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INTRODUCTION: Children are important stakeholders in discussions about regulation of smoking and protection from secondhand smoke, but are rarely acknowledged as such. We explored the opinion of pediatric patients and other key stakeholders regarding the planned smoke-free zone around the Erasmus MC, a large university hospital in the Netherlands. METHODS: In 2019, we conducted a survey among pediatric patients and their parents, Erasmus MC employees, visitors, and adult patients, before implementation of the outdoor smoke-free zone, to assess their opinions on smoking and the planned smoke-free policy. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed mostly using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. RESULTS: In all, 91 parent-child dyads and 563 employees, visitors, patients and students filled in the questionnaires. Over 90% of children reported that they were regularly exposed to tobacco smoke, most often on the streets. Many underlined the exemplary role of healthcare providers, and 89% felt that nobody should be allowed to smoke near the hospital. Among parents, 89% were (very) positive towards the planned implementation of the smoke-free zone. In addition, 70% of adult patients, 81% of employees, 65% of visitors, 89% of students and 75% of 'others' were (very) positive about the new smoke-free policy. Smokers and former smokers generally were less positive about the policy. CONCLUSIONS: Children generally disapproved smoking around a hospital and felt that healthcare providers should be a good example concerning not smoking. The majority of adult patients, employees and visitors support a smoke-free zone surrounding the hospital, and virtually all pediatric patients and their parents do. Children should be acknowledged as important stakeholders in smoke-free policies and should be involved in planning and implementation. ispartof: TOBACCO PREVENTION & CESSATION vol:8 ispartof: location:Greece status: published

This paper investigates the differential change in subjective well-being among Hungarians 0–3 years and 8–11 years following voluntary and involuntary retirement. Controlling for baseline individual characteristics is important to circumvent possible endogeneity problems between retirement and subjective well-being; however, voluntary and involuntary retirees correspond to considerably different sets of observed confounders, and thus regression models may be subject to interpolation and extrapolation bias. Here, we use genetic matching to improve the comparability of these two subgroups and approximate the conditions of a controlled experiment in which voluntary retirement is the treatment variable. The same regression model applied to the matched and the non-matched data leads to different results. However, the results obtained through the matching procedure are superior in terms of subgroups comparability and model performance. These results show that voluntary retirees have a higher level of subjective well-being than involuntary retirees not only in the short but also in the long-term, the latter contradicting our expectation that the two groups would converge over time.

A társadalom idősödése a köztudatban fenyegető veszélyként él, mert megváltoztatja az eltartottak és eltartók arányát, ellehetetleníti a nyugdíjrendszert és az egészségügyet. Tanulmányunkban amellett érvelünk, hogy e veszély semlegesíthető. A korszerkezet változása ugyanis egy sor korszerkezet-érzékeny folyamatot indít be, melyek lezajlása a társadalom reakcióitól függően ellensúlyozhatja, vagy épp felerősítheti a közvetlen létszámhatásokat. Az idősödés két népesedési folyamat eredménye: a javuló halandóságé és a csökkenő termékenységé. A halandóság javulása nem feltétlenül növeli az eltartottak számát, együtt jár ugyanis az aktív kor és az időskor határának kitolódásával. Az elmúlt huszonöt évben úgy emelkedett a munkaerőpiac elhagyásának átlagos életkora négy és fél évnyit, hogy a mindenkori kilépési életkorban mért hátralévő élettartam gyakorlatilag nem változott. Ez a folyamat összefüggésbe hozható a nyugdíjkorhatár közelébe érő korcsoportok javuló iskolázottságával, és figyelembe véve az elmúlt negyedszázad felsőoktatási expanzióját, tovább folytatható. Ami a csökkenő termékenységet illeti, az alacsonyabb gyermekszám rontja ugyan a jövőbeni aktív kori létszámokat, de egyben lehetőséget teremt a ma aktív korúak fokozottabb munkavállalására és megtakarításaik növelésére. Amennyiben a kisebb termékenységű korcsoportok a lehetőséget kihasználva többet dolgoznak és többet takarítanak meg, a korszerkezet változása nem feltétlenül fogja vissza a növekedést és nem feltétlenül rontja az életszínvonalat. A 2010-es kiinduló állapot azonban nem sok jóval kecsegtet. Amennyiben nem nőnek a megtakarítások, a korszerkezet változásának hozzájárulása az életszínvonal növekedéséhez a 2020-as évek közepétől jelentős mértékben negatív lesz.

Az általános iskolai osztályokon belül alakuló népszerűséget több tényező is befolyásolhatja, ezek közül az iskolai teljesítmény és az etnikum fontos szerepet tölt be. Kutatásunk legfőbb célja volt annak feltárása, hogy megfigyelhető-e a magyarországi általános iskolákban az iskolai ellenkultúra jelensége a roma tanulók körében; választ kerestünk arra, hogy a jól teljesítő roma diákokat kiközösítik-e roma társaik. Kutatásunkhoz az MTA TK „Lendület” RECENS Kutatócsoport szervezésében zajló „Versengés és negatív hálózatok” címen futó longitudinális adatfelvétel négy hullámát használtuk fel. A vizsgálat 5–6. osztályos diákokat követett nyomon 4 féléven keresztül. Elemzésünk során a paneladatokat fix- és randomhatás-modellel elemeztük. Többváltozós modelljeink azt mutatják, hogy a tanulás eredményessége pozitív módon áll kapcsolatban a népszerűséggel mind a roma, mind a nem roma közösségben. Ennek alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy az iskolai ellenkultúra nincs jelen a kissebségi diákok körében. Továbbá az egész osztályon belül a jól tanuló romák több baráti jelölést kaptak, mint a jól tanuló nem romák a kontrollváltozók szinten tartása mellett, a baráti választás pedig motiválhatja a kisebbségi csoport felzárkózását. Azonban a romák kevésbé érzékenyek roma osztálytársaik iskolai teljesítményére, mint a nem romák a nem romákéra. Ez a jelenség pedig hosszú távon az egyenlőtlenségek elmélyüléséhez vezethet.

The household life-cycle stage is a significant contributor to the perception of subjective well-being, however, the effect of household expenditures of life-cycles on subjective well-being has not been thoroughly explored. The present study evaluates the level of subjective well-being across the various life-cycle stages using a matching method on a Hungarian national sample. This approach is appropriate for studies using observational data because the administration of a true experimental design is usually not feasible for this type of research. The main finding of the paper is that controlling for the expenditure structure significantly modifies the effect of life-cycle on subjective well-being, which is varied across life-cycle stages and shown to be highly dependent on household expenditures. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This paper shows that as the educational composition in the fifty-five to sixty-four year-old age bracket improved between the mid-1990s and the mid-2010s, the effective retirement age rose rapidly in the Central and Eastern European region. This increase was fast enough to keep life expectancies at the effective retirement age practically unchanged. In effect, the labor market absorbed all improvements in life expectancies in older working ages. The paper also shows that maintaining the current life expectancies at retirement over the next thirty years requires less effort in terms of further raising the effective retirement age than what the region achieved in this respect in the last fifteen years.

It is crucial to understand the role that labor market positions might play in creating gender differences in work–life balance. One theoretical approach to understanding this relationship is the spillover theory. The spillover theory argues that an individual’s life domains are integrated; meaning that well-being can be transmitted between life domains. Based on data collected in Hungary in 2014, this paper shows that work-to-family spillover does not affect both genders the same way. The effect of work on family life tends to be more negative for women than for men. Two explanations have been formulated in order to understand this gender inequality. According to the findings of the analysis, gender is conditionally independent of spillover if financial status and flexibility of work are also incorporated into the analysis. This means that the relative disadvantage for women in terms of spillover can be attributed to their lower financial status and their relatively low access to flexible jobs. In other words, the gender inequalities in work-to-family spillover are deeply affected by individual labor market positions. The observation of the labor market’s effect on work–life balance is especially important in Hungary since Hungary has one of the least flexible labor arrangements in Europe. A marginal log-linear model, which is a method for categorical multivariate analysis, has been applied in this analysis.

This paper shows how the effective retirement age rose in eight countries of Central and Eastern Europe (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia) between the mid-1990s and the mid-2010s. It finds that the increase was fast enough to keep life expectancies at the effective retirement age practically unchanged. Every day an average worker of the region got closer to the effective retirement age by only 18.4 hours, instead of 24, because the effective retirement age was moving. In effect, the labor market absorbed all improvements in life expectancies in older working ages. The paper also shows how the educational composition in older working age, specifically in the 55–64-year-old age bracket, improved over the same period, establishing the growth of the effective retirement age. This relatively recent shift is traced back to human capital investments made decades before, specifically the spread of secondary education starting in the 1960s. Finally, the paper shows that maintaining the current life expectancies at retirement over the next 30 years requires less effort in terms of further raising the effective retirement age than what the region achieved in this respect in the last 15 years. Since the countries discussed improved their education systems in recent decades by expanding tertiary enrollment among currently young cohorts, an additional increase in the effective retirement age in the future can be expected, possibly even fending off most of the potentially negative effects of declining mortality.

In the book of Distant Love Beck and Beck continue the work which was written in the Normal Chaos of Love by arguing that the classic family has begun to give away to the multiplicity of new type of families. Normal Chaos of Love has showed how single parent families and patchwork families have emerged due to successive marriage and divorce. Distant Love also focuses on new type of families, but it considers the global pictures by introducing the concept of world families. As Beck and Beck summarize it, the aim of the book is to “focus on the globalization of love”; however, it does not rely on own research or empirical results but illustrates its points with several examples taken from other studies.

In recent decades, spillover has become a highly influential concept which has led to the initiation of new theoretical and methodological approaches that are designed to understand how people attempt to reconcile their work and private lives. The very notion of spillover presupposes that these spheres are connected, since the people who move between them bring certain ‘less visible’ content with them such as cognitive or affective mental constructs, skills, behaviors, etc. This paper attempts to create fresh insight into the different areas, themes and methodologies related to how spillover has been addressed over the last ten years. Four main categories are discussed based on the 76 academic articles that were selected: (1) general spillover research, (2) job flexibility and spillover, (3) individual coping strategies, and (4) the spillover effect on the different genders. The final section of the paper provides a tentative synthesis of the main conclusions and findings from the examined papers.