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1. Depositional History of the Upper Sequence of the Western Fan: Evidence for Late-Stage Fluvial and Potential Igneous Activity, Jezero Crater, Mars

Author

S Gwizd, K M Stack, L Ives, S Gupta, N Randazzo, M Lamb, N Cavallo, N Williams, L Crumpler, J Rice, B Horgan, L C Kah, O Cianciolo, C Quantin-Nataf, O Beyssac, A Vaughan, J I Simon, K Siebach, M Nachon, R Kronyak, V Sun, S Sholes, D Shuster, and J Bell

Subjects
Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
Abstract

Within Jezero crater, a 45 km diameter Noachian-aged crater on Mars, the Upper Fan group (UFg) stratigraphy records the youngest interval of sediment deposition via aqueous activity on the western fan. From orbital images, the UFg surface is characterized by ridges interpreted to be associated with channels that can be group based on orientation into distinct elongate and fan-shaped deposits. UFg deposits primarily consist of a sandstone to granule conglomerate facies covered by a lithified boulder conglomerate or dense accumulations of loose boulders along the surface. The coarse-grained nature of UFg deposits and the unconformable contact with the underlying fan stratigraphy suggest that the UFg represents a higher-energy shift from the relatively longer-lived, lower-energy aqueous systems interpreted in underlying fan stratigraphy. The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover encountered the main exposures of the UFg deposits beginning on Sol 755 and has been continuously collecting data along its northwestward traverse across the fan, enabling reconciliation of orbitally-derived geomorphology with in-situ observations from the rover and Ingenuity helicopter. This work represents a combined assessment of the geomorphology and the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the UFg in order to establish its depositional and emplacement history. Determining the origins of the Upper Fan sequence will clarify how, when, and in what order aqueous environments evolved through time within Jezero crater (e.g. crater infill, overflow, breach, and lake level drop;). Finally, this work will provide critical context for the three rock samples within the UFg sample suite.

Published
2024

2. Going With the Flow: Sedimentary Evolution of the Jezero Western Fan, Mars

Author

S Gupta, K Stack Morgan, N Mangold, L R W Ives, S Gwizd, R M E Williams, N Randazzo, A J Williams, P Russell, B H N Horgan, K L Siebach, M M Tice, J Hurowitz, R Barnes, C Tate, J I Núñez, S Sholes, L C Kah, M E Minitti, G Dromart, J F Bell, III, J Maki, G Paar, A Annex, B P Weiss, O Beyssac, J Frydenvang, M Nachon, R Kronyak, V Sun, A J Jones, D L Shuster, J I Simon, M P Lamb, J P Grotzinger, S Le Mouélic, O Gasnault, R C Wiens, S Maurice, and K A Farley

Subjects
Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
Abstract

Sedimentary fans developed at the mouths of Martian valleys have been interpreted as the deposits of sustained surface water flow on early Mars building either fluvial fan systems or deltas into standing bodies of water. Whilst much insight has been gleaned from orbital observations, it is only possible to constrain the character, relative timing and persistence of ancient aqueous activity on Mars through detailed on-the-ground interrogation of sedimentary successions built during fan growth. A prominent sedimentary fan deposit at the western margin of Jezero crater – the Western fan – has been interpreted from orbital data/observations to be a river delta that prograded into an ancient lake basin during the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian epochs on Mars (~3.6-3.8 Ga). The Western fan deposit forms a point-sourced depositional system developed at the mouth of Neretva Vallis, a valley system that is incised across the crater rim and has an extensive extra-crater catchment draining over diverse ancient geological units in Nili Planum. The mechanism of crater rim breaching remains unconstrained. Between 2022 and 2023, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover explored the Western fan, with the objective of characterizing its paleoenvironmental context and collecting a diverse suite of sedimentary rock samples for return to Earth via the Mars Sample Return mission. Perseverance has now completed her traverse across the Western fan having commenced in the distal downstream sectors exposed at the erosional front of the fan and then crossing across its upper exposed surface toward the fan apex region near the mouth of Neretva Vallis. This transect provides a unique window into a Martian sediment routing system at a time when climate conditions permitted the flow of surface water. In this contribution, we review the overall sedimentary architecture of the fan and develop a model for its evolution based on detailed mapping of lithofacies changes across the fan. A first-order synoptic overview is presented.

Published
2024

3. An olivine cumulate outcrop on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars

Author

Y. Liu, M. M. Tice, M. E. Schmidt, A. H. Treiman, T. V. Kizovski, J. A. Hurowitz, A. C. Allwood, J. Henneke, D. A. K. Pedersen, S. J. VanBommel, Michael W. M. Jones, A L Knight, B. J. Orenstein, B. C. Clark, W. T. Elam, C. M. Heirwegh, T. Barber, L. W. Beegle, K. Benzerara, S Bernard, O. Beyssac, Tanya Bosak, A. J. Brown, E. L. Cardarelli, D. C. Catling, J. R. Christian, E. A. Cloutis, B. A. Cohen, S. Davidoff, A. G. Fairén, K. A. Farley, D. T. Flannery, A. Galvin, J. P. Grotzinger, S. Gupta, James Hall, C. D. K. Herd, K. Hickman-lewis, R. P. Hodyss, B. H. N. Horgan, J. R. Johnson, John Leif Jørgensen, L. C. Kah, J. N. Maki, L. Mandon, N. Mangold, F. M. McCubbin, S. M. McLennan, K. Moore, M. Nachon, P. Nemere, L. D. Nothdurft, J. I. Núñez, Lauren O'Neil, C. M. Quantin-Nataf, V. Sautter, D. L Shuster, K. L. Siebach, J. I. Simon, K. P. Sinclair, K. M. Stack, A. Steele, J. D. Tarnas, N. J. Tosca, K. Uckert, A. Udry, L. A. Wade, B. P. Weiss, R. C. Wiens, K. H. Williford, and M.-P. Zorzano

Subjects
Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration
Abstract

The geological units on the floor of Jezero crater, Mars, are part of a wider regional stratigraphy of olivine-rich rocks, which extends well beyond the crater. We investigate the petrology of olivine and carbonate-bearing rocks of the Séítah formation in the floor of Jezero. Using multispectral images and x-ray fluorescence data, acquired by the Perseverance rover, we performed a petrographic analysis of the Bastide and Brac outcrops within this unit. We find that these outcrops are composed of igneous rock, moderately altered by aqueous fluid. The igneous rocks are mainly made of coarse-grained olivine, similar to some Martian meteorites. We interpret them as an olivine cumulate, formed by settling and enrichment of olivine through multi-stage cooling of a thick magma body.

Published
2022
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4. Trends in Barrier Island Geomorphology Under Continuous Sea Level Rise: Padre Island from 1940-2020

Author

K R Fisher, R C Ewing, M Tice, M Nachon, and O Duran Vinent

Subjects
Oceanography
Abstract

Barrier islands serve an important role in shielding coastal areas from storm surges and wave erosion. Monitoring changes in a barrier island system helps determine the combined effect of sediment supply, aeolian sand transport, storms and sea level rise (SLR) on long-term island survival. Here we present and discuss changes to the southern end of Padre Island (TX),including a back-barrier active dune field, across 7 decades from 1941 - 2020. We have used aerial photos, satellite imagery, and field monitoring to map the decadal and seasonal geomorphological changes. We produced facies maps for each decade from 1970 to present, complemented with qualitative observations for 1941-1970, when aerial imagery was incomplete. We also used supervised classification to monitor monthly changes in the availability of sand for aeolian transport over a full seasonal cycle, to determine the role of the fluctuating water table on the sand budget of the active dune field. Results indicate that the southern end of Padre Island experienced significant change over the study period, transitioning from unvegetated dune fields and sand flats to expansive vegetated dunes, a tidal flat with microbial mats and a shrinking active dune field. Vegetated dunes, absent in 1970, now cover 14% of the study area. The active dune field shrunk from 12%coverage to 6%, with sand available for transport varying from 3% to 21% as the water table fluctuates throughout the year. The infrequently flooded back-island sand flat covering 40% of the study area has transitioned to a lower-lying tidal flat. Furthermore, extensive microbial mats and crusts have developed within the wind-tidal flat, in washover fans, and in low-lying interdune areas. All these early signs are consistent with a progressive drowning of the barrier island, an event we hypothesize was triggered by the sudden spread of vegetation along the back-beach dunes. Plant colonization then cut off sand supply from the beach to the back-barrier, and thus access to the primary source of sand to the system. Our findings highlight the contradictory role of vegetation in barrier islands, as they stabilize dunes and promote sand accretion at the back-beach, while also isolating the back-barrier from aeolian sediment sources, thus amplifying the effects of sea level rise in the absence of salt marshes and/or mangrove platforms.

Published
2021

5. Coupling Mars Ground and Orbital Views: Generate Viewsheds of Mastcam Images From the Curiosity Rover, Using ArcGIS® and Public Datasets

Author

M. Nachon, S. Borges, R. C. Ewing, F. Rivera‐Hernández, N. Stein, and J. K. Van Beek

Subjects
Mars orbital and in situ images, GIS, Curiosity rover Mastcam images, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Abstract The Mastcam (Mast Camera) instrument onboard the NASA Curiosity rover provides an exclusive view of Mars: High‐resolution color images from Mastcam allow users to study Gale crater's geologic terrains along Curiosity's path. These ground observations complement the spatially broader views of Gale crater provided by spacecrafts from orbit. However, for a given Mastcam image, it can be challenging to locate the corresponding terrains on the orbital view. No method for locating Mastcam images onto orbital images had been made publicly available. The procedure presented here allows users to generate Mastcam image viewsheds, using ArcGIS® software, its built‐in Viewshed tool®, and public Mars datasets. This procedure locates onto Mars orbital view the terrains that are observed in a given Mastcam image. Because this procedure uses public datasets, it is applicable to available Mastcam images and to the future ones that will be acquired along the Curiosity rover's path. This procedure can be used by the public to assess scientific questions regarding Martian surface processes and geologic history. In addition, this procedure can be utilized as pedagogic GIS material by the Geosciences or Planetary Sciences communities, for enhancing students' skillsets in GIS and provide students with experience working with datasets from both orbiter and rover Mars missions.

Published
2020
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6. Chemical variations in Yellowknife Bay formation sedimentary rocks analyzed by ChemCam on board the Curiosity rover on Mars

Author

N. Mangold, O. Forni, G. Dromart, K. Stack, R. C. Wiens, O. Gasnault, D. Y. Sumner, M. Nachon, P.‐Y. Meslin, R. B. Anderson, B. Barraclough, J. F. Bell, G. Berger, D. L. Blaney, J. C. Bridges, F. Calef, B. Clark, S. M. Clegg, A. Cousin, L. Edgar, K. Edgett, B. Ehlmann, C. Fabre, M. Fisk, J. Grotzinger, S. Gupta, K. E. Herkenhoff, J. Hurowitz, J. R. Johnson, L. C. Kah, N. Lanza, J. Lasue, S. Le Mouélic, R. Léveillé, E. Lewin, M. Malin, S. McLennan, S. Maurice, N. Melikechi, A. Mezzacappa, R. Milliken, H. Newsom, A. Ollila, S. K. Rowland, V. Sautter, M. Schmidt, S. Schröder, C. d'Uston, D. Vaniman, and R. Williams

Published
2015
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7. New psychoactive substances in oral fluid of drivers around a music festival in south-west France in 2017

Author

M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Delphine Allorge, Véronique Dumestre-Toulet, Jean-François Wiart, Xavier Vanhoye, Camille Richeval, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Impact de l'environnement chimique sur la santé humaine - ULR 4483 (IMPECS), and Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)

Subjects
Drugs of abuse, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, Poison control, Context (language use), 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Saliva, education, Driving Under the Influence, Driving under the influence, Psychotropic Drugs, education.field_of_study, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, celebrities, Music festival, Police, 0104 chemical sciences, Substance Abuse Detection, celebrities.reason_for_arrest, Oral fluid, France, business, Law, Specific population, Chromatography, Liquid
Abstract

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem with potentially major forensic and life-threatening consequences. Although it is obvious that new psychoactive substances (NPS) could lead to impaireddriving, the prevalence of NPS use in a DUID context is unknown as the applied roadside screening tests for drugs of abuse (DOA) are not adapted for NPS detection. This works aims to tested oral fluid (OF) specimens for NPS in French drivers circulating around two music festivals (Artsenik 2017 and Garorock 2017) in order to assess the prevalence of consumption and the kind of used NPS in this particular population. OF samples consisted in dried saliva spots obtained from used Drugwipe-5S® tests (after a positive or negative roadside screening test for DOA). These OF were analyzed using a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry or high-resolution mass spectrometry method. NPS were detected in 17 out of the 229 OF collected specimens (7.4%). Eleven various NPS were identified (number of identification): 5F-AKB48 (2), MAM2201 (1), JWH122 (1), 4F-PVP (1), 3- or 4-MMC (2), fluoromethamphetamine (1), ketamine (3), MXE (3), methoxyketamine (1), 6-APB (2) and 25C-NBOMe (1). There is an apparent effect of the music festival proximity on the prevalence of NPS in OF from this controlled driver population compared to that of 140 controlled drivers from Northern France analyzed in the same period (7.4% versus 3%). The variety of used NPS appears to be increasing (e.g. large proportion of cyclohexanones). In addition, 5% of drivers initially roadside-tested negative for DOA were in fact driving after NPS use in this specific population. From a forensic perspective, these results confirm the reality of driving after NPS use in French drivers, notably in those driving to or from a music festival.

Published
2019
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8. Prevalence of new psychoactive substances in oral fluid samples from french drivers:a longitudinal survey (2016-2020)

Author

Jean-François Wiart, Florian Hakim, Delphine Allorge, Alexandr Gish, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Camille Richeval, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine (IMPECS) - ULR 4483, Impact de l'environnement chimique sur la santé humaine - ULR 4483 (IMPECS), and Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)

Subjects
Psychotropic Drugs, Chemical Health and Safety, Substance-Related Disorders, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Toxicology, Analytical Chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection, Environmental health, Prevalence, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Medicine, Oral fluid, Longitudinal Studies, business, Driving Under the Influence
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021
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9. Évolution temporelle (2016-2020) du nombre et de la nature des NPS identifiés dans les fluides oraux de conducteurs soumis à un contrôle au bord de la route en métropole lilloise

Author

Camille Richeval, Jean-François Wiart, Delphine Allorge, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Alexandr Gish, and M. Nachon-Phanithavong

Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Toxicology
Abstract

Objectifs Precedemment, nous avions evalue la prevalence de l’usage de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) par l’analyse des fluides oraux (FO) de conducteurs soumis a un controle salivaire (recherche de produits stupefiants) au bord de la route en 2016 et 2017, en France et en Belgique [1] . Nous completons ici cette etude par les donnees obtenues selon la meme methodologie en 2018, 2019 et 2020, en metropole lilloise. Methode La methodologie repose sur l’analyse de residus de FO, DSS (Dried Saliva Spots), recuperes dans les dispositifs usages des tests immunochimiques salivaires DW (DrugWipe©-5S tests, Securetec) utilises pour le depistage des produits stupefiants ou DOA (Drug Of Abuse : cannabis, cocaine, opiaces, amphetamines), independamment du resultat initial du depistage. Une recherche de DOA, de principes actifs de medicaments et d’autres toxiques incluant les NPS a ete realisee par : – criblage non cible par LC-HRMS ; – cribalges cibles par LC-MS/MS en MRM, s’appuyant sur des bibliotheques de spectres de masse, regulierement actualisees, d’environ 1700 substances incluant plus de 650 NPS et metabolites en 2020 [2] . Resultats Les principaux resultats sont presentes annuellement : nombre de DSS collectes ; nombre de DSS avec des NPS ( %) ; NPS identifies (n) ; DSS avec des NPS ayant initialement presente un DW negatif (depistage DOA negatif)/DSS avec des NPS : – 2016 ; 101 ; 3 (3,0 %) ; ethylone (1), methylone (1), MDPV (1) ; 1/3 ; – 2017 ; 140 ; 4 (2,9 %) ; 4-methyl-NEP (1), ethylphenidate (1), methamnetamine (1), LSD (1) ; 2/4 ; – 2018 ; 217 ; 5 (2,3 %) ; methoxetamine (1), benzoylfentanyl (1), isopropylphenidate (1), ethylphenidate (1), ephylone (1) ; 1/5 ; – 2019 ; 210 ; 5 (2,4 %) ; 3-MMC (3), x-CMC (1), ephylone (1) ; 3/5 ; – 2020 ; 178 ; 3 (1,7 %) ; 3-MMC (2), LSD (1), 3-fluorophenmetrazine (1) ; 1/3. Enfin, outre des NPS, des DOA et des medicaments ont ete egalement deceles dans ces DSS. Malgre des biais probables (echantillonnage des DW et stabilite des NPS dans les DSS, notamment), cette etude est en faveur : – d’une prevalence de depistage de NPS dans les FO de conducteurs soumis a un controle en metropole lilloise qui demeure stable et faible (2 a 3 %) sur une periode de 5 ans ; – d’un usage regulier et majoritaire (notamment ces 2 dernieres annees) de cathinones. A ce titre, il est notable que ces 2 dernieres annees, la 3-MMC a ete retrouvee seule (sans autres NPS, ni DOA associes) dans 4 cas sur 5. Cet usage exclusif de NPS chez ces conducteurs concerne egalement d’autres NPS : benzoylfentanyl et methamnetamine, par exemple. En 5 ans, 9 individus ont ainsi pris le volant apres avoir consomme exclusivement (DW negatifs) un ou plusieurs NPS. Enfin, deux identifications de LSD (associe a du cannabis en 2017 et associe a la 3-fluorophenmetrazine et du cannabis en 2020) ont ete comptabilisees compte tenu de l’absence de depistage de cet hallucinogene puissant dans le cadre des procedures routieres, et d’un usage qui connait une renaissance (sous forme liquide, majoritairement) en region lilloise, probablement favorisee par les sites de production belges et neerlandais proches (OFDT, Tendances recentes sur les usages de drogues a Lille et dans les Hauts-de- France en 2019. Novembre 2020). Conclusion Ces resultats temoignent de la realite de la conduite automobile apres avoir fait usage de NPS en region lilloise, montrant une prevalence de consommation faible et stable, mais qui semble suivre certaines tendances, en termes de type de NPS consommes notamment, observees en population generale.

Published
2021
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11. New psychoactive substances in a drugged driving population: Preliminary results

Author

Nele Samyn, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Vincent Di Fazio, Camille Richeval, Delphine Allorge, Sarah M.R. Wille, Luc Humbert, and Jean-Michel Gaulier

Subjects
Drug, Methoxetamine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, media_common.quotation_subject, Diphenidine, Population, Pharmacology, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, AB-FUBINACA, Methiopropamine, medicine, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Methedrone, education, Driving under the influence, media_common, education.field_of_study, business.industry, 010401 analytical chemistry, celebrities, 0104 chemical sciences, celebrities.reason_for_arrest, chemistry, business, medicine.drug
Abstract

Summary Action against driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) often starts with an on-site immunological screening which is not yet developed for new psychoactive substances (NPS). Our aim was to determine the prevalence of NPS in drivers screened positive for a classical illicit drug. Blood samples (n = 556) were obtained between January–August 2015 in Belgium. The on-site Drugwipe 5S (Securetec) results and the subjects’ signs of recent drug use were available. Classical illicit drugs were confirmed in blood via LC-MS/MS methods. NPS screening was performed using 2 methods: LC-HRMS and LC-MS/MS. Of the 256 samples yet analysed, NPS were detected in 13 samples (5%) including following substances (n): ketamine (5), methoxetamine (2), diphenidine (2), 5-MeO-DALT (1), 4-AcO-DiPT (1), methiopropamine (1), methedrone (1), α-PVP (1), a mix of 5-MAPB/5-EAPB (1), and AB FUBINACA (1). This preliminary study demonstrates a prevalence of 5%. However, this result should be confirmed and reassessed at the end of our study.

Published
2017
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13. Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population

Author

V. Di Fazio, Nele Samyn, S.M.R. Wille, Camille Richeval, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Delphine Allorge, Luc Humbert, and Jean-Michel Gaulier

Subjects
Drug, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Methoxetamine, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Pharmaceutical Science, Poison control, Pharmacology, 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Mephedrone, Belgium, Methiopropamine, Internal medicine, medicine, Prevalence, Environmental Chemistry, Humans, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, education, Saliva, Driving Under the Influence, Spectroscopy, Driving under the influence, media_common, education.field_of_study, Psychotropic Drugs, business.industry, Illicit Drugs, 010401 analytical chemistry, celebrities, technology, industry, and agriculture, Equipment Design, 0104 chemical sciences, celebrities.reason_for_arrest, Substance Abuse Detection, chemistry, Female, business, Blood sampling, medicine.drug
Abstract

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem. Several countries have adopted DUID legislations which prove their deterrent effect and impact on road safety. However, the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and prescription drugs is not known, as the applied roadside screening tests have not yet been adapted for these compounds. In this study, 558 blood samples obtained during roadside controls in Belgium (January to August 2015) after a positive Drugwipe 5S® test and 199 oral fluid (OF) samples obtained from negatively screened test pads were analyzed. The NPS positivity rate was 7% in blood, while it reached 11% in OF. NPS detected were: diphenidine, ketamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, 2-amino-indane, methoxetamine, α-PVP, methiopropamine, a mix of 5-MAPB/5-EAPB, TH-PVP, mephedrone, methedrone, 4-methylethylcathinone, 5-MeO-DALT, 4-Acetoxy-DiPT, AB Fubinaca, FUB-JWH018, JWH020, trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, and ethylphenidate. Moreover, 17% of blood samples (and 5% of OF) contained an analgesic drug, 10% (0.5%) a benzodiazepine/hypnotic, 5% (2%) an antidepressant, 2% (3%) an antipsychotic, 2% an antiepileptic drug, and 1% methylphenidate. The presence of NPS in the young (and predominately male) DUID population is proven. Furthermore, a high level of poly-drug use including combinations of NPS, licit, and drugs of abuse was observed. Further research concerning the development of on-site NPS detection techniques should be established. Meanwhile, the effects of combined drug use on driving ability and the physical/psychological signs after NPS use should be performed to improve the on-site DUID detection of NPS by police officers, so they can engage in blood sampling for a general unknown screening.

Published
2017

14. Prevalence of New Psychoactive Substances in Oral Fluid Specimens from French and Belgian Drivers: Comparison 2016/2017

Author

Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Nele Samyn, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, S.M.R. Wille, Camille Richeval, Jean-François Wiart, Delphine Allorge, and Vincent Di Fazio

Subjects
Automobile Driving, Psychotropic Drugs, Chemical Health and Safety, Substance-Related Disorders, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Toxicology, Analytical Chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection, Belgium, Environmental health, Prevalence, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Medicine, Oral fluid, France, business, Driving Under the Influence
Published
2018
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15. NPS dans la salive de conducteurs aux abords de festivals de musique dans le sud-ouest à l’été 2017

Author

X. Vanhoye, Delphine Allorge, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Véronique Dumestre-Toulet, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Jean-François Wiart, and Camille Richeval

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif En France, les donnees epidemiologiques concernant la consommation de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) demeurent rares. Par ailleurs, ces consommations varient dans le temps et different selon les populations concernees. Dans cette etude, nous avons evalue cet usage de NPS autour de festivals de musique (Artsenik 2017 et Garorock 2017) sur la base de l’analyse des fluides oraux de conducteurs de vehicules initialement soumis a un depistage de produits stupefiants (DOA). Cette approche repose sur l’analyse de DSS (Dried Saliva Spots) recuperes dans les dispositifs usages des tests immunochimiques salivaires DW (DrugWipe©-5S tests, Securetec) utilises par les forces de l’Ordre. Methode Les DSS des DW anonymises ont ete analyses par chromatographie liquide avec detection par spectrometrie de masse : screening non cible par chromatographie liquide avec detection par spectrometrie de masse a haute resolution (Xevo G2®-XS QToF, Waters), screenings « stupefiants », « medicaments » et « NPS » par chromatographie liquide avec detection par spectrometrie de masse en tandem en mode MRM (Xevo® T-QS, Waters) [1] . Resultats Au total, 229 tests usages de depistage salivaire ont ete collectes fin juin–debut juillet 2017 a la suite de depistages realises sur les voies d’acces et a proximite immediate d’Artsenik et de Garorock. Des NPS ont ete identifies dans 17 des 229 dispositifs analyses (7,4 % des conducteurs soumis a un controle). Dans ces 17 echantillons salivaires, onze NPS differents ont ete identifies (n) : 5F-AKB48 (2), MAM2201(1), JWH122 (1), 4F-PVP (1), 3 ou 4 MMC (2), fluorometamphetamine (1), Ketamine (3), MXE (3), methoxyketamine (1), 6 APB (2) et 25C-NBOMe (1). Ce pourcentage d’usage de NPS chez ces conducteurs est comparable aux donnees disponibles dans des populations similaires [2] et aux resultats d’une etude effectuee dans une population de conducteurs a la meme periode, en France et en Belgique [3] . Dans cette population ciblee et dans ce contexte « festif », il faut noter que la nature des NPS observee est dominee par les hallucinogenes, et marquee par la forte proportion de cyclohexanones (39 % des NPS consommes). Par ailleurs, dans ces DSS, des DOA (63 %) et des medicaments (10 %) ont ete egalement identifies. Conclusion Ces resultats (i) confirment l’interet de l’analyse des DSS des tests de depistage salivaire pour la mise en evidence des NPS chez les conducteurs, et (ii) temoignent de la realite et de la specificite de la consommation de ces substances dans une population ciblee de conducteurs participant a des festivals de musique electronique.

Published
2018
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16. Consommation de nouveaux produits de synthèse identifiée par analyse salivaire de conducteurs festivaliers aux abords de festivals de musique électronique dans le Sud-Ouest en 2017

Author

Jean-François Wiart, Véronique Dumestre-Toulet, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Delphine Allorge, X. Vanhoye, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, and Camille Richeval

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif La consommation de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) est en constante augmentation en France, et le nombre d’affaires medico-legales en lien egalement. Plusieurs cas ont ete repertories en Aquitaine. L’etude presentee est une evaluation de la prevalence de l’usage de NPS autour de festivals de musique (Artsenik, 2017 et Garorock, 2017) sur la base de l’analyse des fluides oraux de 229 conducteurs initialement soumis a un depistage de produits stupefiants. Elle repose sur l’analyse de dried saliva spots (DSS) recuperes sur les dispositifs usages des tests immunochimiques salivaires (DrugWipe©-5S tests, DW, Securetec) utilises par les forces de l’Ordre. Methode Les DW, anonymises, ont ete analyses comme suit : 2 patins absorbants (DSS) du dispositif sont places dans du methanol (300 μL) pendant une heure a temperature ambiante. Apres centrifugation, 100 μL de surnageant sont additionnes de 50 μL d’etalons internes (methylclonazepam, β-OH-ethyltheophylline, et analogues deuteres), evapores a sec et repris par 100 μL d’un melange de methanol/acide formique a 0,1 % et de tampon de formiate d’ammonium 5 mM a pH 3 (80/20 ; v/v). Une recherche de produits stupefiants, de medicaments et d’autres toxiques est realisee dans 15 (i) ou 10 μL (ii) de cet extrait : (i) criblage non cible par LC-HRMS (Xevo G2®-XS QToF, Waters), (ii) criblages « stupefiants », « medicaments » et « NPS » par LC-MS/MS en MRM (Xevo® T-QS, Waters) [1] . Resultats Deux cent vingt-neuf tests usages de depistage salivaire ont ete collectes fin juin-debut juillet 2017 a la suite de depistages realises sur les voies d’acces et a proximite immediate d’Artsenik et de Garorock. Des NPS ont ete identifies dans 17 des 229 dispositifs analyses (7,4 % des conducteurs soumis a un controle). Dans ces 17 echantillons salivaires, onze NPS differents ont ete identifies (n) : 5F-AKB48 (2), MAM-2201 (1), JWH122 (1), 4F-PVP (1), 3 ou 4 MMC (2), fluorometamphetamine (1), ketamine (3), MXE (3), methoxyketamine (1), 6-APB (2) et 25C-NBOMe (1). Ce pourcentage d’usage de NPS chez ces conducteurs est comparable aux donnees disponibles dans des populations similaires [2] et aux resultats d’une etude effectuee dans une population de conducteurs a la meme periode, en France et en Belgique [3] . Dans ce contexte « festif », il faut noter que la nature des NPS consommes est marquee par la forte proportion de cyclohexanones (39 % des NPS consommes). Par ailleurs, dans ces DSS, des produits stupefiants (63 %) et des medicaments ont ete egalement identifies. Les analyses mettent aussi en evidence de nombreux « faux negatifs » en particulier pour le cannabis (29 % des DW), probablement lie a la limite de detection par LC-MS/MS (LDD THC : 1 ng/mL) inferieure au « cut-off » de positivite du depistage salivaire realise par les DW. Conclusion Ces resultats confirment l’interet de l’analyse des DSS des tests de depistage salivaire pour la mise en evidence des NPS et temoignent de la realite de la consommation de ces substances chez les conducteurs participant aux festivals de musique electronique.

Published
2018
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17. Dried Saliva Spots (DSS), tests immunochimiques de dépistage salivaire et produits stupéfiants

Author

M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Camille Richeval, Jean-François Wiart, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, X. Vanhoye, and Delphine Allorge

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif Les methodes alternatives de prelevement sont adaptees aux situations pour lesquelles le prelevement d’un echantillon biologique est difficile en raison du lieu ou de l’absence de personnel medical. Ils incluent les DBS (Dried Blood Spots), mais peuvent egalement concerner d’autres matrices telles que la salive (DSS, Dried Saliva Spots) [1] . L’objectif de ce travail est d’evaluer la faisabilite de l’analyse de DSS recuperes dans des dispositifs usages de tests immunochimiques de depistage salivaire de produits stupefiants (DW, Drugwipe©-5S tests). Methodes Les tests de depistage salivaire anonymises et remis au laboratoire par les forces de l’ordre du departement du Nord sont photographies et analyses dans un delai maximal de 10 jours, comme suit : 2 patins absorbants (DSS) du dispositif de depistage sont places dans du methanol (300 μL) pendant une heure a temperature ambiante. Apres centrifugation, 100 μL de surnageant sont additionnes de 50 μL d’etalons internes (methylclonazepam, β-OH-ethyltheophylline, et analogues deuteres), evapores a sec et repris par 100 μL d’un melange de methanol/acide formique a 0,1 % et de tampon de formate d’ammonium 5 mM a pH 3 (80/20 ; v/v). Une recherche de produits stupefiants, de principes actifs de medicaments et d’autres toxiques est realisee dans 15 (i) ou 10 μL (ii) de cet extrait : (i) screening non cible par LC-HRMS (Xevo G2®-XS QToF, Waters), (ii) screenings « stupefiants », « medicaments » et « NPS » par LC-MS/MS en MRM (Xevo® T-QS, Waters) [2] , [3] . Une estimation des concentrations de stupefiants presentes dans le DSS a ete realisee a l’aide d’un etalonnage externe (DW non utilises et echantillons de salive vierge surcharges). Resultats Au total, 101 dispositifs de depistage salivaire ont ete recoltes entre janvier et decembre 2016 : 71 positifs (+), 30 negatifs (–). Les resultats des analyses de stupefiants (SM2 = LC-MS/MS en MRM) dans les DSS sont rapportes dans le Tableau 1 ci-joint. Du THC est decele dans les DSS dans 100 % des DW + et dans 24 % des DW – (LDD du THC par SM2 de l’ordre de 1 μg/L de salive). Pour les autres stupefiants, les resultats sont partiellement discordants et difficilement interpretables en raison d’un effectif limite de DW + et de l’absence d’echantillons sanguins correspondants. Des principes actifs de medicaments (23 cas) ont ete deceles [methadone (4), buprenorphine (2), dextromethorphane (3), haloperidol (1), amisulpride (2), quetiapine (1), venlafaxine (1), diazepam (1), oxazepam (1), paracetamol (5), warfarine (1), salbutamol (1)], ainsi que des NPS (3 cas) : ethylone, methylone et MDPV. Conclusion Les resultats de cette etude preliminaire sont probants pour le THC et necessitent d’etre completes pour les opiaces, les amphetamines, la cocaine et metabolites. Ainsi, il apparait possible (i) de realiser des analyses par chromatographie avec detection par SM dans les DSS, et (ii) sous reserve d’une validation de cette approche, de realiser ainsi une confirmation directe du resultat du test immunochimique.

Published
2017
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18. NPS dans la salive de conducteurs belges et français en 2016 et 2017

Author

Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Jean-François Wiart, S.M.R. Wille, Nele Samyn, Delphine Allorge, E. Roland, Camille Richeval, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Y. Bouarouro, and V. Di Fazio

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif En Belgique comme en France, la procedure reprimant la conduite automobile sous influence de produits stupefiants (Drugs Of Abuse, DOA) consiste en un depistage salivaire suivi d’une confirmation sanguine (ou salivaire en France) par chromatographie couplee a la spectrometrie de masse. Ce travail presente une evaluation de la prevalence de l’usage de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) dans les fluides oraux de populations de conducteurs controles en 2016 et 2017, reposant sur l’analyse de DSS (Dried Saliva Spots) recuperes dans les dispositifs usages des tests immunochimiques salivaires (DrugWipe©-5S tests, DW, Securetec) utilises pour le depistage des DOA. Methode Une recherche de produits stupefiants, de principes actifs de medicaments et d’autres toxiques incluant les NPS a ete realisee dans les DSS : (i) screening non cible par LC-HRMS (Xevo G2®-XS QToF, Waters), (ii) screenings « stupefiants », « medicaments » et « NPS » par LC-MS/MS en MRM (Xevo® T-QS, Waters) [1] , [2] . Resultats Les principaux resultats des analyses des echantillons salivaires collectes en 2016 et 2017 (6 premier mois de l’annee) en France (region de Lille) et en Belgique (regions de Mons et de Malines) sont presentes dans le Tableau 1 . Dans ces DSS, des produits stupefiants (y compris dans les echantillons depistes negatifs) et des medicaments ont ete egalement identifies. Ces pourcentages d’usage de NPS sont comparables aux donnees sanguines disponibles dans des populations similaires [3] . Conclusion Ces resultats (i) confirment l’interet de l’analyse des DSS des tests de depistage salivaire, et (ii), meme si ces resultats ne concernent que des conducteurs qui ont ete soumis a un controle en France et en Belgique, temoignent de la realite d’une conduite automobile apres avoir fait usage de NPS, dans ces deux pays.

Published
2018
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19. Challenges and considerations for the detection of NPS in biological matrices

Author

S.M.R. Wille, V. Di Fazio, Nele Samyn, Delphine Allorge, Camille Richeval, Jean-Michel Gaulier, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, Christophe P. Stove, and Annelies Cannaert

Subjects
Synthetic opioid, Chemistry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, Computational biology, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Drug market, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Synthetic cannabinoids, medicine, Oral fluid, Opioid receptor activity, Screening tool, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Receptor activation, medicine.drug
Abstract

Objectives About 620 new psychoactive drugs (NPS) have appeared on the worldwide drug market the last decade. Several European countries have recently published a generic legislation, making a broad range of NPS illegal. The major challenge is the continuous chemical development of NPS and the rapid turnover of the drug market, making it difficult to obtain up-to-date monitoring techniques. The aim of this presentation is to discuss the challenges of the NPS detection workflows for toxicological analysis of biological matrices. Methods A literature overview of the current methodology for NPS detection will be achieved via a Pubmed search. In addition, the experience of the researchers’ group concerning the detection of NPS will be discussed using either (a) high-resolution mass spectrometry via the (LC-HRMS) Xevo-G2-QTOF-XS (Waters, Manchester, UK) with UNIFI software (Wille et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2232 ) or (b) a newly developed cell-based G-protein coupled receptor activation assay using the NanoLuc® Binary technology (Promega), detecting in vitro cannabinoid (CB1 and 2) or μ-opioid receptor (MOR) activation, via the recruitment of β-arrestin 2 and resulting in a luminescent signal (Cannaert et al., https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.285361 ). Results Amongst the major challenges for NPS detection continuous adaptation of the methodology to ensure up-to-date screening of correct target compounds and their metabolites with adequate sensitivity, limited research concerning stability, the lack of reference materials or their access, and the development of up-to-date libraries. Immunoassays focusing on classical drugs have insufficient NPS cross-reactivity, while immunoassays focusing on specific NPS can be quickly outdated as they target specific chemical structures. The bioassay developed by Cannaert et al. detects cannabinoid or opioid receptor activity. The detection of synthetic cannabinoids resulted in an overall sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 91% in urine and a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 100% in serum. Several semi-synthetic opioids (hydromorphone and desomorphine) and synthetic opioids (fentanyl and derivatives) and other unrelated opioids (U-49900 and U-47700) demonstrated different levels of MOR activation in the opioid bioassay. A sensitivity and specificity of 100% was obtained for authentic blood samples from morphine users and non-users. In the NPS detection workflow of a toxicological laboratory, this technique may be of interest as an initial screening technique. However, chromatographic detection will still be necessary to obtain identification and quantification of NPS. Advanced techniques involving high-resolution mass spectrometry combine the detection using developed standard libraries with possible elucidation of unknown chemical structures via accurate mass. In addition, NPS metabolites can be in vitro produced, identified and subsequently added in mass libraries to improve NPS detection. One of the challenges of accurate mass instruments is the development of an adequate procedure to generate a time-efficient interpretation of the obtained analytical data. A practical and time-efficient workflow for detection of NPS in biological matrices using time-of-flight is described and applied to blood (n = 558) as well as oral fluid (n = 199) samples obtained during roadside testing by Wille et al. An NPS positivity rate of 7% in blood and 11% in oral fluid was observed for the cohort that was examined. Conclusion A feasible and straightforward workflow for the detection of NPS in biological matrices for toxicological screening consisting of first-line screening tools using receptor activity in combination with a practical workflow for accurate mass detection is demonstrated.

Published
2018
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20. Screening en 24/24 en toxicologie hospitalière : comparaison des résultats entre chromatographie liquide — spectrométrie UV à barrette de diodes (LC-DAD) associée à l’immunoanalyse vs chromatographie liquide — trappe ionique (LC–SM n )

Author

C. Pisarek, Jean-François Wiart, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, Delphine Allorge, and M. Nachon-Phanithavong

Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Toxicology
Abstract

Objectif Appliquer une methode separative associant la chromatographie liquide a une detection par spectrometrie de masse de type trappe ionique dans le cadre du screening toxicologique pour les urgences hospitalieres et la comparer a la strategie « de routine » en 24/24 du laboratoire (chromatographie liquide couplee a une barrette de diodes (LC-DAD) ± immunoanalyses (IA) afin d’evaluer les avantages et inconvenients de ce nouveau systeme de criblage. Methodes Cent quarante-sept echantillons urinaires de patients admis aux urgences ou en reanimation ont ete analyses a l’aide du Toxtyper™ (LC-SMn, Bruker) et de notre strategie de screening urinaire combinant LC-DAD ± IA (stupefiants ± traitement de substitution aux opiaces [TSO] ± benzodiazepines [BZD]). Les methodes de preparation des echantillons et les librairies (temps de retention et spectres UV ou de masse) sont celles fournies par les constructeurs. Resultats Aucun xenobiotique n’a ete detecte dans deux urines quelle que soit la methode utilisee. Au moins un xenobiotique (medicament ou stupefiant) a ete detecte dans 143/145 echantillons par le Toxtyper™ et dans 97/145 echantillons par la LC-DAD. 129/145 echantillons ont ete detectes positifs pour au moins un stupefiant, une BZD ou un TSO par IA. La comparaison des resultats obtenus (n = nombre d’urines detectees) via le Toxtyper™ et notre strategie de screening urinaire est presentee par classe de molecules dans le Tableau 1 . Discussion Une ou plusieurs molecules d’interet toxicologique ont ete detectees dans 98,6 % des 145 echantillons urinaires par le Toxtyper™ et dans 67 % des echantillons par la LC-DAD avec ici un reel interet de la combinaison LC-DAD + IA, notamment pour la detection des stupefiants et des BZD. Des essais d’optimisation de la preparation d’echantillon montrent une amelioration de l’efficacite du Toxtyper™. Par exemple, pour les 10 echantillons initialement discordants pour les BZD (*), l’utilisation de notre preparation d’echantillon permet au Toxtyper™ d’en detecter la presence. Conclusion Le Toxtyper™ permet l’identification de nombreuses molecules d’interet toxicologique et/ou de leurs metabolites dans un delai compatible avec l’urgence. A ce titre, le Toxtyper™ trouve toute sa place dans une strategie de screening en toxicologie biologique (toxicologie hospitaliere) en 24/24.

Published
2018
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21. NPS et conduite automobile en France et en Belgique : comparaison de données 2016/2017

Author

Jean-François Wiart, Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, V. Di Fazio, Delphine Allorge, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, S.M.R. Wille, Camille Richeval, and Nele Samyn

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif Presenter une evaluation de la prevalence de l’usage de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) par l’analyse des fluides oraux de populations de conducteurs soumis a un controle au bord de la route en 2016 et 2017, en France (region de Lille) et en Belgique (regions de Mons et de Malines). Methodes Elle repose sur l’analyse de residus de salive recuperes dans les dispositifs usages des tests immunochimiques salivaires DW (DrugWipe©-5S tests, Securetec) utilises pour le depistage des produits stupefiants, DOA (cannabis, cocaine, opiaces, amphetamines et derives). Une recherche de produits stupefiants, de principes actifs de medicaments et d’autres toxiques incluant les NPS a ete realisee dans les residus de salive des conducteurs, dried saliva spots (DSS) : (i) screening non cible par LC-HRMS (Xevo G2®-XS QToF, Waters), (ii) screenings « stupefiants », « medicaments » et « NPS » par LC-MS/MS en MRM (Xevo® T-QS, Waters) [1] . Resultats Les principaux resultats des analyses des echantillons salivaires collectes en 2016 et 2017 en France et en Belgique sont presentes dans le Tableau 1 . Les NPS deceles sont : A ethylone (1), methylone (1), et MDPV(1) ; B JWH020 (2), HU210 (1), MDMB-Chmica (1), 5F-AKB48 (4), AM-694 (1), FUB-JWH018 (1), NEB (1), 3 ou 4 MMC (10), MDPV (2), 4-MEC (4), 3-FPM (1), 4-FA (1), EPH (2), 5-MeO-DALT (1), mCPP (1), ketamine (4) et MXE (1) ; C 4-methyl-NEP (1), methamnetamine (1), LSD (1) et EPH (1) ; D THJ-2201 (1), N-ethylhexedrone (1), alpha-PVP (4), 4-FMA (1), 3-FMP (1), EPH (2) et isopropylphenidate (2). Dans ces DSS, des produits stupefiants (y compris dans les echantillons depistes negatifs) et des medicaments ont ete egalement deceles. Ces pourcentages d’usage de NPS (3 % en France, 10 % et 3 % en Belgique, en 2016 et 2017) sont a rapprocher des donnees sanguines disponibles en Belgique en 2015 (7 %) [2] et des resultats observes dans la salive de conducteurs aux abords d’un festival de musique en France a l’ete 2017 (7,4 %) [3] . Conclusion Ces resultats (i) confirment l’interet de l’analyse des DSS des tests de depistage salivaire, (ii) temoignent de la realite d’une conduite automobile apres avoir fait usage de NPS en France et en Belgique meme si ces resultats ne concernent que des conducteurs qui ont ete soumis a un controle dans ces deux pays (iii) tout en montrant une evolution des NPS consommes fournissant ainsi des donnees longitudinales dans ces populations de conducteurs.

Published
2018
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22. Analyses sanguines de confirmation lors de contrôles routiers en Belgique : apport du screening toxicologique par UPLC-QTOF et comparaison avec les procédures françaises

Author

Luc Humbert, Jean-Michel Gaulier, V. Di Fazio, Camille Richeval, S.M.R. Wille, Delphine Allorge, M. Nachon-Phanithavong, and Nele Samyn

Subjects
03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Toxicology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract

Objectif En Belgique comme en France, la procedure analytique reprimant la conduite automobile sous-stupefiants consiste en un depistage salivaire suivi d’une confirmation sanguine par chromatographie couplee a la spectrometrie de masse. De janvier a mars 2015, 257 prelevements sanguins ont ete collectes dans trois zones geographiques (Mons, Malines et Turnhout), dans le cadre de controles routiers inopines, puis analyses et interpretes selon la procedure et la legislation belge en vigueur. Les objectifs de cette etude sont (i) d’analyser a nouveau ces echantillons (confirmation de stupefiants) et d’interpreter les resultats selon les procedures francaises et (ii) de proceder a une analyse complementaire de ces echantillons afin de dresser un bilan plus exhaustif des xenobiotiques consommes. Methodes (i) La recherche de stupefiants est realisee par une methode accreditee selon la norme ISO 15189 [1] . Apres ajout d’etalons internes et deproteinisation, cette analyse est effectuee en mode Multi-Reaction Monitoring (MRM) par UPLC-MS/MS (XEVO TQS), apres separation par une colonne Acquity™ UPLC BEH C18 (Waters). (ii) Au total, 100 μL de solution d’etalons internes et 400 μL de solution d’acide sulfosalicylique a 3 % sont ajoutes a 100 μL de plasma fluore. L’extraction du surnageant s’effectue en ligne (OASIS® HLB, Waters) et la separation chromatographique se fait par une colonne Acquity™ UPLC HSS C18 (Waters). La detection est realisee en mode MSe (electrospray positif) a l’aide d’un Xevo-G2 XS QTOF. Resultats (i) La presence de stupefiants dans le sang a ete confirmee dans 98,4 % (253/257) des echantillons. Les 4 depistages salivaires faussement positifs impliquaient la presence de cocaine. (ii) Le screening sanguin sur Xevo-G2 XS QTOF a mis en evidence la presence d’une dizaine de nouveaux produits de synthese (NPS) dans 13 echantillons, dont du 5-MeoDalt dans un des echantillons faussement positifs a la cocaine. Par ailleurs, des principes actifs (ou metabolites) de medicaments psychoactifs, certains etant connus pour leur risque d’usage detourne, ont ete identifies dans environ 15 % des echantillons. Conclusion (i) L’application de la legislation belge, qui fixe une liste de molecules a rechercher avec un seuil de positivite, avait confirme la presence de produits stupefiants dans 90,7 % (233/257) des echantillons. Cette difference de resultats entre la France et la Belgique illustre le defaut d’harmonisation entre les pays europeens en matiere de controle routier vis-a-vis des stupefiants, s’expliquant notamment par des politiques differentes dans le cadre de la securite routiere (aspect preventif ou repressif). (ii) Seule, 5 % des conducteurs controles avaient consomme au moins un NPS. Cette consommation serait passee inapercue si ces conducteurs n’avaient pas egalement consomme un stupefiant « classique » positivant le depistage salivaire. Ces resultats demontrent la realite de la consommation de NPS en Belgique, mais aussi l’efficacite du screening toxicologique par la technologie QTOF pour les deceler [2] .

Published
2016
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23. Influence of the age on self regulation of static grip forces from perceived exertion values

Author

A Groslambert, M Nachon, and J.D Rouillon

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Aging, Adolescent, Hand Strength, General Neuroscience, Physical Exertion, Perceived exertion, Affect (psychology), Self Concept, Grip strength, Grip Strength Test, Hand strength, Physical therapy, medicine, Humans, Statistical analysis, Female, Grip force, Psychology, Child, Motor skill
Abstract

The investigation of self-regulation of grip force provides indirect cues about the developmental neurobiology of the subject. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of subjects of different ages to produce different forces based on their perceived exertion during a grip force task by using a test and a randomised re-test procedure. Eighteen young children (aged 6.5 years), 18 adolescents (13.5 years) and 18 adults (28.5 years) performed a graded hand grip strength test (GST) at four intensities. Perceived exertion (RPE-C) was recorded at the end of each load level. Then, subjects were scheduled for a randomised grip strength test performed in the same experimental conditions than GST. Statistical analysis revealed no significant effect in grip strength for test in the three groups. However, a significant main effect for intensities was obtained in the three groups (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were observed between GST and RPE-C (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.51, P < 0.0001), in the children, adolescent and adult groups, respectively. However at low grip force intensities, it appears that children have some difficulties to rate their perceived exertion. The results of this study suggest that the neurodevelopmental level of 6-year-old children do not affect the ability to produce reliably moderate to intense forces from perceived exertion during a grip force task.

Published
2002

24. Therapy of depression by phenylalanine. Preliminary note

Author

E, Fischer, B, Heller, M, Nachon, and H, Spatz

Subjects
Depression, Phenylalanine, Administration, Oral, Animals, Humans, Rats
Abstract

To 23 subjects with endogenous depression after a previous unsuccessful treatment with common antidepressive drugs (imipramine-like or MAO inhibitors) dl- or d-phenylalanine was given in dialy oral doses of 50 or 100 mg during 15 days. A complete euthymia was obtained in 17 subjects between one and 13 days of treatment. No important adverse reaction was observed.

Published
1975

25. Investigating Microbial Biosignatures in Aeolian Environments Using Micro-X-Ray: Simulation of PIXL Instrument Analyses at Jezero Crater Onboard the Perseverance Mars 2020 Rover.

Author

Nachon M, Ewing RC, Tice MM, Williford B, and Marounina N

Subjects
Mars, Exobiology methods, Exobiology instrumentation, Extraterrestrial Environment chemistry, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission methods, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission instrumentation
Abstract

Assessing the past habitability of Mars and searching for evidence of ancient life at Jezero crater via the Perseverance rover are the key objectives of NASA's Mars 2020 mission. Onboard the rover, PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-ray Lithochemistry) is one of the best suited instruments to search for microbial biosignatures due to its ability to characterize chemical composition of fine scale textures in geological targets using a nondestructive technique. PIXL is also the first micro-X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer onboard a Mars rover. Here, we present guidelines for identifying and investigating a microbial biosignature in an aeolian environment using PIXL-analogous micro-XRF (μXRF) analyses. We collected samples from a modern wet aeolian environment at Padre Island, Texas, that contain buried microbial mats, and we analyzed them using μXRF techniques analogous to how PIXL is being operated on Mars. We show via μXRF technique and microscope images the geochemical and textural variations from the surface to ∼40 cm depth. Microbial mats are associated with heavy-mineral lags and show specific textural and geochemical characteristics that make them a distinct biosignature for this environment. Upon burial, they acquire a diffuse texture due to the expansion and contraction of gas-filled voids, and they present a geochemical signature rich in iron and titanium, which is due to the trapping of heavy minerals. We show that these intrinsic characteristics can be detected via μXRF analyses, and that they are distinct from buried abiotic facies such as cross-stratification and adhesion ripple laminations. We also designed and conducted an interactive survey using the Padre Island μXRF data to explore how different users chose to investigate a biosignature-bearing dataset via PIXL-like sampling strategies. We show that investigating biosignatures via PIXL-like analyses is heavily influenced by technical constraints ( e.g., the XRF measurement characteristics) and by the variety of approaches chosen by different scientists. Lessons learned for accurately identifying and characterizing this biosignature in the context of rover-mission constraints include defining relative priorities among measurements, favoring a multidisciplinary approach to the decision-making process of XRF measurements selection, and considering abiotic results to support or discard a biosignature interpretation. Our results provide guidelines for PIXL analyses of potential biosignature on Mars.

Published
2024
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27. New psychoactive substances in oral fluid of French and Belgian drivers in 2016.

Author

Richeval C, Wille SMR, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Samyn N, Allorge D, and Gaulier JM

Subjects
Belgium, Chromatography, Liquid, France, Humans, Mass Spectrometry, Driving Under the Influence statistics & numerical data, Narcotics analysis, Psychotropic Drugs analysis, Saliva chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection
Abstract

Background: Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem with potentially major judiciary and life-threatening consequences. Up to now, only classical drugs of abuse (DOA) are tested for DUID detection. A challenging issue for drafting up-dated international drug policies is to take into account the recent and expanding new psychoactive substances (NPS) market. NPS consist in various narcotic or psychotropic drugs, most of them having a "legal" status, that replicate chemical structures and/or pharmacological effects of classical DOA. Although it is obvious that NPS can lead to impaired driving, the prevalence of NPS use in a DUID context is unknown since the applied roadside screening tests are not yet adapted for these compounds., Methods: Between January and December 2016, a total of 391 oral fluid specimens were obtained from used roadside immunochemical test devices for DOA (Drugwipe-5S ® device). These specimens were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry., Results: NPS (mainly cathinone derivatives) were detected in 33 out of the 391 oral fluid samples. This NPS positivity rate of 8.4% in oral fluid of drivers who were submitted to a roadside drug testing in 2016 in France and in Belgium is comparable to the available blood data (NPS positivity rate of 7%) observed in 2015 in similar populations., Conclusion: Our results demonstrate the reality of driving after NPS use in French and Belgian drivers who were submitted to a roadside DOA test. As there is a lack of on-site detection methods to screen for NPS, the detection of NPS in a rapid and cost-effective DUID detection strategy is currently impossible. The expanding use of NPS, notably by drivers as reported here, and the inability of currently used drug detection tests, should be urgently addressed by road safety and law enforcement authorities., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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28. Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population.

Author

Wille SMR, Richeval C, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Gaulier JM, Di Fazio V, Humbert L, Samyn N, and Allorge D

Subjects
Belgium, Equipment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Substance Abuse Detection instrumentation, Driving Under the Influence, Illicit Drugs analysis, Illicit Drugs blood, Psychotropic Drugs analysis, Psychotropic Drugs blood, Saliva chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection methods
Abstract

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a worldwide problem. Several countries have adopted DUID legislations which prove their deterrent effect and impact on road safety. However, the use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and prescription drugs is not known, as the applied roadside screening tests have not yet been adapted for these compounds. In this study, 558 blood samples obtained during roadside controls in Belgium (January to August 2015) after a positive Drugwipe 5S® test and 199 oral fluid (OF) samples obtained from negatively screened test pads were analyzed. The NPS positivity rate was 7% in blood, while it reached 11% in OF. NPS detected were: diphenidine, ketamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, 2-amino-indane, methoxetamine, α-PVP, methiopropamine, a mix of 5-MAPB/5-EAPB, TH-PVP, mephedrone, methedrone, 4-methylethylcathinone, 5-MeO-DALT, 4-Acetoxy-DiPT, AB Fubinaca, FUB-JWH018, JWH020, trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, and ethylphenidate. Moreover, 17% of blood samples (and 5% of OF) contained an analgesic drug, 10% (0.5%) a benzodiazepine/hypnotic, 5% (2%) an antidepressant, 2% (3%) an antipsychotic, 2% an antiepileptic drug, and 1% methylphenidate. The presence of NPS in the young (and predominately male) DUID population is proven. Furthermore, a high level of poly-drug use including combinations of NPS, licit, and drugs of abuse was observed. Further research concerning the development of on-site NPS detection techniques should be established. Meanwhile, the effects of combined drug use on driving ability and the physical/psychological signs after NPS use should be performed to improve the on-site DUID detection of NPS by police officers, so they can engage in blood sampling for a general unknown screening., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Published
2018
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29. UDP-galactose and acetyl-CoA transporters as Plasmodium multidrug resistance genes.

Author

Lim MY, LaMonte G, Lee MCS, Reimer C, Tan BH, Corey V, Tjahjadi BF, Chua A, Nachon M, Wintjens R, Gedeck P, Malleret B, Renia L, Bonamy GMC, Ho PC, Yeung BKS, Chow ED, Lim L, Fidock DA, Diagana TT, Winzeler EA, and Bifani P

Abstract

A molecular understanding of drug resistance mechanisms enables surveillance of the effectiveness of new antimicrobial therapies during development and deployment in the field. We used conventional drug resistance selection as well as a regime of limiting dilution at early stages of drug treatment to probe two antimalarial imidazolopiperazines, KAF156 and GNF179. The latter approach permits the isolation of low-fitness mutants that might otherwise be out-competed during selection. Whole-genome sequencing of 24 independently derived resistant Plasmodium falciparum clones revealed four parasites with mutations in the known cyclic amine resistance locus (pfcarl) and a further 20 with mutations in two previously unreported P. falciparum drug resistance genes, an acetyl-CoA transporter (pfact) and a UDP-galactose transporter (pfugt). Mutations were validated both in vitro by CRISPR editing in P. falciparum and in vivo by evolution of resistant Plasmodium berghei mutants. Both PfACT and PfUGT were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum by fluorescence microscopy. As mutations in pfact and pfugt conveyed resistance against additional unrelated chemical scaffolds, these genes are probably involved in broad mechanisms of antimalarial drug resistance.

Published
2016
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30. Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum Cyclic Amine Resistance Locus (PfCARL) Confer Multidrug Resistance.

Author

LaMonte G, Lim MY, Wree M, Reimer C, Nachon M, Corey V, Gedeck P, Plouffe D, Du A, Figueroa N, Yeung B, Bifani P, and Winzeler EA

Subjects
Protozoan Proteins genetics, Recombination, Genetic, Antimalarials pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Genetic Loci, Mutation, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects, Plasmodium falciparum genetics
Abstract

Unlabelled: Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (PfCARL) are associated with parasite resistance to the imidazolopiperazines, a potent class of novel antimalarial compounds that display both prophylactic and transmission-blocking activity, in addition to activity against blood-stage parasites. Here, we show that pfcarl encodes a protein, with a predicted molecular weight of 153 kDa, that localizes to the cis-Golgi apparatus of the parasite in both asexual and sexual blood stages. Utilizing clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-mediated gene introduction of 5 variants (L830V, S1076N/I, V1103L, and I1139K), we demonstrate that mutations in pfcarl are sufficient to generate resistance against the imidazolopiperazines in both asexual and sexual blood-stage parasites. We further determined that the mutant PfCARL protein confers resistance to several structurally unrelated compounds. These data suggest that PfCARL modulates the levels of small-molecule inhibitors that affect Golgi-related processes, such as protein sorting or membrane trafficking, and is therefore an important mechanism of resistance in malaria parasites., Importance: Several previous in vitro evolution studies have implicated the Plasmodium falciparum cyclic amine resistance locus (PfCARL) as a potential target of imidazolopiperazines, potent antimalarial compounds with broad activity against different parasite life cycle stages. Given that the imidazolopiperazines are currently being tested in clinical trials, understanding their mechanism of resistance and the cellular processes involved will allow more effective clinical usage., (Copyright © 2016 LaMonte et al.)

Published
2016
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31. Comparative chemical genomics reveal that the spiroindolone antimalarial KAE609 (Cipargamin) is a P-type ATPase inhibitor.

Author

Goldgof GM, Durrant JD, Ottilie S, Vigil E, Allen KE, Gunawan F, Kostylev M, Henderson KA, Yang J, Schenken J, LaMonte GM, Manary MJ, Murao A, Nachon M, Murray R, Prescott M, McNamara CW, Slayman CW, Amaro RE, Suzuki Y, and Winzeler EA

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Antimalarials chemistry, Antimalarials pharmacology, Binding Sites, CRISPR-Cas Systems genetics, Cytosol chemistry, Cytosol drug effects, Drug Resistance, Fungal, Indoles chemistry, Indoles pharmacology, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Molecular Docking Simulation, P-type ATPases antagonists & inhibitors, P-type ATPases genetics, Plasmodium falciparum drug effects, Plasmodium falciparum enzymology, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Proton-Translocating ATPases antagonists & inhibitors, Proton-Translocating ATPases genetics, Proton-Translocating ATPases metabolism, Protozoan Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Protozoan Proteins metabolism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae drug effects, Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzymology, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins genetics, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins metabolism, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Spiro Compounds chemistry, Spiro Compounds pharmacology, Structure-Activity Relationship, Whole Genome Sequencing, Antimalarials metabolism, Indoles metabolism, P-type ATPases metabolism, Spiro Compounds metabolism
Abstract

The spiroindolones, a new class of antimalarial medicines discovered in a cellular screen, are rendered less active by mutations in a parasite P-type ATPase, PfATP4. We show here that S. cerevisiae also acquires mutations in a gene encoding a P-type ATPase (ScPMA1) after exposure to spiroindolones and that these mutations are sufficient for resistance. KAE609 resistance mutations in ScPMA1 do not confer resistance to unrelated antimicrobials, but do confer cross sensitivity to the alkyl-lysophospholipid edelfosine, which is known to displace ScPma1p from the plasma membrane. Using an in vitro cell-free assay, we demonstrate that KAE609 directly inhibits ScPma1p ATPase activity. KAE609 also increases cytoplasmic hydrogen ion concentrations in yeast cells. Computer docking into a ScPma1p homology model identifies a binding mode that supports genetic resistance determinants and in vitro experimental structure-activity relationships in both P. falciparum and S. cerevisiae. This model also suggests a shared binding site with the dihydroisoquinolones antimalarials. Our data support a model in which KAE609 exerts its antimalarial activity by directly interfering with P-type ATPase activity.

Published
2016
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32. Elemental geochemistry of sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars.

Author

McLennan SM, Anderson RB, Bell JF 3rd, Bridges JC, Calef F 3rd, Campbell JL, Clark BC, Clegg S, Conrad P, Cousin A, Des Marais DJ, Dromart G, Dyar MD, Edgar LA, Ehlmann BL, Fabre C, Forni O, Gasnault O, Gellert R, Gordon S, Grant JA, Grotzinger JP, Gupta S, Herkenhoff KE, Hurowitz JA, King PL, Le Mouélic S, Leshin LA, Léveillé R, Lewis KW, Mangold N, Maurice S, Ming DW, Morris RV, Nachon M, Newsom HE, Ollila AM, Perrett GM, Rice MS, Schmidt ME, Schwenzer SP, Stack K, Stolper EM, Sumner DY, Treiman AH, VanBommel S, Vaniman DT, Vasavada A, Wiens RC, and Yingst RA

Subjects
Bays, Calcium Sulfate analysis, Calcium Sulfate chemistry, Chlorine analysis, Chlorine chemistry, Ferrosoferric Oxide analysis, Ferrosoferric Oxide chemistry, Halogens analysis, Halogens chemistry, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Iron analysis, Iron chemistry, Magnesium analysis, Magnesium chemistry, Silicates analysis, Silicates chemistry, Water chemistry, Exobiology, Extraterrestrial Environment chemistry, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Mars
Abstract

Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved, indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion and deposition. The absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low-temperature, circumneutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. Analyses of diagenetic features (including concretions, raised ridges, and fractures) at high spatial resolution indicate that they are composed of iron- and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine-rich components, and hydrated calcium sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. The geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.

Published
2014
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33. Isotope ratios of H, C, and O in CO2 and H2O of the martian atmosphere.

Author

Webster CR, Mahaffy PR, Flesch GJ, Niles PB, Jones JH, Leshin LA, Atreya SK, Stern JC, Christensen LE, Owen T, Franz H, Pepin RO, Steele A, Achilles C, Agard C, Alves Verdasca JA, Anderson R, Anderson R, Archer D, Armiens-Aparicio C, Arvidson R, Atlaskin E, Aubrey A, Baker B, Baker M, Balic-Zunic T, Baratoux D, Baroukh J, Barraclough B, Bean K, Beegle L, Behar A, Bell J, Bender S, Benna M, Bentz J, Berger G, Berger J, Berman D, Bish D, Blake DF, Blanco Avalos JJ, Blaney D, Blank J, Blau H, Bleacher L, Boehm E, Botta O, Böttcher S, Boucher T, Bower H, Boyd N, Boynton B, Breves E, Bridges J, Bridges N, Brinckerhoff W, Brinza D, Bristow T, Brunet C, Brunner A, Brunner W, Buch A, Bullock M, Burmeister S, Cabane M, Calef F, Cameron J, Campbell J, Cantor B, Caplinger M, Caride Rodríguez J, Carmosino M, Carrasco Blázquez I, Charpentier A, Chipera S, Choi D, Clark B, Clegg S, Cleghorn T, Cloutis E, Cody G, Coll P, Conrad P, Coscia D, Cousin A, Cremers D, Crisp J, Cros A, Cucinotta F, d'Uston C, Davis S, Day M, de la Torre Juarez M, DeFlores L, DeLapp D, DeMarines J, DesMarais D, Dietrich W, Dingler R, Donny C, Downs B, Drake D, Dromart G, Dupont A, Duston B, Dworkin J, Dyar MD, Edgar L, Edgett K, Edwards C, Edwards L, Ehlmann B, Ehresmann B, Eigenbrode J, Elliott B, Elliott H, Ewing R, Fabre C, Fairén A, Farley K, Farmer J, Fassett C, Favot L, Fay D, Fedosov F, Feldman J, Feldman S, Fisk M, Fitzgibbon M, Floyd M, Flückiger L, Forni O, Fraeman A, Francis R, François P, Freissinet C, French KL, Frydenvang J, Gaboriaud A, Gailhanou M, Garvin J, Gasnault O, Geffroy C, Gellert R, Genzer M, Glavin D, Godber A, Goesmann F, Goetz W, Golovin D, Gómez Gómez F, Gómez-Elvira J, Gondet B, Gordon S, Gorevan S, Grant J, Griffes J, Grinspoon D, Grotzinger J, Guillemot P, Guo J, Gupta S, Guzewich S, Haberle R, Halleaux D, Hallet B, Hamilton V, Hardgrove C, Harker D, Harpold D, Harri AM, Harshman K, Hassler D, Haukka H, Hayes A, Herkenhoff K, Herrera P, Hettrich S, Heydari E, Hipkin V, Hoehler T, Hollingsworth J, Hudgins J, Huntress W, Hurowitz J, Hviid S, Iagnemma K, Indyk S, Israël G, Jackson R, Jacob S, Jakosky B, Jensen E, Jensen JK, Johnson J, Johnson M, Johnstone S, Jones A, Joseph J, Jun I, Kah L, Kahanpää H, Kahre M, Karpushkina N, Kasprzak W, Kauhanen J, Keely L, Kemppinen O, Keymeulen D, Kim MH, Kinch K, King P, Kirkland L, Kocurek G, Koefoed A, Köhler J, Kortmann O, Kozyrev A, Krezoski J, Krysak D, Kuzmin R, Lacour JL, Lafaille V, Langevin Y, Lanza N, Lasue J, Le Mouélic S, Lee EM, Lee QM, Lees D, Lefavor M, Lemmon M, Lepinette Malvitte A, Léveillé R, Lewin-Carpintier É, Lewis K, Li S, Lipkaman L, Little C, Litvak M, Lorigny E, Lugmair G, Lundberg A, Lyness E, Madsen M, Maki J, Malakhov A, Malespin C, Malin M, Mangold N, Manhes G, Manning H, Marchand G, Marín Jiménez M, Martín García C, Martin D, Martin M, Martínez-Frías J, Martín-Soler J, Martín-Torres FJ, Mauchien P, Maurice S, McAdam A, McCartney E, McConnochie T, McCullough E, McEwan I, McKay C, McLennan S, McNair S, Melikechi N, Meslin PY, Meyer M, Mezzacappa A, Miller H, Miller K, Milliken R, Ming D, Minitti M, Mischna M, Mitrofanov I, Moersch J, Mokrousov M, Molina Jurado A, Moores J, Mora-Sotomayor L, Morookian JM, Morris R, Morrison S, Mueller-Mellin R, Muller JP, Muñoz Caro G, Nachon M, Navarro López S, Navarro-González R, Nealson K, Nefian A, Nelson T, Newcombe M, Newman C, Newsom H, Nikiforov S, Nixon B, Noe Dobrea E, Nolan T, Oehler D, Ollila A, Olson T, de Pablo Hernández MÁ, Paillet A, Pallier E, Palucis M, Parker T, Parot Y, Patel K, Paton M, Paulsen G, Pavlov A, Pavri B, Peinado-González V, Peret L, Perez R, Perrett G, Peterson J, Pilorget C, Pinet P, Pla-García J, Plante I, Poitrasson F, Polkko J, Popa R, Posiolova L, Posner A, Pradler I, Prats B, Prokhorov V, Purdy SW, Raaen E, Radziemski L, Rafkin S, Ramos M, Rampe E, Raulin F, Ravine M, Reitz G, Rennó N, Rice M, Richardson M, Robert F, Robertson K, Rodriguez Manfredi JA, Romeral-Planelló JJ, Rowland S, Rubin D, Saccoccio M, Salamon A, Sandoval J, Sanin A, Sans Fuentes SA, Saper L, Sarrazin P, Sautter V, Savijärvi H, Schieber J, Schmidt M, Schmidt W, Scholes D, Schoppers M, Schröder S, Schwenzer S, Sebastian Martinez E, Sengstacken A, Shterts R, Siebach K, Siili T, Simmonds J, Sirven JB, Slavney S, Sletten R, Smith M, Sobrón Sánchez P, Spanovich N, Spray J, Squyres S, Stack K, Stalport F, Stein T, Stewart N, Stipp SL, Stoiber K, Stolper E, Sucharski B, Sullivan R, Summons R, Sumner D, Sun V, Supulver K, Sutter B, Szopa C, Tan F, Tate C, Teinturier S, ten Kate I, Thomas P, Thompson L, Tokar R, Toplis M, Torres Redondo J, Trainer M, Treiman A, Tretyakov V, Urqui-O'Callaghan R, Van Beek J, Van Beek T, VanBommel S, Vaniman D, Varenikov A, Vasavada A, Vasconcelos P, Vicenzi E, Vostrukhin A, Voytek M, Wadhwa M, Ward J, Weigle E, Wellington D, Westall F, Wiens RC, Wilhelm MB, Williams A, Williams J, Williams R, Williams RB, Wilson M, Wimmer-Schweingruber R, Wolff M, Wong M, Wray J, Wu M, Yana C, Yen A, Yingst A, Zeitlin C, Zimdar R, and Zorzano Mier MP

Abstract

Stable isotope ratios of H, C, and O are powerful indicators of a wide variety of planetary geophysical processes, and for Mars they reveal the record of loss of its atmosphere and subsequent interactions with its surface such as carbonate formation. We report in situ measurements of the isotopic ratios of D/H and (18)O/(16)O in water and (13)C/(12)C, (18)O/(16)O, (17)O/(16)O, and (13)C(18)O/(12)C(16)O in carbon dioxide, made in the martian atmosphere at Gale Crater from the Curiosity rover using the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM)'s tunable laser spectrometer (TLS). Comparison between our measurements in the modern atmosphere and those of martian meteorites such as ALH 84001 implies that the martian reservoirs of CO2 and H2O were largely established ~4 billion years ago, but that atmospheric loss or surface interaction may be still ongoing.

Published
2013
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34. Influence of the age on self regulation of static grip forces from perceived exertion values.

Author

Groslambert A, Nachon M, and Rouillon JD

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Aging physiology, Aging psychology, Hand Strength physiology, Physical Exertion, Self Concept
Abstract

The investigation of self-regulation of grip force provides indirect cues about the developmental neurobiology of the subject. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of subjects of different ages to produce different forces based on their perceived exertion during a grip force task by using a test and a randomised re-test procedure. Eighteen young children (aged 6.5 years), 18 adolescents (13.5 years) and 18 adults (28.5 years) performed a graded hand grip strength test (GST) at four intensities. Perceived exertion (RPE-C) was recorded at the end of each load level. Then, subjects were scheduled for a randomised grip strength test performed in the same experimental conditions than GST. Statistical analysis revealed no significant effect in grip strength for test in the three groups. However, a significant main effect for intensities was obtained in the three groups (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were observed between GST and RPE-C (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.51, P < 0.0001), in the children, adolescent and adult groups, respectively. However at low grip force intensities, it appears that children have some difficulties to rate their perceived exertion. The results of this study suggest that the neurodevelopmental level of 6-year-old children do not affect the ability to produce reliably moderate to intense forces from perceived exertion during a grip force task.

Published
2002
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35. Therapy of depression by phenylalanine. Preliminary note.

Author

Fischer E, Heller B, Nachon M, and Spatz H

Subjects
Administration, Oral, Animals, Humans, Phenylalanine administration & dosage, Phenylalanine adverse effects, Rats, Depression drug therapy, Phenylalanine therapeutic use
Abstract

To 23 subjects with endogenous depression after a previous unsuccessful treatment with common antidepressive drugs (imipramine-like or MAO inhibitors) dl- or d-phenylalanine was given in dialy oral doses of 50 or 100 mg during 15 days. A complete euthymia was obtained in 17 subjects between one and 13 days of treatment. No important adverse reaction was observed.

Published
1975

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