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Az Europai Uniot fenyegető biztonsagi kihivasok osszetettsege es az uj keletű veszelyek elkerulhetetlenne teszik, hogy a hirszerző es biztonsagi kozosseg altal beszerzett informaciok gyorsan, biztonsagosan es feldolgozottan keruljenek a politikai donteshozok asztalara. A szinergiak a fuzios kozpontokban csucsosodnak ki, amelyek eredetileg allami szervekkent jottek letre. Az EU akkent tud leghatekonyabban hozzajarulni a tagallamok es az integracio egesze biztonsaganak fenntartasahoz, ha maga is műkodtet informacioegyesitő kozpontokat. Az unios intezmenyrendszert, az ugynoksegek feladat- es hataskoreit megvizsgalva arra a kovetkeztetesre juthatunk, hogy tobb EU-s szerv is magan viseli a fuzios kozpontok jellemzőit. Mindamellett az EU alkotmanyos berendezkedeseből es az egyuttműkodes jelenlegi melysegeből fakadoan e fuzios kozpontok szamos tekintetben kulonboznek a nemzeti rendszerektől. A kozos biztonsag kerdese egyre inkabb befolyasolja az unios agendakat, holott a tagallamok e teruleten joval ovatosabban műkodnek egyutt egymassal. Ez a kettősseg feszultseget es az integracio iranyarol kulonbozően gondolkozo (foderalista vagy szuverenitasparti) tagallamok kozott torespontot is eredmenyezhet, amelyet az erdek osszeuropai karakterere tekintettel kivanatos volna elkerulni.Alternate abstract:Due to hybrid activities below the thresholds of traditional conflicts, the civil sphere and the surrounding information environment has become part and, in some cases, the tool for conflicts between states or certain groups. Disinformation activities, which have been part of social deception for centuries, have become increasingly prominent in recent years but are also gaining prominence at the political level due to globalisation and changes in technological and information consumption patterns that have accelerated in recent times. The spread of disinformation is a serious challenge for democracies and recent lessons have shown that it poses a direct threat to human health and life. Due to the rapid development of technology and the low cost of the dissemination of disinformation, state-sponsored activities have unprecedented proportions capable of influencing democratic discourse and a state's internal affairs, as well as escalating conflicts between states on the international level.

Miller and Licklider's explorations of the intelligibility of temporally interrupted speech, and later studies extending their findings to the spectro-temporal plane, have shown how the twin factors of sparseness and redundancy confer a high degree of robustness on speech in noise. The current contribution addresses two questions. First, to what extent can quantitative estimates of supra-threshold unmasked speech account for average (macroscopic) intelligiblity across a range of speech styles and masking conditions? We examine how well glimpse-based objective intelligibility metrics predict listeners' speech recognition scores for natural and synthetic speech in the presence of stationary and fluctuating maskers, and demonstrate reduced correlations for competing sources with an informational masking component. The second question concerns which additional components, beyond speech glimpses, are required to make (microscopic) predictions of actual listener confusions at the level of individual noisy speech tokens. Using corpora of speech-in-noise misperceptions, we show that in many cases the source of listener confusions is the misallocation of information from the masker, suggesting that estimates of supra-threshold unmasked speech alone are insufficient to explain speech intelligibility in noise.