Search

Background Azathioprine (AZA) and thiopurine are widely used for induction and maintenance of remission in steroid-dependent patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study has been to investigate its efficacy and safety in maintaining steroid-free remission in steroid-dependent IBD patients eight years after the institution of treatment. Methods Data from consecutive IBD outpatients referred in our Institution, between 1985–2017, were reviewed and all patients treated with AZA were included in this retrospective study. AZA was administered at the recommended dose of 2–2.5 mg/kg. Results Out of 2992 consecutive IBD outpatients visited in the index period, AZA was prescribed to 446 patients, 245 (54.9%) were affected by Crohn’s disease (CD) and 201 (45.1%) by ulcerative colitis (UC). One hundred and ninety-six patients with a follow-up < 96 months were excluded from the study. Two hundred and fifty patients were evaluated, 140 (56%) with CD and 110 (44%) with UC. One hundred and thirty-eight (55.2%) were male and 112 (44.8%) female (average age of 35.48 ± 14.26 SD years, range 14–74 years). Eight year after the institution of treatment, 123 (49.2%) patients still were in steroid-free remission (82 CD vs. 41 UC, 58.6% and 37.3%, respectively, p = 0.0009), 71 (28.4%) had a relapse requiring retreatment with steroids (29 CD vs. 42 UC, 20.7% and 38.2%, respectively, p = 0.0030), 56 (22.4%) discontinued the treatment due to side effects (29 CD vs. 27 UC, 20.7% and 24.5%, respectively). The loss of response from first to eighth year of follow-up was low, about 21%. Conclusion Eight years after the onset of treatment about 50% of patients did not require further steroid courses. After the first-year loss of response was low in seven subsequent years. In the present series, the maintenance of steroid-free remission was significantly higher in CD than in UC patients. The occurrence of side effects leading to the withdrawal of AZA treatment has been low.

13C-labelled cinnamonitrile, a compound that possesses both the aromatic functionality of styrene and the nitrile functionality of acrylonitrile has been synthesized in one step using β-bromostyrene and potassium [13C]cyanide. The preparation of a target material using 13C -labelled cinnamonitrile may provide a cost-effective method for producing nitrogen-13 via proton irradiation for Positron Emission Tomography. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Periampullary diverticula (PAD) are found in 9-32% of patients who undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). PAD are acquired lesions which are rare in patients40 years, but increasing with age. Several endoscopic studies have revealed an association between PAD and common bile duct (CBD) stones. The presence of a papilla located in the diverticula is also frequent (6.8-54.9%) and represents a restrictive factor for successful cannulation.A retrospective analysis has been made of data related to the patients with PAD treated at our GI Unit (small center with low case volume), who underwent ERCP in the period 1st January 2010 to 31st March 2014. For each patient were analyzed data regarding sex, age at diagnosis, indication to ERCP, cannulation rate, endoscopic treatment and complications. PAD were classified in 3 different types according to the position of the major papilla.A total of 647 ERCPs have been performed of which 77 (16.5%) in pts with PAD (48 F, 29 M, mean age: 78.3 years; range: 48-95). PAD type I (inside the diverticulum) were found in 22 pts (28.6 %), Type II (in the margin of the diverticulum or between two PADs) in 36 pts (46.7 %) of which 12 cases between two PADs, type III (near the diverticulm) in 19 pts (24.7 %). The indication for ERCP were: 72 CBD stones (93.5%), 3 cholangiocarcinoma (3.9%) and 2 pancreatic head cancer (2.6%). In cases of difficult cannulation, precut was performed in 12 pts (15.6%). Deep CBD cannulation and endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was achieved in 70 cases (90.9%). The other 7 case of failure were all in patients with CBD stones. Complete clearance of CBD stones was achieved in 57 patients (87.7%) (57/65 ERCP/ES). Stent placement was necessary in 8 cases (12.3%) (8/65 ERCP/ES), due to multiple large stones. The adverse events related to ERCP/ES included 4 intraprocedural bleeding (5.7%) (4/70 ERCP/ES) and 1 mild pancreatitis (1.4%) (1/70 ERCP/ES), all managed conservatively.Our data show that ERCP is a safe procedure also in patients with PAD, with a good success rate and low complications.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is the most common form of gastrointestinal disorders associated with eosinophilia. Typically, an inappropriate accumulation of eosinophils is found in the esophageal mucosa. EoE can be well managed and treated with several options that include an elimination diet, drug therapy (oral and topical steroids) and esophageal dilatations. We herein, report a case of a 49-year-old male affected by EoE associated to chest pain, treated with proton pump inhibitor without clinical response. The patient suffered from long lasting postprandial fullness and gastroesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms. He had a history of episodic asthmatic attacks and allergic rhinitis but had not dysphagia or food impaction. The patient recovered completely after an adequate treatment.

Pancreas divisum (PD) is a common anatomical variant of the pancreatic duct system. Only a little percentage of patients with this altered anatomy develop symptoms: acute recurrent pancreatitis (ARP), chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic-type pain alone. These have been supposed to arise from an obstruction to outflow of the pancreatic dorsal duct due to a stenosis of the minor papilla. Endoscopic sphincterotomy of the minor papilla (MiES) can be considered an effective treatment for patients with PD and ARP supported by stenosis or obstruction of the minor papilla. On the other hand, the access through the minor papilla is essential for therapeutic pancreatic endoscopy in patients with PD and CP, but the effectiveness of MiES in these patients is extremely controversial.Aim of this brief review has been to evaluate the short and long-term effects of endoscopic pancreatic interventions in patients affected by symptomatic PD who underwent therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with pancreatic sphincterotomy of the minor papilla (MiES). The main literature database was Medline (1966-2013).Data come from a personal overview of articles emerging from the same search strategy.Nowadays, when endoscopic pancreatic drainage is indicated in patient with symptomatic PD, access through the minor papilla (MiP) is required. Therapeutic endoscopic interventions provide less invasive alternatives to the surgical approach.

In an effort to prepare an improved carbon-rich target material for the accelerator production of 13N labelled ammonia for use in positron emission tomography (PET), sulfonated poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) has been evaluated. The preparation of this target material using naturally abundant carbon-12 compounds was investigated in an effort to optimize conditions for the preparation of the analogous carbon-13 target material which may provide a cost-effective method for producing nitrogen-13 labelled ammonia via proton irradiation. As part of this study, phenyl-13C6-ethene was synthesized in three steps starting from benzene-13C6. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Choledocholithiasis is increasing in elderly subjects. The introduction of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with biliary sphincterotomy has almost replaced surgery in the treatment of this condition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the rates of successful clearance of common bile duct stones and the endoscopic techniques used in a population aged 75 years or older compared with those in a younger age group.A retrospective analysis was made of data related patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for choledocolithiasis in the period 2010-2011. For all patients, factors such as sex, age at diagnosis, endoscopic treatment (stone extraction using baskets and balloon, mechanical lithotripsy and balloon dilatation of the ampulla, placement of a stent or a naso-biliary tube) and need of surgery were analysed. Two groups of patients were identified: patients aged75 years (Group A) and patients aged ≥75 years (Group B). For the statistical analysis Mann-Whitney test and Fischer's Exact test were used.A total of 234 patients were enrolled in the study (94 in Group A, 140 in Group B). No statistically significant differences were observed as far concerns sex, previous cholecystectomy, gallbladder stones and periampullary diverticula, but only for common bile duct dilatation. Complete clearance of common bile duct stones was achieved in 230 patients (97.5%).The present data are in keeping with those presented in the literature, which confirm that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a safe and effective procedure also in older patients.

Two new tritide reducing agents, Li3H and Li(CH3O)3B3H, have been prepared at the carrier-free level and used to reduce 2-naphthaldehyde to tritiated β-naphthalene methanol, to produce C3H3OR, and to synthesize a methyl-tritiated secondary amine.

2,6-Dinitro-1-iodobenzene and 2,4-dinitro-1-iodobenzene were deiodinated with tributyltin hydride at different temperatures using various addition modes. The product ratios of 1,3-dinitrobenzene and the corresponding tributylstannyldinitrobenzene compounds were determined by NMR in order to evaluate the optimum conditions for impending tritiation experiments.

Colorectal post anastomotic benign strictures are not uncommon. The purpose of this study was to investigate the results of endoscopic balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures.The study was on a retrospective survey. Records of 14 consecutive patients with anastomotic strictures (5 F, 9 M; median age 64 years; range: 50-87 years), attending our GI Unit from February 1st 2008 to December 31st 2009, were analyzed. All patients had been operated for colon carcinoma. All of them were treated with balloon dilatation.All the patients presented symptoms of obstruction. The total number of dilatation sessions was 37 and the median number of sessions by patient was 1,5 (range: 1-7). After the procedures, all patients had an improvement of symptoms. No complications were observed.Our experience underlines that endoscopic ballon dilatation, in patients with post anastomotic benign strictures, is a safe technique with a low rate of complications.

LiH, Li(CH3O)3BH and the corresponding deuteride forms of these reagents have been prepared in situ and used to reduce a variety of functional groups. Their reducing power has been evaluated and compared.

Treatment of Li3H with ZrCp2Cl2 in THF affords ZrCp2Cl3H. By the action of ZrCp2Cl3H on an acetylene, it is possible to stereo- and regioselectively introduce tritium into the vinylic position, a site which has often proved to be metabolically stable in complex molecules. In addition, ZrCp2Cl3H may be used to regioselectively label olefins with tritium.

Treatment of Li3H with ZrCp2Cl2 in THF affords ZrCp2Cl3H. By the action of ZrCp2Cl3H on an acetylene, it is possible to stereo- and regioselectively introduce tritium into the vinylic position, a site which has often proved to be metabolically stable in complex molecules. In addition, ZrCp2Cl3H may be used to regioselectively label olefins with tritium.

Two new tritide reducing agents, Li3H and Li(CH3O)3B3H, have been prepared at the carrier-free level and used to reduce 2-naphthaldehyde to tritiated β-naphthalene methanol, to produce C3H3OR, and to synthesize a methyl-tritiated secondary amine.

New polymer-based materials have been evaluated in an effort to improve nitrogen-13 production with medical cyclotrons. A series of poly(styrene/divinylbenzene) derivatives have been synthesized and then pyrolysed to yield carbonized beads. Preliminary cyclotron studies indicate that pure 13N-labelled ammonia is produced upon irradiation of these materials.

Bouveret's syndrome is a rare condition usually caused by a single large stone impacted in the duodenum. This is a cause of gastric outlet. Even if endoscopy is the mainstay of diagnosis, the radiographic examinations are also important too. Generally, the stones are too large to be removed endoscopically. Conservative endoscopic treatment should be attempted initially, and if it fails, surgical approach should be performed.

Patients with severe brain injures and severe neurological diseases frequently require prolonged nutritional support during their hospitalization as well as during their rehabilitation period. Since 1980, the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) has become the method of choice for long term feeding. The aim of the present study was to present our experience concerning the placement of PEG in critically ill patients, recovered in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).From 3-05-2001 to 28-09-2005, 36 patients (13 female, 23 male) with a median age of 63 years [range: 18-86 years], recovered in ICU of the Sandro Pertini Hospital, underwent PEG. These patients were retrospectively evaluated in terms of complications, indications to the procedures, durability of gastrostomy and mortality. Intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis was administered 1 h before the procedure (ceftriaxone 2gr). The entire PEG was placed in ICU at patient's bed, with the assistance of the anaesthetist. Propofol was used e.v. for sedation and fentanest for analgesia while lidocaine was used for local anesthesia. A 16-Fr or 20-Fr tube was inserted by the "pull method", after a complete upper gastroduodenoscopy.PEG was performed mainly for neurological disorders including cerebrovascular accidents (13), SLA (8), post-traumatic coma (7), post-cardiac arrest coma (7) and dementia (1). Procedure related mortality was 0%. The tube was changed in 4 patients due to clogging. The durability of the tube was a median of 2 months (range: 1-12 months). In 23 patients the placement of the PEG was definitive.Our experience underlines that PEG, in selected critically ill patients, is a safe technique easy to perform even in ICU.

Bleeding peptic ulcer (PU) is the commonest cause of an acute upper gastrointestinal bleed. Aim of this study was to present our data regard the management of acute bleeding from PU during urgent endoscopy (examination performed in 2-6 h by the call).This study is based on an observational retrospective protocol. Records of 259 consecutive patients with PU (92 F, 167 M; median age 71.5 years; range: 19-100 years), attending our GI Unit from February 1st 2004 to July 31st 2007, were analyzed.Out of 259 patients with PU, 170 (65.6%) were treated with endoscopic hemostasis followed by medical therapy (PPI 80 mg bolus within 12 h of endoscopy followed by 8 mg/for 72 h and then an oral PPI , 40 mg once daily for 30 days), while 89 (34.4%) patients received only medical therapy (PPI, 40 mg once daily for 30 days). All ulcerative lesions with endoscopic stigmata of acute bleeding, visible vessels or adherent clot (Forrest Ia-IIb) were treated during the gastroscopy. The endoscopic procedures used were: injection of 1:10000 adrenaline (about 10 mL) around the bleeding lesion in 93 cases (55%); injection therapy and thermal method (argon plasma coagulation) in 53 cases (31%); injection therapy and mechanical method (metallic clips) in 20 cases (12%); only mechanical method (metallic clips) in 4 cases (2%). Endoscopic hemostasis was achieved in 251 pts (97%), while 17 pts (6.5%) required second endoscopy for rebleeding. Three patients (1.16%) required immediate surgery for failure of primary endoscopic hemostasis. The mortality within 30 days from the bleeding episode was 3.9% (10 pts).The treatment of this condition has made important progress since the introduction of emergency endoscopy and endoscopic techniques for hemostasis. The application of specific protocols, significantly decreases rebleeding and the need for surgery, whereas mortality is still high. Our data are in keeping with previous studies of the literature.

Adequate sedation is fundamental for the execution of the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Propofol is widely used for gastrointestinal endoscopy because of its rapid recovery profile. The aim of this study was to determine, retrospectively, whether the administration of propofol was safe in patients undergoing ERCP, both diagnostic and therapeutic.In our GI Unit, from 1st February 2006 to 23 November 2006, we performed 100 ERCP. All the patients were sedated by using midazolam e.v., as pre-anaesthetic agent, and propofol e.v. During the procedure, vital signs were continuously monitored (oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate). Patients were also divided into two groups: less than 80 years of age (group I) and 80 years of age and older (group II). Cardiorespiratory complications were recorded.Patients were 51 females and 49 males, with a median age of 74 years (range: 23-94 years). Group I was composed by 72 patients (35 F, 37 M) and Group II by 28 patients (16 F, 12 M). There were no episodes of hemodynamic instability or airway obstruction. New ECG changes (1 ischemia, 3 arrhythmias) and 1 significant oxygen desaturation episode (SpO290%) occurred in 5% of procedures. If we considered the two groups, the rates of cardiopulmonary complications were 4.1% and 7.1%, respectively in group I and in group II.Propofol seems to be safe and effective sedation for ERCP, with a low complication rate, also in patients aged 80 years or older.

While, several studies indicate that there is an association between proximal and distal colorectal adenomas, no agreement seems to be between the presence of distal hyperplastic polyps and proximal neoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigate, retrospectively, the possible correlation between the distal hyperplastic polyps and proximal colorectal neoplasia.In our GI Unit, from 1st February 2006 to 24 November 2006, we performed 142 polypectomy. Patients were 36 females and 80 males, with a median age of 66 years [range: 38-87 years]. All of the polpys were resected during colonoscopy and sent for histological study. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. A probability value of Por =0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Histological study showed the following results: 33 hyperplastic polyps (8 F, 21 M; median age 63 years), 100 adenomas (26 F, 61 M; median age 67 years) and 2 inflammatory polpys (2 F, 0 M; median age 71 years). The rectal localization was associated with a significantly higher frequency of hyperplastic polyps (63.6% vs 23.5%), OR: 5.688 (95% C.I. 2.445-13.230) (p0.0001). Five hyperplastic polyps of the rectum were associated with 5 adenomas located 1 in the rectum, 2 in the sigmoid colon, and 1 in the descendens colon and 1 in the ascendens colon. While, 5 adenomas were associated with 5 adenocarcinoma.Guidelines from the American College of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy do not recommend colonoscopy for patients with distal hyperplastic polyps. Also our study is in keeping with the data of the literature and it confirmed that rectal localization is associated with a higher prevalence of hyperplastic polyps.

Foreign bodies ingestion is a potentially serious problem. The majority of ingested foreign bodies pass spontaneously, but serious complications, such as bowel perforation and obstruction, can occur. In the present work, we report our experience in the management of ingested foreign bodies.The study was observational and retrospective. We included in the study the foreign bodies ingestions occurred during urgent endoscopy (examination performed from 1 to 6 h by the call).Records of 696 consecutive EGDS performed in urgency at the Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy of the Hospital Sandro Pertini of Rome, from 01-02-'04 to 18-01-2006, were analyzed retrospectively. Out of these procedures, 21 (3.01%) were performed for suspected foreign bodies ingestion.We present the initial report of our working experience. Objects that have passed the duodenum should be managed conservatively by radiographic surveillance and inspection of stool. Endoscopic or surgical approach is indicated when significant symptoms develop or if the object fails to progress through the gastrointestinal tract. The present data are in keeping with previous studies of the literature.

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) has risen in recent years [Brown AE, Sadler KE, Tomkins SE, McGarrigle CA, LaMontagne DS, Goldberg D, et al. Recent trends in HIV and other STIs in the United Kindom: data to the end of 2002. Sex Transm Infect 2004;80:159-66]. Homosexually active men have frequent intestinal and rectal symptoms due to sexually acquired gastrointestinal infections [Surawicz CM, Goodell SE, Quinn TC, Roberts PL, Corey L, Holmes KK, et al. Spectrum of rectal biopsy abnormalities in homosexual men with intestinal symptoms. Gastroenterology 1986;91:651-9]. The number of reported cases of primary syphilis is increasing especially among this group of people [Goh BT. Syphilis in adults. Sex Transm Infect 2005;81:448-52 ]. We herein describe a case of a young man with a primary syphilitic rectal localization mimicking rectal cancer.

The continuous demand for sanitary care from the imprisoned patients to the general public hospitals has carried to the creation of dedicated structures like the Complex Protected Medicine Structure (SCMP) at the Hospital Sandro Pertini of Rome. Aim of this study was to present the preliminary epidemiologic-clinical data gathered from July 26th 2006 to March 1st, 2006 in our SCMP.This study is based on an observational retrospective protocol. Patients characteristics included sex, age, alcohol, smoke and drug abuse, serology for viral hepatitis and AIDS, and treatment with benzodiazepine.The records of 200 consecutive patients (18 F, 182 M; median age 46 years; range: 20-84 years), attending our Unit were analyzed retrospectively. Out of these patients, 40 (20%) were foreigners, 43 (21.5%) alcohol abusers, and 141 (70.5%) smokers. Forty-eight patients (24%) had a recent or last history of drug addiction (heroin and/or cocaine). The HIV antibodies have been assayed only on 28 patients, turning out positive in 10 (35.71%). Twenty-five patients were positive for HBsAg (12.5%) and 57 (28.5%) for HCV. A consumption of benzodiazepine (BZD) was present in 71 (35.5%) of the patients.The essential elements of medical attendance of our structure are described in the article. We present the initial report of our working experience. The present data are in keeping with previous studies of the literature. We hope that our experience coul be extended to all italian Countries.

Starting with benzene, styrene was synthesized in three steps and then polymerized using microscale quantities of reactants and products.

The effectiveness of PET as a clinical tool can be measured by any one of several criteria, including patient care cost reductions resulting from early detection of disease and/or the avoidance of unnecessary surgery.1 As an example, clinical PET is finding widespread use in the early detection and management of coronary artery disease. Compromised myocardial blood flow(MBF) is a manifestation of coronary artery disease and can result in angina or myocardial infarctions. Several positron-emitting tracers have been utilized as blood flow agents, including ammonia labeled with the positron-emitting isotope of nitrogen, 13N, with a physical half-life(t1/2) of 9.97 minutes. Its attractiveness as a MBF agent derives from its short half-life and relative ease and low cost of production. Further, within physiological ranges, [13N]ammonia myocardial tissue concentration is linear with blood flow.2 A recently developed tracer kinetic model for quantitating blood flow has addressed some of the inherent physiological limitations encountered in the use of [13N]ammonia.3 In concert with tissue viability studies using 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose, blood flow studies with [13N]ammonia are yielding more accurate predictions regarding improved cardiac function as a result of coronary artery bypass surgery.

A reliable, reproducible method has been developed for the in situ production of decicurie quantities of [13N]ammonia by proton irradiation of pressurized, dilute aqueous solutions of acetic acid and ethanol. Some of the parameters investigated for their effect on the 13N product distribution included dose, dose rate, solute concentration, target body material, beam strike volume and proton energy. For the conditions investigated, [13N]NH3 was produced directly in the target in yields greater than 75%.

In an effort to prepare an improved carbon-rich target material for the generation of [ 13 N]ammonia for use in PET, styrene was polymerized and cross-linked with various percentages of divinylbenzene (DVB). The resulting copolymers were then sulfonated and nitrated and the degree of substitution was determined by elemental analysis. As expected, increased levels of DVB sterically hindered substitutions of the aromatic ring.