Search

British novelist George Orwell’s dystopian novels 1984 are sociologically scrutinised in this study.Envisions of ideal society that constitutes the main frame of the novels are evaluated within the frame of future generations’ potentials of becoming totalitarian. From the very first moment of life, mankind has always had the object of transforming the world he lives in and providing living space for himself.This effort has developed him both mentally and physically.Utopias, being the product of such efforts, give utterance to his wish to pursue a better life, his ideals, and searching.It can be said that a better, nicer and more prosperous or better world system is being projected in his ideals in all aspects. In this novel, living spaces where the totalitarianism and tyranny are at their peaks, where different individual and societal identities are suppressed for the sake of homogenization, where unthinking and unquestioning people are desired, where the distribution of justice, freedom, and equality cannot bring happiness to whole society are being portrayed.Besides, it also includes warnings against the dystopic social order’s potential of creating fear and tyranny when social equity, equality and realm of freedom are narrowed down by the government; that is, when the government becomes totalitarian and a tool of tyranny.In the novels, it is observed that the world designed by the government cannot maintain its continuity for long. This novel by Orwell has given significant projections and warnings, and made valid sociological observations for the period he lived and for the future about the problems that might arise when the power of government is transformed into totalitarianism, Bu çalışmada ünlü İngiliz romancı George Orwell’ın “1984” adlı distopik romanı sosyolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Romanın ana gövdesini oluşturan ideal toplum tasavvurları, gelecek toplumlarının totalitarizme dönüşme potansiyelleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İnsanoğlu yaşamının ilk anından bu yana içerisinde yaşadığı dünyayı değiştirme ve kendine yaşam alanı oluşturma gayesi içerisinde olmuştur. Bu çaba onu hem fiziksel hem de zihinsel açıdan geliştirmiştir. Böyle bir çabanın ürünü olan ütopyalar da onun daha iyi bir yaşam sürme isteğini, ideallerini ve arayışlarını dile getirmektedir. Bu ideallerinde her yönüyle daha iyi, daha güzel veya daha müreffeh bir toplum ya da dünya sistemi tasarlanmakta olduğu söylenebilir. Bu romanda totaliter yaklaşımlarla bireyler üzerinde tahakküm kurulduğu; bireysel ve toplumsal farklı kimliklerin benzeştirme çabası içinde yok edildiği; düşünmeyen ve sorgulamayan bireylerin arzulandığı; adalet, özgürlük ve eşitliğin dağılımının toplumun tüm kesimleri için mutluluk üretemediği yaşam alanları resmedilmiştir. Ayrıca iktidarın sosyal adalet, eşitlik ve özgürlük alanlarını daraltarak tahakküm aracı haline dolayısıyla totalitarizme dönüştürmesi distopik bir toplum kurgusunun korku ve zorbalık üretme potansiyellerine karşı uyarılar içermektedir. İncelenen bu romanda iktidarlarca tasarlanan dünyanın uzunca bir süre varlığını koruyamadıkları görülmektedir. Orwell’ın bu eseri yazdığı dönem ve gelecek için iktidar gücünün totalitarizme dönüşmesini ve buna bağlı olarak yaşanılan sorunlar hakkında gelecek toplumlarına önemli projeksiyonlar sunmakta, yerinde sosyolojik tespitler ve uyarılar yaptığını görülmektedir

Bu çalışmada ünlü İngiliz romancı George Orwellın 1984 adlı distopik romanı sosyolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Romanın ana gövdesini oluşturan ideal toplum tasavvurları, gelecek toplumlarının totalitarizme dönüşme potansiyelleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. İnsanoğlu yaşamının ilk anından bu yana içerisinde yaşadığı dünyayı değiştirme ve kendine yaşam alanı oluşturma gayesi içerisinde olmuştur. Bu çaba onu hem fiziksel hem de zihinsel açıdan geliştirmiştir. Böyle bir çabanın ürünü olan ütopyalar da onun daha iyi bir yaşam sürme isteğini, ideallerini ve arayışlarını dile getirmektedir. Bu ideallerinde her yönüyle daha iyi, daha güzel veya daha müreffeh bir toplum ya da dünya sistemi tasarlanmakta olduğu söylenebilir. Bu romanda totaliter yaklaşımlarla bireyler üzerinde tahakküm kurulduğu; bireysel ve toplumsal farklı kimliklerin benzeştirme çabası içinde yok edildiği; düşünmeyen ve sorgulamayan bireylerin arzulandığı; adalet, özgürlük ve eşitliğin dağılımının toplumun tüm kesimleri için mutluluk üretemediği yaşam alanları resmedilmiştir. Ayrıca iktidarın sosyal adalet, eşitlik ve özgürlük alanlarını daraltarak tahakküm aracı haline dolayısıyla totalitarizme dönüştürmesi distopik bir toplum kurgusunun korku ve zorbalık üretme potansiyellerine karşı uyarılar içermektedir. İncelenen bu romanda iktidarlarca tasarlanan dünyanın uzunca bir süre varlığını koruyamadıkları görülmektedir. Orwellın bu eseri yazdığı dönem ve gelecek için iktidar gücünün totalitarizme dönüşmesini ve buna bağlı olarak yaşanılan sorunlar hakkında gelecek toplumlarına önemli projeksiyonlar sunmakta, yerinde sosyolojik tespitler ve uyarılar yaptığını görülmektedir., British novelist George Orwells dystopian novels 1984 are sociologically scrutinised in this study.Envisions of ideal society that constitutes the main frame of the novels are evaluated within the frame of future generations potentials of becoming totalitarian. From the very first moment of life, mankind has always had the object of transforming the world he lives in and providing living space for himself.This effort has developed him both mentally and physically.Utopias, being the product of such efforts, give utterance to his wish to pursue a better life, his ideals, and searching.It can be said that a better, nicer and more prosperous or better world system is being projected in his ideals in all aspects. In this novel, living spaces where the totalitarianism and tyranny are at their peaks, where different individual and societal identities are suppressed for the sake of homogenization, where unthinking and unquestioning people are desired, where the distribution of justice, freedom, and equality cannot bring happiness to whole society are being portrayed.Besides, it also includes warnings against the dystopic social orders potential of creating fear and tyranny when social equity, equality and realm of freedom are narrowed down by the government; that is, when the government becomes totalitarian and a tool of tyranny.In the novels, it is observed that the world designed by the government cannot maintain its continuity for long. This novel by Orwell has given significant projections and warnings, and made valid sociological observations for the period he lived and for the future about the problems that might arise when the power of government is transformed into totalitarianism.

Synthetic lethality in DNA repair pathways is an important strategy for the selective treatment of cancer cells without harming healthy cells and developing cancer-specific drugs. The synthetic lethal interaction between the mismatch repair (MMR) protein, MutL homolog 1 (MLH1), and the mitochondrial base excision repair protein, DNA polymerase ? (Pol ?) was used in this study for the selective treatment of MLH1 deficient cancers. Germline mutations in the MLH1 gene and aberrant MLH1 promoter methylation result in an increased risk of developing many cancers, including nonpolyposis colorectal and endometrial cancers. Because the inhibition of Pol ? in MLH1 deficient cancer cells provides the synthetic lethal selectivity, we conducted a comprehensive small molecule screening from various databases and chemical drug library molecules for novel Pol ? inhibitors that selectively kill MLH1 deficient cancer cells. We characterized these Pol ? inhibitor molecules in vitro and in vivo, and identified 3,3’-[(1,1’-Biphenyl)-4’,4’-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid] (congo red; CR; Zinc 03830554) as a high-affinity binder to the Pol ? protein and potent inhibitor of the Pol ? strand displacement and one-nucleotide incorporation DNA synthesis activities in vitro and in vivo. CR reduced the cell proliferation of MLH1 deficient HCT116 human colon cancer cells and suppressed HCT116 xenograft tumor growth whereas it did not affect the MLH1 proficient cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth. CR caused mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death by inhibiting Pol ? activity and oxidative mtDNA damage repair, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative mtDNA damage in MLH1 deficient cells. This study suggests that the Pol ? inhibitor, CR may be further evaluated for the MLH1 deficient cancers’ therapy., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK); National Institutes of Health (NIH)

116 ÖZET İşletmelerde kuruluş yeri seçimi kararlan, bir işletmenin basan ve etkinliği üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahiptir. Maliyetlerin azaltılması, kânn artınlması ve sürekliliğin sağlanması doğru bir kuruluş yeri seçimi ile mümkündür. Organize sanayi bölgelerinde işletmeler, kuruluş yeri faktörlerinin bir çoğunu, özellikle altyapı olanaklanm hazır olarak bulurlar. Bu nedenle organize sanayi bölgeleri özellikle küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler için, iyi bir kuruluş yeri olarak tercih edilebilmektedir. Organize sanayi bölgeleri altyapı olanaklanndan dolayı sanayi için bir teşvik unsuru olabilmektedir. İşletmeler arası işbirliği sağlanabilmekte, dışsal ekonomiler meydana gelebilmektedir. Organize sanayi bölgeleri aracılığıyla, düzenli kentleşmenin gerçekleşeceği beklenmektedir. Büyük şehirlerde aşın sanayi yığılmalarını ve nüfus patlamalanm önleyebilmek için, sanayinin desantralizasyonunda, organize sanayi bölgelerinden fiziki altyapı teşvik vasıtası olarak yararlanılabilir. Organize sanayi bölgeleri ile çevre kirliliği azaltılabilmekte ve çevrenin korunması sağlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, kuruluş yeri olarak organize sanayi bölgelerini seçen işletmelerin, neden bu bölgeleri tercih ettiklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Aynca işletmeler arası ilişkileri belirlemek ve işbirliği yapılabilecek konulan tesbit edebilmek diğer amaçlardır. 117 Bu çalışma dört ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde, organize sanayi bölgeleri kavramı, tarihi gelişimi ve çeşitleri açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca sanayileşme, kentleşme, bölgesel kalkınma ve çevre ile olan ilişkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde, organize sanayi bölgelerinin planlaması, kuruluşu, finansmanı ve yönetimi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayırca bu konudaki Türkiye uygulaması da açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, Türkiye'deki organize sanayi bölgeleri uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Türkiye'de organize sanayi bölgelerinin hukuki dayanakları üzerinde durulmuştur. Kalkınma planlan ve yıllık programların konu ile ilgili kısımları incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Son bölümde ise, Türkiye'deki 37 organize sanayi bölgesinden 305 işletme ile anket yöntemi ile yapılan saha araştırmasından elde edilen bulgular açıklanmıştır. Sonuç kısmında konu ile ilgili değerlendirme yapılarak, önerilerde bulunulmaya çalışılmıştır.118 SUMMARY Decisions on choosing a suitable place for constructing an organization has an important effect on the success and activities of that organization. It is only possible to reduce the cost, increase the profit and the progress of the organization by choosing the right location to construct it. At Organized Industiral Zones, organizations can readily find most of the factors needed for constructing an organization especially the infrastructure. This is the reason why Organized Industrial Zones are prefered as a good location for constructing their organizations especially by the small and medium scale organizations. Organized Industrial Zones can be regarded as locations that encourage the organizations owing to their opportunities they serve to them. Urbanization economics and localization economics are brought on by this way. It is expected that well planned urbanization will be succesed by means of Organized Industrial Zones. In order to prevent the density of the industry and the increase of the population in big cities, in industrial decentralization, we can take advantage of the Organized Industrial Zones as means of encouragement for physcial frame. It is possible to reduce the environment pollution and to protect the environment by the help of Organized Industrial Zones. This study is designated in order to put forward the reasons why organizations prefer Organized Industrial Zones to contsruct their firms. It is also aimed to define the cooperations between the organizations and to fix the subjects in which cooperations can be settled.119 This study is based on four main parts. In the first part, the term 'Organized Industrial Zones', their historical development and their types are explained. Besides this, industrialization, urbanization, local development and their relation with the environment are studied. In the second part, planning, construction, finance and the administration of the Organized Industrial Zones are explained. Applications in Türkiye are also given as examples. In the third part, there is information about the applications at Organized Industrial Zones in Türkiye. The law about Organized Industrial Zones in Türkiye, and development planes and annual programmes are examined. In the last part, results of the surveys asked to 305 organizations in 37 Organized Industrial Zones in Türkiye are reported. In the conclusion also the evaluation of the subject is done and some solutions are proposed. 138

In this thesis, an applicable model of foreign trade is tried to be developed for small and medium sized enterprises in Turkey. With this purpose, some export trading models-especially Joint Stock Export Trade Companies model are analysed and their adaptability to Turkey is discussed. In the first chapter, some typical properties of small and medium sized enterprises such as, organizational and financial structure, production systems, adaptability to market conditions, etc. are overviewed. Also some problems of small and medium sized enterprises in Turkey, such as financing, marketing, technical information, supply of raw materials, distribution, planning, lack of technological knowledge, lack of Governmental support and complexity of export procedures are discussed. In the second chapter, purposes, services, organizational and financial structures of Italian Federation of Consortia for Export, Japan's General Trading Companies-Sogo Shosha, Korean General Trading Companies, American Export/Management Trading Companies are analysed and achieved results are discussed. In the third chapter, Turkish Export Trading Companies and Joint-Stock Export Trading Companies are taken into consideration and results achieved up-to-date are assessed. Probable managerial and financial problems during establishment of aforementioned companies and opportunities that can be obtained with the model are discussed and some suggestions are made to develop effective Joint Stock Export Trading Companies. In the fourth chapter a questionary survey that is carried out among some small and medium sized enterprises which are members of Ankara Chamber of Industry is 105given. Purpose of the survey is to investigate the probability of successful implementation of the Joint Stock Export Trading Companies model in Turkey. In the last chapter, export potential of small and medium sized enterprises in Turkey are discussed and conclusions are made. During the implementation of the model practitioners will be faced with serious problems such as lack of information about the model, gathering enough partners to establish the company, conservative mentality of the company owners, lack of Governmental support to the model, opposing economical conditions, etc. 106 106

SÜHHÂRY Halk Bank (Türkiye Halk Bankası) has been founded to meet `Financing` needs of craftsmen, craftemen, and small and medium-size industrial business enterprisces. Today, this insi tut ion not only serves as an expert bank for this sector, but also functions to provide contemporary banking services f or the whole society in general. Sources assingned by Halk Bank to `credits` are proprietary capital and foreign capital. Proprietary capitals are composed of capital, reserves, revaluation fund, foreign capitals, bank accounts. Central Bank's rediscount credits and various funds. There have been major elevations in these capitals. Halk Bank's credits can be divided into two specialization credits and nonspecialization credits. The first item in specialization credits is cooperative credits which are presented to craftsmen and artists under the guarantorship of `Craf ismen and Artists Cooperative`. The second one contains industrial credits submitted to small and medium-size industrial business enterprises with the purpose of maintaining the financial structure against new developments in economics, keeping in mind their importance of their contribution to use of technology, yt should also be recalled that these enterprises constitute a cardinal source to cure unemployment problem and to increase the overall level of production. Fund credits which have an 76unparalleled share in sustained economic development of Turkey, and which take their financing from national budget, form the third i t em. These fund credits can also be opened to small industrial sites and organized industrial enterprises in the form of investment credits or business credits. Non-specialization credits are basically commercial and personal credits. According to the definition of Halk Bank, small-size industrial enterprises are those which employ 100 workers at most, and whose machinery, establishment, equipment, vehicles, furniture and durable goods as registered in legal registration books have no more value than 2.5 billion TL.(excopt for building and land). Additionally, These enterprises should base their functioning partly on technical and partly on experimental work in order to be included within the context of Halk Bank's definition of small-size industrial enterprise. On the other hand, medium-size industrial businesses are the which employ 250 workers at most and whose total fixed investment in registered in legal registration books does not exceed 15 billion TL. Certificate of investment inducement is not required by Halk Bank for credits reserved to small and medium-size industrial enterprises. In order to assess the problems oncountered during the 77process of obtaining financial support from Halk Bank by small and medium-size industrial enterprises, 113 such enterprises, selected by random sampling have been applied a questionnaire OSTIM wich is the largest industrial site in Turkey. The results obtained from the analysis of the data collected indicated that small and medium-size industrial enterprises neglect to use substantial amount of credit. The majority of the enterprises that did use credits preferred Halk Bank's credit options. It has also been proved that the most significant problems spelled out by small and medium-size industrial enterprises are high interest rates, guarantorship and heavy warranty. In order for small and medium-size industrial enterprises to make use of Halk Bank's credits more, necessary measurements shall be taken to retrive Halk Bank to its primary function and to reorganize it as and only as `specialization bank`. Besides, credit limit should be taken, up, whereas interest rates and guarantorship requirements should be diminished. Halk Bank is not able to meet the demands because of insufficient sources. Small and medium-size industrial enterprises shall be presented new methods of finance while being equipped with necessary information about leasing and factoring. Such financing methods should be stressed and implemented more in Turkey. Venture capital companies, 78which have been dominant in the world for the last decades, shall be organized. Innovations should be supported and the projects produced there by shall be implemented in real life situations. In addition. Credit Guarantee Fund venture Capital Company, which will provide guarantee to the banks on behalf of small and medium-size industrial enterprises, might be encouraged to work more effectively and similar companies with this general aim might be founded. 19 86

466

175

SUMMARY it is observed that industry becomes dense in some center-s in the develaping countries. This density increases due ta the development in industriali zations. Regional disharmony, which is öne of the discriminating specialifcles of thedevelaping countries, although also present in the developed countries, creates serious sacial-economic problems abjecting to the efficient use of the sources. The 'problems don.'t appear only in the undeveloped regions. The problems which appear in the highly developed regions, increases more the rate of the limited publ iç.sources shared far these regions. Although the policies to minimize the regianal disharmony differ from country to country, industrializatian of the undeveloped regions is recommended taking into account the higher increasing effect of the industry activities compared to the other sectors. The polices and applications to minimize the development level differences between the regions, were f irstiy thought in the Republic period in our country and a series of measures were put into application mainly in the planed period. in our country where the contribution of the small and medium companies have been belittled but the big companies and investments have been stimulated, a definite success has not been achieved on this subject. Foundation of a factory to each town and province due ta such stimulation system which is applied general l y :but not selective has cau'sed source expenditure. Most af the investments which has received stimulation measures due ta such stimulation certificate application have not been completed yet152 and the investments which were campleted have not been managed productively.. Development doesn't commence at the same time and with the same - speed ali över the country» Development commences in a region which economic, sacial and cu.ltu.ral specialties are rather homogeneaus. Some provinces of su.ch hamageneous region may lead in the course of time. The same is al'sö valid f ör the sectors which are equivalent in respect of development. The leading provinces and sectors will become centers where economic açtivities.are more dense compared to the.others as an development center. in the subsequent phases such center regions ör pioneer sectors will become an attractive. center collecting the economic activities progressively due to their development specialities so that they will enable acceleration of the economic activities more, These regj.ons and sectors will expand towards the region and sectors which they have close relat ions as the waves expanoing around a dropped stone when they reach to such maturity. Start-up of dev.elopment in such model is thought to be possible with the small sized companies organized as family companies together with a dynamic: development field, This event known as development center, may be considered separately as regional and seçt ional as well as combination of them in the same system» The main factor in development center determination is a geographical area which economic, sacial and cu.ltu.ral specialities are rather homogeneous. Rapid development of a province ör provinces, determined in the region, is aimed. in the sectional polari zation öne of the industry branches is determined as a leading seç t ar which forv-jard and backward connections are dense. Development of the sub-regionş and combined sectors will be enabledİ55 Rapid and regular transportation systems between the developed provinces such as ANKARA and ISTANBUL and such development centers will also enable solving of the experienced staff problem in such development centers. Transfer of some of the government offices which locations are not required to be in such provinces like Ankara, and Istanbul will also enable economic progress in the development centers. Transfer of some organisations such as military installations, military schools, universities, National Productivity Center, Exportation Development Center, Turkish Radio Television Agency, Turkish Standards Institute, Turkish Scientific Researches Association, General Directorates of. State Enterprises, the Constitutional Court, The Supreme Council of Public Accounts and other- similar organizations and various bank departments, will have a major contribution in acceleration of the economic progress. Public utilities such as State Irrigation Agency, Village Affairs Agency, State Highway Agency, Turkish Power Agency which operate all over the country have both staff and equipment capacity in the regions in order- to execute their works. Such capacity is inactive most of the time and also the cooperation between such public utilities is not maintained. Organization of such capacity, providing services also for the private installations, which will be founded in the development centers, in ?3ccard-antz

238