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This study addresses the problem of power outages in distant districts by taking advantage of the available renewable energy resources in the surrounding environment. This was done by proposing connecting the utility to a hybrid system constituting from photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and fuel cell (FC) systems where this hybrid system is considered as a backup system that works when the grid is unavailable. This hybrid system proposed is used for feeding the load to a tourist resort in Hurghada, Egypt. The design of the introduced system has taken into consideration the cost of purchasing electric energy and the profit from selling it to the utility network. Component scaling was implemented to improve the net present cost of the proposed system using two grouped meta-heuristic techniques, which are the Hybrid Firefly and Harmony Search optimization technique (HFA/HS) and compared to the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. Simulation results have shown that the optimal system for solving the grid unavailability consists of eighty PVs, two WTs, twenty FCs, forty-one electrolyzers, and one hundred eighteen hydrogen tanks. The results also showed that the volume of exchange with the grid has reached 4 GW of purchase and 3 GW of sale. It is manifest from the results that the suggested system is economically viable with an LCOE of 0.0628 $/kWh, which is less than the purchase of electricity from the grid for commercial users in Egypt, which is 0.1 $/kWh.

Developing countries' energy sector faces a multitude of challenges, ranging from inadequate generation to unstable grids. Power outages are among the most common issues, particularly in remote areas. Utilizing grid-tied green energy resources to address this issue and to cover for power outages from local grids. This article presents a cost-effective design of a grid-tied, hybrid green energy system (GES) consisting of wind, PV, and batteries considering the influence of the grid availability. A multi-objective, optimal techno-economic design, optimized by multi-objective particle swarm optimization technique is presented for the grid-tied GES linked to a small hamlet in the north of Egypt. The multi-objective function introduced in this work includes three objective functions which are, the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP), the Cost of Energy (COE), and the System Surplus Energy Rates (SSER) considering the grid availability. The grid availability (GA) of 100% was considered as a base case and it was reduced to 70% with a step of 5%. The simulation consequences had cleared that the lowest and largest percentage values of SSER were obtained at GA of 85 %, and 70 %, respectively. When the value of SSER equal to 0.33%, the system design for solving the grid unavailability consists of 12 PVs, one WT, and 1420 batteries with COE of 0.145$/kWh and TNPC of 3,699,800 ($).

Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) process is one of the unconventional machining process used to cut various materials including soft and hard materials. Alumina and silica are majorly used as abrasive materials due to its chemical and abrasion resistance. In this paper, abandoned Ceramic Sanitary Ware (CSW) wastes are used as abrasive materials in AJM process. Since, CSW wastes contain major amount of alumina and silica compositions. Initially, ball milling machining process is carried out to convert CSW wastes into micro particles. Then, sieving is performed to segregate the particles with its size. Stand of distance, pressure and particle size are considered as most influencing parameters in AJM process. Hence, Full Factorial design is utilized for three process parameters and three levels. The nozzle with a mixing chamber is designed and fabricated to perform drilling operation in the glass work piece. L27 experiments are carried out to evaluate Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Hole Diameter (HD) during drilling process of glass work piece. Further, the effect of each process parameters on MRR and HD is validated. From the analysis, it is found that pressure is most influencing parameters affecting MRR whereas HD greatly depends on particle size.

Background: Cream cheese is a fatty cheese that is popular with many consumers and highly nutritious. There are many studies to reduce its fat content by fat replacers. Flaxseed mucilage has the potential for stabilizing emulsions, thickening foods and gelling solutions. High-quality cream cheese is manufactured by replacing fat with flaxseed mucilage. Objective: This study aimed to prepare probiotic-fortified and fat-free cream cheese using flaxseed mucilage as a fat replacer and as prebiotic. Methods: The mucilage was extracted and added at different concentrations to the manufactured cream cheese during processing. Chemical properties, microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation of the produced cream cheese were investigated. Results: The results showed that the addition of mucilage to the cream cheese increased the protein, ash and the total solids while the moisture content and the pH values were decreased. Cream cheese viscosity significantly increased with the addition of flaxseed mucilage and decreased during the storage period. The results also showed that the combination of flaxseed mucilage and probiotic bacteria has potent antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Yersinia enterocolitica. The mucilage improved the texture, enhanced the survival of the probiotic bacteria and improved the overall sensorial characteristics of the cheese. Conclusion: The manufactured product could be suitable for consumers having some health issues related to the consumption of fat and as sources of probiotic bacteria.

The objective of this treatise is to provide a detailed feasibility analysis of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to supply sufficient energy to an autonomous college’s building et al. Baha University in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The feasibility analysis presents technical and economic guises for the HRES which includes integrated sources of photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cell, and batteries. The utilized real data of the island-building is gathered to support the feasibility analysis of the suggested system which includes monthly load consumption, climate data, and installation available space. The sensitivity analysis and the simulation consequences show that the hydrogen energy system reduces the support of the economic and the ecological factors for the HRES comparing with other resources. PV system also plays a considerable influence on the net present cost and the cost of energy of the system.

Background: Frozen yoghurt is a suitable vehicle to deliver bioactive compounds and beneficial microorganisms, and to develop new functional dairy products. Methods: Bifidobacterium bifidum was used in the manufacture of frozen yoghurt, whereas skim milk powder was substituted by Nanoparticles Coconut Flour (NCF) and Coconut Flour (CF). The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties were assessed for frozen yoghurt from different treatments. Results: The prepared NCF by ball-milling had sizes that range between 81.96nm to 83.53nm. The addition of NCF affected variably the pH values, moisture content, the overrun, fiber content, freezing points and viscosity of the prepared frozen yoghurt depending on the ratio of substituted skim milk. : Also, the addition of NCF improved the viability of Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium breve, Streptococci, and Lactobacilli and total bacterial count of frozen yoghurt during frozen storage. The addition of NCF improved the sensory properties of frozen yoghurt. Conclusion: The use of Nanoparticles Coconut Flour (NCF) and Bifidobacterium sp., in the preparation of frozen yoghurt improved its physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties.

A technical-economic investigation based on mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization approach is employed in this research to assemble an island combined renewable energy systems (CRES) consists of solar PV/Wind/Fuel Cell (FC) of a small-scale countryside area in Egypt. The intent of the proposed island CRES is to boost the share of renewable energy in the energy mix and to study the possibility of using fuel cells as a storage/backup system instead of using battery banks. Three combinations of CRES are presented in this research to select the most optimum one. The combinations of the hybrid systems are PV/FC, PV/WT/FC, and WT/FC. The performance and the total cost of the suggested CRES were optimized using Firefly Algorithm (FA). The results obtained from the FA are compared with those obtained from the Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm (SFLA) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO). The selected case study area with latitude and longitude of (29.0214 N, 30.8714 E) is identified for economic viability in this work. The simulation outcomes show that the solar PV/Wind/Fuel Cell combination incorporated with an electrolyzer for hydrogen production grants the excellent performance. The proposed system is economically viable with a levelized cost of energy of 0.47 $/kWh.

These studies were carried out at the Experimental Farm at the Sakha Agriculture Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Region and Egypt during the two successive growing seasons; 2017/18 and 2018/19 to investigate the role of intercropping of Sugar Beet with four aromatic plants on the infestation with Cassida. vittata (vill.), the appearance predators and sugar beet yield. The four aromatic plants were Fennel, Dill, Coriander and Marjoram. Results showed that intercropping pattern reduced the infestation percentage with C. vittata (all stages),especially in case of Coriander with Sugar beet. Results showed that intercropping pattern with sugar beet increased the appearance numbers of predators especially in case of Fennel+ sugar beet. Results exhibited that dill intercropping with Sugar beet was highest attractive for Coccinella sp.. Intercropping between Fennel and Sugar beet was highest attractive to Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, as so coriander plants intercropping with sugar beet plants was more attractive to Paederus alfierii Koch. Results indicated that Marjoram intercropping with sugar beet was highest attractive for Scymnus spp.. The highest abundance of true spiders was found on sugar beet plants intercropped with Fennel, followed by sugar beet with Marjoram. The highest sugar beet yield was obtained when sugar beet was intercropped with Fennel, followed by coriander.

This research work crucially deals with a techno-economic feasibility study for off-grid solar photovoltaic fuel cell (PV/FC) hybrid systems. The hybrid renewable energy system is investigated for feeding electric to remote areas and isolated urban regions in Egypt. To achieve this goal, all the system equipment are modeled, simulated and the area under study data is gathered. The objective function is formulated depending on the total annual cost (TAC). The Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), as an efficient recent metaheuristic optimization method, proposed to estimate the optimum number of both PV panels and the FC/electrolyzer/H2 storage tanks set mandatory where the least total net present value (TNPV) is reached. The loss of power supply probability (LPSP) is considered to enhance the performance of the proposed design. The effect of the variation of FC, electrolyzer, H2 storage tanks and the PV power system initial cost on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is presented through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. Through Matlab™ program, the numerical simulation results obtained by the FPA algorithm have been compared to the corresponding outcomes while using the artificial bee colony (ABC) and the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques. According to the simulation outcomes analysis, the FPA Algorithm has the less fulfillment time and good rendering between the other algorithms. In addition, the optimum system configuration is acquired using FPA with the optimal hybridization of 27 solar PV, 28 FCs, 58 electrolyzers and 37 H2 storage tanks for an LPSP and PEE of 1.52% and 4.68% respectively. The system TNPV is $3,244,897 with the LCOE of 0.334 $/kWh.

Background Cesarean section remains to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide and available data indicate that surgical interventions constitute approximately 0.4%–40.5% of all deliveries. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are reported to occur in up to 8.4% of women having a caesarean section (CS) with many negative effects, including pain, prolonged hospitalisation or readmission, need for antibiotics, return to theatre and increasing costs. Objective In women undergoing elective caesarian section, subcutaneous tissue irrigation with povidone Iodine may decrease the rate of surgical site infection. Patients and Methods The study included any female from 20 to 35 years old of gestational age 38 week or older with viable fetus, BMI 20-30 Kg/m2. Patient excluded were those with preoperative haemoglobin less than 10, prolonged rupture of membranes, diabetic, hypertensive or with any medical disorder including autoimmune diseases. Results The result of our study demonstrated that the use of povidone iodine 1% solution doesn’t have an added benefit in decreasing the incidence of SSI. Conclusion We conclude that the use of povidone iodine 1% solution in irrigation of subcutaneous tissue prior to skin closure in elective caesarian deliveries does not have an added benefit in decreasing the incidence of SSI and is, thus, not recommended at time being.

Objective To evaluate the effect of pterygium surgery on corneal topography by comparing wave front analysis before and one month after the surgical treatment. Methodology Fifty eyes of forty-one patients were included in this study. Twenty five male and sixteen female patients seeking pterygium surgery were recruited from the Ophthalmology Department Outpatient Clinic in Sohag Teaching Hospital during the period from July 2017 to May 2018. All eyes underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft. Results In this study we found a highly statistically significant improvement in the mean uncorrected visual acuity from 0.44±0.21SD preoperatively to 0.62±0.18SD postoperatively (p Conclusion There was a highly statistically significant difference in the mean logMAR visual acuity and a highly statistically significant improvement in the mean uncorrected visual acuity. A highly statistically significant improvement in both refractive and topographic astigmatism after one month of the surgery was noted also. Here were also a highly statistically significant improvement in ISV and IHD that indicate improvement after pterygium removal. Recommendations Patient with pterygium that inducing astigmatism will benefit from surgical removal of the pterygium.

The primary objective of the proposed paper is to conduct a techno-economic study of an off-grid PV/Biomass hybrid system. We employed various optimization techniques. This included the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm and the Firefly Algorithm (FA). The ultimate objective was to determine an optimal solution for the sizing problem. In this context, the proposed procedure optimally selects the capacity of three types of generators, namely solar PV, biomass, and battery banks. The data for this study was collected from Monshaet Taher village, located in Egypt. To improve the performance, we restrained the selection between these generators to be based on minimizing the Net Present Cost (NPC) for a specified Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Percentage of the excess energy (EXC). Three different battery technologies, including Flooded lead-acid (FLA), Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) and Nickel Iron (Ni-Fe) have been considered in this study. The simulation results show that the Firefly Algorithm has the minimum execution time and best performance among the other algorithms, it also shows that the optimal configuration is obtained for a system comprising of 24 PV panels, 4 biomass power systems, and 298 Ni-Fe batteries.

The cropping pattern considers how to use the available agriculture resources from land, water, farmers ,capital and information technology. Thus the main objective of this study determines the optimum cropping pattern that will maximize net return and maximize net return of irrigation water . To achieve the main objective of this study the method of Goal programming .has used .The results of research shown that: The available area was about 14.63 million Fadden has been fully used , The model maximize the total net return of the current crop in A.R.E.it estimated from 68.51 to 69.17 billion pound annually which increase about 0.66 billion pound which represent 1% from the current crops. While the total quantity of requirement water decrease from 61.19 to 58.95 billion cubic meter ,which decrease about 2.24 billion cubic meter which represent 3.66% of the current quantity of water. While the net return irrigation water for crops increasing from 1.12 to 1.17 pound /cubic meter which increase about 0.054 pound /cubic meter that represent 4.83% of the current net return irrigation water

Agricultural waste is a stable source of biomass for generating energy. Model analysis for a hybrid biomass-PV micro-grid was carried out in this study. The model analysis shows the ability to meet the power demand requirements of a joined irrigation and a household demand of a farm fruits in Egypt. In this manuscript, an efficient hybridization of two metaheuristic mechanisms, addressed Invasive Weed optimization (IWO) and Particle Swarm optimization (PSO), were presented. The new algorithm is named (HIWO/PSO) and applied to take out the optimum sizing of the suggested system. The total net present cost (TNPC), the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the excess energy fraction (EEF) have been applied as an exponent to estimate the competence of the introduced micro-grid.

The main goal of this paper is presenting an optimum and safe design for the proposed high voltage direct current (HVDC) grounding grid for converter station at Badr city in Egypt for uniform and non-uniform soil resistivities. Also, the paper discusses the difference between HVDC grounding grids and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) ones. CYMGRD software was used to estimate the step and touch potentials at the soil surfaces at different conditions. The consequences show that the computed results for step and touch potentials are below the safe limits for human in cases of continuous normal and fault conditions for uniform and non-uniform soil resistivities. From results, touch voltage in a non-uniform layer in continues operation is 17.65 V, and equal to 57. 37V in fault operation.

Background: India’s national tuberculosis (TB) programme recommends that among patients with diabetes mellitus and TB, fasting blood glucose (FBG) be recorded at baseline, the end of intensive phase and the end of continuation phase of TB treatment. We conducted this operational research in select districts of Tamil Nadu, India, in 2016 to determine the availability of blood glucose records and glycemic control status during TB treatment. Methods: This was a descriptive study involving secondary programme data. Glycemic control during TB treatment was ‘optimal’ if both baseline and end of intensive phase FBG (during TB treatment) were Results: Of 438 patients, FBG at baseline, the end of intensive phase and the end of continuation phase were each available in Conclusion: Among patients with diabetes and tuberculosis, recording of FBG during tuberculosis treatment requires urgent attention.

This paper presents a methodology for optimal design of diesel/PV/wind/battery hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) for the electrification of residential buildings in rural areas. Contrary to previous work, in this study, the effects of climate diversity and building energy efficiency on the size optimization of HRES are investigated. First, a multi-criteria spatial analysis trough a common geographical information system tool (ArcGIS 10.2) is undertaken to develop the renewable energy potential map for Algeria. Then, particle swarm optimization algorithm and e-constraint method were used to solve the multi-objective problem, which was formulated to minimize the cost of energy (COE) as the primary objective, while maximizing system reliability and a renewable fraction (RF). According to the resulting renewable potential map, seven zones are identified, and then seven locations have been selected (one from each zone) to execute the optimization of the proposed HRES. By considering low efficient buildings, photovoltaic/wind/diesel/battery is found the best configuration for Adrar and Tindouf, while photovoltaic/diesel/battery is obtained the best for the other locations. However, in the case of high-performance buildings, another optimal HRES configurations are obtained. The better one is acquired in Biskra and Tamenrast, which includes PV-Battery (100% renewable energy) and fulfilling COE of 0.21 $/kWh.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a comparative study of calculating electric fields underneath six phase transmission lines and double circuit three phase transmission lines. Different configurations of six phase and three phase lines are presented. The first three phase line is operating at 138 kV, and the second one is at 220 kV while the first six phase line is operating at 80 kV and the last one is at 127 kV. The electric fields are calculated at one meter above the earth level for both three phase and six phase lines using the charge simulation technique (CST). The maximum electric field for the introduced three and six phase transmission lines are calculated. The percentage reduction for the maximum electric field reached 20% for the same dimensions and 58% for different dimensions at the same height of the lower conductors from the ground level.

The aim of this paper is to present a feasibility study of a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) and biomass Integrated renewable energy (IRE) system providing electricity to rural areas in the Beni Suef governorate, Egypt. The system load of the village is analyzed through the environmental and economic aspects. The model has been designed to provide an optimal system configuration based on daily data for energy availability and demands. A case study area, Monshaet Taher village (29° 1′ 17.0718”N, 30° 52′ 17.04”E) is identified for economic feasibility in this paper. HOMER optimization model plan imputed from total daily load demand, 2,340 kWh/day for current energy consuming of 223 households with Annual Average Insolation Incident on a Horizontal Surface of 5.79 (kWh/m2/day) and average biomass supplying 25 tons / day. It is found that a grid connected PV-biomass IRE system is an effective way of emissions reduction and it does not increase the investment of the energy system.

The world's attention is now focused on the growing need to diversify energy sources. Saudi Arabia has the natural stress to take the trait of the huge opportunities in the renewable energy sector. The purpose of this study is to analyze the utilization of the solar, wind and biomass energy in a standalone hybrid power generation system for pastoral electrification in Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia. To achieve this target, four standalone systems have been introduced which are, PV/Wind, PV/Biomass, Wind/Biomass, and Pt//Wind/Biomass system. Various groups of wind turbines, PV solar systems, and biomass generator are simulated, modeled and optimized to define the ultimate energy dynamic and estimate-effective arrangement for the studied territory. HOMER computer package has been applied to carry out the techno-economic feasibility of the introduced projects, considering the Net Present Cost (NPC), and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) as frugal points.

This paper is aimed at conducting technical and economical analysis of hybrid PV-Biomass micro-grid, which to electrify a remote apple farm located in Albaha region, KSA. To accomplish this goal, the system components are simulated, modelled and sizing. The objective function is formulated based on the Total Annual Cost (TAC). Two selected optimization methods are applied to achieve the optimum number of the PV panels and the biomass engine-generator set with the least Net Present Cost (NPC). The optimization algorithms are the Harmony Search (HS) and the Firefly Algorithm (FA). The Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) is utilized to improve the performance of the proposed system. The final consequences of the optimal system display that it contains 25 PV modules, 2 biomass generators and 98 Nickel Iron (Ni-Fe) batteries at LPSP of 2% and lower NPC.

Males have higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than females. Sex hormones may be a risk factor. The aim was to determine the levels of sex hormones in male and female patients with HCC and cirrhosis versus controls and its possible relationship with HCC. This study was conducted on 90 subjects divided into 40 patients with HCC, 30 patients with liver cirrhosis and 20 apparently healthy subjects complete blood picture, liver function tests. Determination of AFP levels and hormonal assay of oestrogen, progesterone, total testosterone, prolactin, FSH and LH were performed on all subjects. Total testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the two patients groups compared with controls. While oestrogen levels were significantly decreased in the HCC group in comparison with other two groups, prolactin levels were significantly decreased in the HCC group compared with the liver cirrhosis group and increased in the liver cirrhosis group when compared to controls. FSH and LH levels were significantly increased in the HCC group when compared to controls. There is no significant correlation between sex hormones assay and both the size of HCC and degree of cirrhosis in both patient groups. It is concluded that there is no strong relation between sex hormones and HCC when the study was carried out on the levels of sex hormones in patients with HCC.

The aim of this work is to compute the electromagnetic fields of a proposed high voltage direct current transmission line (HVDC) tying Egypt and KSA. The line is flat configuration with a stressed voltage of ±500 kV, bundle four, normal height of 30.2 m from ground level to pole conductors and clearance between positive and negative pole of 31.1m. The line is analysed and simulated. The charge simulation method (CSM) is used to calculate the electric field at ground level for that line while the current simulation technique is used to calculate the magnetic fields. The maximum electric and magnetic fields of the line are affected by changing the height from ground level to pole conductors. The effect of pole outage of the line on the spatial distribution of the magnetic and electric field is also studied.

The aim of this paper is to compute the electric fields of parallel high and extra high voltage transmission lines in Egyptian power network. Three parallel high and extra high voltage transmission lines are analysed and simulated. The first two lines are the same configurations with voltage of 220 kV, double circuit, two bundles. The third line is a flat configuration, 500 kV, three bundles, and single circuit. The charge simulation technique (CST) is used to calculate the electric field at ground level for these lines. The maximum electric field of the three lines is affected by modifying the phase sequence for each line and the spacings between them. The effect of changing the lines phase sequence on the spatial distribution of the electric field is also studied. The effect of taking one on sub-circuit or line of is out of service is also studied.

The aim of this paper is to calculate the electric fields produced by ultra-high voltage transmission lines. Two transmission lines of different configurations were modeled and simulated. The first line is an 800 kV, flat configuration, six bundles and single circuit in South Africa. The second line is 1100 kV, double circuit, eight bundles, in Japan. The charge simulation technique (CST) is used for calculating the electric field at one meter height underneath these lines. COMSOL computer program is used for electric field calculation at the surface of sub-conductors of for all mentioned configurations. The maximum electric field underneath the lines is 1.9 and 2.1 kVm−1 for the 800, and 1100 kV lines respectively. The effect of the phase sequence on the electric field for the double circuit transmission line is also studied and presented in this work. The average crest values of electric field at the sub-conductors surface for 800 kV line are 20.69, 23.87 and 20.59 kVcm−1 for phase A, B and C respectively against 22.79, 27.19 and 20.51 kVcm−1 for circuit one and 22.68, 27.55 and 20.35 kVcm−1 for circuit two of 1100 kV line.

This paper deals with the mitigation of electric fields under extra high voltage transmission lines using active and passive shield wires. Two extra high voltage alternating current transmission lines are modeled and analyzed. One line is operating at 220 kV and the other is at 500 kV. The electric field is calculated at one meter above the ground level for the two transmission lines with and without active and passive shield wires using the charge simulation method (CSM). The effect of different shielding parameters on the ground level field is studied. These parameters include the spacing between shield wires and their number of these wires, and their height above ground as well as the value of the voltage applied to the shield wires. Also, the effects of passive and active shield wires on the magnetic field underneath the lines and the electric field on the conductor's surface are highlighted.

Motivated by the new feed-in tariffs for electrical power projects generated from renewable energy resources, the present study is investigating the potential of on-grid hybrid solar/wind/Biomass power generation in Egypt. The arrangement is modeled and examined through the environmental and economic prospects. The optimization, sizing and economic assessment of the introduced systems were accomplished using computer package software called HOMER. A case study area, Monshaet Taher village at Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt with (29° 1′ 17.0718″N, 30° 52′ 17.04″E) is placed for economic feasibility in this study. HOMER optimization model plan was designed with annual average solar radiation scaled of 5.93 (kWh/m2/day), annual average wind velocity for the location is 4.92 m/Sec and average biomass supplying 105 tons per day. The proposed grid connected solar/wind/Biomass hybrid system is an efficient method to cut emissions and the investment of the energy system is not increased.

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Little is known about bone mass acquisition among stunted adolescents who did not achieve their growth in height. A national survey was made of bone mineral density among stunted adolescents and adults. A multistage stratified random sample of 2500 families (8476 adolescents and their parents) was selected from 6 governorates in different geographical areas of Egypt. Clinical history, anthropometry and measurement of bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was done. Mean T-scores were significantly lower among both adults and adolescents with short stature compared with those of normal height. The predictors of bone status among adolescent boys were age, body mass index (BMI), height attained (z-score) and maternal T-score and for girls were BMI, age at menarche, paternal T-score and z-score. Stunted adolescents suffered from low bone mass density and low stature adults suffered a high prevalence of osteoporosis.

Zusammenfassung Durch angiographische Untersuchungen am Praparat und intra vitam sowie durch experimentelle Untersuchungen sollte geklart werden, ob beim Pferd als atiologischer Faktor bei der Osteochondrosis dissecans im Talokruralgelenk an der kranialen Kante der Tibia (Processus coronoideus) umschriebene Durchblutungsstorungen in Frage kommen. In der distalen Halfte der Tibia besteht ein fein verzweigtes System intraossearer Gefase. Insgesamt 4 nutritive Gefase versorgen die distale Tibiaepiphyse. Diese Gefase des epiphysaren Systems anastomosieren untereinander und mit dem distal gerichteten Zweigen der A. nutricia tibiae des medullaren Systems. Nach dem Ergebnis der Untersuchungen werden primare Storungen der arteriellen Gefasversorgung fur die Entstehung der O. d. beim Pferd im Talokruralgelenk nicht angenommen. Summary Arteriographic studies on the distal tibial end in relation to the pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis dissecans in the horse Angiographic studies on prepared tissues and intra vitam, as well as experimental studies, were carried out to determine whether local vascular damage is concerned in the aetiology of Osteochondrosis dissecans in the tibio-tarsal joint on the cranial border of the tibia (Processus coronoideus). In the distal half of the tibia is a finely branched system of intraosseous vessels. A total of 4 nutritive vessels supply the distal tibial epiphysis. These vessels of the epiphyseal system anastomose with one another and with the distally directed branches of the nutrient tibial artery of the medullary system. The results do not support the view that primary damage to the arterial supply is responsible for the development of Osteochondrosis dissecans in the tibio-tarsal joint of the horse. Resume Recherches arteriographiques de la terminaison distale du tibia par rapport a la pathogenese de l'Osteochondrosis dissecans chez le cheval Le but de cette recherche devait expliquer grâce a des examens angiographiques sur preparation, intra vitam et par des investigations experimentales si des troubles circulatoires circonscrits entraient en ligne de compte comme facteur etiologique lors d'Osteochondrosis dissecans dans l'articulation talo-cruriale au bord cranial du tibia (Processus coronoideus). Il existe un systeme de reseaux fins de vaisseaux intraosseux dans la moitie distale du tibia. 4 vaisseaux nourriciers alimentent l'epiphyse distale du tibia. Ces vaisseaux du systeme epiphysaire s'anastomosent entre eux et avec les branches distales d'A. nutricia tibiae du systeme medullaire. Les resultats n'ont pas permis d'attribuer l'apparition d'une Osteochondrosis dissecans dans l'articulation talo-cruriale du cheval a des troubles primaires de l'approvisionnement des vaisseaux arteriels. Resumen Estudios arteriograficos del extremo distal de la tibia con respecto a la patogenia de la osteocondrosis disecante en el caballo Mediante estudios angiograficos en la preparacion e intra vitam asi como por medio de pesquisas experimentales queriamos esclarecer si intervienen en el caballo defectos circunscritos en la irrigacion sanguinea como factor etiologico en la osteocondrosis disecante en la articulacion talocrural en la arista craneal de la tibia (proceso coronoides). Existe en la mitad distal de la tibia un sistema finamente ramificado de vasos intraoseos. Estos vasos del sistema epifisario se anastomosan entre si y con las ramas de direccion distal de la a. nutricia de la tibia del sistema medular. Con arreglo al resultado de las investigaciones realizadas, no admitimos el que las lesiones primarias en el abastecimiento vascular arterial sean decisivas en la patogenia de la o. d. en el caballo en la articulacion talocrural.

The effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of four synthetic pyrethroids and two insect growth regulators, as residue film, on Spodoptera littoralis females longevity, fecundity and eggs viability were studied. At concentrations ranging from 10–200 ppm, females treated with both groups lived significantly shorter than did control females. Meothrin was the most toxic compound in this respect whereas Diflubenzuron was considerably the least. In general, the synthetic pyrethroids resulted in drastically high reproductive inhibition where at a lower concentration of 10 ppm 59–100% reduction in fecundity was achieved versus 13–16% for the tested IGRs. However, at the higher concentration of 200 ppm, all sythetic pyrethroids and the standards in addition to Trifluron resulted in 100% reproductive inhibition activity. Adults exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cypermethrin, Decamethrin and Trifluron produced eggs with no hatch whereas with Meothrin, Methomyl and Diflubenzuron eggs hatchability was greatly reduced. Zusammenfassung Reproduktionshemmende Wirkung einiger synthetischer Pyrethroide und Hautungshemmstoffe nach Kontaminierung per os der weiblichen Falter der Baumwolleule, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) Nach Kontaminierung per os mit 4 synthetischen Pyrethroiden und 2 Hatungshemmstoffen in Konzentrationen van 10 bis 200 ppm hatten die weiblichen Falter von S. littoralis in allen Fallen eine kurzere Lebensdauer als in Kontrolle. Dabei waren Meothrin am staksten und Diflubenzuron am wenigsten toxisch. Im allgemeinen wurde die Reproduktionsrate durch die Pyrethroide drastisch gesenkt (bei 10 ppm: 59-100%), durch die Hautungshemmstoffe dagegen nur gering vermindert (10 ppm: 13-16%), Jedoch resultierte eine hohe Konzentration von 200 ppm bei allen getesteten Wirkstoffen gleichermasen in 100 %iger Unterdruckung der Nachkommenschaft. Wurden die weiblichen Falter mit subletalen Konzentrationen von Cypermethrin, Decamethrin und Trifluron kontaminiert, produzierten sie Eier, die nicht zum Schlupfen gelangten. Dagegen fuhrten Meothrin, Methomyl und Diflubenzuron nur zu starker Verminderung des Eischlufens.

The ovicidal activity of 4 synthetic pyrethroids and 2 insect growth regulators compared with Chlorpyrifos and Methomyl were investigated by topical application against Spodoptera littoralis eggs of different ages. Synthetic pyrethroids exhibited highly pronounced ovicidal action much better than organophosphate and carbamate compounds used as standard, and Decamethrin revealed the highest activity in this respect. The chitin biosynthesis inhibitor Diflubenzuron evoked ovicidal activity higher than both of standards and its analog Trifluron (BAY SIR 8514). In all cases, as the egg-age or/and embryonic development was considered, the more developed eggs (2–3 days old) were less sensitive than newly developed eggs (0–1 day old). Zusammenfassung Unterdruckung des Eischlupfens bei Spodoptera littoralis mit Insektenwachstumsregulatoren und synthetischen Pyrethroiden Es wurden die oviziden Wirkungen von 4 synthetischen Pyrethroiden und 2 Insektenwachstumsregulatoren, verglichen mit den herkommlichen Insektiziden Chlorpyrifos und Methomyl, bei Eiern von S. littoralis verschiedenen Alters unter Anwendung topikaler Applikation getestet. Die synthetischen Pyrethroide zeigten viel ausgepragtere ovizide Wirkungen als die beiden Kontrollpraparate, wobei Decamethrin am starksten wirkte. Der Chitinsynthese-Hemmstoff Diflubenzu-ron zeigte starkere Oviziditat als die beiden Kontrollwirkstoffe und sein Analogon Trifluron (BAY SIR 8514). In allen Fallen waren die bereits weiterentwickelten Eier (2–3 Tage alt) weniger empfindlich als die frischabgelegten Eier (0–1 Tag alt).