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Drying is one of the processes used in the food industry to preserve and maintain food quality for a certain period. Drying, which removes most moisture in food, has been the oldest canning method since ancient times. Removing water from food materials prevents the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, slows enzymes, and minimizes many physical and chemical reactions. Various methods, such as solar drying, contact drying, convection drying, radiation drying, dielectric drying, vacuum drying, freeze drying, and osmotic drying, currently carry out the product drying process. The drying efficiency of potatoes depends on the dry matter content in percent of the original. The potato is the second most produced and consumed product globally, with 1.3 billion people consuming it as their primary food crop (more than 50 kg per person per year). The organoleptic characteristics of potatoes, such as taste, color, and aroma, change during cooking, mainly due to changes in the composition of the tubers. Dry matter (D.M.) content is one of the leading quality indicators of potatoes, along with starch, reducing sugars and proteins. Therefore, they are one of the first factors determining the quality of tubers and affect the final yield of products from processed tubers. The study aims to study the content of dry matter in potatoes in different types of drying: in a drying cabinet, in an infrared dryer, and in a dehydrator, and to identify the optimal equipment for drying potatoes at 60°C to the moisture content of 10%. Potato drying temperature was the same for all types of equipment and was equal to 60°C.

The problem of justification of gravitation and electrodynamic equations with the help of the minimal action principle is a classical one. A derivation of the Vlasov–Maxwell–Einstein equation is proposed from the classical principle, but the little more general principle of minimal action. So we get new derivation of the right-hand side of the Maxwell and Einstein equations and we get a closed system of equations for gravitation and electrodynamics.

The article presents methodical and technical developments on the use of geoinformation technologies in secondary schools and additional educational institutions. The problem in the reorganization of the training courses of the Earth sciences has long been ripe. Its origins lie in the rapid expansion of the field of application of geospatial data, in the transformation of this sphere from a highly specialized to mass and, as a consequence, the needs of the aerospace business in obtaining highly qualified, erudite professionals. The development of aerospace education entails the need to develop new types of educational courses beginning with a school bench that will raise the prestige of earth sciences, break away from boring textbooks and bring the educational program in line with the needs of the economy and with the interests and capabilities of modern students.

Over 100 families of plants (84 – dicots) are affected by crown gall disease of fruit trees, berries and ornamental crops, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and bacteria of related species and genera, for instance Allorhizobium vitis. The information on the symptoms of diseased plants in during vegetation and the soil-climatic conditions most favorable for the disease is presented. Taxonomy, morphological, physiological, and genetic properties of its pathogen are described. Area of major harm caused by the disease on crops in the territory of Russian Federation and in neighboring countries was outlined. Methods of estimation of plant reaction to the pathogen, some resistant accessions, as well as measures of control with this disease are given.

Phages of the phytopathogenic Pectobacteriaceae species causing black leg and soft rot of potato were investigated. These phages are promising as biocontrol agents to prevent the loss of seed and ware potato tubers. The present work characterizes a new podovirus PP16, infecting a broad range of Pectobacterium carotovorum strains. Based on its genomic composition, phage PP16 was assigned to a separate phylogenetic branch of the genus Phimunavirus, subfamily Autographivirinae. Bacteriophage PP16 efficiently inhibited development of bacterial infection both in vitro and in planta. The field experiment demonstrated a substantial increase of plant germination after the treatment of seed potato with phage PP16.

Using bacteriophages (bacterial viruses) to control pathogenic bacteria is a promising approach in horticulture. However, the application of this strategy in real conditions requires compliance with particular technological and environmental restraints. The presented paper concerns the process of phage selection to create a cocktail that is efficient against the circulating causal agents of potato soft rot. The resulting phage cocktail causes a complete lysis of a mixture of circulating pectobacterial strains in vitro. In the context of being used to treat ware potatoes during off-season storage, the protocol of phage application via the humidity maintenance system was designed. The phage cocktail was shown to reduce the population of Pectobacterium spp. 10–12-fold, achieving a population that was below a symptomatic threshold.

The purpose of this study:– to describe the current state of affairs and the current state of theory and practice in the field of educational processes that use the “Inverted” learning concept as the basic pedagogical strategy of learning in general, geometry and engineering graphics in particular;– to discuss the effectiveness of the “Flipped” class model, its advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the traditional method of training.Materials and methods. In order to test the hypothesis of the study, a set of different methods, complementary to each other was used:– Theoretical methods: analysis of the teachers’ papers and psychologists on the research problem; analysis of methodological and educational literature; theoretical justification of the possibility of introducing the “Flipped Class”;– Empirical methods: observation, ascertaining, pedagogical experiment, questioning, testing. The study was conducted on the basis of the Descriptive Geometry and Graphics Department of Saint Petersburg Mining University.Twenty-five first-year students of the Electromechanical Faculty participated in the experiment.Results.The study showed that there is a lack of:– Qualitative research for a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of the “Inverted” training in specific contexts;– Scientifically based research that examines the various aspects of the tried and tested implementation of the “Inverted” training;– Working programs and training materials for implementing the “Inverted” training, based on the reasonable theoretical foundations and methods of evaluation;– Recommendations for researchers, practitioners and policy-makers of the “Inverted” training to develop action plans; Theoretical and practical contribution of the research:– The analysis of the existing studies on the “Flipped” class of domestic and foreign scientists is conducted;– The positive and negative aspects of the “Flipped” class model are revealed;– Based on the analysis of the students’ survey, the issues are considered, related to the segmentation of the field of education, namely, the effectiveness of the application of the “Inverted” learning.Conclusion.The relevance of this study is determined by the lack of fundamental research in the use of the “Flipped” learning model of pupils of schools and students of higher educational institutions; lack of scientifically based and proven programs, training materials for the “Inverted” training; as well as the need to develop new modern tools to support work in the classroom and forms of the individual student work.The success of the “Inverted” approach to learning depends on the synergy between the lecturer and the students and requires constant motivation before, during, and after training.Many scholars believe that this pedagogy can work well in various academic disciplines, a whole range of mathematics, as well as other STEM courses, and is encouraged by the growing national interest in this pedagogy, which will undoubtedly lead to new ideas, strategies and tools.To create reasonable theoretical principles of pedagogy in the field of the “Inverted” training, as well as evaluation methods, it is necessary to conduct further scientific research, studying various aspects of practical implementation of long-term programs and training materials to teach pupils and students.

Annotation One of the criteria for the level of development of countries is the condition of the road network. At present, the transport and operational characteristics of the majority of domestic highways lag behind the world level. Therefore, the need to create road surfaces with increased durability is very urgent. As a result of this research bitumen modified with polymers have been investigated. Based on measurements of time-dependent viscosity parameters (melting temperature, penetration and spin-spin relaxation time T2), it was found that at a thiol content of more than 25%, a continuous phase can form, which manifests itself as a sharp change in the properties of bitumen and is associated with phase inversion. A good compatibility of thermoplastic elastomers with a bituminous binder was revealed, and the resulting modified systems have high technical characteristics The proposed method for modifying bitumen can be recommended for obtaining roofing materials.

Blackleg and soft rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) were monitored in the Central European part of Russia within a period of 2012- 2019. Symptoms included decay of tubers, blackening of stem vascular bundles, and partial yellowing of leaves. The disease causes serious potato yield losses in the field and storage. Pectobacterium parmentieri, P. brasiliense, P. versatile (syn. Ca. Pectobacterium maceratum), P. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, Dickeya dianthicola, and D. solani are considered as main causal agents of soft rot and blackleg disease in Russia (Voronina et al. 2019, Ngoc Ha et al., 2019, Shirshikov et al. 2018, Kornev et al. 2012). Potato plant samples collected in commercial fields in routine plant health assay were used for bacteria isolation on crystal violet pectate agar (CVP) (Helias et al. 2012) as described previously (Voronina et al. 2019). Bacterial colonies producing pitting on CVP were re-isolated and purified on nutrient broth yeast extract medium. DNA of bacterial isolates was extracted, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications were performed using gapA primers (Cigna et al. 2017) followed by sequencing. DNA sequence alignment showed that the isolates F099, F100, F106, F109, and F118 were identical (deposited as part of NCBI Ref.Seq. for F109 NZ_RRYS01000004.1, locus KHDHEBDM_RS06360) and grouped together with the type strain Pectobacterium polaris NIBIO1006T (CP017481), a new species described as a potato pathogen (Dees et al. 2017). These strains were negative in diagnostic PCR assays using specific primers Y45/Y46 for the detection of P. atrosepticum, Br1f and L1r for P. brasiliense (Duarte et al. 2004), and ADE1/ADE2 for Dickeya sp. (Nassar et al. 1996). To further validate the identification, strain F109 of P. polaris was selected for genome sequencing. The genome of P. polaris strain F109, (NCBI Reference Sequence NZ_RRYS00000000.1) reveals >99% sequence similarity with type strain P. polaris IPO_1606 (GenBank accession GCA_902143345.1). The strain F109 was deposited to All-Russian Collection of Microorganisms under number VKM V-3420. Thus, the characterization of five isolates provided evidence that a previously unreported pathogen was present in the surveyed fields. The isolates were uniform in genetic and physiological properties; they were gram negative, facultative anaerobes with pectinolytic activity, negative for oxidase, urease, indole production, gelatin liquefaction. All isolates were catalase positive, produced acid from lactose, rhamnose, saccharose, xylose, and trehalose, and were tolerant to 5% NaCl, unable to utilize malonate and citrate. All the isolates grew at 37°C. All isolates caused soft rot symptoms on 10 inoculated potato tubers. They produced typical black leg rot symptoms in young potato plants inoculated with 107 CFU/ml of the pathogen by stem injection and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. The bacteria were re-isolated successfully from symptomatic potato and pathogen confirmed by gapA sequencing to complete Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blackleg and soft rot caused by P. polaris on potato in the Russian Federation. According to the data of commercial diagnostic laboratory "PhytoEngineering" (Moscow region), P. polaris occurred in 5% potato seed stocks harvested in 2017-2019 in the Moscow region. This finding may indicate that new Pectobacterium strains have adapted to a diverse environment, which is consistent with widespread distribution of commercial seed potatoes. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. Funding: This work was supported by Russian Science Foundation grant #16-16-00073.

Describes the main finishing prefabricated pastries and cakes-cream. Researched range of cream depending on the fruit components and method of production. Aim: to study the degree of oxidation cream with natural antioxidants from fruits and berries processing products, namely in the form of concentrated juice of fruits and berries. Outlines the process of oxidation of lipids, one of the fundamental processes of loss of quality food products. Describes the action of antioxidants as antioxidants on accumulation intensity concentrations of primary and secondary oxidation products, making the final product unsuitable for the consumer and the bounding its shelf life. Presents the results of a study of the contents of primary and secondary oxidation products in butter cream immediately after cooking, as well as samples, stored for five days with the addition of antioxidants in the form of concentrated juice of fruits and berries in the amount of 2–7% by weight of cream. As a control sample has been used cream with no additives. Quality indicators to characterize the degree of oxidation of the product: acid, peroxide, anizidin and tioburbit number. The study found that adding a concentrated juice of fruits and berries as antioxidant in recipe cream reduces the growth rate of the concentration of free fatty acids on the fifth day, as compared with the reference sample. Adding concentrated juice of fruits and berries slows down the process of dissolution of the fat molecules in fat fraction of cream with the formation of free fatty acids; intensity decay reaction of peroxides and hydroxides slows down and, consequently, decreases the formation of aldehydes, deteriorating the taste and smell of the cream; quantitatively reduced the growth of education malondial′degida.

Market network analysis attracts a growing attention last decades. One of the most important problems related with it is the detection of dynamics in market network. In the present paper, the stock market network of stock’s returns is considered. Probability of sign coincidence of stock’s returns is used as the measure of similarity between stocks. Robust (distribution free) multiple testing statistical procedure for testing dynamics of network is proposed. The constructed procedure is applied for German, French, UK, and USA market. It is shown that in most cases where the dynamics is observed it is determined by a small number of hubs in the associated rejection graph.

One of the fundamental principles of the Land Law is in a certain classification of lands into categories according to their target use. This classification allows determining legal regime of the lands, based on their belonging to a certain category and their permitted use in accordance with the territorial zoning and with determined legislative requirements. The goal of this principle is to use a land plot strictly in accordance with its permitted use. Neglecting the permitted use of a land plot leads to breaking the law and might consequentially lead to expropriation of a capital construction object; this is one side of this aspect. Another one is in violation of the principle of urban development, according to which construction of objects is carried out on the basis of land-use planning documents, land use and development rules, and documents on land planning.

The current state map support of the system of hunting management requires updating an information database and the creation of new schemes of hunting organization. In this case the beneficial is using of satellite imagery data for the mapping and also for important environmental research. Presentation of the results in the form of Internet web services provides broad benefits to the paper version of the maps.

Bacterial (aerial) stem rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum) in Russia is caused by the pectolytic bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, P. atrosepticum, or Dickeya spp. (De Boer and Kelman 2001). In 2011 to 2014, over 100 pectinolytic enterobacterial isolates were obtained from green potato plants with blackleg symptoms found in four districts (Odintsovo, Dmitrov, Kashira, and Ruza) of Moscow region in severely infected commercial fields planted with cultivars Nevskii, Gala, and Lady Clear. Disease incidence was from 1 to 10% of infected plants in the field in July to August. From 5 to 15 samples were assayed for each of eight evaluated fields. Six bacterial strains isolated during the survey exhibited pectolytic ability on crystal violet pectate (CVP) agar and potato slices, and failed to grow at 37°C, but physiological tests did not conclusively distinguish the bacterium as P. atrosepticum (Khayi et al. 2016). They were identified as Pectobacterium parmentieri (formerly P. wasabiae group isolated from potato plants) (Kornev et al. 2012) based on their inability to elicit hypersensitive reaction on Nicotiana tabacum and their ability to utilize raffinose and lactose. These bacterial strains were gram negative, rod shaped, N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase, gelatin liquefaction, and ONPG-positive and positive for acid production from d-galactose, lactose, melibiose, raffinose, citrate, and trehalose. All strains were negative for indole production, phosphatase activity, reducing sucrose, and negative for acid production from maltose, sorbitol, inositol, inolin, melezitose, α-methyl-d-glucoside, and d-arabitol. All the strains exhibited pectolytic activity on potato slices. Reference strains of P. carotovorum NCPPB 312, P. atrosepticum NCPPB 549, and P. parmentieri LMG 29774 obtained from international collections were used as controls. Molecular identification of the bacterium was performed with 16S rRNA and recombinase A (recA) coding sequences as previously described (Waleron et al. 2002). BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA DNA sequence for the strain F148 (syn. PB20) (GenBank accession no. MG493237.1) revealed 99% identity to the 16S rRNA of P. parmentieri WPP163 (Kornev et al. 2012). The other five strains had sequence of 16S rRNA identical to F148. Phylogenetic reconstruction using DNA sequences of recA gene from P. parmentieri F009, F034, F035, F127, F148 (PB20), and F149 (GenBank accession nos. MG518488, MG518489, MG518490, MG518491, and MG518492) and other related taxa clustered these bacteria with strain SCRI488 and other P. parmentieri strains, readily distinguishing them from other closely related species of Pectobacterium. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on stems of four young potato plants for each strain. Five-week-old ‘Docker’ potato plants were wound inoculated by injecting 10 μl of a bacterial suspension (10⁸ CFU/ml) into each stem. Plants were exposed to a 72-h incubation period with 90 to 100% relative humidity at 30°C, and lesions were measured. All inoculated plants exhibited stem rot/blackleg symptoms similar to those observed in the field, including brown water-soaked lesions. Symptoms were not observed on water-inoculated controls. The bacteria reisolated from all inoculated stems caused pitting on CVP and exhibited the same morphology as the original culture and, thus, were confirmed as P. parmentieri using 16S rRNA and recA sequences, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial stem rot/blackleg of potato caused by P. parmentieri in the Russian Federation. According to results of several independent diagnostic laboratories, P. parmentieri had second place in occurrence on seed potatoes after P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (about 20% of the tested seed stocks) in field season 2017.

The article considers the issues of adding information on the settlement boundaries and areas to the Unified State Register of Real Estate. This real estate register contains both the information on real estate units and registered rights to such property, and rather extensive additional information on the characteristics of real estate units, including land lots. The register includes the information on boundaries, i.e. it is a register of boundaries, which is especially noteworthy. The information on the areas, territories of cultural heritage sites, administrative-territorial division, location of the State Border of the Russian Federation, approved land surveying projects, and coastlines is added to the register of boundaries. Certain information from the real estate register is necessary for the issues of town planning and is used as well for making a decision on issuing a building permit.

Aim. To compare clinical effectiveness of the long-term ambulatory therapy (bronchodilators; bronchodilators and fenspiride; bronchodilators, fenspiride and an ACE inhibitor perindopril) among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic cor pulmonale (CCP). Material and methods. In total, 132 patients with COPD and CCP were examined. All participants were divided into three groups, according to the administered therapy (see above), and underwent clinical examination, echocardiography (EchoCG), computed spirography, 6-minute walk test, and other procedures. The examination took place at baseline, as well as 12 and 24 months after the study started. Results. In COPD and CCP patients, long-term therapy with bronchodilators and fenspiride was associated with a significant decrease in bronchial obstruction syndrome severity, a substantial improvement in lung function (LF) and physical capability, and some improvement in EchoCG parameters, but did not influence mortality and chronic heart failure (CHF) progression. Adding an ACE inhibitor perindopril to the combined therapy resulted in a significant clinical improvement, even among the patients with severe COPD and decompensated CCP. Conclusion. Long-term treatment with a combination of inhaled bronchodilators, fenspiride, and an ACE inhibitor perindopril was highly effective and safe in patients with COPD and CCP, regardless of the disease severity.

The article considers individual questions connected with the application of the legislation on public private partnership and municipal private partnership agreements as new types of contracts at the newly built property development. Public private partnership and municipal private partnership agreements are contracts at the initial development stage. Their objective is to attract investments in the Russian economy including for the creation of separate real estate types (capital facilities). The Law enables one to build the relationship in such a way that joint efforts result in the grounds for the accrual of the ownership right to the built (reconstructed) asset. This circumstance certainly influences the infrastructural development of the Russian Federation and its municipal units, the rather that it occurs due to the attraction of extra-budgetary sources

To study effects of methotrexate on the titer of antibodies to mutated citrullinated vimentin (anti-MCV) and ascertain possibility of using this marker for control of treatment results and choice of individual effective dose of the drug.A 12-month trial included 76 patients with verified rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate per os was given in a dose 7.5-10 mg/week to 44 (57.9%) patients, 25 patients received no basic therapy. Anti-MCV (IU/ml) were detected with commercial chemicals made in Germany (ORGENTEC).RA patients given methotrexate doses 7.5 and 10 mg/week and untreated with basic anti-inflammatory drugs showed no significant differences by basic clinical and device parameters, level of anti-MCV at primary examination and 12 months later.Anti-MCV titer cannot be used for control of efficacy of methotrexate treatment in doses 75 and 10 mg/week, choice of individual effective doses.

This 2-year comparative study of EchoCG data dynamics included 230 CHD patients after primary non-Q-wave myocardial infarction of whom 76 were treated with A CE inhibitor perindopril throughout the study period (group 1) and 72 with perindopril and carvedilol (non-selective alpha-1, beta-1,2 adrenergic receptor blocker) (group 2). The control group was comprised of 82 patients that could not use either medicine for a variety of reasons. These patients developed signs of post-infarction left ventricular remodeling (enhanced MS and LVMM index, left ventricular spherization, cavity enlargement, systolic and diastolic LF dysfunction). Combined therapy arrested the remodeling process within 12 months after onset, reduced systolic MS, and promoted the tendency toward restoration of the LV geometric shape, size, diastolic and systolic function.

An investigation of blood rheologic properties in 12 patients with acute pneumonia has been made by using low-energy He-Ne laser (LG-79-2) irradiation of vascular fascicle. 37 exposures have been performed, 40 min each. Immediate effects of He-Ne laser were studied comparing blood samples taken before and after the radiation. Results obtained have demonstrated transcutaneous blood irradiation causing prompt and pronounced effects on blood rheologic characteristics: reduced blood viscosity, improved both viscous-elastic properties and osmotic resistance of erythrocytes, activated platelet aggregation. These effects excluding the latter are rather positive for the human body. As for platelet aggregation, its activation following transcutaneous laser irradiation of blood might be expected to grow into a factor of risk provoking pathologic thrombogenesis in venous congestion, hypercoagulation and vascular wall injury.