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En este artículo se presenta una iniciativa investigativa que realizó un acercamiento de manera respetuosa a la historia escolar de cinco personas indígenas cabécares del territorio de Chirripó-Duchíi (como se nombra entre las personas cabécares), que se encuentran en el ejercicio docente del Programa de Lengua y Cultura Cabécar del Ministerio de Educación Pública de Costa Rica, entre 2018 y 2020. Se propuso como objetivo general analizar narraciones de la etapa escolar y del trabajo áulico de docentes indígenas cabécares de Chirripó para la identificación de elementos didácticos que contribuyan al ejercicio docente con pertinencia cultural, lo que se consiguió mediante la socialización de narraciones y observaciones que permitieron identificar elementos didácticos que podrían sumar a los esfuerzos, por ofrecer a la niñez de estas comunidades, una educación acorde con su visión de mundo y su entorno. Es un estudio que por sus características se inscribió como una investigación cualitativa de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva. Entre los principales resultados se destaca que el estudio posibilitó reconocer que a pesar de que la educación escolar que recibieron las personas docentes fue mediada por la cultura dominante, realizan esfuerzos importantes por deconstruir las relaciones asimétricas sesgadas respecto a la cultura occidental dando lugar, en la medida de sus posibilidades, a la cultura originaria y al reconocimiento de la diversidad cultural.

Purpose. This study aimed to: (a) translate and cross-culturally adapt the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) into Spanish; (b) evaluate its intra- and inter-examiner reliability; (c) support a knowledge translation and tool implementation program in early intervention; and (d) evaluate its reliability and implementation for professionals one year after receiving training. Materials and methods. The translation followed the World Health Organization’s recommendations. Reliability was assessed in 25 infants aged between 3 and 15 months with identifiable risks of cerebral palsy (CP). The implementation was also evaluated by analyzing the reliability of professionals without previous experience of the tool by using a pre-survey and a follow-up survey one year after training. The survey covered aspects related to the use of early detection tools of CP and the use of HINE, including attitudes, opinions, and perceptions. Results. An excellent intra- and inter-examiner agreement was obtained for the total score of the HINE intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.98 in both indices). One year after training, the professionals also showed excellent reliability values (ICC = 0.99), as well as an increase in sensitization and skills in evidence-based practices for the early detection of “high risk” of CP. Conclusions. The Spanish version of HINE is a reliable measure for the neurological evaluation of “high risk” of CP and can be administered after standardized training and without costs to acquire the evaluation. This allows its accessible and widespread implementation in the clinical context.

The claim that people with dyslexia are more creative than people without this learning disorder is widespread. But the complexity of creativity and the way it is measured means that this statement is sometimes inconsistent. The aim of this review is, on the one hand, to explore the relationship between dyslexia and creativity, as well as to analyze the categories of divergent thinking: fluency, originality, abstractness, elaboration, and flexibility. On the other hand, it also aims to identify moderators that may be influencing this relationship, such as age, country, or the test used. We retrieved 13 empirical studies that provided 39 effect sizes. The results show that there are no significant differences between people with and without dyslexia in terms of creativity when considering the construct as a whole. However, a significant relationship between the two constructs is observed when analyzing the categories of divergent thinking isolated.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to understand the impact of stigma among a geographic population of people living with HIV in Maricopa County, Arizona. People living with HIV who experience stigma have lower medication adherence and fewer kept appointments. The people living with HIV patient survey was administered using both paper and online versions in the beginning months of 2019. A total of 296 respondents completed the survey for this study. Participants were recruited through multiple methods, including online sites, the Phoenix AIDS Walk, health clinics, and the identification of zip codes with high HIV prevalence rates. There was a significant relationship between health status and age, with those who reported a higher health rating, that of excellent or good, more likely to be 45 years of age or older, X2 (1, N = 296) = 4.812, p = 0.028. Researchers and health care providers must be attentive to these variations and intersecting stigmas when providing services across diverse populations, especially when working with a high-stigma population such as people living with HIV. Providers can take a more active role in helping people living with HIV to see how their perceptions and experience of HIV-related stigma may be taking a toll on their perceptions of their health, as well as their approach to treatment, and refer them to support groups or individual counseling. Strategies, policies, and messages should be tailored with cultural, social, and ethnic sensitivities in mind. To address these threats, policies must be created that reduce the impact of HIV-related stigma within various systems, including but not limited to the public health sector.

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 seems to affect the regulation of pulmonary perfusion. Hypoperfusion in areas of well-aerated lung parenchyma results in a ventilation–perfusion mismatch that can be characterized using subtraction computed tomography angiography (sCTA). This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of oral sildenafil in treating COVID-19 inpatients showing perfusion abnormalities in sCTA. Methods Triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in Chile in a tertiary-care hospital able to provide on-site sCTA scans and ventilatory support when needed between August 2020 and March 2021. In total, 82 eligible adults were admitted to the ED with RT-PCR-confirmed or highly probable SARS-COV-2 infection and sCTA performed within 24 h of admission showing perfusion abnormalities in areas of well-aerated lung parenchyma; 42 were excluded and 40 participants were enrolled and randomized (1:1 ratio) once hospitalized. The active intervention group received sildenafil (25 mg orally three times a day for seven days), and the control group received identical placebo capsules in the same way. Primary outcomes were differences in oxygenation parameters measured daily during follow-up (PaO2/FiO2 ratio and A-a gradient). Secondary outcomes included admission to the ICU, requirement of non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and mortality rates. Analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Results Totally, 40 participants were enrolled (20 in the placebo group and 20 in the sildenafil group); 33 [82.5%] were male; and median age was 57 [IQR 41–68] years. No significant differences in mean PaO2/FiO2 ratios and A-a gradients were found between groups (repeated-measures ANOVA p = 0.67 and p = 0.69). IMV was required in 4 patients who received placebo and none in the sildenafil arm (logrank p = 0.04). Patients in the sildenafil arm showed a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay than the placebo group (9 IQR 7–12 days vs. 12 IQR 9–21 days, p = 0.04). Conclusions No statistically significant differences were found in the oxygenation parameters. Sildenafil treatment could have a potential therapeutic role regarding the need for IMV in COVID-19 patients with specific perfusion patterns in sCTA. A large-scale study is needed to confirm these results. Trial Registration: Sildenafil for treating patients with COVID-19 and perfusion mismatch: a pilot randomized trial, NCT04489446, Registered 28 July 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04489446 .

El propósito de este estudio es validar un cuestionario diseñado para conocer cómo los docentes en servicio perciben el potencial de las redes sociales (SSN) y el smartphone para la actividad educativa. El estudio presenta los resultados de la validación del Cuestionario de Utilidad de las Redes Sociales y los Smartphones para la Acción Educativa (CURSAE). La muestra de validación está formada por 2.659 profesores de toda España de niveles educativos no universitarios. Los resultados indican que es una herramienta confiable para evaluar la percepción de los docentes a respect de este constructo. En este sentido, puede ser un instrumento útil para el desarrollo de propuestas formativas específicas derivadas del conocimiento de la percepción de docentes en activo de niveles no universitarios sobre la utilidad educativa de estas herramientas.

Measurement(s) earthworm communities • Abundance • organic material • Diversity • environmental properties Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) location Sample Characteristic - Organism Lumbricina Sample Characteristic - Environment soil Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13399118

La calidad de vida familiar (CdVF) es considerada el objetivo último de la intervención en Atención Temprana (AT) y un indicador de la calidad de estos servicios. La eficacia de los programas de AT debe objetivarse considerando este constructo junto con otros resultados familiares, además de los relativos al progreso del menor. A este efecto, el presente estudio analiza la CdVF y la confianza y competencia parental de 43 familias españolas de niños y niñas de 0 a 6 años en AT, y examina el rol predictor y mediador de la confianza y competencia parental en la CdVF. Se lleva a cabo un estudio transversal, correlacional y descriptivo. Las medidas utilizadas son la Everyday Parenting Scale (versión modificada) y la escala Con-Fam de competencia parental en AT. Asimismo, se utiliza la Escala de Calidad de Vida de las familias en Atención Temprana (FEIQoL). Los resultados indican una percepción aceptable de CdVF, así como de confianza y competencia parental de las familias. Existe una fuerte relación directa entre la confianza y competencia parental y la CdVF. Se encuentra que características de servicio de AT como un mayor número de profesionales se relacionan con una menor confianza y competencia parental, una peor percepción del funcionamiento del niño y, en consecuencia, menos CdVF. Se presentan implicaciones para futuros estudios y prospectiva para los servicios.

Las Comunidades de Práctica (COPs) transdisciplinares reúnen a miembros con diferente cosmovisión y repertorio teórico. Son contextos con un gran potencial para creación de conocimiento a partir de la colaboración entre personas con distintas perspectivas de la realidad. Sin embargo, la transdiciplinariedad supone un reto en el desarrollo de la comunidad y en los mecanismos de participación y colaboración. Por ello, el estudio de los factores que intervienen en estos procesos es especialmente relevante en este tipo de comunidades. Esta investigación se centra en la influencia de la confianza en el intercambio de conocimiento en una COP tecnológico-educativa surgida en el seno de un grupo de investigación de una universidad española. En el estudio se ha utilizado un modelo mixto materializado en un diseño convergente paralelo. Los resultados avalan que la confianza basada en la benevolencia, integridad y competencia de los miembros de la COP influyen positivamente en el intercambio de conocimiento en una COP transdisciplinar. Además, los hallazgos revelan la importancia de la relación personal y de la satisfacción con los intercambios pasados para sustentar la confianza en los miembros de cara al intercambio de conocimiento en el futuro. La convergencia de datos cualitativos y cuantitativos se ha revelado como una aproximación adecuada para mejorar la comprensión de fenómenos y contextos complejos y multidisciplinares. /// The transdisciplinary Communities of Practice (COPs) bring together members with different views and theoretical backgrounds. These are contexts with great potential for creating knowledge building on different human perspectives about reality. However, this transdisciplinary character also poses a challenge for developing the community itself and, more specifically, for its participation and collaboration mechanisms. For this reason, the study of the intervening factors in these processes is crucial within this kind of communities. This research analyses the influence of trust in knowledge-sharing within a technological-educational COP emerged within a research group at a Spanish university. The study used a mixed model parallel convergent design. The results suggest that trust was built on the benevolence, integrity, and competence of the COP members, influencing the knowledge sharing in this transdisciplinary COP positively. The findings also show that personal relationships and satisfaction with past experiences are essential to keep trust between members, which is critical for upcoming exchanges of knowledge. The convergence of qualitative and quantitative data has proven to be an excellent approach to improve our understanding of complex and multidisciplinary phenomena and contexts.

Las Comunidades de Práctica Virtuales (VCOP) son entornos ampliamente reconocidos como instrumentos para la gestión de conocimiento y, de manera incipiente, se están empezando a valorar sus contribuciones desde el punto de vista sociocultural. Sin embargo, las VCOP son contextos de participación complejos por su naturaleza sociotécnica y sociocultural. Los mecanismos de participación, particularmente el comportamiento de compartir conocimiento (KSB), se han abordado desde fundamentos teóricos y métodos de investigación extremadamente heterogéneos. Como resultado, se ha identificado una gran dispersión de factores y dimensiones. Objetivo: Presentar una visión general que resuma y sistematice los factores clave del KSB en las VCOP. Método: Este artículo presenta una revisión sistemática sobre el KSB en las VCOP, basada en 42 estudios recuperados de WOS, SCOPUS y Science Direct. La revisión se ha realizado utilizando el modelo PRISMA. La selección y síntesis cualitativa de los artículos se ha enriquecido utilizando Nvivo para codificar y analizar los artículos a texto completo. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que el KSB en las VCOP tiene un carácter multidimensional y multifactorial que incluye factores personales, interpersonales, contextuales y tecnológicos. Conclusiones: La tipología de factores que se presenta podría ser utilizada en contextos académicos para desarrollar nuevas investigaciones teóricas o empíricas, o como en contextos profesionales para implementar VCOPs en instituciones de diversos sectores. Nuevos instrumentos de evaluación sobre el KSB en las VCOP podrían basarse en esta tipología.

Summary: The spontaneous insertion of helical transmembrane (TM) polypeptides into lipid bilayers is driven by three sequential equilibria: solution-to-membrane interface (MI) partition, unstructured-to-helical folding, and MI-to-TM helix insertion. A bottleneck for understanding these three steps is the lack of experimental approaches to perturb membrane-bound hydrophobic polypeptides out of equilibrium rapidly and reversibly. Here, we report on a 24-residues-long hydrophobic α-helical polypeptide, covalently coupled to an azobenzene photoswitch (KCALP-azo), which displays a light-controllable TM/MI equilibrium in hydrated lipid bilayers. FTIR spectroscopy reveals that trans KCALP-azo folds as a TM α-helix (TM topology). After trans-to-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety with UV light (reversed with blue light), the helical structure of KCALP-azo is maintained, but its helix tilt increased from 32 ± 5° to 79 ± 8°, indication of a reversible TM-to-MI transition. Further analysis indicates that this transition is incomplete, with cis KCALP-azo existing in a ∼90% TM and ∼10% MI mixture.

Exosome-derived miR-21 was independently associated with CD4 T cell decline in HIV-1-infected elite controllers (OR 0.369, 95% CI 0.137–0.994, p = 0.049). Also, a negative correlation between miR-21 expression and MCP-1 level was found (r = −0.649, p = 0.020), while no correlation between soluble biomarkers or cellular immune activation was found. Keywords: Exosomes, miRNAs, HIV-1, Elite controllers, Immune activation, Soluble biomarkers

Abstract Background The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) seems to influence in a large number of diseases, including HIV infection. Moreover, there is a substantial inter-individual variability in the CD4+ recovery in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Our study aimed to analyze the association between mtDNA haplogroups and CD4+ recovery in HIV-infected patients on cART. Methods This is a retrospective study of 324 naïve cART patients with CD4+ 9.65 CD4+ cells/mm3/month) than patients without haplogroup H (p = 0.032). The adjusted logistic regression showed that patients carrying haplogroup H had a higher likelihood of achieving a CD4+ recovery > 9.65 CD4+ cells/mm3/month [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.75 (95% CI = 1.04; 2.95); p = 0.035]. Conclusions European mitochondrial haplogroup H was associated with the improved CD4+ recovery in HIV-infected patients starting cART with CD4+

BackgroundMobile phones allow us to stay connected with others and provide us a sense of security. We can work, chat with family and friends, take pictures, buy clothes or books, and even control home appliances. They play such a significant role in our lives that we feel anxious without them. In some cases, the relationship between humans and these communication devices have become problematic. Nomophobia (NMP) is the fear of becoming incommunicable, separated from the mobile phone and losing connection to the Internet. Since this social phobia was coined in the first decade of the XXI century, a growing number of studies have studied it and reported the prevalence of this technology-related problem. However, this research activity has generated mixed results regarding how we assess and report nomophobia and who may be at a higher risk of suffering or developing it.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of 108 studies published in English and Spanish and collected them in Parsifal. We searched for assessment and prevalence data on nomophobia. Also, we looked at gender and age differences to identify risk factors and see if these differences exist and emerge worldwide.ResultsIn this study, we find that women and younger individuals suffer more from nomophobia. The disparity in reporting the prevalence of nomophobia is enormous since the percentages of "at-risk" participants go from 13% to 79%, and participants suffering from it are between 6% and 73%, being the score in the range of 45.5 and 93.82. Within the group of nomophobic people, moderate cases vary between 25.7% and 73.3%, and severe cases, between 1% and 87%. Such disparity is due to differences in assessment criteria. Females and young people seem to be more vulnerable to nomophobia although methodological disparity makes it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. We conclude our review by recommending some common guidelines for guiding future research.

Abstract Relevant resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) to elbasvir, the new HCV NS5A inhibitor, may limit its efficacy and lead to virological failure in HCV-GT1a-infected patients. There are few data outside clinical trials evaluating their prevalence and impact of elbasvir/grazoprevir. A multicenter cross-sectional study of 617 HCV-GT1a-infected individuals attended in 84 Spanish hospitals from the 17 Autonomous Communities and two Autonomous cities was performed. HCV population sequencing was used to identify RASs to elbasvir and the mutational pattern and drug sensitivity were confirmed by geno2pheno[HCV]. Viruses bearing RASs to elbasvir were present in 6.2% of HCV-GT1a infected patients. The most common RASs were the Y93C/H/N and Q30E/H/R (2.4% and 2.3%; respectively). Only 3.4% of patients had viruses with RASs that confer reduced susceptibility to elbasvir by geno2pheno[HCV] that identified exclusively the positions Q30H/R (n = 7) and Y93C/H/N (n = 8) as single mutations and Q30H + Y93H (n = 4) and Q30R + Y93H (n = 2) as double mutations considered as RASs to elbasvir. Lower prevalence of RASs to elbasvir in our HCV-GT1a-Spanish cohort was observed than reported previously in clinical trials. This information may be essential to guiding the implementation of elbasvir/grazoprevir in Spain, expected at the beginning of 2017 and the management of GT1a-infected patients.

Our aim was to analyze the relationship between plasma inflammatory biomarkers and CD4+ T-cells evolution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) elite controllers (HIV-ECs) with a suppressed viremia. We carried out a retrospective study in 30 HIV-ECs classified into two groups: those showing no significant loss of CD4+ T-cells during the observation period (stable CD4+, n = 19) and those showing a significant decrease of CD4+ T-cells (decline CD4+, n = 11). Baseline plasma biomarkers were measured using a multiplex immunoassay: sTNF-R1, TRAIL, sFas (APO), sFasL, TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-8, IL-18, IL-6, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, SDF1α, GRO-α, and CCL11. Baseline levels of sTNF-R1 and CCL11 and sTNF-R1/TNF-α ratio correlated with the slope of CD4+ T-cells (cells/μl/year) during follow-up [r = −0.370 (p = 0.043), r = −0.314 (p = 0.091), and r = −0.381 (p = 0.038); respectively]. HIV-ECs with declining CD4+ T-cells had higher baseline plasma levels of sTNF-R1 [1,500.7 (555.7; 2,060.7) pg/ml vs. 450.8 (227.9; 1,263.9) pg/ml; p = 0.018] and CCL11 [29.8 (23.5; 54.9) vs. 19.2 (17.8; 29.9) pg/ml; p = 0.041], and sTNF-R1/TNF-α ratio [84.7 (33.2; 124.2) vs. 25.9 (16.3; 75.1); p = 0.012] than HIV-1 ECs with stable CD4+ T-cells. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [area under ROC curve (AUROC)] were 0.758 ± 0.093 (sTNF-R1), 0.727 ± 0.096 (CCL11), and 0.777 ± 0.087 (sTNF-R1/TNF-α). The cut-off of 75th percentile (high values) for these biomarkers had 71.4% positive predictive value and 73.9% negative predictive value for anticipating the evolution of CD4+ T-cells. In conclusion, the loss of CD4+ T-cells in HIV-ECs was associated with higher levels of two plasma inflammatory biomarkers (sTNF-R1 and CCL11), which were also reasonably accurate for the prediction of the CD4+ T-cells loss.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar a las personas que viajan en bicicleta hacia la Universidad de Costa Rica por medio de un análisis de los resultados de la Encuesta de Transporte realizada por el Programa de Infraestructura del Transporte (PITRA) del Laboratorio Nacional de Materiales y Modelos Estructurales de la Universidad de Costa Rica en el 2013. Con los datos de los viajes en bicicleta se determinó que un 42 % de los usuarios encuestados que asisten a la universidad en bicicleta lo hacen desde distancias que se ubican entre los dos y los cinco kilómetros. Además, un 62 % de quienes utilizan este medio de transporte tarda 30 minutos o menos en realizar el recorrido diario hacia la Universidad. Existe una diferencia por sexo respecto al uso de la bicicleta dado que el 81 % de las personas ciclistas corresponde a hombres y el 19 % a mujeres. La ausencia de espacio exclusivo para bicicletas es uno de los principales problemas experimentados por los ciclistas y las ciclistas. Vehículos transitando a altas velocidades, la presencia de vehículos pesados y la conducción nocturna sin presencia de iluminación en la vía son factores que influyen en la percepción de seguridad que tienen las personas ciclistas en sus itinerarios. Finalmente, la existencia de infraestructura exclusiva para ciclistas en la vía, la implementación de espacios de parqueo y educación para los conductores y las conductoras se consideran como las principales incentivos para el uso de la bicicleta.

The morphological and anatomical simplicity of soil dwelling animals, such as earthworms, has limited the establishment of a robust taxonomy making it sometimes subjective to authors’ criteria. Within this context, integrative approaches including molecular information are becoming more popular to solve the phylogenetic positioning of conflictive taxa. Here we present the description of a new lumbricid species from the region of Extremadura (Spain), Eiseniona gerardoi sp. n. The assignment to this genus is based on both a morphological and a phylogenetic study. The validity of the genus Eiseniona, one of the most controversial within Lumbricidae, is discussed. A synopsis of the differences between the type species and the west-European members of the genus is provided.

Conflict among data sources can be frequent in evolutionary biology, especially in cases where one character set poses limitations to resolution. Earthworm taxonomy, for example, remains a challenge because of the limited number of morphological characters taxonomically valuable. An explanation to this may be morphological convergence due to adaptation to a homogeneous habitat, resulting in high degrees of homoplasy. This sometimes impedes clear morphological diagnosis of species. Combination of morphology with molecular techniques has recently aided taxonomy in many groups difficult to delimit morphologically. Here we apply an integrative approach by combining morphological and molecular data, including also some ecological features, to describe a new earthworm species in the family Hormogastridae, Hormogaster abbatissae sp. n., collected in Sant Joan de les Abadesses (Girona, Spain). Its anatomical and morphological characters are discussed in relation to the most similar Hormogastridae species, which are not the closest species in a phylogenetic analysis of molecular data. Species delimitation using the GMYC method and genetic divergences with the closest species are also considered. The information supplied by the morphological and molecular sources is contradictory, and thus we discuss issues with species delimitation in other similar situations. Decisions should be based on a profound knowledge of the morphology of the studied group but results from molecular analyses should also be considered.

BACKGROUND:Resistance-associated variants have been related to treatment failure of hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy with direct-acting antiviral drugs. The aim of our study was to analyze the prevalence of clinically relevant resistance-associated variants within NS3 in patients infected with HCV genotype 1a (GT1a) in Spain. METHODS:We performed a cross-sectional study on 2568 patients from 115 hospitals throughout Spain (2014-2015). The viral NS3 protease gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and sequenced by Sanger sequencing using an ABI PRISM 377 DNA sequencer. Additionally, clade information for genotype 1a was obtained by using the software geno2pheno (http://hcv.geno2pheno.org/). RESULTS:In total, 875 out of 2568 samples were from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV-coinfected patients. Q80K was the main RAV found in our patients (11.1%) and the rest of the resistance-associated variants had a lower frequency, including S122G (6.23%), T54S (3.47%), V55A (2.61%), and V55I (2.15%), which were among the most frequent after Q80K. Overall, 286 samples had the Q80K polymorphism (11.1%) and 614 (23.9%) were GT1a clade I. HIV/HCV-coinfected patients had a higher frequency of Q80K and GT1a clade I than HCV-monoinfected patients (12.9% vs. 9.6% [p = 0.012] and 28.5% vs. 21.4% [p

Aborda el infradiagnóstico de demencia y escaso uso de instrumentos que evalúan esfera cognitiva con el objetivo de caracterizar pacientes con deterioro cognitivo según edad, sexo, escolaridad, factores de riesgo asociados, esfera cognitiva afectada, evaluar severidad de la misma. Se realizó estudio observacional con 129 pacientes con deterioro cognitivo del policlínico "Alcides Pino". Se utilizaron los tests para evaluar esfera cognitiva y encuesta. La mayoría estuvo entre 75 a 79 años, el 57.4% fue del sexo femenino, predominó el nivel primario, la orientación, memoria inmediata, atención y cálculo fueron las más afectadas y el deterioro cognitivo leve con 65 pacientes. Se recomienda usar estos instrumentos por el Médico de Familia.