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El presente artículo lleva a cabo una aproximación al conocimiento tradicional como un elemento esencial de la identidad, el territorio y la cosmovisión de los pueblos indígenas. Se analizan algunos escenarios de vulneración por parte de la industria de la moda, que dan cuenta de la desprotección de los derechos e intereses de las comunidades, quienes a través de estos saberes, técnicas y costumbres reflejan su relación con el mundo que les rodea. El enfoque metodológico analítico escogido, permitió llevar a cabo una reflexión integral a partir de diversas fuentes especializadas. Así, tras plantear la problemática antes descrita, los autores proponen, a manera de resultados, redimensionar el comercio justo y garantizar el derecho a la consulta previa desde un escenario constitucional.

This report tries to explain, briefly, the key issues of the scattered regulation of groups of companies in Spain, as well as the main problems that the scientific doctrine and jurisprudence have tried to solve during the last 30 years.

In the life cycle assessment (LCA) method, it is not possible to carry out an integrated sustainability analysis because the quantification of the biophysical capacity of the ecosystems to supply ecosystem services is not taken into account. This paper considers a methodological proposal connecting the flow demand of a process or system product from the technosphere and the feasibility of the ecosystem to supply based on the sink capacity. The ecosystem metabolism as an analytical framework and data from a case study of an LCA of combined heat and power (CHP) plant with and without post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) technology in Mexico were applied. Three scenarios, including water and energy depletion and climate change impact, are presented to show the types of results obtained when the process effect of operation is scaled to one year. The impact of the water&ndash, energy&ndash, carbon nexus over the natural infrastructure or ecological fund in LCA is analyzed. Further, the feasibility of the biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) from this result for Mexico is discussed. On the supply side, in the three different scenarios, the CHP plant requires between 323.4 and 516 ha to supply the required oil as stock flow and 46&ndash, 134 ha to supply the required freshwater. On the sink side, 52&ndash, 509,6511 ha is necessary to sequester the total CO2 emissions. Overall, the CHP plant generates 1.9&ndash, 28.8 MW/ha of electricity to fulfill its function. The CHP with PCC is the option with fewer ecosystem services required.

El carcinoma adenoideo quístico es un tipo de cáncer mamario poco usual cuyo pronóstico es más favorable que otras formas de cáncer de mama. El correcto diagnóstico histopatológico es fundamental, debiendo diferenciarse del carcinoma intraductal de tipo cribiforme, el carcinoma ductal invasor con patrón cribiforme y esferulosis colagenosa. El tratamiento óptimo de esta neoplasia aún no ha sido bien establecido, sin embargo se admite que el pilar principal de su terapia es la resección quirúrgica completa del tumor con un adecuado margen de tejido mamario sano. Presentamos un caso clínico de una mujer de 54 años cuya manifestación inicial de neoplasia maligna fue un tumor de 2,5 cm. El estudio diagnóstico incluyó mamografía que resultó sugerente de malignidad (BIRADS V). En la biopsia percutánea se informó carcinoma adenoideo quístico. Se estadificó como T2N0M0 estadío IIa y posteriormente fue sometida a mastectomía simple extendida. La biopsia de la pieza quirúrgica correspondió a un carcinoma adenoideo quístico, grado histológico 2 y el análisis de los ganglios axilares fue histológicamente negativo. Con un seguimiento de 6 meses la paciente se encuentra sin evidencias de la enfermedad.

Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults, emphasizing its high recurrence rate despite hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Aim: To report the results of AML treatment at the Catholic University of Chile Clinical Hospital. Patients and methods: Review of medical records of patients with AML. Results: 63 patients, median age 55.4 years (range:16 - 89), treated between 2010 and 2014. Admission laboratory values showed (median values): leukocytes 45.989/mm3, hemoglobin 9.1 g/dl, platelets 75.548/mm3, peripheral blood blasts 38% and bone marrow blasts 74%. According to cytogenetic risk classification we observed the following groups: favorable 8% (n=5), intermediate 51% (n=32), unfavorable 13% (n=8) and unknown 28% (n=17). Seventy five percent of patients received induction chemotherapy and 25% palliative care. Median survival of treated and palliative care patients was 27.3 and 1 month respectively. Induction chemotherapy (IC) mortality (ICM) was 4.2%. Seventy percent (n=33) of patients who received IC had complete response (CR) with a 3-year relapse free survival (RFS) of 25% and overall survival (OS) of 31%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that achievement of CR, cytogenetic risk group and receiving consolidation chemotherapy were significantly associated with better RFS and OS. Conclusions: AML treatment with standard chemotherapy in our center achieves similar results to what has been described in international series regarding induction rates and ICM, however RFS and OS are still very low, especially in intermediate and high cytogenetic risk groups.

One of the creative facets of the writer Carmen Martín Gaite is her work as a translator. She translated from Italian, Portuguese, French and English, although she started doing it from Romanian during her university education. She combined her translations with her reflections on the art of translating, which are part of her literary theory, exposed in a fragmentary manner in her essays, literary criticism, journalistic articles, lectures and notebooks. And she combined her work as a translator and her literary theory with her fictional practice, her literary critiques, her essays, her historical investigations, etc. All these creative facets influence each other, as happens with her literary theory. The author reflected on the concept of translation, as recreation or interpretation of the text, although always respecting the original work; the work of the translator and the necessary requirements to perform it; the art of translation and translation in today’s society. Una de las facetas creadoras de la escritora Carmen Martín Gaite es su labor como traductora. Tradujo del italiano, portugués, francés e inglés, aunque comenzó haciéndolo del rumano durante su formación universitaria. Compaginó sus traducciones con sus reflexiones sobre el arte de traducir, que forman parte de su teoría literaria, expuesta de manera fragmentaria en ensayos, críticas literarias, artículos periodísticos, conferencias y cuadernos. Y simultaneó su labor traductora y su poética con su práctica ficcional, sus críticas literarias, sus ensayos, sus investigaciones históricas, etc. Todas estas facetas creadoras se influyen mutuamente, al igual que ocurre con su teoría literaria. La autora reflexionó sobre el concepto de traducción, como recreación o interpretación del texto, aunque siempre respetando la obra original; la labor del traductor y los requisitos necesarios para ejercerla; el arte de traducir y la traducción en la sociedad actual.

Dear Colleagues, Dear Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, good afternoon. As you all know, the European Model Company Act (EMCA) is divided into a number of chapters concerning some of the major areas of company law, one of those divisions being Chapter 9, entitled Director's Duties. As members of the group of the EMCA project, we were asked by the organizers of this conference to prepare a presentation of this Chapter. This presentation shall be short, aiming essentially at providing a very general description of the main points of this Chapter, and thus aiming to opening the path to what we believe is the most important and stimulating part of the present workshop, that is, the comments of our discussants and the remarks and observations of the participants. The presentation will be divided into two major parts, following the division of the matters covered by the Chapter itself: firstly, the issue of the duties of directors (Part 1 of Chapter 9); and secondly, the issue of conflicts of interests (Part 2 of Chapter 9). But before of that, it might be useful to make some introductory remarks and to provide you with some background information regarding the history of this chapter, its general structure, and some strategic choices made by the EMCA group.

On 26 January 2015, the European Commission requested the Informal Company Law Expert Group (ICLEG) to consider the issue of digitalisation of company law and two members, Vanessa Knapp and Jesper Lau Hansen, were charged with producing a response on behalf of the Group. The report begins with some general observations on whether there is a need for digitalisation in the company law area, what the current issues are, the current situation and initiatives that have already been taken, what might be achieved by EU intervention in these issues and some areas outside company law which are relevant to the issue. It then presents various recommendations relating to digitalisation.

Several studies indicate that attachment in adults is feasible with modificationsthroughout life, especially in situations of change, as is the experienceof chronic disease. This study aims to describe the attachment patterns ofa group of patients with end-stage renal disease. We studied a group of 22patients with this disease requiring dialysis, compared with a group of 22adults for non-clinical sample (without disease), matching the participantsaccording to sex and age. The results showed differences significant patternsof attachment in both groups. Clinically healthy individuals tend to havepredominantly a secure attachment pattern, while those patients on dialysistend to have a preoccupied attachment pattern.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults, emphasizing its high recurrence rate despite hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).To report the results of AML treatment at the Catholic University of Chile Clinical Hospital.Review of medical records of patients with AML.63 patients, median age 55.4 years (range:16-89), treated between 2010 and 2014. Admission laboratory values showed (median values): leukocytes 45.989/mm³, hemoglobin 9.1 g/dl, platelets 75.548/mm³, peripheral blood blasts 38% and bone marrow blasts 74%. According to cytogenetic risk classification we observed the following groups: favorable 8% (n = 5), intermediate 51% (n = 32), unfavorable 13% (n = 8) and unknown 28% (n = 17). Seventy five percent of patients received induction chemotherapy and 25% palliative care. Median survival of treated and palliative care patients was 27.3 and 1 month respectively. Induction chemotherapy (IC) mortality (ICM) was 4.2%. Seventy percent (n = 33) of patients who received IC had complete response (CR) with a 3-year relapse free survival (RFS) of 25% and overall survival (OS) of 31%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that achievement of CR, cytogenetic risk group and receiving consolidation chemotherapy were significantly associated with better RFS and OS.AML treatment with standard chemotherapy in our center achieves similar results to what has been described in international series regarding induction rates and ICM, however RFS and OS are still very low, especially in intermediate and high cytogenetic risk groups.

Los cánceres de la región periampular (CPA) han experimentado un incremento significativo en las últimas décadas, actualmente comprenden cerca del 2% de las neoplasias malignas, con una incidencia aproximada en 10 por 100.000 habitantes en USA. El objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar los resultados obtenidos en el manejo de pacientes resecados con diagnóstico de tumor periampular (TPA) que fueron intervenidos en el Hospital Clínico Regional de Valdivia entre los años 2000 y primer trimestre de 2005. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se revisaron fichas clínicas de pacientes en los que se diagnóstico un TPA y se incluyeron en protocolo preestablecido. Se creó una base de datos Excel y el análisis estadístico se realizó con programa Epi-Info 2002. Durante el período en estudio se intervinieron 21 casos con diagnóstico de TPA. La presentación clínica más común fue el debut como ictericia obstructiva asociado a dolor abdominal. El estudio preoperatorio se efectuó con laboratorio básico, ECO y/o TAC de abdomen. En 10 casos se realizó CPER previo a la cirugía. La pancreatogastroanastomosis se utilizó en el 95% de los casos. El aporte nutricional postoperatorio se realizó mayoritariamente por vía enteral. La morbilidad general alcanzó un 48%. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron las intraabdominales; dentro de éstas hubo 2 casos de fístulas pancreáticas. No se presentó mortalidad operatoria. El cáncer de ampolla fue el más frecuente en esta serie y el compromiso metastático linfonodal se presentó en un 52%. Se concluye que los CPA se presentan habitualmente con ictericia y dolor abdominal. El cáncer de ampolla es el tumor más frecuentemente resecado y la morbimortalidad de la cirugía es similar a lo reportado por experiencias de centros de alto volumen en pancreatoduodenectomía.

Tradicionalmente se han descrito factores asociados a la Lactancia que varían en las diferentes culturas. En Colombia, los indicadores de prevalencia de la Lactancia materna exclusiva y duración de la Lactancia están lejos de las recomendaciones establecidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). El Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Universitario Clínica San Rafael, teniendo en cuenta los beneficios que la leche materna tiene, ha venido trabajando en los últimos años en pro de rescatar la lactancia como una práctica cultural adecuada. En respuesta a esta necesidad creó en Agosto de 2004 el programa institucional de Lactancia “Primero los niños, niñas y adolescentes”, a partir del cual surgieron varios interrogantes acerca del comportamiento de la lactancia en nuestro medio, que dieron origen al presente trabajo de investigación. Se diseñó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado mediante la aplicación de una encuesta a 372 madres de recién nacidos sanos en postparto. La cohorte se reclutó entre julio de 2007 y junio de 2008 y se siguió hasta los 24 meses de edad del bebé con el fin de determinar la duración de la lactancia, sus factores condicionantes y las causas más frecuentes de su abandono. Se estableció la salida de los pacientes del estudio al cumplir 24 meses (recomendación de la OMS de la duración de lactancia) o al documentar su abandono antes de los 24 meses. Se encontró una lactancia materna exclusiva a los 6 meses de 14.7% y una duración acumulada de 14 meses para la población analizada.

Unfortunately, unlike other European countries, Spanish corporate law does not observe a specific regime for corporate groups, containing only protection mechanisms of corporate creditors with regard to a reality that disappears when their indebted company is incorporated into a group. In this case, the conceived legal regime for that – formerly – independent company does not cover all the potential dangers that for its patrimony and its creditors the new economic reality of the group represents. Consequently, the study of the problem has to be constructed interpreting those creditor's protective norms anticipated by our current corporate law for independent companies from the specific enterprise reality that the corporate group represents.

We investigates the behavior of daily bond stripped spreads on sovereign bonds for 18 emerging market economies located in Asia, East Europe and Latin America from September 1997 to November 2002. In the emerging market world, financial crises are seen more often than not. An obvious question is whether these events, each associated with a particular country, spread to other countries, regardless of economic fundamentals at that specific point in time. That is, if the ‘simultaneous’ movements that we observe in spreads across emerging market economies are linked to economic fundamentals. We find that the correlation across countries is regionally dominated. Spreads from sovereigns with high savings rates, low indebtedness and good credit ratings are less likely to co-move with spreads where financial crises are being originated.

Two Mucor circinelloides structural genes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis were isolated and characterised. The isoA gene encodes a typical eukaryotic farnesyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.10), whereas the isoB gene deduced amino acid sequence shows similarity to fungal medium-chain prenyl diphosphate synthases. By functional complementation in Escherichia coli, the isoB gene product was shown to be a solanesyl diphosphate synthase (EC 2.5.1.11), which is the first fungal enzyme reported having this specificity. In addition, a M. circinelloides one-marker-per-chromosome map was completed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field localisation of isoA, isoB and three other isoprenoid biosynthesis genes to individual chromosomes.

A new structural gene, carG, involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the fungus Mucor circinelloides was isolated by heterologous hybridisation, using a probe derived from the Gibberella fujikuroi ggs1 gene. Functional analyses in Escherichia coli showed that the encoded protein has geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthase activity. A comparison of the deduced protein with other GGPP synthases suggested that the carG gene might have evolved from other larger genes present in some fungi. The analysis of carG mRNA accumulation after blue light irradiation showed that the expression of this gene is up-regulated by blue light, as happens with the other structural genes involved in carotenogenesis in M. circinelloides. Analysis of the promoter region revealed the presence of several APE-like sequences, which participate in the blue-light regulation of the expression of different fungal genes. These sequences are also present in the above-mentioned Mucor genes and strongly support the idea that this gene plays an important role in the regulation of carotenoid synthesis, despite belonging to a more general metabolic pathway.