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The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the summer thermal environment on physiological responses, behaviour, milk production and its composition on grazing dairy cows in a temperate climate region, according to the stage of lactation. Twenty-nine Holstein Friesian multiparous cows were randomly selected and divided into two groups, according to the days in milk, as mid-lactation (99 to 170 d in milk, n = 15) and late lactation (225 to 311 d in milk, n = 14). The comprehensive climate index (CCI) was used to classify the hour of each day as thermoneutral or heat stress, considering a threshold value of CCI of 20°C. Data were collected for 16 d (summer 2017) and analysed as a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with repeated measurements over time. Vaginal temperature increased with CCI ≥ 20°C. Respiration rates were dependent on the thermal condition, regardless of days in milk. There was an interaction between the time of day and the CCI category for activity and rumination. Grazing activity decreased by 17.6% but lying down, standing, and shaded animals increased by 1.6, 9.8, and 6.3% respectively when CCI ≥ 20°C. Over 80% of cows presented a panting score ≥1. However, milk production and composition (fat, protein, and lactose concentrations as well as somatic cell count) were not affected by the thermal condition, although there was a numerical (non-significant) decrease in afternoon milk protein concentration on days with CCI ≥ 20°C, while urea in milk increased. In conclusion, thermal condition challenged grazing dairy cows' behaviour and physiology independent of the stage of lactation but had little or no effect on milk production.

The poultry industry produces most of the meat and eggs for human consumption worldwide. However, family poultry farming still plays an important role in developing countries providing high quality animal products including eggs and poultry meat for family and local consumption. A field survey was taken to 145 family poultry farmers off the commune of Maullin, Los Lagos Region of Southern Chile, to describe their husbandry and breeding practices, and provide information for future development and conservation priorities. Egg production in these poultry systems of the Maullín commune is a family tradition, run mostly by women, provides an extra income from the sale of extra eggs and chicken meat during autumn and winter months. Flocks of 15 to 30 native, creole or indigenous hens, reach point of lay at 5 or 6 months old. Egg production with a mean rate of 40%, peaks during September. Brown eggs are the most frequent, followed by blue-greenish eggs derived from Mapuche fowl ancestry. A ratio of 10 to 20 females per rooster results in ca. 60% hatching rate from natural incubation. While males are kept for two seasons only, females are kept longer, some until old. Diet is based on locally available or self-produced grains, complemented by pasture browsing, scavenging, and kitchen waste. Sanitary management is low or none and technical knowledge derives from ancestral tradition. Investment in accommodation and feeding is low. Results provide information on these systems in non-tropical areas of developing countries where it is scarce, and highlights how these systems can respond to the challenges of future poultry production, considering both climate change and consumers demand for more wholesome, human and sustainable products.

Simple Summary The aim of this paper is to evaluate post-gastric changes in the fermentability of mixtures of different forages and concentrated feeds that are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses using the in vitro gas production (GP) technique. Based on GP and volatile fatty acids (VFA), the post-gastric fermentation of concentrates is greater than that of forages. However, when we combined forages and concentrates, the GP parameters and VFA concentrations of some forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected values in comparison to the fermentation of pure ingredients, indicating the occurrence of associative effects. This shows that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients. Abstract Background: Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. Methods: An in vitro gas production experiment was conducted to assess the fermentation of two forages and three concentrates that are typical in horse diets. The combination of 70% of forage and 30% concentrates was also assessed to determine potential associative effects. Results: Concentrates and grains produced higher GP and VFA than forages when evaluated alone. When experimental diets were incubated, GP parameters and VFA concentrations of forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected differences from the values expected from the fermentation of pure ingredients, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients.

Climate change is producing an increase on extreme weather events around the world such as flooding, drought and extreme ambient temperatures impacting animal production and animal welfare. At present, there is a lack of studies addressing the effects of climatic conditions associated with energy intake in finishing cattle in South American feed yards. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of environmental variables and level of metabolizable energy intake above maintenance requirements (MEI) on performance and carcass quality of steers. In each experiment (winter and summer), steers were fed with 1.85 or 2.72 times of their requirements of metabolizable energy of maintenance. A total of 24 crossbred steers per experiment were used and located in four pens (26.25 m2/head) equipped with a Calan Broadbent Feeding System. Animals were fed with the same diet within each season, varying the amount offered to adjust the MEI treatments. Mud depth, mud scores, tympanic temperature (TT), environmental variables, average daily gain, respiration rates and carcass characteristics plus three thermal comfort indices were collected. Data analysis considered a factorial arrangement (Season and MEI). In addition, a repeated measures analysis was performed for TT and respiration rate. Mean values of ambient temperature, solar radiation and comfort thermal indices were greater in the summer experiment as expected (Plt;0.005). The mean values of TT were higher in steers fed with higher MEI and also in the summer season. The average daily gain was greater during summer v. winter (1.10±0.11 v. 0.36±0.06) kg/day, also when steers were fed 2.72 v. 1.85 MEI level (0.89±0.12 v. 0.57±0.10) kg/day. In summer, respiration rate increased in 41.2% in the afternoon. In winter, muddy conditions increased with time of feeding, whereas wind speed and rainfall had significant effects on TT and average daily gain. We conclude that MEI and environmental variables have direct effects on the physiology and performance of steers, including TT and average daily gain, particularly during the winter. In addition, carcass characteristics were affected by season but not by the level of MEI. Finally, due to the high variability of data as well as the small number of animals assessed in these experiments, more studies on carcass characteristics under similar conditions are required.

The present study assesses the effect of tailing texture (loamy sand (LT) and sandy loam (ST)), dose of pig sludge (0, 50, 100 and 200 t ha−1) and amendment-contact time (14, 28 and 42 days) on physicochemical quality of amended substrate using Lolium perenne var Nui as a bioindicator. The main properties of LT differed of ST in levels of total organic carbon (0.19 and 0.58%), in pH (4.6 and 8.5), total Cu (202 and 1647 mg kg−1) and Zn content (31 and 137 mg kg−1). Soil pore water of experimental substrates was characterized for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and Cu2+ ion activity (pCu2+) while ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), infiltration rate and general physicochemical characteristics were measured in substrates. Shoot biomass (SB), root biomass (RB) and the RB:SB ratio was calculated for L. perenne. The results showed there to be a significant interaction (p 28 days, irrespective of tailing texture.

The objectives of this research were to use currently available models of nutrient requirements to estimate heat production of lactating sows and to characterize potential sources of variation. Heat production was estimated using NRC (2012) . Sow BW, mean daily litter weight gain ( Cabezon et al., 2016a ), and daily feed intake data ( Cabezon et al., 2016b ) from 317 sows of 2 genetic lines (164 and 153 sows) were used to predict the heat production (watts) for each day of lactation. Data were sorted in 4 parity groups: parity 1 (n = 80, P1), parity 2 (n = 57, P2), parities 3 to 5 (n = 142, P3–5), and parity 6 and greater sows (n = 38, P6+). No genetic line differences were observed for the predicted daily heat production (PDHP). The PDHP were 459, 507, 541, and 555 W for P1, P2, P3–5, and P6+ sows, respectively. Parity 1 sows had less PDHP than sows with greater parities (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of variation in gas production technique on the in vitro gas production kinetics of feedstuffs. Triplicates of commercial concentrate, grass silage, grass hay and grass pasture were incubated in three experiments: experiment 1 assessed two agitation methods; experiment 2 evaluated different rumen inocula (pooled or different donor cows for each incubation run); and experiment 3 used Goering-Van Soest or Mould buffers for media preparation. Gas production data were fitted into the Michaelis-Menten model and then subjected to analysis of variance. Gas production (GP) at 48 h and asymptote gas production (A) were lower when bottles were continuously under horizontal movement. Time to produce half and 75% of A, and A were affected by rumen inocula, while buffer type affected time to produce half and 25% of A and GP. No interactions between substrates and sources of variation were observed, suggesting that the effects of substrates on GP parameters were not modified. It is concluded that comparison of numerical data from in vitro experiments that follow different protocols must be done carefully. However, the ranking of different substrates is more robust and less affected by the sources of variation.

There is high demand for identifying socio-environmentally sound ways to dispose of large quantities of offensive odor-generating organic residues produced by intensive livestock farming. The use of these residues as amendments at large-scale mine tailings storage facilities for in situ plant-based reclamation may be a useful alternative. We performed a greenhouse assay to evaluate effectiveness of pig slurries and the solid organic fraction of aerobic-aerated pig slurries, both treated and not treated for odor emission, as amendments for copper tailings. Different doses of slurries or the solid organic fraction of the slurries, untreated and treated with either ozone or a commercial product used to manage strong odors (Just a Drop), were incorporated into tailings and stabilized (15 d) under greenhouse conditions. L. (ryegrass) was used as bioindicator for Cu and Zn toxicity. Plant performance (shoot and root dry biomass, Cu and Zn content in leaves) and general physicochemical characteristics of substrates were evaluated. Our results showed that odor management of pig residues was possible with commercial products, and their incorporation into tailings rapidly and effectively reduced odor emission. The solid organic fraction of the slurries neutralized acidic tailings, and both pig residues increased organic matter and nutrient content in tailings while reducing extractable Cu. As a result, ryegrass productivity was significantly improved by incorporation of either slurries or their solid organic fraction into tailings in a dose-dependent form. Foliar Cu content in ryegrass was not affected but foliar Zn content increased; however, Zn remained within acceptable ranges. Both the pig slurries and their soil organic fractions proved to be valuable residues for tailings reclamation.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of betaine supplementation during lactation in hot summer months on piglet growth and sow subsequent reproductive performance. The betaine feeding portion of the experiment was conducted between December 2014 and March 2015 with subsequent litter data completed by July 2015 in Rancagua, Chile. Dietary treatments were allotted randomly to concurrent farrowing rooms of sows. Sows were fed diets supplemented with either 0% (n = 193) or 0.3% (n = 175 sows) of betaine-HCl (70.7% betaine) from 2 d before their farrowing due date until weaning (average lactation length = 21.0 d). Betaine supplemented sows had 3.90% greater ADFI during lactation than control sows (P = 0.005). Treatments by parity interactions were significant for ADFI and sow BW loss (P = 0.008 and P = 0.005, respectively). Parity 2 sows that received betaine supplementation had greater ADFI (6.89 versus 6.17 kg/d) and 6.70 kg less BW loss than parity 2 control sows (P

Daily feed intakes (DFI) of 565 lactation records were evaluated for sows of 2 genetic lines, PIC C-22 and L-42. Sows were fed ad libitum during the entire 21-d lactation period with a diet supplemented with either 0 or 0.3% betaine-HCl. Sows were fed corn–soybean based diets (3.32 Mcal of ME/kg). The DFI data were fitted to generalized Michaelis-Menten functions of day of lactation. The generalized Michaelis-Menten function {DFI i, t (kg/d) = DFI 0 + (DFI A − DFI 0 )( t / K ) C /[1 + ( t / K ) C ]} with 2 random effects for DFI (dfi A i ) and intercept (dfi 0 i ) with K as a linear function of dfi 0 i provided the best fit to the DFI data (R 2 = 0.474). The addition of a single covariate including daily degree-hours above 24°C (DGH24), daily maximum temperature (MaxT), or daily mean temperature (MeanT) of the current day were considerable ( P P 0 i and dfi A i . Betaine-supplemented sows had a 0.27 kg/d greater mean for dfi A i ( P = 0.004). Substantially greater DFI was found at the end of lactation in betaine-supplemented parity 1 and parity 2 sows ( P = 0.012 and 0.005, respectively). Parity was important for both random effects ( P A i ( P = 0.006 and 0.049, respectively).

Context Brassica forages are used in times of seasonal shortage to fulfil nutritional requirements of beef cattle, dairy cows, sheep or pigs. Although brassicas have been reported with high concentrations of readily fermentable carbohydrate, details have not been fully described and there is little information about the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) profiles of Brassica forages. Aim The study was designed to evaluate nutrient concentrations, as well as NSC levels and constituents, of the main Brassica forages and to determine differences among varieties. Methods Five varieties of each of the four main forage brassicas (summer turnip, forage rape, kale and swede) were grown in plots and harvested for chemical analysis of the nutrient concentrations and NSC profiles of leaf and bulb (turnip and swede) and leaf and stem (rape and kale) components. Key results Brassica species differed in the amounts and types of NSC; swede had the highest concentration of NSC, mainly comprising sugars (glucose and fructose), followed by kale (with similar proportions of glucose, sucrose and fructose), turnip (with similar concentrations of glucose and starch and slightly lower fructose), and forage rape (in which starch was the main NSC). Forage chemical composition and NSC profile of plant organs varied among varieties of individual Brassica forages; for example, there were significant differences among swede varieties for concentrations of starch and sugar (total and profile) in bulbs. Conclusions Brassica forages differed with respect to quantities and types of NSC; swede had higher concentrations, mainly composed of glucose and fructose, followed by kale with similar proportions of glucose, sucrose and fructose, and turnip with NSC represented by glucose, starch and slightly lower fructose; and finally, forage rape, in which starch was the main NSC. Chemical composition, as well as NSC profile of plant organs (leaves, bulbs or stems), varied among varieties of Brassica species. Implications The approach described here has implications for ration formulation and is useful when considering the nutritional and dietary requirements of the animals of interest, because the type of Brassica, the variety and the proportion of plant organs can affect animal performance.

In Chile, pork production has generated significant income due to the large exportation volume. However, intensive pork production leads to an increase in the production of organic wastes, which may pose environmental problems. Chile is also the largest copper mine producer and the large-scale mines generate massive amounts of tailings which are stored in tailings storage facilities (TSFs). Under the new mine closure legislation, TSFs must be properly closed in order to minimize their environmental impact. This exploratory research was conducted to assess the efficacy for using pig sludge derived from pig slurry treatment plants as organic amendment for the remediation of TSFs. For this, mine tailings were amended with pig sludge at doses of 50, 100 and 200 t ha-1 plus two controls (agricultural soil and unamended tailings). One liter pots were filled with experimental substrates (replicated pots) and maintained in a greenhouse (16°-25° C) for a period of 15 days to allow substrate stabilization through irrigation. They were then seeded with 0.6 g of Lolium perenne (ryegrass) seeds (bioindicator plant), and maintained for a total of 8 weeks. Evaluated variables were aerial and root biomass (fresh and dry), percentage of roots cover, and plant height. Results showed that incorporation of pig sludge into tailings strongly inhibited seed germination, even at the lower dose used, thus resulting in significantly lower plant yield and growth when compared with both controls (agricultural soil and unamended tailings)., En Chile, la carne de cerdo genera importantes ingresos debido al gran volumen de exportación. Sin embargo, la producción intensiva de cerdos genera grandes cantidades de desechos orgánicos, los que pueden conllevar problemas ambientales. Chile es además el primer productor de cobre del mundo y las minas de gran escala generan grandes volúmenes de relaves, los que son embancados en depósitos de relaves. Bajo las nuevas normativas de cierre de faenas mineras, estas estructuras deben ser cerradas adecuadamente para minimizar los impactos ambientales. La presente investigación exploratoria tuvo por objetivo evaluar la eficacia del uso de lodos de plantas de tratamiento de purines de cerdo como enmienda orgánica para la remediación de depósitos de relaves mineros. Relaves mineros fueron acondicionados con lodos de purines en dosis de 50, 100 y 200 t ha-1 más dos controles (suelo agrícola y relave sin enmendar). Macetas de 1 L se llenaron con los sustratos experimentales (4 repeticiones) y se mantuvieron en invernadero (16°-25° C) por 15 días para estabilizarlos con riego. Posteriormente se sembró con 0,6 g de semillas de Lolium perenne (planta bioindicadora) y se mantuvieron por 8 semanas. Las variables respuesta evaluadas fueron la biomasa aérea y radicular (fresca y seca), el porcentaje de cobertura radicular y la altura. Los resultados mostraron que la incorporación de lodos de purines de cerdo en los relaves inhibió fuertemente la germinación, aún a las dosis más bajas, resultando en productividad y crecimiento vegetal significativamente menores que los controles usados (suelo agrícola y relaves sin enmendar).

El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un balance entre oferta y demanda tanto de proteina como de lisina, con el fin de establecer si existe deficit y/o superavit de cada una de estas. En primera instancia se revisaron los requerimientos nutricionales de proteina y de aminoacidos esenciales para la poblacion humana. A partir de la informacion disponible en el pais se concluyo que la disponibilidad per capita (promedio) es suficiente para la poblacion chilena. Sin embargo, para verificar si era la adecuada por estrato socio-economico, se tomaron los datos de la V Encuesta de Ingreso y Gasto realizada el ano 1997. A partir de los calculos realizados, se deduce que en el quintil I, segmento de mas bajos ingresos, no cubren satisfactoriamente sus necesidades de proteina y de lisina. El quintil II los satisface estrechamente y por esto se encuentra en estado de vulnerabilidad nutricional. Por ultimo, para cualquier individuo sano, la cantidad de proteina que ingiera debiera estar conformada en un 50% por proteina de origen animal, puesto que estas son mas digestibles y aportan en forma concentrada todos los aminoacidos esenciales y particularmente lisina.

Two experiments were conducted to challenge nursery and growing pigs to increased levels of dietary fat (5–10% as fed), using a crystallised powdered oil mix (CPOM), produced by a modified freeze-drying process. Growth performance of nursery pigs was determined and a digestibility trial was also conducted with growing pigs (Experiment 2). The CPOM was compared, at similar levels of lipid inclusion (10% total lipids), with other fat sources commonly used in swine diet, namely soybean oil (SBO) and hydrogenated palm oil. For the growth assay (Experiment 1), the CPOM was prepared and added at different levels (0%, 2.6% and 3.8%) commonly used in commercial diets (Phase 1–4 diets). Seventy-five weaning pigs (28 days of age) were housed in 15 pens (5 pigs per pen) and randomly assigned into the three dietary treatments until 70 days of age. Growth performance and feed utilisation were compared weekly among experimental groups. The use of CPOM improved average daily gain (~60%), and increased average daily feed intake by 40% and 50% at the 2.6% and 3.8% CPOM levels respectively. In the digestibility trial (Experiment 2), pigs fed with 5% incorporation of CPOM (10% of total lipid content) had digestibility of energy and ether extract similar to those fed the SBO-supplemented diet, although the SBO diet had a significantly greater polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration. The powdered crystallisation process of the CPOM fat allowed an equivalent digestibility of this fat source with more saturated fatty acids, and the physical-property effect of this processed oil source on apparent total-tract digestibility should be further studied.

[ES]: La resistencia a la insulina en caballos se ha asociado con diversas comorbilidades, tales como obesidad, laminitis, cólicos y osteocondrosis. Se han descrito múltiples factores causantes de la resistencia a la insulina especialmente los genéticos y ambientales. Los cuales pueden afectar las vías de señalización celular responsable de la síntesis de insulina en las células pancreáticas, la ingesta de glucosa en las células diana de los tejidos periféricos y otros procesos relacionados (por ej., las vías de señalización de adipocitocinas). En respuesta a la insulina, se producen cambios en la expresión génica que son necesarios para la integración de toda una red de respuestas metabólicas y fisiológicas en diferentes órganos. Los receptores activados por proliferadores peroxisomales (PPARs, por sus siglas en inglés) se han estudiado particularmente en los últimos años, principalmente en los seres humanos. Los PPARs son importantes reguladores de la transcripción en la diferenciación de adipocitos y el metabolismo de lípidos. Estos tienen un efecto directo sobre la expresión de genes implicados en la homeostasis de los glúcidos y han sido recientemente relacionados con la diabetes tipo 2. Sin embargo, no se ha desarrollado un marco de trabajo a nivel molecular que permita identificar patologías relacionados con la insulina. Además, el establecimiento de un diagnóstico adecuado para la resistencia a la insulina es fundamental en esta especie. El objetivo de esta revisión es ilustrar las principales causas y etiología de la resistencia a la insulina así como examinar el progreso actual que demuestra esta patología en caballos. Investigaciones futuras deben estudiar el efecto de nutrientes sobre la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo de energía bajo esta condición fisiopatológica., [EN]: In horses, insulin resistance is associated with several comorbidities such as obesity, laminitis, colic and osteochondrosis. The multifactorial causes of insulin resistance in horses have been addressed, which include genetic and environmental factors. As a consequence of these factors, the cellular signaling pathways responsible for insulin synthesis, the glucose intake in target cells of peripheral tissues and other related processes (e.g., adipocytokine signaling pathways) are affected. In response to insulin, changes in gene expression occur, which are required for the integration of an entire network of metabolic and physiological responses in different organs. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were the particular focus of studies in recent years, mostly in humans. The PPARs are the primary transcriptional regulators of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. They have a direct effect on the expression of the genes involved in glucid homeostasis and were recently associated with type-2 diabetes. A molecular framework to define the insulin-related pathologies has not been developed for horses. Additionally, the establishment of a proper diagnosis of insulin resistance is fundamental in this species. The aims of this review were to discuss the etiology to identify the primary causes of insulin resistance and to examine the current progress in understanding this pathology in horses. Future research should study how nutrients modulate the expression of genes related to energy metabolism under the physiopathological condition of insulin resistance.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of adding ractopamine (RAC) and amino acids (AA) to the diet on growth performance, carcass characteristics, commercial cuts yield, meat quality and residues in liver and muscle. Ninety-two crossbred castrated pigs (97.96 + 2.32 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: a Control diet with 0 mg kg -1 of RAC and a RAC+AA diet with 10 mg RAC kg -1 , for the last 27 days. Pigs of RAC+AA group had greater average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F) and final bodyweight (P≤0.05) and tended to have lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p=0.084) than Control pigs. Carcasses from RAC+AA animals were heavier than controls (P≤0.05). Dressing percentage and backfat depth were not affected (P>0.05) by diet. Weights of head and skin were not different between treatments, but RAC+AA pigs had greater weights of boneless center loin, ribs, boneless ham and shoulders, tenderloin, neck, rear shank and trimmings (P≤0.05). The addition of RAC+AA did not affect crude protein and water content of loins but tended to reduce ether extract (p=0.08). Drip loss, pH, and cooking loss in pork were not different. Shear force tended (p=0.092) to be higher in RAC+AA. No differences in L* and b* color coordinates were found but a* values were lower in RAC+AA. Hue angle and chroma did not differ. Confidence limits at 90% were determined for residues in muscle and liver, obtaining values from -2.7 to 3.4 μg kg -1 and -6.7 to 10.6 μg kg -1 , respectively, both below the limits established by Codex Alimentarius. Dietary inclusion of RAC+AA at 10 mg RAC kg -1 in the diet of finishing pigs improved growth performance and produced heavier carcasses and commercial cuts, had minimal effects in pork characteristics and produced pork and liver with RAC residues below limits from Codex Alimentarius . El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el efecto de la adicion de ractopamina (RAC) y aminoacidos (AA) en la dieta sobre el crecimiento, caracteristicas de la canal, rendimiento de cortes comerciales, caracteristicas de la carne y residuos en higado y musculo. Noventa y dos cerdos castrados (97,96 + 2,32 kg) fueron asignados aleatoriamente a dos dietas: un Control con 0 mg kg -1 de RAC y a una dieta RAC+AA con 10 mg RAC kg -1 , durante los ultimos 27 dias de engorda. Los cerdos RAC+AA tuvieron mayor ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), eficiencia de conversion alimenticia (ECA) y peso final (P≤0,05) y tendieron a comer menos (P=0,084). Las canales del grupo RAC+AA fueron mas pesadas (P≤0,05), pero son diferencias en rendimiento y espesor de grasa dorsal. El peso de cabeza y plancha no fue diferente, pero el grupo RAC+AA tuvo pesos mayores en el lomo de centro, lomo vetado, costillar, pulpa paleta, pulpa pierna, pernil y sobras (P≤0,05). La adicion de RAC+AA no afecto la proteina cruda y materia seca del lomo, pero redujo el extracto etereo (P=0,08). No hubo diferencia en la perdida por goteo, y por coccion, ni en pH, pero la fuerza de corte tendio (P=0,092) a ser mayor en RAC+AA. No hubo diferencias en L * y b * pero si en a *, siendo mas bajo en RAC+AA. El angulo Hue y Chroma no difirieron. El intervalo de confianza al 90% determino que los residuos en musculo e higado fueron de -2,7 a 3,4 mg kg -1 y -6,7 a 10,6 mg kg -1 , respectivamente. La inclusion de RAC+AA en la dieta de cerdos de engorda, produjo canales y cortes comerciales mas pesados, con efectos minimos en caracteristicas de la carne y con residuos de RAC bajo el limite del Codex Alimentarius.

Morbid obesity is a worldwide health concern that compromises life quality and health status of obese human subjects. Bariatric surgery for treating morbid obesity remains as one of the best alternatives to promote excess weight loss and to reduce co-morbidities. We have not found studies reporting nutrients and energy balance considering digestibility trials in humans following surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine protein, lipid, fiber, energy, calcium, and phosphorous digestibility in a swine model that underwent ileal transposition (IT), sleeve gastrectomy with ileal transposition (SGIT), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP), and with sham operated animals (SHAM). Thirty-two pigs were randomly assigned to four laparoscopic procedures: IT (n = 8), RYGBP (n = 8), SGIT (n = 8), and Sham-operated pigs (n = 8). From day 0 postsurgery to 130, pigs were weighed monthly to determine live weight and weight gain was calculated for each month postsurgery until day 130. Food intake in a metabolic weight basis was calculated by measuring ad libitum food intake at day 130. Swine were fitted into metabolic crates to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, fat, fiber, ash, energy, calcium, and phosphorous from day 130. A one-way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls were used to detect differences in weight, food intake, and digestibility coefficients. Digestibility values for dry matter, fiber, phosphorus, and energy showed no differences among groups ( P > 0.05). However, significant differences ( P ≤ 0.05) were encountered among groups for fat, protein, ash, and calcium digestibilities. The RYGBP procedure, when applied to the pig model, significantly reduced calcium, fat, and ash digestibility, which did not occur with SGIT or IT procedure, when compared with Sham-operated animals.

Daily feed intakes (DFI) of 565 lactation records were evaluated for sows of 2 genetic lines, PIC C-22 and L-42. Sows were fed ad libitum during the entire 21-d lactation period with a diet supplemented with either 0 or 0.3% betaine-HCl. Sows were fed corn–soybean based diets (3.32 Mcal of ME/kg).

Bariatric surgery has evolved into multiple forms in the last decades, combining food restriction and malabsorption. The aim of this study was to develop a new technique based on food restriction and early stimulation of the distal gut, thus maintaining the alimentary tract continuity.Thirty-two Yorkshire pigs, weight 22.2 +/- 5.4 kg (mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to four laparoscopic procedures: ileal transposition (IT, n = 8); sleeve gastrectomy with ileal transposition (SGIT, n = 8); Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GBP, n = 8); sham operation (SHAM, n = 8). Firing 45-mm linear staplers over a 60-F bougie, resecting the greater curvature and fundus, constituted a sleeve gastrectomy. Ileal transposition was performed by isolating a 100-cm ileal segment proximal to the ileocecal valve and by dividing the proximal jejunum 15 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz and performing re-anastomosis. Gastric bypass consisted of creating a proximal gastric pouch and a 300 cm alimentary limb. Sham operation was performed by bowel transections and re-anastomosis in the ileum and proximal jejunum together with gastrotomy and closure. Animals were evaluated weekly for weight increase and food intake. We performed a logistic regression analysis to compare weight progression curves, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni (Dunn) tests to detect differences in weight and food intake.We observed significant differences in mean weight after 18 weeks between SGIT (30.9 +/- 13.4 kg) and SHAM (72.5 +/- 10.7 kg) (p = 0.0002), and GBP (28.6 +/- 2.5 kg) and SHAM (p = 0.0001), and IT (56.1 +/- 13.4 kg) and SHAM (p = 0.0081). No differences were observed between RYGB and SGIT. We also observed significant differences in food intake (grams per day) in the third month between SGIT (1668 +/- 677 g) versus SHAM (3252 +/- 476 g) (p = 0.0006), and GBP (2011 +/- 565 g) versus SHAM (p = 0.039). No differences were observed in food intake between SGIT and GBP.SGIT proved to be as effective in the short term as GBP on weight progression with no bypass of the proximal gut.