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The current study was performed to investigate the effects of hatching time and feed access time on chick quality, organ development, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology in broilers. A total of 1935 hatching eggs were incubated at 37.8 degrees C with 55 to 60% RH conditions. Chicks were classified according to the hatching time (HT) as follows: chicks hatched before 482 h (early HT), between 482-496 h (medium HT) and 496-510 h (late HT). the hatched chicks were randomly divided into two groups to create two feed access (FA) time: early FA and late PA. Chicks with early PA started to consume feed at the end of each HT, whereas chicks with late FA started to feed at the end of the hatching period (at 510 h). Higher chick weight was observed in chicks in early HT and medium HT groups (P = 0.002). the chicks with late PA were heavier and taller than other chicks with FA. A higher Tona score (86.2) was observed for the chicks in medium HT (P = 0.001). Chicks in late HT group had a higher residual yolk weight, a lower yolk absorption, and a lower yolk free body mass. the chicks with late FA had a lower residual yolk weight, higher yolk absorption and, yolk free body mass (P < 0.01). Development of gizzard, heart, small intestine, and bursa of Fabricius were affected by both hatching time and feed access time. the lowest concentration of glucose was observed in chicks obtained from early HT with late FA (P = 0.002). Villus morphometric parameters in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were affected by HT and FA time (P < 0.05). the current findings showed that the HT of chicks with regard to FA time markedly affected the development and growth pattern of chicks., Scientific Research Project Council of Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey [KUAP(Z)-2015/12], This study was financially supported by the Scientific Research Project Council of Uludag University (Project Number KUAP(Z)-2015/12), Bursa, Turkey.

Dermal fibroblasts are of great importance in skin homeostasis. They are responsible for the synthesis and remodelling of extracellular proteins by the way of synthesis of some specific kind of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs). Imbalance between MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) are known to involve ulcerative wounds in many tissues, including skin. In veterinary medicine, bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is an ulcerative skin disorder of dairy cattle. To date, Koch’s postulate has not yet been fulfilled for the pathogenesis. In present study, we tested in vitro role of hypoxia if it evokes a response in MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13 enzymes and their inhibitors in bovine dermal fibroblasts. Dermal fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia in various time periods (6, 12 and 24 h). Immunoblotting revealed 6-, 12- and 24-h hypoxia, which resulted in 43.5%, 75% and 65% increase in MMP-1, 76%, 61% and 55% increase in MMP-2 and 80%, 78% and 55% increase in MMP-13 enzymes levels, respectively. We observed slight increases in TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 enzymes, but differences between treatment and control groups did not show any statistical significance. Our findings indicate that hypoxia induces MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13 enzymes and may contribute to pathogenesis of BDD through in the development of in vivo lesions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of intravenous (i.v.) choline treatment on serum matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), MMP tissue inhibitors (TIMP) and immunoglobulins (Igs), and to determine if there were relations between serum MMPs/TIMPs and C-reactive protein (CRP) (as a marker of the acute phase response), immunoglobulin G and M (IgG and IgM) (as a maker of the Ig responses) and markers of organ damage such as muscular damage (creatine phosphokinase, [CPK]), liver damage (alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) and renal dysfunction (blood urea nitrogen [BUN] and creatinine, [Cr]) in dogs with endotoxemia. Healthy dogs (n = 24) were randomized to Saline, Choline (C), Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS + C groups and received 0.9% NaCl (5 mL/i.v.), choline chloride (20 mg/kg/i.v.), LPS (0.02 mg/kg/i.v.) and LPS (0.02 mg/kg/i.v.) plus choline chloride (20 mg/kg/i.v.), respectively. Serum MMPs and TIMPs concentrations were analyzed by commercial ELISA kits. MMP and TIMP increased at 1-48 h (P < 0.05), whereas IgG and IgM decreased at 24-48 h in LPS group, compared to their baselines. Choline treatment reduced changes in serum MMPs, TIMPs and markers of organ damage, and prevented the hypoimmunoglobulinemia in LPS + C. MMPs and TIMPs were correlated positively (P < 0.05) with serum CRP, CPK, ALT, BUN and Cr, but not with serum Igs. Our findings suggest that the serum MMPs, TIMPs and Igs are involved in the pathophysiology of endotoxemia, and MMPs and TIMPs are correlated with the acute phase reaction and multi-organ failure. In addition, we demonstrated a direct effect of choline administration in decreasing serum MMPs and TIMPs, and preserving serum Igs in the course of endotoxemia. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hypoxic stresses on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cultured lung fibroblasts of meat-type chickens. Isolated and subcultured primary lung fibroblasts were exposed to hypoxia. The presence of VEGF and the effects of hypoxia on cultured lung fibroblasts and in the culture media were evaluated. Immunocytochemistry using streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method and ELISA using commercially available primary monoclonal antibodies were used for evaluation in both 6-h and 12-h hypoxic fibroblasts. The level of VEGF was slightly higher in the 6-h hypoxic group (1.22 ng/mL) than in the 6-h control group (1.27 ng/mL) in cell culture media by ELISA. In the 6-h hypoxic group, a correlation between the decrease in immunocytochemical score and increase in medium with VEGF was observed. The presence of VEGF was shown in cultured chicken lung fibroblasts from meat-type chickens. In conclusion, a significant decrease in immunocytochemical staining score was observed along with a slight increase in the amount of VEGF in culture media under hypoxic conditions. The results suggest that VEGF might have a role in edema formation via permeability increase in the lungs of ascitic meat-type chickens.

Liver telangiectasis with an obscure etiology and pathogenesis, is characterized by hepatocyte loss and sinusoidal enlargements with blood. The condition causes condemnation of livers and in severe cases decreases in meat and milk yield, therefore causes economic losses. Peliosis hepatis is a condition of humans and animals characterized by blood filled cystic spaces, and has been associated with lung tuberculosis in humans. Peliosis hepatis of humans and liver telangiectases of cattle are pathogenically similar conditions. This report investigates a case of lung tuberculosis and liver telangiectasis in a 3 years old, Holstein-Friesian cow and emphasizes its similarity to the relationship between peliosis hepatis-lung tuberculosis in humans., Sığırlarda karaciğer telengiektazisi etiyolojisi ve patogenezisi henüz net olarak ortaya konulamamıştır ve mikroskobik görünümüyle hepatosit kaybı şekillenen bölgelerde içleri eritrositler ile dolu sinuzoid genişlemeleri olarak tanımlanır. Lezyonun makroskobik görünümü nedeniyle karaciğerin insan tüketimine sunulamaması ve organın şiddetli olarak etkilendiği olgularda da et ve süt veriminde düşüşe yol açması nedeniyle ekonomik önemi olan bir durumdur. Peliozis hepatis insan ve hayvanlarda gözlenen ve karaciğerde içi kan dolu kistik boşluklarla karakterize bir durumdur. İnsanlarda gözlenen peliozis hepatis akciğer tüberkülozu ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sığırların karaciğer telengiektazisi ile insanlarda gözlenen peliozis hepatis arasında da patojenez benzerliği mevcuttur. Sunulan bu vakada 3 yaşlı, Holstein-Friesian ırkı bir inekte gözlenen akciğer tüberkülozu ve karaciğer telengiektazisi mikroskobik olarak değerlendirilmiş, insanlardaki peliozis hepatis-akciğer tüberkülozu arasındaki ilişkiye benzerliğe dikkat çekilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

In the present study, the genotoxic, hematoxic effects, and their relation with pathological and biochemical parameters of hexane were investigated. Cytogenetic evaluation performed on the bone marrow indicated that chromosome aberrations increased at both hexane doses in relation to the negative controls. Decreased hematocrit, hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular volume were observed on the whole blood counts. Conjugated dienes (CD), glutathione (GSH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and catalase (CAT) were increased. Histological examinations showed intracytoplasmic vacuolisation, nuclei with lower chromatin, and parenchymatous degenerations in the dose groups. In the bone marrow slides, depletion of the erythroid series were observed. In conclusion, hexane seems to be a genotoxic and hematoxic agent leading to degeneration and lipid peroxidation in exposed groups. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 20:329-340, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The autosomal recessive disease Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a progressive and generally fatal disease of humans. The under lying genetic defect in CHS is unknown and prenatal diagnostic methods have not been applied to this disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if CHS chorionic cells expressed a characteristic of CHS—enlarged lysosomes—that would permit the prenatal diagnosis of the disease. Cats with CHS, which have been shown to be homologous with human CHS, were used as the model system in this study. Chorionic tissue samples were obtained from CHS and control cat fetuses and cultures of cells were established. Acid phosphatase was utilized as a marker of lysosomes and cultures of chorionic fibroblasts from CHS and control fetuses were stained histochemically for acid phosphatase. The diameter of the largest lysosomes in 150 cells of each fetus was determined. The mean (±SD) diameter (in μm) of the largest lysosomes of normal fetuses was 0.9 ± 0.13 (range 0.5–7.0 μm), whereas the mean diameter of lysosomes in CHS chorionic cells was 3.9 ± 0.65 μm (range 0.5–25 μm). These means were significantly different (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that it should be possible to diagnose human CHS in the first trimester by chorionic villus sampling.

Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is an autosomal recessive disease in humans, cats, and 8 other species. The homology of CHS in humans and cats has been demonstrated. Since human CHS is a progressive, serious, and eventually fatal disease, a method for prenatal diagnosis would be desirable. This study was designed to determine whether CHS could be diagnosed prenatally by examination of amniotic fluid cells. The amniotic fluid samples were obtained from CHS and control cat fetuses on the 45th day of gestation and cultures of cells were established. Because the underlying enzyme deficiency in CHS has not been identified, it was necessary to use a secondary manifestation of the syndrome in these studies. The secondary manifestation used was the characteristic enlargement of lysosomes associated with the disease. The lysosomes of these cells were stained by acid phosphatase histochemistry and the diameter of the largest lysosome in each cell was measured by light microscopy with a calibrated ocular micrometer. The diameters of the largest lysosomes in cells of normal fetuses ranged from 0.5 to 7.0 micron (means ranged from 0.9 to 1.8 micron), whereas the diameter of the largest lysosomes in the cells of CHS fetuses ranged from 0.5 to 30 microns (means ranged from 6.4 to 12.8 microns). The approximate t-test for independent samples with unequal variances disclosed that the largest acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes in amniotic fluid cells of CHS cat fetuses were significantly larger than the lysosomes in the cells of normal cat fetuses (P less than 0.0001). This information should, by extrapolation, provide the basis for the prenatal diagnosis of human CHS by amniocentesis.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a member of the transmissible spongiform encepahlopathies, has been a notifiable disease in Turkey since 1997. In 2002, the BSE status of Turkey was assessed by the EU Scientific Steering Committee as "it is likely but not confirmed". This study presents the results of a targeted surveillance study to assess the presence of BSE in the age risk population of Bursa, Turkey. In the assessment procedure, the immunohistochemical detection of protease-resistant prion protein (PrP-Sc) was aimed at and applied to 420 brain tissues of cattle slaughtered in Bursa at an age of 30-months and older. None of the samples were positive for BSE.