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Digitaliseringens utveckling genomsyrar stora delar av samhället där informationsteknologi bidragit till tidigare otänkbara möjligheter och fördelar. I dagsläget har organisationer rationaliserat flertalet affärsprocesser där teknologin anses utgöra en fundamental utgångspunkt. Informationsteknologins framfart medför förändringar kring kommunikation där begreppet interoperabilitet introduceras som: samverkan mellan två eller fler system med motivet att utbyta information. Vidare har cirkulär ekonomi erhållit mer uppmärksamhet under senare år där motivet är att förbättra problematiken kring resurshantering och återvinning. Den här studien syftar till att skapa grunden för utformningen av ett informationssystem med stöd av ett interoperabilitetsramverk där motivet är att understödja verksamheter vid sambokningstransporter. Det här har genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsansats där intervjuer har nyttjats som datainsamlingsmetod där studien har avgränsats till mikro-, små- och medelstora organisationer. Dessa är belägna inom en glest befolkad kommun i Sverige där företagsrepresentanter från Orust kommun bidragit med empirisk data., The evolution of digitization permeates large parts of society where information technology has contributed to previously unthinkable possibilities and benefits. At present, organizations have rationalized most business processes where technology is considered to be a fundamental starting point. The advancement of information technology brings about changes in communication where the concept of interoperability is introduced as: collaboration between two or more systems with the purpose of exchanging information. In addition, circular economics have gained more attention in recent years, the purpose of which is to improve the problem of resource management and recycling. This study aims to provide the basis for the design of an information system, supported by an interoperability framework, with the purpose of supporting co-transport activities. This has been done using a qualitative research effort where interviews have been used as a data collection method in which the study has been delimited to micro, small and medium-sized organizations. These are located within a sparsely populated municipality in Sweden, where business representatives from Orust Municipality contributed empirical data.

Digitaliseringens utveckling genomsyrar stora delar av samhället där informationsteknologi bidragit till tidigare otänkbara möjligheter och fördelar. I dagsläget har organisationer rationaliserat flertalet affärsprocesser där teknologin anses utgöra en fundamental utgångspunkt. Informationsteknologins framfart medför förändringar kring kommunikation där begreppet interoperabilitet introduceras som: samverkan mellan två eller fler system med motivet att utbyta information. Vidare har cirkulär ekonomi erhållit mer uppmärksamhet under senare år där motivet är att förbättra problematiken kring resurshantering och återvinning. Den här studien syftar till att skapa grunden för utformningen av ett informationssystem med stöd av ett interoperabilitetsramverk där motivet är att understödja verksamheter vid sambokningstransporter. Det här har genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ forskningsansats där intervjuer har nyttjats som datainsamlingsmetod där studien har avgränsats till mikro-, små- och medelstora organisationer. Dessa är belägna inom en glest befolkad kommun i Sverige där företagsrepresentanter från Orust kommun bidragit med empirisk data., The evolution of digitization permeates large parts of society where information technology has contributed to previously unthinkable possibilities and benefits. At present, organizations have rationalized most business processes where technology is considered to be a fundamental starting point. The advancement of information technology brings about changes in communication where the concept of interoperability is introduced as: collaboration between two or more systems with the purpose of exchanging information. In addition, circular economics have gained more attention in recent years, the purpose of which is to improve the problem of resource management and recycling. This study aims to provide the basis for the design of an information system, supported by an interoperability framework, with the purpose of supporting co-transport activities. This has been done using a qualitative research effort where interviews have been used as a data collection method in which the study has been delimited to micro, small and medium-sized organizations. These are located within a sparsely populated municipality in Sweden, where business representatives from Orust Municipality contributed empirical data.

IT-projekt misslyckas ofta för att de blir sena och dyrare än planerat, och i många fall är det tidsfaktorn som är begränsande för projekten. Det existerar många olika programspråk och behov att dela konstruktioner mellan dessa. Idag använder applikationer inom samma system ofta olika terminologi och behovet av konverteringar uppkommer. Det existerar standardiserade språk som till exempel märkspråket XML men då organisationer väljer att skapa sin egen syntax för att formatera publiceringar kan ett motstånd urskiljas. Uppsatsen kan användas som underlag för vidare forskning inom programspråk. Denna studie fokuserar på att jämföra om val av syntax har någon betydelse för tidsåtgången vid uppmärkning av dokument. Den valda forskningsstrategin är experiment. En pilotstudie utfördes och med resultatet från studien gjordes en hypotesprövning i form av ett t-test. Analysen av resultatet antydde att användandet av valfri syntax implicerade en mindre tidsåtgång vid uppmärkning av dokument än vid användandet av XML. Från analysen konstateras det att ämnet bör undersökas vidare och att studien bör genomföras i större omfattning., IT projects often fail because they are late and more expensive than planned, and in many cases it is the time factor that is limiting for projects. There exist many different programming languages and the need to share structures between them. Applications within the same system often uses different terminology and the need for conversions occurs. Standardized languages such as XML exist but when organizations choose to create their own syntax for formatting publications instead a resistance can be distinguished. The paper can be used as basis for further research in the area of programming languages. This research focuses on comparing if the choice of syntax affects expenditure of time when marking document. The selected research strategy is experiment. A pilot study has been done and based on the results of the study a hypothesis testing (t-test) was made. The analysis of the results indicated that the use of optional syntax implied that less time was spent at marking document than the use of XML. The conclusion from this was that this area should be further explored and that the study should be done on a larger scale.

IT-projekt misslyckas ofta för att de blir sena och dyrare än planerat, och i många fall är det tidsfaktorn som är begränsande för projekten. Det existerar många olika programspråk och behov att dela konstruktioner mellan dessa. Idag använder applikationer inom samma system ofta olika terminologi och behovet av konverteringar uppkommer. Det existerar standardiserade språk som till exempel märkspråket XML men då organisationer väljer att skapa sin egen syntax för att formatera publiceringar kan ett motstånd urskiljas. Uppsatsen kan användas som underlag för vidare forskning inom programspråk. Denna studie fokuserar på att jämföra om val av syntax har någon betydelse för tidsåtgången vid uppmärkning av dokument. Den valda forskningsstrategin är experiment. En pilotstudie utfördes och med resultatet från studien gjordes en hypotesprövning i form av ett t-test. Analysen av resultatet antydde att användandet av valfri syntax implicerade en mindre tidsåtgång vid uppmärkning av dokument än vid användandet av XML. Från analysen konstateras det att ämnet bör undersökas vidare och att studien bör genomföras i större omfattning., IT projects often fail because they are late and more expensive than planned, and in many cases it is the time factor that is limiting for projects. There exist many different programming languages and the need to share structures between them. Applications within the same system often uses different terminology and the need for conversions occurs. Standardized languages such as XML exist but when organizations choose to create their own syntax for formatting publications instead a resistance can be distinguished. The paper can be used as basis for further research in the area of programming languages. This research focuses on comparing if the choice of syntax affects expenditure of time when marking document. The selected research strategy is experiment. A pilot study has been done and based on the results of the study a hypothesis testing (t-test) was made. The analysis of the results indicated that the use of optional syntax implied that less time was spent at marking document than the use of XML. The conclusion from this was that this area should be further explored and that the study should be done on a larger scale.

This thesis is about a potential trade-off between integrity and long-term usability in the choice of file formats for preservation of text documents. Five common formats are discussed: plain text, PDF/A, Office Open XML Document, Open Document Text, and Markdown. The formats are compared with respect to four criteria related to integrity and usability and to the records continuum model: support by widely used software, stability, rendering of contents and reusability. It is concluded that no single format is optimal with respect to all four criteria, when it comes to preserving typical documents in a modern environment, with more or less complex formatting and document structure. Therefore, the feasiblity of using two or more formats for preservation of a single document (e.g. PDF/A combined with Markdown and/or Office Open XML) is discussed. It is necessary to weigh the importance of integrity and long-term usability against the costs of preserving documents in multiple formats. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science, Library and Museum studies.

The omnipresence of electronic texts in our time warrants questions about the power to define what text really is, now held by technology — the textuality and representational qualities of digitized texts are undoubtedly influenced by the technological frameworks that decide their possible content and form, making the issue a point of interest for LIS and the digital humanities. This thesis explores the effects of commonly applied technology and practices in electronic publishing of Japanese language texts. Special attention has been paid to the possible issues concerning gaiji characters, ruby annotations and kana orthography. The predominant approach taken is a comparative analysis of two literary texts extracted from the corpora of the digital libraries Aozora Bunko and Japanese Text Initiative, accomplished by a comparison of the electronic editions with print. The findings include issues and weak points related to character encoding and the handling of annotations as well as other aspects of textuality being affected by the digitization process. The resulting discussion explores these findings as well as possible workarounds and solutions offered by developments in technology and methodology. The main conclusions of this thesis are that the textuality and the bibliographic codes of Japanese language texts may be hampered by the representational limitations of technology and digitization practices, but that the application of text encoding using contextual markup, as well as developments in character representation, may prove to be beneficial for the preservation of Japanese language textuality.

This thesis is about a potential trade-off between integrity and long-term usability in the choice of file formats for preservation of text documents. Five common formats are discussed: plain text, PDF/A, Office Open XML Document, Open Document Text, and Markdown. The formats are compared with respect to four criteria related to integrity and usability and to the records continuum model: support by widely used software, stability, rendering of contents and reusability. It is concluded that no single format is optimal with respect to all four criteria, when it comes to preserving typical documents in a modern environment, with more or less complex formatting and document structure. Therefore, the feasiblity of using two or more formats for preservation of a single document (e.g. PDF/A combined with Markdown and/or Office Open XML) is discussed. It is necessary to weigh the importance of integrity and long-term usability against the costs of preserving documents in multiple formats. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science, Library and Museum studies.

The omnipresence of electronic texts in our time warrants questions about the power to define what text really is, now held by technology — the textuality and representational qualities of digitized texts are undoubtedly influenced by the technological frameworks that decide their possible content and form, making the issue a point of interest for LIS and the digital humanities. This thesis explores the effects of commonly applied technology and practices in electronic publishing of Japanese language texts. Special attention has been paid to the possible issues concerning gaiji characters, ruby annotations and kana orthography. The predominant approach taken is a comparative analysis of two literary texts extracted from the corpora of the digital libraries Aozora Bunko and Japanese Text Initiative, accomplished by a comparison of the electronic editions with print. The findings include issues and weak points related to character encoding and the handling of annotations as well as other aspects of textuality being affected by the digitization process. The resulting discussion explores these findings as well as possible workarounds and solutions offered by developments in technology and methodology. The main conclusions of this thesis are that the textuality and the bibliographic codes of Japanese language texts may be hampered by the representational limitations of technology and digitization practices, but that the application of text encoding using contextual markup, as well as developments in character representation, may prove to be beneficial for the preservation of Japanese language textuality.

In this thesis, the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) encoding scheme is investigated as a system for storing metadata about manuscript material and 18th century first prints in the Swedenborg Archives at the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. The aim of the study is to test the functionality of TEI as a metadata system in cataloguing a special collection. Some criteria of functionality are formulated, and examples of encoded catalogue entries are described and analysed. It is demonstrated how descriptive metadata have been registered within the TEI header, while structural metadata have been recorded within the text element of the TEI file. On the whole, TEI is considered to be a functional tool that matches the present purposes. Some weaknesses are pointed to, however: For example, the TEI encoding scheme is not perceived to be fully satisfying for presenting descriptive metadata about manuscripts and prints in the same volume, and, moreover, it is not considered fully appropriate for describing abstract logical text structure in relation to the physical structure of the document. Lastly, TEI is compared to two other metadata systems, the AACR2, ch. 4, and AMREMM. A general conclusion is that the TEI offers a set of guidelines that can easily be adapted to specific needs, while a system for cataloguing in a more proper sense must also contain a set of rules concerning what categories of data are to be included, and in what form it is to be done., Uppsatsnivå: D

In this thesis, the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) encoding scheme is investigated as a system for storing metadata about manuscript material and 18th century first prints in the Swedenborg Archives at the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences. The aim of the study is to test the functionality of TEI as a metadata system in cataloguing a special collection. Some criteria of functionality are formulated, and examples of encoded catalogue entries are described and analysed. It is demonstrated how descriptive metadata have been registered within the TEI header, while structural metadata have been recorded within the text element of the TEI file. On the whole, TEI is considered to be a functional tool that matches the present purposes. Some weaknesses are pointed to, however: For example, the TEI encoding scheme is not perceived to be fully satisfying for presenting descriptive metadata about manuscripts and prints in the same volume, and, moreover, it is not considered fully appropriate for describing abstract logical text structure in relation to the physical structure of the document. Lastly, TEI is compared to two other metadata systems, the AACR2, ch. 4, and AMREMM. A general conclusion is that the TEI offers a set of guidelines that can easily be adapted to specific needs, while a system for cataloguing in a more proper sense must also contain a set of rules concerning what categories of data are to be included, and in what form it is to be done., Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to study and compare to what extent Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) support bibliographic description, metadata and mark-up of textual segments. The projects in the study comprise the Norwegian The Writings of Henrik Ibsen (Henrik Ibsens Skrifter) which applies the use of TEI, and Vitterhet society’s The collected works of CJL Almqvist (Vitterhetssamfundets CJL Almqvist Samlade Verk), which applies the use of HTML. The study showed that the Ibsen project provides its text with bibliographic description and metadata to a greater extent than the Almqvist project. The Almqvist project’s texts are provided with certain information about titles, authors and also information about source material and the electronic edition. However, the markup has proved to be inconsistent – some texts include more information than others do and particular mark words are not used. From the aspect of markup on textual segments, the Ibsen project presented the most detailed information. The amount of mark words used was not only significantly higher in the texts of the Ibsen project, but also more specific. The markup of Almqvist’s texts proved to have been completed by the use of linking, however, the markup showed that TEI offers more possibilities than HTML. In order to comprehend the difference in markup of both projects, an awareness of the respective aims of HTML and TEI should be developed. The two markup languages were created based on two separate kinds of needs, which has contributed to the continual use of both., Uppsatsnivå: D

The aim of this thesis is to study and compare to what extent Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) support bibliographic description, metadata and mark-up of textual segments. The projects in the study comprise the Norwegian The Writings of Henrik Ibsen (Henrik Ibsens Skrifter) which applies the use of TEI, and Vitterhet society’s The collected works of CJL Almqvist (Vitterhetssamfundets CJL Almqvist Samlade Verk), which applies the use of HTML. The study showed that the Ibsen project provides its text with bibliographic description and metadata to a greater extent than the Almqvist project. The Almqvist project’s texts are provided with certain information about titles, authors and also information about source material and the electronic edition. However, the markup has proved to be inconsistent – some texts include more information than others do and particular mark words are not used. From the aspect of markup on textual segments, the Ibsen project presented the most detailed information. The amount of mark words used was not only significantly higher in the texts of the Ibsen project, but also more specific. The markup of Almqvist’s texts proved to have been completed by the use of linking, however, the markup showed that TEI offers more possibilities than HTML. In order to comprehend the difference in markup of both projects, an awareness of the respective aims of HTML and TEI should be developed. The two markup languages were created based on two separate kinds of needs, which has contributed to the continual use of both., Uppsatsnivå: D