movements, expressing some forms of explicit bias became considerably less acceptable, and many, if not most, Americans openly embraced egali...

Purpose The high calculation effort for accurate material loss simulation prevents its observation in most magnetic devices. This paper aims at reducing this effort for time periodic applications and so for the steady state of such devices. Design/methodology/approach The vectorized Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model is chosen for the accurate material losses calculation. It is transformed in the frequency domain and coupled with a harmonic balanced finite element solver. The beneficial Jacobian matrix of the material model in the frequency domain is assembled based on Fourier transforms of the Jacobian matrix in the time domain. A three-phase transformer is simulated to verify this method and to examine the multi-harmonic coupling. Findings A fast method to calculate the linearization of non-trivial material models in the frequency domain is shown. The inter-harmonic coupling is moderate, and so, a separated harmonic balanced solver is favored. The additional calculation effort compared to a saturation material model without losses is low. The overall calculation time is much lower than a time-dependent simulation. Research limitations/implications A moderate working point is chosen, so highly saturated materials may lead to a worse coupling. A single material model is evaluated. Researchers are encouraged to evaluate the suggested method on different material models. Frequency domain approaches should be in favor for all kinds of periodic steady-state applications. Practical implications Because of the reduced calculation effort, the simulation of accurate material losses becomes reasonable. This leads to a more accurate development of magnetic devices. Originality/value This paper proposes a new efficient method to calculate complex material models like the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis and their Jacobian matrices in the frequency domain.

Purpose Multiphysics problems are solved either with monolithic or segregated approaches. For accomplishing contrary discretisation requirements of the physics, disparate meshes are essential. This paper is comparing experimental results of different interpolation methods for a segregated coupling with monolithic approaches, implemented using a global and a local nearest neighbour method. The results show the significant influence of discretisation for multiphysics simulation. Design/methodology/approach Applying disparate meshes to the monolithic as well as the segregated calculation of finite element problems and evaluating the related numerical error is content of the contribution. This is done by an experimental evaluation of a source and a material coupling applied to a multiphysics problem. After an introduction to the topic, the evaluated multiphysics model is described based on two bidirectional coupled problems and its finite element representation. Afterwards, the considered methods for approximating the coupling are introduced. Then, the evaluated methods are described and the experimental results are discussed. A summary concludes this work. Findings An experimental evaluation of the numerical errors for different multiphysics coupling methods using disparate meshes is presented based on a bidirectional electro-thermal simulation. Different methods approximating the coupling values are introduced and challenges of applying these methods are given. It is also shown, that the approximation of the coupling integrals is expensive. Arguments for applying the different methods to the monolithic and the segregated solution strategies are given and applied on the example. The significant influence of the mesh density within the coupled meshes is shown. Since the projection and the interpolation methods do influence the result, a careful decision is advised. Originality/value In this contribution, existing coupling methods are described, applied and compared on their application for coupling disparate meshes within a multiphysics simulation. Knowing their performance is relevant when deciding for a monolithic or a segregated calculation approach with respect to physics dependent contrary discretisation requirements. To the authors’ knowledge, it is the first time these methods are compared with a focus on an application in multiphysics simulations and experimental results are discussed.

A novel approach is presented applying capabilities of software agent-based programming to numerical field computations. Distributed and autonomous calculation resources are used in analogy to a machine-to-machine system application for setting up and solving coupled simulations respecting the individual machine capabilities. Within the presented system, the involved machines interact cooperatively and comparatively. No central unit takes any influence to the solution process. Redundant resources do automatically and proactively add variance to the solution process by modifying their partial tasks based on negotiations between the involved resources. In that way, different numerical methods, solution strategies, and solver configurations are automatically evaluated as examples of the variety within coupled simulations. Partial results are dynamically integrated into an overall solver sequence, demonstrated on the coupled electric field computation of a patch antenna array. A quick provision of results is shown contemplating changes at calculation resource and vague user decisions for a nonlinear and bidirectionally coupled simulation of a 3-D multiphysics problem.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the design and the numerical calculation of the electromagnetic heating system for the ablation therapy. Hence, the heating of the tumor cells must be processed very carefully to achieve a localized coagulative necrosis and to avoid too high temperatures inside the tissue. Design/methodology/approach The non-invasive method of the ablation therapy is implemented due to the inductive power transmission between the generator and implant. The ferromagnetic implant has a small size and can be placed intravenously into tumor cells. High-frequency driving currents are necessary to obtain high induced eddy currents within the ferromagnetic implant. Findings Finite element analysis has been used for the design and numerical calculation of the electromagnetic heating system. The electromagnetic analysis is done in the time domain due to the nonlinearity of the ferromagnetic implant. Magnetic fields are computed based on a magnetic vector potential formulation. The thermal analysis is done in the time domain as well. The temperature computation in biological tissue is based on a heat balance equation. Research limitations/implications This paper is focused on the design and simulation of the inductive system for the ablation therapy. Practical implications The designed system can be practically implemented. It can be used for the clinical study of the immune response by the thermal ablation therapy. Originality/value The common method of thermal ablation is combined with an inductive power transmission. It enables a repetitive application of this method to study the immune response.

A clamp pressure cell for neutron scattering experiments at low temperatures and in external magnetic fields under pressure up to 2~GPa has been fabricated and tested. The cell provides optical access to the sample space that allows instantaneous pressure determination during sample loading, cooling and measuring using ruby and/or samarium doped strontium tetraborate fluorescence monitoring. A new calibration curve of the pressure-induced shift of the $^7D_0 - ^5F_0$ (0-0) line in the fluorescent spectrum of SrB$_4$O$_7$:Sm$^{2+}$ for moderate pressures, $P\leqslant{2}$ GPa, is given., 11 pages, 6 figures

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an accurate and efficient hybrid method for the calculation of the inductance of a coil and its inductance change due to deformed turns using numerical methods. Design/methodology/approach – The paper opted for finite element method coupled with analytical method (FCA) to accurately calculate the inductance of a coil, which is used as reference value. An algorithm with a power function is presented to approximate the partial inductance matrix with the purpose of obtaining the percentage change of the inductance due to deformed turns by using the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) with an approximated model and an optimization process. The presented method is successfully validated by the numerical results. Findings – The paper provides a systematic investigation of the inductance of an arbitrary shaped coil and shows how to accurately and efficiently evaluate the inductance change of a coil due to its deformed turns. It suggests that the inductance of a coil can be accurately calculated by using FCA and its percentage change due to deformed turns can be efficiently calculated by using the PEEC_Approximation. Research limitations/implications – As this research is for the magnetostatics, the skin- and proximity-effects have not been taken into account. Practical implications – The paper includes implication for the worst-case analysis of the coil’s inductance due to mechanical damage or manufacturing tolerance. Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified need to study how the inductance change of a coil can be obtained accurately and efficiently.

In this paper, we present a novel hybrid method to efficiently and accurately calculate the equivalent capacitance of an arbitraryshaped coil with a circular cross section by using finite-element method in 3-D. To avoid the high mesh and computing effort, a parallel-electrode capacitor as the basic cell is used to approximate the circular wire. According to the published analytical formulas, an equivalent relative permittivity for the basic cell can be obtained to ensure the accuracy of the presented method. Since the formulas are derived under different physical insights, the optimal equivalent relative permittivity $\varepsilon_{\rm equi}$ for different winding methods of the coil has been determined. Finally, the accuracy and the efficiency of the presented method are validated by numerical results.

Racial inequality has been a persistent component of American society since before its inception. This research investigates how lay beliefs about the nature of racism— as primarily due to prejudiced individuals or, rather, to structural factors that disadvantage members of particular racial groups—predict perceptions of (Studies 1A & 1B) and reactions to (Studies 2 & 3) racial inequality in the criminal justice system. Specifically, the current research suggests that holding a more structural (v. interpersonal) racism view predicts a greater tendency to perceive racial inequality in criminal justice. Moreover, White Americans’ lay beliefs regarding racism, coupled with their general level of comfort with societal hierarchy, may predict support for policies that would reduce disparities in mass incarceration. Together, this work suggests that beliefs about the nature of racism—as either interpersonal or structural—may play an important role in how people perceive and respond to racial inequality.

Racial economic inequality is a foundational feature of the United States, yet many Americans appear oblivious to it. In the present work we consider the psychology underlying this collective willful ignorance. Drawing on prior research and new evidence from a nationally representative sample of adults ( N = 1,008), we offer compelling evidence that Americans vastly underestimate racial economic inequality, especially the racial wealth gap. In particular, respondents thought that the Black–White wealth gap was smaller, by around 40 percentage points in 1963 and around 80 percentage points in 2016, than its actual size. We then consider the motivational, cognitive, and structural factors that are likely to contribute to these misperceptions and suggest directions for future research to test these ideas. Importantly, we highlight the implications of our collective ignorance of racial economic inequality and the challenge of creating greater accuracy in perceptions of these racial economic disparities, as well as outline the steps policymakers might take to create messages on this topic that effectively promote equity-enhancing policies. We close with an appeal to psychological science to at least consider, if not center, the racial patterning of these profound economic gaps.

The concentration of nano sized zero valent iron (nZVI) is an important criterion for the in-situ remediation of ground water contaminations. To measure the magnetic susceptibility of nZVI, two specified cylindrical coils with the desired measuring range and the corresponding post-processing algorithm (PPA) are presented to determine the concentration change of nZVI during the remediation process. To accurately calculate the concentration of nZVI, numerical simulations are required to evaluate the actual magnetic susceptibility of nZVI filled in the column and the change of the self-inductance of each coil because of nZVI. To improve the efficiency of the presented algorithm, an optimal frequency for the measurement is determined by taking into account the equivalent capacitance of the coil and the cable. Moreover, two special boundary conditions for the efficient calculation of the parasitic capacitances are presented. Finally, two experiments have been performed to verify the developed sensor and the measurement method.

In this paper, we present a novel approach for efficient calculation of the inductance of an arbitrary shaped coil with circular cross section using finite element method coupled with an analytical method. To reduce the simulation time and the memory requirement, the surface current model (SCM) instead of the volume current model (VCM) for the conductor modeling is used. According to the magnetic energy formulation and Ampere’s law, a geometry factor to determine the equivalent height of the SCM for the self-inductance is obtained numerically. To calculate the mutual inductances, further two factors for determining the equivalent distances between adjacent windings are evaluated. Finally, the accuracy and the computational cost of this approach compared with the VCM are presented.

A meshfree postprocessing for the computation of field lines suggests itself in the case of fast boundary element methods. Field values are only calculated and stored in points, which are absolutely necessary for field line computations. Hence, the total amount of processed data is dramatically reduced in comparison to a mesh-based approach along with precomputed field values in all mesh nodes. An automatic and robust domain detection method enables reliable identifications of intersections of field lines with domain boundaries even in the case of complex-shaped surfaces. A combination of automatic domain detection and adaptive step size control of the underlying Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method results in correctly and efficiently computed field lines, including sharp bends at domain boundaries.

Magnetic field problems are often excited by a known source field which itself is caused by free currents. Some formulations to solve the problem require knowledge of the source magnetic scalar potential whose gradient is the source field. In general, it has to be computed as a line integral. An approach for efficient computation of this potential has been developed that is based on an algorithm that gives short integration paths as well as on application of the fast multipole method. Numerical results indicate the efficiency of this approach especially when the number of current-carrying volume elements or the number of observation points are high.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Cell-Methode auf die quasistatischen Maxwellgleichungen angewendet. Dabei werden für die notwendige Transformation vom Primärgitter auf das duale Gitter reziproke Basisvektoren verwendet. Anhand der Felddiffusion der magnetischen Induktion in einen zylindrischen Leiter werden Ergebnisse der Cell-Methode mit einer analytischen Vergleichsrechnung präsentiert.

The present research documents the widespread misperception of race-based economic equality in the United States. Across four studies (n = 1,377) sampling White and Black Americans from the top and bottom of the national income distribution, participants overestimated progress toward Black–White economic equality, largely driven by estimates of greater current equality than actually exists according to national statistics. Overestimates of current levels of racial economic equality, on average, outstripped reality by roughly 25% and were predicted by greater belief in a just world and social network racial diversity (among Black participants). Whereas high-income White respondents tended to overestimate racial economic equality in the past, Black respondents, on average, underestimated the degree of past racial economic equality. Two follow-up experiments further revealed that making societal racial discrimination salient increased the accuracy of Whites’ estimates of Black–White economic equality, whereas encouraging Whites to anchor their estimates on their own circumstances increased their tendency to overestimate current racial economic equality. Overall, these findings suggest a profound misperception of and unfounded optimism regarding societal race-based economic equality—a misperception that is likely to have any number of important policy implications.