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En este estudio indagamos sobre las reformas lingüísticas realizadas en China durante el siglo XX, una de las etapas más destacadas en la evolución de su escritura y su literatura. Abordamos cronológicamente varias cuestiones estrechamente interrelacionadas, analizamos las propuestas más relevantes de fonetización de la escritura, el paso de la literatura en lengua clásica a la vernácula, las razones y circunstancias que impulsaron estos movimientos y el impacto que tuvieron. Consideramos que estas reformas han influido decisivamente en la lengua escrita y su literatura, y han contribuido a moldear el panorama lingüístico actual de China. Nuestros objetivos son contextualizar y analizar los motivos que desencadenaron dichas reformas, reflexionar sobre si realmente cumplieron con los propósitos para los que fueron concebidas, y en lo concerniente a la discusión sobre la posible fonetización de la escritura china, adoptar una postura en favor o no de la escritura de caracteres chinos. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos trabajado con diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, examinando distintas perspectivas sobre el tema y estudiando las implicaciones de las reformas en la escritura y la sociedad. Este análisis se ha realizado considerando las particularidades inherentes a la escritura china y situando las reformas en su contexto adecuado, This study investigates the linguistic reforms carried out in China during the 20th century, which represents one of the most significant stages in the evolution of its writing and literature. This research addresses several interrelated questions chronologically, analyzing the most relevant proposals for the phoneticization of writing, the transition from classical to vernacular literature, the reasons and circumstances that drove these movements, and the impact they had. These reforms have had a decisive influence on the written language and its literature, shaping the current linguistic landscape of China. The goals for this paper are to contextualize and analyze the motives that triggered these reforms, reflect on whether they truly fulfilled the purposes for which they were conceived, and, regarding the discussion on the possible phonetization of Chinese writing, take a stance in favor or against the use of Chinese characters. To carry out this research, various bibliographic sources have been studied, analyzing different perspectives on the topic, and reviewing the implications of the reforms on writing and society. This analysis has been conducted considering the inherent characteristics of Chinese writing and situating the reforms in their appropriate context.

This study investigates the linguistic reforms carried out in China during the 20th century, which represents one of the most significant stages in the evolution of its writing and literature. This research addresses several interrelated questions chronologically, analyzing the most relevant proposals for the phoneticization of writing, the transition from classical to vernacular literature, the reasons and circumstances that drove these movements, and the impact they had. These reforms have had a decisive influence on the written language and its literature, shaping the current linguistic landscape of China. The goals for this paper are to contextualize and analyze the motives that triggered these reforms, reflect on whether they truly fulfilled the purposes for which they were conceived, and, regarding the discussion on the possible phonetization of Chinese writing, take a stance in favor or against the use of Chinese characters. To carry out this research, various bibliographic sources have been studied, analyzing different perspectives on the topic, and reviewing the implications of the reforms on writing and society. This analysis has been conducted considering the inherent characteristics of Chinese writing and situating the reforms in their appropriate context., En este estudio indagamos sobre las reformas lingüísticas realizadas en China durante el siglo XX, una de las etapas más destacadas en la evolución de su escritura y su literatura. Abordamos cronológicamente varias cuestiones estrechamente interrelacionadas, analizamos las propuestas más relevantes de fonetización de la escritura, el paso de la literatura en lengua clásica a la vernácula, las razones y circunstancias que impulsaron estos movimientos y el impacto que tuvieron. Consideramos que estas reformas han influido decisivamente en la lengua escrita y su literatura, y han contribuido a moldear el panorama lingüístico actual de China. Nuestros objetivos son contextualizar y analizar los motivos que desencadenaron dichas reformas, reflexionar sobre si realmente cumplieron con los propósitos para los que fueron concebidas, y en lo concerniente a la discusión sobre la posible fonetización de la escritura china, adoptar una postura en favor o no de la escritura de caracteres chinos. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación hemos trabajado con diferentes fuentes bibliográficas, examinando distintas perspectivas sobre el tema y estudiando las implicaciones de las reformas en la escritura y la sociedad. Este análisis se ha realizado considerando las particularidades inherentes a la escritura china y situando las reformas en su contexto adecuado

En el proceso de aprendizaje de un idioma nuevo, amén del estudio de la gramática y la ortografía básicas, el estudiante requiere indefectiblemente familiarizarse con las locuciones de uso común, las expresiones fijas, los modismos y los refranes, entre otros. Todas estas construcciones del lenguaje se engloban bajo el paraguas terminológico de unidades fraseológicas (UFs). Las UFs son combinaciones fijas de palabras; a diferencia de las construcciones libres, su sentido no puede inferirse habitualmente a partir de la suma de los significados de sus componentes por separado. Esta particularidad se atribuye principalmente a una de las siguientes dos causas (o a las dos): la disrupción con la sintaxis regular o la presencia de elementos culturales. Por tanto, al objeto de facilitar el aprendizaje de las UFs chinas a los estudiantes españoles y viceversa, la presente tesis elabora un estudio contrastivo exhaustivo entre la fraseología en español y en chino desde las perspectivas lingüísticas —retórica, rima y ritmo— y culturales —geografía, folclore, libros y religiones—.

Expresiones artísticas como el cine, las series de televisión, la pintura o la música junto a las expresiones idiomáticas son aspectos culturales que ayudan a esbozar la realidad social. Artistas y consumidores han aprovechado estas herramientas como una vía para entretenerse y manifestar su descontento ante ciertos aspectos sociales, políticos o económicos. La encuesta sobre impacto social de los audiovisuales reveló algunas diferencias en los gustos de visionado de hombres y mujeres, así como el efecto de la censura del país en los temas tratados en series y películas, también demostrado en algunas expresiones idiomáticas, las cuales se adaptaron para salvar las restricciones. Tanto la sociedad china como sus valores y costumbres confucianas se ven reflejados en el cine y las series, así como su afán de riqueza y la posición de la mujer.

La salud mental, definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como “un estado de bienestar en el cual cada individuo desarrolla su potencial, puede afrontar las tensiones de la vida, puede trabajar de forma productiva y fructífera, y puede aportar algo a su comunidad” y a mi parecer, la salud que menos tiempo y atención dedicamos, ignorada y, probablemente, la más estigmatizada por la sociedad. Soy consciente de que las personas de las nuevas generaciones tienen un mayor interés en aprender sobre la salud mental, más que las antiguas generaciones. Por eso, y como autora de este TFG, estudiante del grado de Estudios de Asia Oriental, perteneciente a la “generación Z” y superviviente a una pandemia que ha causado estragos en la salud a nivel mundial, he tomado como deber indagar más sobre este tema en uno de los países que más está dando que hablar desde las últimas décadas, China: famoso por su liderazgo en innovación, su rica historia, su grandiosa arquitectura, pero desconocido en cuanto salud mental. A lo largo de las próximas 15.000 palabras, investigaré más sobre cómo trata el Gobierno Chino este tema, cómo se siente la población respecto a ello, la alta tasa de suicidio que tiene el país y las medidas llevadas a cabo entre otros temas.

La saga Kung Fu Panda está compuesta por una serie de películas que narran las aventuras de un panda llamado Po y su desarrollo personal hasta cumplir el destino que se le ha encomendado. Estas películas han sido apreciadas enormemente por la comunidad china gracias a los elementos tan fielmente representados que aparecen en cada entrega. Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado tiene como objetivo poner en valor el trabajo certero que se realizó en la caracterización y representación de toda clase de enseñanzas filosóficas, paisajes y elementos artísticos, filosóficos y sociales típicos de la cultura china para las tres películas de la franquicia de DreamWorks Animation Kung Fu Panda, destacando mediante obras como el Tao Te Ching (Lao Tsé & Iñaki Preciado Idoeta, 2006) o An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture (Qizhi Zhang, 2015) la profundidad alcanzada en sus escenas, para de esta forma poner en común la importancia de no considerar superficiales dichos filmes por el hecho de estar enfocados a un público infantil.

[Abstract]: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of an incremental running exercise until exhaustion on twitch responses and jump capacity in endurance trained runners. For this purpose, 8 experienced endurance male runners were required to perform neuromuscular function tests before and after a submaximal running bout (control condition-CTR-) or an incremental running test to volitional exhaustion (experimental conditions-EXP-). The twitch interpolation technique was used to assess voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties before and after each condition (CTR and EXP). Countermovement jump was also used to assess the stretch-shortening cycle function before and after both conditions. In addition, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate and skin temperature were also recorded. Only EXP improved jump performance, however, it was also accompanied by a reduction in maximal voluntary contraction and the peak twitch force of the knee extensors evoked by electrical stimulation at 10 Hz (Db10). It is likely that reductions in maximal voluntary contraction may be related to an excitationcontraction coupling failure (i.e. low-frequency fatigue) as suggest the reduction in the Db10. The current results confirm that acute changes in jump performance may not be appropriate to evaluate acute fatigue in endurance trained runners.

Global warming and climate change, as a result of greenhouse gas emissions, pose a major threat to the international community; therefore, such emissions must be reduced by moving to clean energy resources. In this paper, we follow an approach based on bankruptcy models using the proportional rule and the proportional run-to-the-bank rule to illustrate a novel allocation protocol for managing annual CO2 equivalent emissions in European Union countries among a set of sectors included in Annex I to Decision No 406/2009/EC. Unlike the standard bankruptcy model, the current model deals with situations in which agent’s claims are multidimensional and the issues correspond to greenhouse gases contained in Annex II to Directive 2003/87/EC. Considering that any Member State can limit the greenhouse gas emissions beyond their obligations under the European legislation, being able to establish national greenhouse gas emission reduction objectives in relation to 2005. Two types of situations will be considered to allocate emissions among greenhouse gases, sectors and source categories: when total emissions and removals from activities related to the Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry are excluded, we will make a first allocation among sectors and categories to determine the amount of tonnes of CO2 equivalent that they can emit for each greenhouse gas; and when land-use/forestry activities are taken into account for the distribution of emissions reduction efforts, we will make a second allocation among sectors in order to determine which source categories are involved in each case.

[Abstract]: The present systematic review aimed to determine the chronic effects of the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and exercise on motor function and performance outcomes. We performed a systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE and Web of Science. Only randomized control trials that measured the chronic effect of combining exercise (comprising gross motor tasks) with tDCS during at least five sessions and measured any type of motor function or performance outcome were included. A total of 22 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Only outcomes related to motor function or performance were collected. Studies were divided into three groups: (a) healthy population (n = 4), (b) neurological disorder population (n = 14), and (c) musculoskeletal disorder population (n = 4). The studies exhibited considerable variability in terms of tDCS protocols, exercise programs, and outcome measures. Chronic use of tDCS in combination with strength training does not enhance motor function in healthy adults. In neurological disorders, the results suggest no additive effect if the exercise program includes the movements pretending to be improved (i.e., tested). However, although evidence is scarce, tDCS may enhance exercise-induced adaptations in musculoskeletal conditions characterized by pain as a limiting factor of motor function.

[Abstract]: Objectives: The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of set configuration during five weeks of unilateral knee extension resistance training on untrained knee extensors performance. Methods: Thirty-five subjects were randomly assigned to traditional training (TTG; n=14), rest-redistribution (RRG; n=10) and control group (CON; n=11). TTG and RRG groups trained the dominant knee extensors twice a week with the 10-repetition maximum (RM) load. TTG performed four sets of eight repetitions with three min-rest between sets and RRG 32 repetitions with 17.4 seconds of rest between each one. Before and after interventions, anthropometry, muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), 1RM, number of repetitions with 10RM pretest load (N10RM), maximum propulsive power (MPP) and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) were measured. Results: 1RM of the untrained leg increased only in the TTG group (p<0.001, 10.3% compared with Pre-test). 1RM, MPP and N10RM increased in the trained leg in both TTG (p<0.001) and RRG (p<0.001). No changes occurred in MT or PA. Conclusions: These results suggest that, when it is not possible to perform bilateral exercises (e.g., leg injury), traditional set configurations should be recommended to improve maximal voluntary force in the untrained leg.

The presence of suspended particles in liquid fluids is one of the main reasons for hydraulic system failure. Metallic impurities in particular increase the presence of toxic substances in wastewater; therefore, it is vital to study and address the behaviour of such particles in water flows. The current literature lacks studiees approaching the combined effect of different filtering techniques in backward-facing step (BFS) flows. This work aims to analyse the behaviour of iron filings within a BFS system, making use of a combined experimental 2D PIV/PTV–3D uRANS computational approach. Experiments and computations are performed at a Reynolds number ReH=3684.63. Computational measurements are performed in several planes whereas the experimental campaign is focused on the dynamics of the particles through the streamwise middle plane. A half plane reattachment length of Xr=11.73h is measured for an inlet flow turbulence intensity of about 1%. The trajectories of the iron filings under the influence of an external magnetic field are examined. A comparison with their paths under the influence of no attractive forces elucidates that the presence of an external magnetic field alters their elliptical trajectories. Moreover, a more forward magnet placement reveals greater trajectory disruptions.

The sacred character that according to Taoist way of thinking is given to nature is the central axis of this investigation. We analyze the context in which this philosophy was developed and we present some of its fundamental principles, all this will be useful to understand how the sacralization process took place. We deal with all this in relation to paradigmatic cases of classical literature through allusions to nature and certain Chinese linguistic expressions of a Taoist nature that we also explain throughout our presentation., El carácter sagrado que según el pensamiento taoísta se le otorga a la naturaleza es el eje central de la presente investigación. En ella analizamos el contexto en el que se desarrolló dicha filosofía y presentamos algunos de sus principios fundamentales, todo esto será de utilidad para entender cómo se produjo el proceso de sacralización. Tratamos todo ello en relación con casos paradigmáticos de literatura clásica con alusiones a la naturaleza y ciertas expresiones lingüísticas chinas de carácter taoísta que asimismo explicamos a lo largo de nuestra exposición.

The sacred character that according to Taoist way of thinking is given to nature is the central axis of this investigation. We analyze the context in which this philosophy was developed and we present some of its fundamental principles, all this will be useful to understand how the sacralization process took place. We deal with all this in relation to paradigmatic cases of classical literature through allusions to nature and certain Chinese linguistic expressions of a Taoist nature that we also explain throughout our presentation.

[Abstract] Regular physical exercise has shown great benefits in preventing age-related functional losses and in improving the perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older people. To optimize these benefits, it would be interesting to evaluate what type of exercise is better. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of heavy-resistance training on mobility and HRQoL in older women. Forty healthy, untrained older women (60–75 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: circuit resistance training (CRT, n = 15), traditional resistance training (TRT, n = 15) or the control group (CG, n = 10). During the 12-week training period, both experimental groups performed training with heavy loads, twice a week. Before and after the training period, the Timed Up and Go test, as a proxy of mobility, and the perception of HRQoL were evaluated. TRT and CRT resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the Timed Up and Go test (−5.4 and −10.3%, respectively; p < 0.05), but only the improvement after CRT was significantly greater than changes in the CG (p < 0.001). Only CRT elicited improvements in several dimensions of the perception of the HRQoL questionnaire, such as: physical functioning (13%, p < 0.001), general health (8.1%; p = 0.048), vitality (17.7%; p < 0.001), role emotional (6.7%; p = 0.044) and physical component summary (6.3%; p = 0.001). The change in the CRT group was greater than in the CG (p < 0.001) in the physical functioning score. The present findings show that CRT might be a time- (and hence cost-) effective alternative to trigger multiple positive functional and psychological adaptations in older women.