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International audience; Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants, mainly in rooms that are kept in under slight pressure. This configuration leads fires to grow in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. Assessing fire threat involves characterizing the heat released, responsible for fire growth, and the smoke evolved, which may interact with sensitive components in the area. For that purpose, a revisited controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter has been designed, set up, and coupled to a Fourier transformed infrared spectrometer and an electrical low-pressure impactor to measure simultaneously the evolved gases and aerosols, respectively. This bench-scale apparatus has been first qualified with polymethylmethacrylate. It has second been used to characterize polyvinylchloride cable sheath representative material reaction to fire in under-ventilated and vitiated conditions. It appeared that vitiation in under-ventilated fires lowers the heat release rate and the fuel mass loss rate.

International audience; The purpose of this paper is to propose a time-step-robust cell-to-cell integration of particle trajectories in 3-D unstructured meshes in particle/mesh Lagrangian stochastic methods. The main idea is to dynamically update the mean fields used in the time integration by splitting, for each particle, the time step into sub-steps such that each of these sub-steps corresponds to particle cell residence times. This reduces the spatial discretization error. Given the stochastic nature of the models, a key aspect is to derive estimations of the residence times that do not anticipate the future of the Wiener process. To that effect, the new algorithm relies on a virtual particle, attached to each stochastic one, whose mean conditional behavior provides free-of-statistical-bias predictions of residence times. After consistency checks, this new algorithm is validated on two representative test cases: particle dispersion in a statistically uniform flow and particle dynamics in a non-uniform flow.; L’objectif de ce papier est de proposer un algorithme robuste en pas de temps permettant l’intégration face à face de la trajectoire de particules dans des maillage 3-D non-structurés pour des méthodes lagrangiennes stochastiques. L’idée principale est de mettre à jour de façon dynamique les champs moyens utilisés dans l’intégration temporelle. Pour ce faire, pour chaque particule, on subdivise le pas de temps en sous pas de temps, de façon à ce que chacun de ceux-ci correspondent au temps de résidence de la particule dans une cellule. Ce faisant on réduit l’erreur de discrétisation spatiale. Étant donnée la nature stochastique du modèle, un aspect prépondérant est de pouvoir dériver des estimations du temps de résidence des particules dans les cellules qui n’anticipent pas le futur des processus de Wiener. Dans ce but, le nouvel algorithme est basé sur une particule virtuelle attachée à chaque particule stochastique, dont le comportement conditionné moyen permet d’obtenir des temps de résidence qui ne sont entachés d’aucun biais statistique. Après une vérification de consistance, ce nouvel algorithme est validé sur deux cas de tests représentatifs : une dispersion de polluants dans un écoulement statistiquement uniforme et un écoulement non-uniforme dans lequel on traque la dynamique des particules.

International audience; The main objective of this article is to investigate the capability of the flamelet progress variable (FPV) model to capture the extinction processes observed in under-ventilated fire scenarios. To this end, large eddy simulation (LES) of the methane line fire plumes in oxygen-reduced environments down to global extinction, investigated experimentally at the University of Maryland (UMD), is performed. Two experimental burner configurations, that differ by the presence (anchored) or not (non-anchored) of an oxygen anchor to stabilise the flame base, are considered leading to two different extinction modes. Both the FPV and the steady laminar flamelet (SLF) model coupled with a presumed filtered density function (FDF) are considered. The Rank Correlated Full Spectrum k-distribution (RCFSK) model is used as a gas radiative property model. In both non-anchored and anchored scenarios, the FPV model reproduces with fidelity the evolution of the fire plume structure, radiative loss, and combustion efficiency with decreasing XO2 down to global extinction, without introducing any adjustable constant. The extinction in the non-anchored scenario occurs owing to flame-based detachment coupled to the generation of a buoyancy-driven vortex and is found to be very sensitive to the grid resolution in the near burner region. The present results suggest that these processes can be adequately resolved with a spatial resolution of 2.5 mm in this region. The SLF model, for its part, provides reliable predictions comparable to the FPV as long as no local extinction/re-ignition process occurs.

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We investigate artificial compressibility (AC) techniques for the time discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The space discretization is based on a lowest-order face-based scheme supporting polytopal meshes, namely discrete velocities are attached to the mesh faces and cells, whereas discrete pressures are attached to the mesh cells. This face-based scheme can be embedded into the framework of hybrid mixed mimetic schemes and gradient schemes, and has close links to the lowest-order version of hybrid high-order methods devised for the steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The AC time-stepping uncouples at each time step the velocity update from the pressure update. The performances of this approach are compared against those of the more traditional monolithic approach which maintains the velocity-pressure coupling at each time step. We consider both first-order and second-order time schemes and either an implicit or an explicit treatment of the nonlinear convection term. We investigate numerically the CFL stability restriction resulting from an explicit treatment, both on Cartesian and polytopal meshes. Finally, numerical tests on large 3D polytopal meshes highlight the efficiency of the AC approach and the benefits of using second-order schemes whenever accurate discrete solutions are to be attained.

International audience; The present study is dedicated to the development of an original method f or the measurement of the individual amounts QASi of the acid sites ASi (acidity of Le wis and Brønsted) present on three TiO2 based solids of increasing composition compl exity: TiO2-P25, 6% WO3/TiO2-P25 and a sulfated 0.7% V2O5/9% WO3/TiO2 NH3-SCR catalyst. The method is based on quantitative characterizations of the NH3 adsor ption equilibrium (adsorption temperature Ta and pressure Pa) by the association of (a) the AEIR method providing the individual coverage qASi(Ta, Pa) of the adsorbed NH3 species on the ASi sites and (b) the total amount (in µmol/g) of the adsorbed NH3 spec ies: QTNH3(Ta, Pa) by using a mass spectrometer. For a solid having n types of ASi si tes, the QASi values are obtained from the numerical solution of linear equation system s (with at least n equation) obtained considering that QTNH3(Ta, Pa) is equal to the su m of the contribution of each adsorbed NH3 species: QASi qASi(Ta, Pa).This imposes the measurement of at least n QTNH3(Ta, Pa) in a Ta range preventing the contributio n of parallel surface processes (i.e NH3 oxidation). On TiO2-P25, n= 3 (two Lewis and one weak Brønsted acid sites) and the QASi amounts are ob tained from three QTNH3(Ta, Pa) values. The others solids having two Lewis (L1 and L 2) and two Brønsted (B1 and B2) acid sites impose a series of m measurements of QT NH3(Ta, Pa) with m>> n: the QASi are obtained by optimization between theoretical an d experimental QTNH3(Ta, Pa) curves such as 109, 202, 70 and 130 µmol/g for QL2, QL1, QB2 and QB1 respectively of 0.7% V2O5/9% WO3/TiO2. It is shown that these fo ur amounts of sites permit to conclude that the L2 Lewis acid site is the one forming the pivotal NH3ads-L2 species of the reaction by using nitrogen mass balances between the amounts of a dsorbed NH3 species and the N2 production in the presence of NO.

The aim of the present work is to propose the construction of a stochastic model consistent with the Euler system of equation in a single-phase framework. More precisely, it aims at building a compressible single-phase flow model using a stochastic approach and following the lagrangian point of view. Since the Euler system of equations represents a reference for compressible single-phase flow mean-field models, the stochastic model will be chosen so that the evolution of its first moments matches a complete Euler-type system (with energy). The turbulence is accounted for by a simple one-equation model, and the thermodynamical part of the model is finally very close from the previous works. The main difference is related to the choice of the variables and to the way the turbulence is taken into account. The model proposed herein is explicitely written for a perfectgas law. It thus fulfils the first law of thermodynamics, the volume conservation, and ensures the positivity of the density and internal energy. The complete analysis of the behaviour of the stochastic model is not possible, and a partial analysis is performed.This paper corresponds to an internal technical report published in 2013 in EDF's database under the reference: H-I83-2012-03036-FR

International audience; Large eddy simulation of the 15-kW ethylene buoyant diffusion flames burning under O2/N2 oxidizers with oxygen concentrations, XO2 , of 0.209, 0.168 and 0.152, investigated experimentally at FM Global, are performed by using a flamelet/presumed filtered density function (FDF) combustion model, an acetylene/benzene-based soot production model and the rank-correlated full-spectrum k (RCFSK) with non-grey soot as radiative property model. The presumed FDF considers the spatial intermittent nature of soot and the coupling between soot quantities and mixture fraction. Subgrid-scale (SGS) absorption turbulence/radiation interaction (TRI) is neglected whereas the filtered emission term is modelled from the presumed FDF approach. Model predictions reproduce with fidelity the flame structure, the soot production dynamics and the radiative loss for the three flames. Model results show that soot and radiating gas have a similar contribution to radiation for the flame burning in air and the contribution of radiating gas becomes increasingly dominant with reducing XO2 due to a decrease in soot volume fraction (SVF) throughout the overall flames. A sensitivity study is performed on the influence of the modelling approach of SGS turbulence/soot production interaction (TSI) and radiative heat transfer. Model predictions show that neglecting the coupling between soot quantities and mixture fraction overestimates substantially soot oxidation, resulting in significantly lower soot production and radiative loss. For the present LES where more than 80% of temperature variance is resolved, disregarding the SGS emission TRI has also a significant impact with an overprediction of mean and rms SVF by a factor of two. On the other hand, the approximation of grey soot is valid for these lab-scale flames characterized by moderate optical thicknesses and the use of a non-grey weighted-sum-of-grey-gases (WSGG) model coupled to the grey soot approximation represents an alternative to the full-spectrum k-distribution models.

International audience; Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the lab-scale methane fire plumes investigated experimentally by McCaffrey are performed using the steady laminar flamelet/presumed beta filtered density function model on grids of different resolution ranging from the Taylor length scale to about six times the Kolmogorov length scale. This work focuses on investigating existing subgrid (SGS) mixing models for mixture fraction variance prediction. Three different models based on the local equilibrium assumption, the variance transport equation (VTE) and the second moment transport equation (STE) are assessed. In the non-equilibrium modeling (VTE and STE), the scalar dissipation rate is modeled with an algebraic expression involving a SGS mixing timescale. The comparison of the solutions is based on the convergence properties of LES statistics for mixture fraction, temperature and axial velocity with respect to the filter width. The simulations show that the equilibrium algebraic model is not suitable for purely buoyant flows. On the other hand, simulations performed with the transport models show that grids coarser than 1 cm cannot resolved adequately the natural laminar instability near the edge of the plume that governs the formation of large scale vortex and, therefore, underestimate the mixing process, especially in the lower part of the continuous flame. For grid resolutions finer than 1 cm, the STE model is less sensitive to grid refinement than the VTE formulation and differences between the two models are reduced with grid refinement. The STE model predicts also a stronger mixing, resulting in a slightly larger lateral expansion of the fire plume. Predicted solutions by the two models are in quantitative agreement with the experimental data in terms of axial temperature, velocity and temperature fluctuations.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the physics at play in particle resuspension in order to bring insights into the rich complexity of this common but challenging concern. Following the more-is-different vision, this is performed by starting from a range of practical observations and experimental data. We then work our way through the investigation of the key mechanisms which play a role in the overall process. In turn, these mechanisms reveal an array of fundamental interactions, such as particle-fluid, particle-particle and particle-surface, whose combined effects create the tapestry of current applications. At the core of this analysis are descriptions of these physical phenomena and the different ways through which they are intertwined to build up various models used to provide quantitative assessment of particle resuspension. The physics of particle resuspension implies to hold together processes occurring at extremely different space and time scales and models are key in providing a single vehicle to lead us through such multiscale journeys. This raises questions on what makes up a model and one objective of the present work is to clarify the essence of a modeling approach. In spite of its ubiquitous nature, particle resuspension is still at the early stages of developments. Many extensions need to be worked out and revisiting the art of modeling is not a moot point. The need to consider more complex objects than small and spherical particles and, moreover, to come up with unified descriptions of mono- and multilayer resuspension put the emphasis on solid model foundations if we are to go beyond current limits. This is very much modeling in the making and new ideas are proposed to stimulate interest into this everyday but challenging issue in physics., Comment: 123 pages, 65 figures, submitted to Physics Reports

International audience; The Euratom Horizon-2020 project European sodium fast reactor safety measures assessment and research tools (ESFR-SMART) aims to enhance the safety and performance of the European sodium-cooled fast reactor (ESFR) considering safety objectives envisaged for generation-IV reactors and the update of European and international safety frameworks, taking into account the Fukushima accident. Further, the project aims to support the development and validation of the computational tools for the situations to be considered at each defense-in-depth level in order to support the safety assessments using data produced in the project as well as selected legacy data. Within this activity, the focus is on the assessment and when needed further development of computer codes for the analysis of the sodium thermal-hydraulics phenomena in sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) subassemblies under operational and accidental conditions including sodium boiling and transitional convection from forced to natural/mixed convection. In support of this activity, a review is performed for the sodium boiling models used in the codes participating in benchmark activities within the project. The objective of this paper is to summarize the result of the review, which encompasses both the phenomenological and mathematical models implemented in the codes. In particular, the review addresses the physical bases of sodium boiling models, the analytical models in connection with the numerical implementations in the codes, and the geometry representations ranging from a one-dimensional single channel and finite volume to full three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and porous media representations. Finally, the needs for further developments are discussed.

International audience; This paper addresses an enriched nonconforming Multiscale Finite Element Method (MsFEM) to solve viscous incompressible flow problems in genuine heterogeneous or porous media. In the work of [B. P. Muljadi, J. Narski, A. Lozinski, and P. Degond, Multiscale Modeling \& Simulation 2015 13:4, 1146-1172] and [G. Jankowiak and A. Lozinski, arXiv:1802.04389 [math.NA], 2018], a nonconforming MsFEM has been first developed for Stokes problems in such media. Based on these works, we propose an innovative enriched nonconforming MsFEM where the approximation space of both velocity and pressure are enriched by weighting functions which are defined by polynomials of higher-degree. Numerical experiments show that this enriched nonconforming MsFEM improves significantly the accuracy of the nonconforming MsFEMs. Theoretically, this method provides a general framework which allows to find a good compromise between the accuracy of the method and the computing costs, by varying the degrees of polynomials.

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A modified form of BGK source terms is proposed for modeling two-phase flows with thermodynamical disequilibrium. The novelty is that three independent timescales allow to manage the return to the thermodynamical equilibrium while remaining in agreement with the second law of thermodynamics. This is achieved thanks to the definition of a "local-in-time" equilibrium state which tends towards the asymptotic equilibrium state when time increases. The thermodynamical paths of the system are then modified with respect to the classical BGK source terms used for two-phase flow modeling, and the relaxation process of the system towards the asymptotic equilibrium state can be defined with additional degrees of freedom. In a numerical point of view, both the classical and the modified BGK source terms have advantages. The choice between these two forms strongly depends on the numerical strategy used to perform simulations.

International audience; A detailed computational study was performed for the case of a wall-bounded pin-fin-array in a staggered arrangement, representative of industrial configurations designed to enhance heat transfer. In order to evaluate the level of turbulence modelling necessary to accurately reproduce the flow physics at three (3) different Reynolds numbers (3, 000, 10, 000 and 30, 000), four models were selected: two eddy-viscosity URANS models (k-ω-SST and φ-model), an Elliptic Blending Reynolds-stress model (EB-RSM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Global comparisons for the pressure loss coefficients and average Nusselt numbers were performed with available experimental data which are relevant for industrial applications. Further detailed comparisons of the velocity fields, turbulence quantities and local Nusselt numbers revealed that the correct prediction of the characteristics of the flow is closely related to the ability of the turbulence model to reproduce the large-scale unsteadiness in the wake of the pins, which is at the origin of the intense mixing of momentum and heat. Eddy-viscosity-based turbulence models have difficulties to develop such an unsteadiness, in particular around the first few rows of pins, which leads to a severe underestimation of the Nusselt number. In contrast, LES and EB-RSM are able to predict the unsteady motion of the flow and heat transfer in a satisfactory manner.

International audience; We focus here on a technique to compute compressible fluid flows in physical domains cluttered up with many small obstacles. This technique, referred to here as the integral formulation, consists in integrating the flow governing equations over the fluid part of control volumes including both fluid and solid zones; doing so, the integral of fluxes over solid boundaries may appear, for which expressions as a function of discrete variables must be provided. The integral formulation presents two essential advantages: first, we naturally recover the standard fluid approach when the mesh is refined; second, fluid/solid interactions may be, to some extent, modelled to recover the singular head losses at the interface between a free and a congested part of the computational domain. We apply here this approach to the Euler equations, using a collocated space discretization and a pressure correction algorithm, preserving the positivity of both the density and the internal energy. Verification test cases are performed, including a Riemann problem in a free domain and a shock wave reflection on a wall, using an equation of state whichis suitable for weakly compressible fluid flows. Finally, we address a two-dimensional situation, where a shock wave impacts a set of obstacles; we observe a very encouraging agreement between the integral approach results and a CFD reference solution obtained with a pure fluid approach on a fine mesh.

International audience; Background: Aggressiveness is a stigma frequently associated with schizophrenia. The role of insight as a risk factor of aggressiveness remains contradictory; mainly because single measures of these states mask their complexity and heterogeneity.Methods: This study was conducted on 666 patients aged 15 and above with a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder, drawn from the French national network of schizophrenia expert center database. Collected data comprised socio-demographics and standardized psychiatric assessments. Aggressiveness was evaluated using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire and insight using the Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) and Birchwood Insight Scale (BIS).Results: Hostility was the aggressiveness dimension the most strongly associated with SUMD insight dimensions. Patients aware of their illness were nearly twice as likely to show hostility than those seriously unaware (OR = 1.95, 95% CI.: 1.08-3.5), but not when further adjusting for depression. Similarly, those aware of the consequences of their illness and of their symptoms were more hostile. Patients moderately aware of illness consequences had a higher risk of both anger and physical aggressiveness than those unaware (OR = 2.63, 95% CI.: 1.42-4.86, OR = 2.47, 95% CI.: 1.33-4.60, respectively), even when adjusting for depression for anger.Conclusion: Our study confirms that a multi-dimensional approach to insight and aggressiveness is essential to understand the types of links between these clinical states. Insight may trigger the expression of an underlying hostile tendency, maybe via depression and self-stigmatisation. This should be taken into account in therapeutic approaches to improve insight.

International audience; Discontinuity of the dissipation rate associated with the temperature variance at the fluid-solid interface is analyzed in a turbulent channel flow at a Reynolds number, based on the friction velocity of 395 and a Prandtl number of 0.71. The analysis is performed with a wall-resolved Large Eddy Simulation and the results are used to derive a regression for the dissipation rate discontinuity, which depends only on the fluid-solid thermal diffusivity and conductivity ratios. Wall-resolved Large Eddy Simulations at a higher Reynolds number and a higher Prandtl number are used to investigate the validity of two correlations derived from the regression for the selected thermal properties ratios. The present results are obtained with the open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics solver Code Saturne, and use the fully conservative fluid-solid thermal coupling capability introduced by the authors in version 5.0.

We present here a numerical scheme based on the classical SIMPLE algorithm for the time-stepping and on a MAC discretization on staggered meshes for the estimation of the spatial derivatives. This scheme is applied here to a two-layer two-fluid model that has been proposed in previous works of the literature in order to perform computations of gas-liquid flows in pipes with gravity effects. This model accounts for pressure relaxation and velocity relaxation between the two phases through source terms. Thanks to new forms of these source terms, their discretization can be easily introduced in the different steps of the SIMPLE algorithm. The whole algorithm then allows to couple convective terms and source terms without suffering from the CFL limitation of the explicit Godunov-type schemes. A detailed description of the scheme is proposed and some numerical tests have been performed in order to assess the behavior of the approximated solutions when pressure-velocity relaxation is taken into account.

We present here a numerical scheme based on the classical SIMPLE algorithm for the time-stepping and on a MAC discretization on staggered meshes for the estimation of the spatial derivatives. This scheme is applied here to a two-layer two-fluid model that has been proposed in previous works of the literature in order to perform computations of gas-liquid flows in pipes with gravity effects. This model accounts for pressure relaxation and velocity relaxation between the two phases through source terms. Thanks to new forms of these source terms, their discretization can be easily introduced in the different steps of the SIMPLE algorithm. The whole algorithm then allows to couple convective terms and source terms without suffering from the CFL limitation of the explicit Godunov-type schemes. A detailed description of the scheme is proposed and some numerical tests have been performed in order to assess the behavior of the approximated solutions when pressure-velocity relaxation is taken into account.

In a global effort to decrease human sourced Greenhouse Gas (GHG emissions, the operation of GHG emitting plants is only justified if they offer a sufficient flexibility to satisfy a highly variable net electric demand in electric grids with a significant share of intermittent renewable power plants. The EU funded project sCO2 Flex aims at designing a highly flexible 25 MWe supercritical CO 2 cycle s uitable for such a complementarity with renewable energies, and testing its main components. However the performance of such a cycle should not be reached at the expense of its environmental impact. Therefore the present paper focuses on the analysis of the environmental impact of such a plant, following most of the guidelines of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, as described in the ISO 14040 14044 standards. The assessment described in this paper was conducted on the open source software OpenLCA usi ng the database Ecoinvent, both acknowledged by the LCA community. It encompasses four major steps: goal and scope definition of the project, inventory analysis of the data, impact analysis and interpretation. Data was picked directly from the Ecoinvent database, gathered from the project’s contributors, or extrapolated from hypotheses if data was to be missing in the inventory analysis. To compensate the uncertainties due to lack of data on equipment scaling and operation practices, an extensive sensitivity analysis has been carried out to bring additional robustness to the study. Considering the two impact categories selected in this paper (global warming potential at 100 years scope and abiotic resource depletion), the sCO2 Flex plant outperforms the reference water/steam plant for global warming potential thanks to its higher efficiency. This is however at the expense of a considerably higher abiotic resource depletion. Regarding the latter impact category, the most significant uncertainties arise from the amount of nickel based alloys used in the boiler., Conference Proceedings of the European sCO2 Conference4th European sCO2 Conference for Energy Systems: March 23-24, 2021, Online Conference, p. 194

Hybrid RANS–LES approaches have aroused interest for years since they provide unsteady information at a reduced numerical cost compared to LES. In the hybrid context, the use of temporal filtering, to control the energy partition between resolved and modeled scales, ensures a consistent bridging between RANS and LES models. In this regard, a new formulation of Hybrid Temporal Large Eddy Simulation (HTLES) is developed, aiming at improving the theoretical foundation of the model associated with an eddy-viscosity closure. The analytical development is performed, applying the Hybrid-Equivalence criterion, and the model is calibrated in decaying isotropic turbulence. In addition, an upgraded version of the approach is proposed to improve the behavior of the model in near-wall regions, introducing a two-fold shielding function and an internal consistency constraint to provide a suitable control of the RANS-to-LES transition. Applying HTLES to the k– $$\omega$$ SST model, the validation process is carried out on channel and periodic-hill flows, over a range of grids and Reynolds numbers. The predictive accuracy and the robustness to grid coarsening are assessed in these cases, ensuring that HTLES offers a cost-saving alternative to LES.

International audience; A new formulation of the model used in the near-wall region for the turbulent heat flux is developed, in order to extend the Elliptic Blending Differential Flux Model of Dehoux et al., Int. J. Heat Fluid Fl. (2017), to various boundary conditions for the temperature: imposed wall-temperature, imposed heat flux or Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT). The new model is developed on a theoretical basis in order to satisfy the near-wall budget of the turbulent heat flux and, consequently, its asymptotic behavior in the vicinity of the wall, which is crucial for the correct prediction of heat transfer between the fluid and the wall. The models of the different terms are derived using Taylor series expansions and comparisons with recent direct numerical simulation data of channel flows with various boundary conditions. A priori tests show that this methodology makes it possible to drastically improve the physical representation of the wall/turbulence interaction. This new differential flux model relies on the thermal-to-mechanical timescale ratio which depends on the thermal boundary condition at the wall. The key element entering this ratio is ε θ , the dissipation rate of the temperature variance θ 2. Thus, a new near-wall model for this dissipation rate is proposed, in the framework of the second-moment closure based on the elliptic-blending strategy. The computations carried out in order to validate the new differential flux model demonstrate the very satisfactory prediction of heat transfer in the forced convection regime for all kinds of thermal boundary condition.

We develop face-based Compatible Discrete Operator (CDO-Fb) schemes for the unsteady, incompressible Stokes and Navier–Stokes equations. We introduce operators discretizing the gradient, the divergence, and the convection term. It is proved that the discrete divergence operator allows one to recover a discrete inf-sup condition. Moreover, the discrete convection operator is dissipative, a paramount property for the energy balance. The scheme is first tested in the steady case on general and deformed meshes in order to highlight the flexibility and the robustness of the CDO-Fb discretization. The focus is then moved onto the time-stepping techniques. In particular, we analyze the classical monolithic approach, consisting in solving saddle-point problems, and the Artificial Compressibility (AC) method, which allows one to avoid such saddle-point systems at the cost of relaxing the mass balance. Three classic techniques for the treatment of the convection term are investigated: Picard iterations, the linearized convection and the explicit convection. Numerical results stemming from first-order and then from second-order time-schemes show that the AC method is an accurate and efficient alternative to the classical monolithic approach.; Nous développons des schémas dits face-based Compatible Discrete Operator (CDO-Fb) pour les équations de Stokes et Navier–Stokes incompressibles en régime instationnaire. Des opérateurs pour la reconstruction du gradient, de la divergence et un autre pour le terme de convection sont proposés. On montre que l’opérateur de divergence discret permet de satisfaire une condition inf-sup, tandis que l’opérateur de convection discret est dissipatif, propriété cruciale pour le bilan d’énergie. Le schéma de discrétisation est d’abord testé dans le cas stationnaire sur des maillages généraux mais aussi déformés, afin d’illustrer la flexibilité et la robustesse de la discrétisation CDO-Fb. Dans un deuxième temps, l’attention est placée sur les techniques de marche en temps. En particulier, nous étudions l’approche monolithique traditionnelle qui consiste à résoudre directement le système de point-selle, et la méthode de Compressibilité Artificielle (AC), qui permet de ne plus avoir un système de point-selle à résoudre au prix d’une relaxation du bilan de masse. Trois stratégies classiques pour le traitement du terme non linéaire dû à la convection sont examinées : l’algorithme de Picard, la linéarisation et l’explicitation. Des résultats numériques utilisant des schémas temporels du premier ordre d’abord, puis du deuxième ordre, montrent que la méthode AC constitue une alternative précise et efficace à l’approche monolithique traditionnelle.

Two-phase flow head losses across tube support plates in U-bend tube steam generators are classically evaluated from single phase head losses duly modified with a correction factor to account for two-phase effects. This communication reports upon a series of experiments to feed head loss models for clogged tube support plates under two-phase flow. By using a classical approach, a single phase head loss model is used together with a two-phase flow multiplier. The experiments cover a large span of clogging levels, up to the unrealistic limit case of 95% of clogging. Singular head loss due to the tube support plate is measured under single-phase flow for clean and clogged plates. The head loss factor is hence evaluated and compared to the prediction of some available models. Then the same experiment is repeated under two-phase flow condition. By combining the previously measured single-phase factor with the two-phase flow measurements, recommendations for predicting two-phase flow multiplier with existing models are given.

This article reports Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of 30 cm diameter methanol pool fires in order to investigate the effects of the burner boundary conditions on the pool dynamics. The numerical model involves state-of-the-art subgrid scale (SGS) sub-models for mixing, combustion and turbulence-radiation interaction with all the model constants computed dynamically. The non-adiabatic steady laminar flamelet (SLF)/presumed filtered density function (FDF) combustion model is used whereas the radiation model combines the Rank Correlated Full Spectrum k-distribution (RCFSK) for spectral radiation with the finite volume method (FVM) as radiative transfer equation (RTE) solver. The baseline case considers a burner located one-pool diameter above the floor and a fuel lip height of 1 cm as specified in the experiments used for model validation. Model predictions for puffing frequency, mean and rms temperature and velocity, mean molar fractions of major species, radiative loss to the surrounding and radiative and total heat feedback to the fuel surface are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Two other burner boundary conditions are designed. The first disregards the fuel lip height while keeping the burner located one-pool diameter above the floor. The second modifies the first configuration by assuming that the burner rim is floor flush. Model results show that the burner boundary conditions affect significantly the flow structure and the pool fire dynamics by altering the flame base instability near the edge of the pan. A non-zero fuel lip height produces significantly wider and shorter flames which affect the heat feedback toward the fuel surface whereas altering the air entrainment at the pool basis enhances substantially the puffing frequency. This shows that the experimental burner boundary conditions have to be reproduced scrupulously for relevant model validations.

This work is devoted to turbulence modelling using hybrid RANS-LES approaches. These approaches offer the best potential to reach the compromise between the capability of LES to capture the large-scale structures in regions of interest, and the low-computational cost of RANS calculations in regions where LES resolution is not required or too CPU-demanding, notably in near-wall regions. The industrial objective for EDF is to use these methods to predict unsteady loads on large components (reactor coolant pumps) of pressurized water reactors.In this regard, a new formulation of HTLES (Hybrid Temporal Large-Eddy Simulation) is developed, in order to improve the theoretical foundation of the model, applying the Hybrid-Equivalence criterion. The interest of this model lies in the use of temporal filtering, to control the energy partition between resolved and modeled scales, ensuring a consistent bridging between RANS and LES models. The HTLES approach is applied to several RANS models, and the model is calibrated in decaying isotropic turbulence. In addition, a similar analysis shows for the first time that it is possible, from theoretical considerations, to derive a hybrid RANS-LES model based on scale modifications in a RANS model, which explicitly tends towards a standard LES model in LES regions.The control of the RANS-to-LES transition in near-wall regions is a major concern in this work. In order to improve the behavior of the HTLES model, a two-fold shielding function (depending on physical parameters and mesh criteria) and an internal consistency constraint are introduced, aiming at enforcing the RANS mode when the activation of the LES mode is not suitable. The validation process of the upgraded version of the model is carried out on channel and periodic-hill flows, reaching the expected outcomes: accuracy of the predictions and robustness of HTLES to grid coarsening. Moreover, it is shown that resolved vortices coming from the LES zone penetrates into the near-wall RANS region down to the wall, enabling the hybrid model to fairly reproduce the low frequencies. The capacity of HTLES to provide information on energy and pressure spectra at the wall is assessed, which is decisive to predict unsteady loads. Hence, HTLES offers a cost-saving alternative to a wall-resolved LES.Finally, the work focuses on a zonal control of HTLES (enforcing the RANS mode in large portions of the domain where the LES mode is not required), applying the ALF (Anisotropic Linear Forcing) at the RANS-to-HTLES interfaces to promote turbulent fluctuations. This feasibility study offers promising results.; Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation de la turbulence avec des approches hybrides RANS-LES. Ces approches permettent d’assurer le meilleur compromis entre, d’une part, la capacité de la LES à capturer les structures instationnaires dans les régions d'intérêt de l’écoulement, et, d’autre part, un coût de calcul abordable en activant le mode RANS lorsque la résolution LES n’est pas nécessaire ou trop coûteuse, notamment en paroi. L’objectif industriel pour EDF est d’utiliser ces méthodes pour estimer les efforts instationnaires qui s’exercent sur certains gros composants (GMPP) des réacteurs à eau pressurisée.En premier lieu, une nouvelle formulation du modèle hybride HTLES (Hybrid Temporal Large-Eddy Simulation) est développée, dans le but d’améliorer ses fondations théoriques, en utilisant le critère de H-Equivalence. L'intérêt de ce modèle réside dans l'utilisation du filtrage temporel pour contrôler la répartition d’énergie entre les échelles résolues et modélisées, permettant de garantir la consistance entre les opérateurs RANS et LES. L’approche hybride est appliquée à différents modèles de fermeture RANS, et la calibration est effectuée sur la décroissance d'une turbulence homogène isotrope. De plus, des développements analytiques similaires permettent de proposer, pour la première fois, un modèle hybride fondé sur une modification d’échelle dans une formulation RANS qui tend explicitement vers un modèle LES préexistant.Le contrôle de la transition RANS-LES dans les régions de proche paroi est une problématique majeure de cette thèse. Afin d’améliorer le comportement du modèle HTLES, une fonction de protection double (dépendante à la fois de paramètres physiques et de critères liés aux maillages) et une contrainte de consistance interne sont proposées pour imposer le mode RANS en paroi lorsque la résolution LES n’est pas appropriée. Le modèle amélioré est validé sur les écoulements en canal plan et sur les collinespériodiques, avec des résultats très satisfaisants et robustes vis-à-vis du raffinement du maillage. Il est de plus montré pour le cas test des collines périodiques que des fluctuations turbulentes résolues dans la zone LES pénètrent dans la région RANS de proche paroi sans être trop altérées. Cela permet de capturer correctement les basses fréquences des spectres d'énergie turbulente et de pression en paroi, ce qui s'avère décisif dans le but d'estimer les efforts instationnaires sur des composants. Finalement, la HTLES offre une méthode de résolution alternative au coût numérique réduit par rapport à un modèle LES résolu en paroi.Enfin, la thèse s'intéresse à une version zonale de la HTLES (imposant le mode RANS dans les régions où la résolution LES n'est pas nécessaire), en appliquant le ALF (Anisotropic Linear Forcing) au niveau des interfaces RANS-HTLES afin de promouvoir l'apparition de fluctuations turbulentes résolues. Cette première étude de faisabilité offre des résultats prometteurs.Résumé en

This work is devoted to turbulence modelling using hybrid RANS-LES approaches. These approaches offer the best potential to reach the compromise between the capability of LES to capture the large-scale structures in regions of interest, and the low-computational cost of RANS calculations in regions where LES resolution is not required or too CPU-demanding, notably in near-wall regions. The industrial objective for EDF is to use these methods to predict unsteady loads on large components (reactor coolant pumps) of pressurized water reactors.In this regard, a new formulation of HTLES (Hybrid Temporal Large-Eddy Simulation) is developed, in order to improve the theoretical foundation of the model, applying the Hybrid-Equivalence criterion. The interest of this model lies in the use of temporal filtering, to control the energy partition between resolved and modeled scales, ensuring a consistent bridging between RANS and LES models. The HTLES approach is applied to several RANS models, and the model is calibrated in decaying isotropic turbulence. In addition, a similar analysis shows for the first time that it is possible, from theoretical considerations, to derive a hybrid RANS-LES model based on scale modifications in a RANS model, which explicitly tends towards a standard LES model in LES regions.The control of the RANS-to-LES transition in near-wall regions is a major concern in this work. In order to improve the behavior of the HTLES model, a two-fold shielding function (depending on physical parameters and mesh criteria) and an internal consistency constraint are introduced, aiming at enforcing the RANS mode when the activation of the LES mode is not suitable. The validation process of the upgraded version of the model is carried out on channel and periodic-hill flows, reaching the expected outcomes: accuracy of the predictions and robustness of HTLES to grid coarsening. Moreover, it is shown that resolved vortices coming from the LES zone penetrates into the near-wall RANS region down to the wall, enabling the hybrid model to fairly reproduce the low frequencies. The capacity of HTLES to provide information on energy and pressure spectra at the wall is assessed, which is decisive to predict unsteady loads. Hence, HTLES offers a cost-saving alternative to a wall-resolved LES.Finally, the work focuses on a zonal control of HTLES (enforcing the RANS mode in large portions of the domain where the LES mode is not required), applying the ALF (Anisotropic Linear Forcing) at the RANS-to-HTLES interfaces to promote turbulent fluctuations. This feasibility study offers promising results.; Cette thèse est consacrée à la modélisation de la turbulence avec des approches hybrides RANS-LES. Ces approches permettent d’assurer le meilleur compromis entre, d’une part, la capacité de la LES à capturer les structures instationnaires dans les régions d'intérêt de l’écoulement, et, d’autre part, un coût de calcul abordable en activant le mode RANS lorsque la résolution LES n’est pas nécessaire ou trop coûteuse, notamment en paroi. L’objectif industriel pour EDF est d’utiliser ces méthodes pour estimer les efforts instationnaires qui s’exercent sur certains gros composants (GMPP) des réacteurs à eau pressurisée.En premier lieu, une nouvelle formulation du modèle hybride HTLES (Hybrid Temporal Large-Eddy Simulation) est développée, dans le but d’améliorer ses fondations théoriques, en utilisant le critère de H-Equivalence. L'intérêt de ce modèle réside dans l'utilisation du filtrage temporel pour contrôler la répartition d’énergie entre les échelles résolues et modélisées, permettant de garantir la consistance entre les opérateurs RANS et LES. L’approche hybride est appliquée à différents modèles de fermeture RANS, et la calibration est effectuée sur la décroissance d'une turbulence homogène isotrope. De plus, des développements analytiques similaires permettent de proposer, pour la première fois, un modèle hybride fondé sur une modification d’échelle dans une formulation RANS qui tend explicitement vers un modèle LES préexistant.Le contrôle de la transition RANS-LES dans les régions de proche paroi est une problématique majeure de cette thèse. Afin d’améliorer le comportement du modèle HTLES, une fonction de protection double (dépendante à la fois de paramètres physiques et de critères liés aux maillages) et une contrainte de consistance interne sont proposées pour imposer le mode RANS en paroi lorsque la résolution LES n’est pas appropriée. Le modèle amélioré est validé sur les écoulements en canal plan et sur les collinespériodiques, avec des résultats très satisfaisants et robustes vis-à-vis du raffinement du maillage. Il est de plus montré pour le cas test des collines périodiques que des fluctuations turbulentes résolues dans la zone LES pénètrent dans la région RANS de proche paroi sans être trop altérées. Cela permet de capturer correctement les basses fréquences des spectres d'énergie turbulente et de pression en paroi, ce qui s'avère décisif dans le but d'estimer les efforts instationnaires sur des composants. Finalement, la HTLES offre une méthode de résolution alternative au coût numérique réduit par rapport à un modèle LES résolu en paroi.Enfin, la thèse s'intéresse à une version zonale de la HTLES (imposant le mode RANS dans les régions où la résolution LES n'est pas nécessaire), en appliquant le ALF (Anisotropic Linear Forcing) au niveau des interfaces RANS-HTLES afin de promouvoir l'apparition de fluctuations turbulentes résolues. Cette première étude de faisabilité offre des résultats prometteurs.Résumé en

This technical report has been published in EDF's report data-base. An implicit staggered scheme for simulating a Baer-Nunziato like model is investigated. It relies on MAC methods and it is restricted in this report to 1D domain. The time-discretization algorithm is fully implicit and it is solved using a Picard's method. Because of the restriction due to the latter algorithm, accounting for stiff source terms may require very small time-steps.

International audience; In this paper, a supervised statistical-learning-based strategy for the prediction of a degradation process of an industrial component is proposed. It is based on feature extraction/selection and a weighted multiple linear regression algorithm. Finally, this methodology is applied to a real but anonymized industrial use-case.; Cet article a pour but de présenter une méthodologie de prévision de la cinétique de dégradation d'un composant industriel. Elle repose sur l'utilisation d'outils d'apprentissage statistique supervisé (extraction/sélection de features, régression linéaire multiple pondérée) en les appliquant à des données issues d'un cas industriel complexe anonymisé.

International audience; This paper is devoted to the numerical analysis of a numerical scheme dedicated to the simulation of front advection (see https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02940407v1 for a preprint version presenting this scheme and some numerical results). The latter has been recently proposed and it is based on the ideas used for the Glimm's scheme. It relies on a two-step approach: a convection step is followed by a projection step which is based on a random choice. The main advantage of this scheme is that it applies to multi-dimensional problems. In the present paper a convergence result for this scheme is provided for a particular class of multi-dimensional problems. This work has been accepted for publication in IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis: https://doi.org/10.1093/imanum/drab053.

International audience; We discuss herein the suitability of some open boundary conditions while comparing approximate solutions of one-dimensional Riemann problems in a bounded sub-domain with the restriction in this sub-domain of the exact solution in the infinite domain, considering the Euler system of gas dynamics. Assuming that no information is known from outside of the domain, some basic open boundary condition specifications are given, and a measure of the L 1 norm of the error inside the computational domain enables to show consistency errors in situations involving outgoing shock waves, depending on the chosen boundary condition formulation. This investigation has been performed with Finite Volume methods, using approximate Riemann solvers in order to compute numerical fluxes for both inner and boundary interfaces.

Advanced modeling of turbulent heat transfer for all thermal boundary conditions is propo-sed. This work was motivated by two facts : first, the thermal turbulent models used inmostof the industrial computations are based on eddy-viscosity models which cannot deal withcomplex physics such as natural convection or heat transfer in the near-wall region. Then,the thermal boundary condition at the wall (imposed temperature, imposed heat flux, conjugateheat transfer) influences the near-wall behavior of the turbulent thermal variables.The formulation of the low-Reynolds number second moment closure EBDFM (Elliptic Blen-ding Differential Flux Model), which was originally developed for an imposed temperature atthe wall, has been extended to an imposed heat flux and a conjugate heat transfer condition.This new formulation is based on rigorous asymptotic analysis of the terms of the transportequation of the turbulent heat flux for all thermal boundary conditions. One of the key ele-ments is the thermal-to-mechanical time-scale ratio R. Its asymptotic behavior highly dependson the thermal boundary condition : R goes to the Prandtl number at the wall for an imposedtemperature and tends to infinity otherwise. Thus, solving a transport equation for the tempe-rature variance and for its dissipation rate is necessary to reproduce the asymptotic behaviorof R. Indeed, these two variables drive the behavior of in the near-wall region. Therefore,low-Reynolds number models for the temperature variance and its dissipation rate, valid forall thermal boundary conditions, are proposed. The new formulation of the EBDFM and themodels for the temperature variance and its dissipation rate have been validated by performingCode_Saturne computations of channel flows in the forced convection regime.; Cette thèse propose une modélisation avancée des transferts thermiques dans les écoulementsturbulents pour tous les types de conditions aux limites sur la température aux parois. Ces tra-vaux reposent sur un double constat : d’une part, les modèles de turbulence traitant la thermiquede l’écoulement dans la plupart des applications industrielles sont basés sur de simples relationsalgébriques incapables de représenter des physiques complexes, comme la convection naturelleet la thermique de la zone proche-paroi. D’autre part, la condition aux limites sur la températureà la paroi (température fixée, flux de chaleur imposé ou transfert thermique conjugué) influencele comportement proche-paroi des variables thermiques turbulents.La formulation du modèle bas-Reynolds du second ordre des flux thermiques turbulentsEBDFM (Elliptic Blending Differential Flux Model), développée à l’origine pour traiter des casoù une température est fixée à la paroi, a été étendue à des cas de flux de chaleur imposé etde transfert thermique conjugué. Cette nouvelle formulation se fonde sur des analyses asymp-totiques rigoureuses des termes des équations de transport des flux thermiques turbulents pourchaque condition aux limites sur la température. Un des éléments essentiels de la nouvelleformulation de l’EBDFM est le ratio des échelles de temps thermique et dynamique R. Le com-portement asymptotique de ce ratio dépend fortement de la condition aux limites : R tend versle nombre de Prandtl à la paroi lorsqu’une température est imposée, et vers l’infini sinon. Ainsi,dans le but de reproduire fidèlement ce comportement, il s’est avéré nécessaire de résoudre deséquations de transport pour la variance de température et pour son taux de dissipation puisqueces deux variables pilotent le comportement asymptotique de R. Par conséquent, cette thèse pro-pose des modèles bas-Reynolds pour la variance de la température et son taux de dissipationvalables pour toutes les conditions aux limites thermiques. La nouvelle formulation du modèleEBDFM ainsi que les modèles de la variance de la température et de son taux de dissipationont été validées par des simulations réalisées avec le logiciel de CFD Code_Saturne pour desécoulements dans un canal plan en convection forcée.

International audience; We extend the Compatible Discrete Operator (CDO) schemes to the steady incompressible Stokes and Navier-Stokes equations. The main features of the CDO face-based schemes are recalled: a hybrid velocity discretization with degrees of freedom at faces and cells, a stabilized velocity gradient reconstruction defined on the face-based sub-cell pyramids, and a discrete pressure attached to the mesh cells. We introduce a discrete divergence operator that will account for the velocity-pressure coupling, and a hybrid discretization of the convection term. The results of several benchmark test cases validate the framework.

International audience; We focus here on an integral approach to compute compressible or incompressible fluid flows in physical congested domains with discontinuous fluid sections. This approach is based on a multidimensional integral formulation of the fluid model equations and aims at unifying the porous approach used at component scale and CFD used at local scale. Its discretization uses a semi-implicit collocated finite volume scheme with an incremental pressure-correction algorithm, implemented in the open-source CFD software Code Saturne, version 6.0. Numerical tests are completed by simulating a plane steady-channel flow with a fluid section jump. The results are compared to the analytical solution and the computation obtained with a standard equivalent porous model.

The main objective of this work is to analyze the effects of gas radiative property models on the radiative outputs and flame structure in a 1 m diameter methanol pool fire. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) are run with the non-adiabatic steady laminar flamelet (SLF)/presumed filtered density function (FDF) model to close subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence-chemistry and turbulence-radiation emission interactions. The radiative transfer equation (RTE) is solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM) with different angular meshes, including uniform angular dicretizations comprising 16 (polar angle) × 24 (azimuthal angle) and 48 × 96 control angles and the FTn scheme with n up to 48. Four gas radiative property models, namely the Rank Correlated Full Spectrum k-distribution (RCFSK), the non-grey Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG), and two versions of the grey WSGG based on different evaluations of the mean path length are assessed. Model predictions with the RCFSK reproduce with fidelity the available experimental data in terms of flame structure and radiative loss to the surrounding. The radiative heat transfer within the flame, where radiation is isotropic, is adequately resolved with the FT12 angular resolution whereas finer angular meshes with at least 32 segments to discretize the polar angle are required to predict accurately the vertical distributions of radiative flux outside the flame. The grey models fail to reproduce the radiative structure of the flame, predicting an optically thin flame instead of an optically intermediate medium. In an opposite way, although the non-grey WSGG overestimates both emission and absorption, it provides predictions in overall reasonable agreement with the RCSFK.

This study reports the development of a LES-based numerical model dedicated to the simulation of well-ventilated and under-ventilated purely buoyant fire plumes. A new second-order low-Mach number variable-density flow solver was developed and verified in order to describe accurately the strong unsteady processes related to the purely buoyant nature of the flow. State-of-the art subgrid-scale turbulence, combustion and radiation models were specifically developed, including the non-adiabatic SLF (steady laminar flamelet) and FPV (flamelet/progress variable models). The RCFSK was considered as reference radiative property model whereas the performance of simpler models, including non-grey and grey versions of the weighted-sum-of-grey gases was assessed. The numerical model was exhaustively validated by simulating several well-documented non-reactive and reactive buoyant fire plumes. It was found capable to reproduce with high fidelity the dynamic and radiative structures of non-luminous fire plumes in both ventilated and under-ventilated configurations without adjusting any model parameters. In particular, the FPV allows addressing oxygen-diluted oxidizer conditions close to extinction. Several specific modelling issues were also investigated during the course of this work. The importance of resolving the laminar instabilities, which form periodically at the base of purely buoyant fire plumes and grow to generate energy containing structures that govern the mixing process, was demonstrated. The formation and growth of these instabilities are significantly affected by the burner geometry that has to be scrupulously consistent with the experiments to achieve an accurate description of the fire plume dynamics. The grey version of the weighted-sum-of-grey gases models have to be avoided whereas the non-grey versions can be a reasonable alternative for non-sooting pool fires. Finally, neglecting subgrid-scale turbulence-radiation interaction affects significantly the predictions of the fire plume structure and radiative heat flux even for lab-scale pool fires., Cette étude rapporte le développement d'un modèle numérique basé sur les simulations à grandes échelles en vue de simuler des panaches de feu bien-ventilés et sous-ventilés et entièrement contrôlés par les forces de flottabilité. Un nouvel algorithme de résolution pour les d'écoulements à densité variable à faible nombre de Mach, précis au second ordre en temps et espace, a été développé et vérifié afin de décrire avec précision les processus instationnaires forts liés à la nature purement contrôlée par les forces de flottabilité des écoulements. Des modèles de sous-maille à l’état de l’art pour la turbulence, la combustion et le rayonnement ont été développés, incluant les modèles non-adiabatiques SLF (steady laminar flamelet) et FPV (flamelet/progress variable). Le RCFSK a été considéré comme référence pour la modélisation des propriétés radiatives des gaz et la performance de modèles plus simples, tels que des versions non-grises et grises du modèle à somme pondérée des gaz gris, a été évaluée. Le modèle numérique a été intensivement validé en simulant plusieurs panaches de feu non-réactifs et réactifs. Le modèle s'est avéré capable de reproduire avec une grande fidélité les structures dynamiques et radiatives de ces panaches dans des configurations ventilées et sous-ventilées sans ajuster aucun des paramètres du modèle. En particulier, le modèle FPV permet de traiter des conditions d'oxydant dilué en oxygène proches de l'extinction. Plusieurs problèmes de modélisation spécifiques ont également été étudiés au cours de ce travail. L'importance de capturer directement les instabilités laminaires thermo-convectives, qui se forment périodiquement à la base des panaches de feux et croissent pour générer les larges tourbillons régissant le processus de mélange, a été démontrée. La formation et la croissance de ces instabilités sont significativement affectées par la géométrie du brûleur qui doit être scrupuleusement cohérente avec les expériences pour obtenir une description précise de la dynamique du panache de feu. Les versions grises des modèles à somme pondérée de gaz gris doivent être évitées tandis que les versions non-grises de ce modèle peuvent être une alternative raisonnable pour la simulation de feux de nappe sans suie. Finalement, les interactions rayonnement-turbulence de sous maille ont un effet non-négligeable sur la structure de flamme et les pertes radiatives et ce, même pour des feux de nappe à l’échelle du laboratoire.

International audience; The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of Turbulence-Radiation Interaction (TRI) in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of ethanol pool fires ranging from medium to large sizes. LES of three pool fires are performed using a steady laminar flamelet (SLF)/presumed Filtered Density Function (FDF) combustion model and the Rank Correlated Full Spectrum k-distribution (RC FSK) for spectral gas radiation. Subfilterscale (SGS) absorption TRI is neglected whereas the filtered emission term is modelled from the presumed FDF approach. The baseline case is the 0.5 m diameter pool fire investigated experimentally by Fischer et al. (Combust. Flame 70 (1987) 291-306). The two other synthetic pool fires were generated by scaling the pool diameter by factors of 2 and 4 while maintaining the fuel mass burning rate per unit area unchanged. Predictions in terms of temperature, mole fractions of radiating species, flame puffing frequency and radiant fraction are in good agreement with the available experimental data. Model results show that TRI accounts for at least 80% of the radiative loss. For LES that resolves more than 80% of the temperature variance, the SFS TRI contributes for a non-negligible part to radiative loss and its contribution increases significantly with the pool size. Neglecting it affects significantly the predictions of the fire plume structure and radiative heat flux even for medium-scale pool fires.

CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) is a process that captures CO2 emissions from sources such as fossil fuel power plants and reuses them so that they will not enter the atmosphere. Among the various ways of recycling CO2, reduction reactions are extensively studied at lab-scale. However, CO2 reduction by standard methods is difficult. Sonochemistry may be used in CO2 gas mixtures bubbled through water subjected to ultrasound waves. Indeed, the sonochemical reduction of CO2 in water has been already investigated by some authors, showing that fuel species (CO and H2) are obtained in the final products. The aim of this work is to model, for a single bubble, the close coupling of the mechanisms of bubble dynamics with the kinetics of gas phase reactions in the bubble that can lead to CO2 reduction. An estimation of time-scales is used to define the controlling steps and consequently to solve a reduced model. The calculation of the concentration of free radicals and gases formed in the bubble is undertaken over many cycles to look at the effects of ultrasound frequency, pressure amplitude, initial bubble radius and bubble composition in CO2. The strong effect of bubble composition on the CO2 reduction rate is confirmed in accordance with experimental data from the literature. When the initial fraction of CO2 in the bubble is low, bubble growth and collapse are slightly modified with respect to simulation without CO2, and chemical reactions leading to CO2 reduction are promoted. However, the peak collapse temperature depends on the thermal properties of the CO2 and greatly decreases as the CO2 increases in the bubble. The model shows that initial bubble radius, ultrasound frequency and pressure amplitude play a critical role in CO2 reduction. Hence, in the case of a bubble with an initial radius of around 5 μm, CO2 reduction appears to be more favorable at a frequency around 300 kHz than at a low frequency of around 20 kHz. Finally, the industrial application of ultrasound to CO2 reduction in water would be largely dependent on sonochemical efficiency. Under the conditions tested, this process does not seem to be sufficiently efficient.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere have increased significantly over the past century. Many methods have been devised to reduce CO2 industrial emissions, e.g., CO2 postcombustion absorption by amine-based solvents. Solvent degradation losses are very critical in this process, due to economic and environmental issues. The two main degradation pathways of amine-based aqueous solutions in the presence of CO2 are oxidative and thermal degradation. In this work, a lab-scale pilot plant has been set up to carry out degradation experiments during continuous and dynamic cycles of absorption and stripping with three different amine solvents: MEA (monoethanolamine) used as benchmark solvent for CO2 capture, a blend of 1MPZ (1-methylpiperazine) and PZ (piperazine), and a blend of MDEA (methyldiethanolamine) and MEA. The experimental data have been used to assess the performance of CO2 absorption over time and experimental conditions. The variation of CO2 fraction at the gas outlet of the reactor h...

Because the unsteady behavior of liquid films in steam turbines is a key point for additional friction losses and atomization process (that leads to coarse water generation), the development of a dedicated model has been found necessary. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code for unstructured mesh is being developed using the finite volume method to simulate this thin liquid film. The aim is to predict the formation of the waves in the film since it is suspected to be a key parameter for friction and atomization. Applied as a first step to a plane plate, the code has been verified in a one-dimensional version with analytical solutions and is tested in low-pressure turbine steam conditions. Falling films computations (without gas shear stress) show that the model is capable to reproduce the waves’ shape of experiments from the literature. With steam under low-pressure turbine conditions, and compared to experimental data from the University of Michigan, the model including shear stress and surface tension provides good results for heights. Sensitivity calculations have been undergone showing the crucial influence of the surface tension and the generation of solitary waves for high velocities is captured by the code. The effect of gravity is also quantified.

International audience; In the case of conjugate heat transfer, the dissipation rate associated with the temperature variance is discontinuous at the fluid-solid interface. The discon-tinuity satisfies a compatibility condition involving the fluid-solid thermal dif-fusivity and conductivity ratios and the relative contribution to the dissipation rate of its wall-normal part. The present analysis is supported by the Direct Numerical Simulations of an incompressible channel flow at a Reynolds number , based on the friction velocity, of 150, a Prandtl number of 0.71 and several values of fluid-solid thermal diffusivity and conductivity ratios.

An up-to-date review of CO 2 capture technologies for coal-fired power plants is presented. This study is based on EDF experience on CO 2 capture build through collaborative projects and pilot plants operation follow up. This review focuses mostly on most mature technologies and provides insight on the interest of least developed technology with high potential. Technologies are compared and assessed based on energy performance, maturity and economic criteria. A specific method for assessing uncertainties in this process is proposed. Amine based post-combustion technology remains the best reference for short and medium terms with a tight competition with cryogenic oxy-combustion. Both share the highest maturity and similar energy performance in their most advanced embodiments. At the moment IGGC based capture looks less promising for power generation due to the high cost of the plant even without CO 2 capture. Regarding more innovative technology, promising candidates, such as inertial extraction, chemical looping combustion or oxy-fired CO 2 cycle, are highlighted but their effective development up to industrial ground is not guaranteed due to the constant improvement of reference technology and their difficulty to be retrofitted.

To address the challenge of controlling the energy partition in hybrid RANS-LES methods, the use of a consistent operator based on temporal filtering is desirable. This formalism leads to the development of a consistent continuous hybrid RANS-LES approach called Hybrid Temporal LES (HTLES). In this paper, an upgraded version of HTLES is presented, focusing on improving the model for wall-bounded flows. Notably, a shielding function is integrated in the model to impose the RANS behavior in the near-wall regions. The calibration and validation of the hybrid method applied to the standard k-ω-SST model is then carried out on several test cases: decaying isotropic turbulence, channel flow and periodic-hill flow. The new version of the model fulfills the specifications: the correct subfilter dissipation; the correct migration from RANS to LES in the boundary layer; the robustness of the results to grid coarsening; the accuracy of the predictions at a reasonable computational cost.

Electrical cable sheaths are the most abundant fire load in nuclear power plants and fire is the most frequent internal aggression (one fire outbreak per year and per nuclear unit in France). A fire is threatening by two means: the heat it releases that may drive a fire growth and the smoke it yields, composed of gases and aerosols, that may be toxic and corrosive and interact with components in the area. At advanced stages, confined fires become oxygen depleted and the combustion regime shifts towards under-ventilated and vitiated combustion with the production of unburnt species leading to a higher threat. To assess the potential hazard of a confined fire, it is then of high importance to quantify the heat release, the gases and the aerosols produced by electrical cable sheaths fires in oxygen depleted conditions. To do so, a bench scale apparatus known as the controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter (CACC) has been developed. The apparatus has been primarily qualified with PMMA plaques. Representative materials of PVC based electrical cable sheath have been formulated and manufactured in the shape of plaque samples. These materials have been characterized in terms of fire parameters (heat release rate, mass loss rate), evolved gases and evolved aerosols under different oxygen concentrations in under-ventilated conditions thanks to the CACC/FTIR/ELPI coupling. Vitiation lowers the heat release rate and decreases the fuel mass loss rate while under-ventilation increases unburnt species and aerosols production. 1 Fourier Transformed Infrared spectrometer2 Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor; Les câbles électriques constituent la charge calorifique la plus abondante dans les centrales nucléaires et l'incendie est la source d'agression interne ayant la plus grande occurrence (un départ de feu par tranche et par an en France). Le risque incendie est caractérisé par deux vecteurs : la chaleur dégagée, qui peut conduire à la propagation de l’incendie, et la fumée produite, composée de gaz et d'aérosols, qui peuvent être toxiques et corrosifs et interagir avec les composants présents dans le local. À un stade avancé, un incendie confiné devient sous-ventilé et vicié car la combustion consomme l'oxygène disponible. La production d'imbrûlés augmente donc considérablement, ce qui a pour effet de rendre l'incendie possiblement plus agressif. Pour se protéger des risques d’un incendie confiné, il est donc important de quantifier la chaleur libérée, les gaz et les aérosols produits lors de la combustion de câbles électriques dans des conditions de déplétion d’oxygène. Pour ce faire, un banc expérimental à l'échelle intermédiaire, connu sous le nom de cône calorimètre à atmosphère contrôlée (CCAC), a été développé. Ce banc d’essai a été caractérisé préalablement à l’aide de plaques de PMMA. Des matériaux modèles représentatifs de gaines de câbles électriques à base de PVC ont été formulés puis manufacturés sous forme de plaques échantillons. Ces matériaux ont été caractérisés simultanément en termes de paramètres liés à l'incendie (taux de dégagement de chaleur, perte de masse), de gaz produits et d'aérosols émis, en conditions de sous-ventilation et de viciation à l’aide du couplage CCAC/FTIR/ELPI. La viciation a pour effet de diminuer le débit calorifique et le débit de pyrolyse de façon linéaire, alors que la sous-ventilation favorise la production d’imbrûlées et d’aérosols. 1 Spectromètre infrarouge à transformée de Fourier2 Granulomètre d’impaction électrique à basse pression

National audience; Nous presentons un ensemble d’algorithmes statistiques permettant d’effectuer le rendu d’une image thermique, en régime instationnaire, dans une scène quelconque. Simuler le signal reçu par chaque pixel de la camera consiste à propager les sources thermiques (conditions aux limites et initiales) par les phenomènes de conduction, convection et rayonnement. La technique ne nécessite pas un calcul préalable du champ de température en tout point de la scène et en tout temps. Un exemple en geométrie complexe est présenté, et qualitativement comparé à une prise de vue.

International audience

International audience