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The γ-ray detector CATANA (CAesium iodide array for γ-ray Transitions in Atomic Nuclei at high isospin Asymmetry) has been constructed to detect γ-rays from nuclear reaction with radioactive ion beams at RIKEN RIBF. CATANA consists of 100 square frustum-shaped CsI(Na) crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes. The crystal shapes and positions are arranged to minimize the distance between the crystals so as to have better calorimetric properties and Doppler-shift correction capability. The CATANA array was employed to measure the dipole response of the neutron-rich calcium isotopes 50,52Ca, and the γ-rays from several known transitions were observed.

A kinematically complete quasifree (p,pn) experiment in inverse kinematics was performed to study the structure of the Borromean nucleus ^{17}B, which had long been considered to have a neutron halo. By analyzing the momentum distributions and exclusive cross sections, we obtained the spectroscopic factors for 1s_{1/2} and 0d_{5/2} orbitals, and a surprisingly small percentage of 9(2)% was determined for 1s_{1/2}. Our finding of such a small 1s_{1/2} component and the halo features reported in prior experiments can be explained by the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum, revealing a definite but not dominant neutron halo in ^{17}B. The present work gives the smallest s- or p-orbital component among known nuclei exhibiting halo features and implies that the dominant occupation of s or p orbitals is not a prerequisite for the occurrence of a neutron halo.

A kinematically complete quasi-free $(p,pn)$ experiment in inverse kinematics was performed to study the structure of the Borromean nucleus $^{17}$B, which had long been considered to have neutron halo. By analyzing the momentum distributions and exclusive cross sections, we obtained the spectroscopic factors for $1s_{1/2}$ and $0d_{5/2}$ orbitals, and a surprisingly small percentage of 9(2)$\%$ was determined for $1s_{1/2}$. Our finding of such a small $1s_{1/2}$ component and the halo features reported in prior experiments can be explained by the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum, revealing a definite but not dominant neutron halo in $^{17}$B. The present work gives the smallest $s$- or $p$-orbital component among known nuclei exhibiting halo features, and implies that the dominant occupation of $s$ or $p$ orbitals is not a prerequisite for the occurrence of neutron halo., Accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters,8 pages, 4 figures

The formation of a dineutron in the nucleus $^{11}$Li is found to be localized to the surface region. The experiment measured the intrinsic momentum of the struck neutron in $^{11}$Li via the $(p,pn)$ knockout reaction at 246 MeV/nucleon. The correlation angle between the two neutrons is, for the first time, measured as a function of the intrinsic neutron momentum. A comparison with reaction calculations reveals the localization of the dineutron at $r\sim3.6$ fm. The results also support the density dependence of dineutron formation as deduced from Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations for nuclear matter.

Detailed spectroscopy of the neutron-unbound nucleus 28 F has been performed for the first time following proton/neutron removal from 29 Ne / 29 F beams at energies around 230 MeV / nucleon . The invariant-mass spectra were reconstructed for both the 27 F ( * ) + n and 26 F ( * ) + 2 n coincidences and revealed a series of well-defined resonances. A near-threshold state was observed in both reactions and is identified as the 28 F ground state, with S n ( 28 F ) = − 199 ( 6 ) keV , while analysis of the 2 n decay channel allowed a considerably improved S n ( 27 F ) = 1620 ( 60 ) keV to be deduced. Comparison with shell-model predictions and eikonal-model reaction calculations have allowed spin-parity assignments to be proposed for some of the lower-lying levels of 28 F . Importantly, in the case of the ground state, the reconstructed 27 F + n momentum distribution following neutron removal from 29 F indicates that it arises mainly from the 1 p 3 / 2 neutron intruder configuration. This demonstrates that the island of inversion around N = 20 includes 28 F , and most probably 29 F , and suggests that 28 O is not doubly magic.

Spectroscopic factors of neutron-hole and proton-hole states in 131Sn and 131In, respectively, were measured using one-nucleon removal reactions from doubly magic 132Sn at relativistic energies. For 131In, a 2910(50)-keV γ ray was observed for the first time and tentatively assigned to a decay from a 5=2− state at 3275(50) keV to the known 1=2− level at 365 keV. The spectroscopic factors determined for this new excited state and three other single-hole states provide first evidence for a strong fragmentation of singlehole strength in 131Sn and 131In. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations based on the relativistic particle-vibration coupling

Spectroscopy of 16B plays an essential role in understanding the halo structure in 17B, but very limited knowledge has so far been obtained. We have carried out a kinematically complete measurement on the spectroscopy of 16B by using quasi-free (p,pn) reaction on 17B. The level scheme of 16B up to 5 MeV was made clear for the first time.

The isospin characters of low-energy dipole excitations in neutron-rich unstable nucleus 20O were investigated, for the first time in unstable nuclei. Two spectra obtained from a dominant isovector probe (View the MathML sourceO20+Au) and a dominant isoscalar probe (View the MathML sourceO20+α) were compared and analyzed by the distorted-wave Born approximation to extract independently the isovector and isoscalar dipole strengths. Two known 1−1− states with large isovector dipole strengths at energies of 5.36(5) MeV (View the MathML source11−) and 6.84(7) MeV (View the MathML source12−) were also excited by the isoscalar probe. These two states were found to have different isoscalar dipole strengths, 2.70(32)% (View the MathML source11−) and 0.67(12)% (View the MathML source12−), respectively, in exhaustion of the isoscalar dipole-energy-weighted sum rule. The difference in isoscalar strength indicated that they have different underlying structures. ispartof: Physics Letters B vol:768 pages:387-392 status: published

Spectroscopic factors of neutron-hole and proton-hole states in ^{131}Sn and ^{131}In, respectively, were measured using one-nucleon removal reactions from doubly magic ^{132}Sn at relativistic energies. For ^{131}In, a 2910(50)-keV γ ray was observed for the first time and tentatively assigned to a decay from a 5/2^{-} state at 3275(50) keV to the known 1/2^{-} level at 365 keV. The spectroscopic factors determined for this new excited state and three other single-hole states provide first evidence for a strong fragmentation of single-hole strength in ^{131}Sn and ^{131}In. The experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations based on the relativistic particle-vibration coupling model and to experimental information for single-hole states in the stable doubly magic nucleus ^{208}Pb.

Isotope-production cross sections for p-, d-, and C-induced spallation reactions on Nb93 at 113 MeV/nucleon were measured using the inverse-kinematics method employing secondary targets of CH2, CD2, and C. The measured cross sections for Mo90, Nb90, Y86,88 produced by p-induced reactions were found to be consistent with those measured by the conventional activation method. We performed benchmark tests of the reaction models INCL-4.6, JQMD, and JQMD-2.0 implemented in the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) and of the nuclear data libraries JENDL-4.0/HE, TENDL-2017, and ENDF/B-VIII.0. The model calculations also showed generally good agreement with the measured isotope-production cross sections for p-, d-, and C-induced reactions. It also turns out that, among the three nuclear data libraries, JENDL-4.0/HE provides the best agreement with the measured data for the p-induced reactions. We compared the present Nb93 data with the Zr93 data, that were measured previously by the same inverse kinematics method (Kawase et al., Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2017, 093D03 (2017)2050-391110.1093/ptep/ptx110), with particular attention to the effect of neutron-shell closure on isotope production in p- and d-induced spallation reactions. The isotopic distributions of the measured production cross sections in the Zr93 data showed noticeable jumps at neutron number N=50 in the isotopic chains of ΔZ=0 and -1, whereas no such jump appeared in isotopic chain of ΔZ=0 in the Nb93 data. From INCL-4.6 + GEM calculations, we found that the jump formed in the evaporation process is smeared out by the intranuclear cascade component in Nb91 produced by the Nb93(p,p2n) and (d,d2n) reactions on Nb93. Moreover, for Nb93, the distribution of the element-production cross sections as a function of the change in proton number ΔZ is shifted to smaller ΔZ than for Zr93, because the excited Nb prefragments generated by the cascade process are more likely to emit protons than the excited Zr prefragments, due to the smaller proton-separation energies of the Nb isotopes.

We present an investigation of the structure of 13Be obtained via a kinematically complete measurement of the (p,pn) reaction in inverse kinematics at 265 MeV/nucleon. The relative energy spectrum of 13Be is compared to Transfer-to-the-Continuum calculations which use as structure inputs the overlaps of the 14Be ground-state wave function, computed in a three-body model, with the unbound states of the 13Be residual nucleus. The key role of neutron p-wave orbital in the interpretation of the low-relative-energy part of the spectrum is discussed. Keywords: Quasi-free scattering, Borromean nuclei, Three-body model, Resonances

We have combined the low-energy neutron detector WINDS (Wide-angle Inverse-kinematics Neutron Detectors for SHARAQ) and the SAMURAI spectrometer at RIKEN Nishina Center RI Beam Factory (RIBF) in order to perform ( p , n ) reactions in inverse kinematics for unstable nuclei in the mass region around A ∼ 100 . In this setup, WINDS is used for detecting recoil neutrons and the SAMURAI spectrometer is used for tagging decay channel of heavy residue. The first experiment by using the setup was performed to study Gamow–Teller transitions from 132 Sn in April 2014. The atomic number Z and mass-to-charge ratio A / Q of the beam residues were determined from the measurements of time of flight, magnetic rigidity and energy loss. The obtained A / Q and Z resolutions were σ A / Q = 0.14 % and σ Z = 0.22 , respectively. Furthermore, owing to the large momentum acceptance ( 50 % ) of SAMURAI, the beam residues associated with the γ , 1n and 2n decay channel were measured in the same magnetic field setting. The kinematic loci of the measured recoil neutron energy and laboratory angle are clearly seen. It shows that the excitation energy up to about 20 MeV can be reconstructed.

Spallation reaction for the long-lived fission product 107Pd has been studied for the purpose of nuclear waste transmutation. The isotopic-distribution cross sections on both proton and deuteron were obtained at 118 MeV/nucleon in inverse kinematics at the RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. A large cross-section difference was found between the proton and deuteron results for the light-mass products. The data were compared with the SPACS semi-empirical parameterization and the PHITS calculations including both the intranuclear cascade and evaporation processes. In addition, the potential of spallation reaction for transmutation of 107Pd is discussed.

The key parameter to discuss the possibility of the pion condensation in nuclear matter, i.e., the so-called Landau-Migdal parameter g^{'}, was extracted by measuring the double-differential cross sections for the (p,n) reaction at 216 MeV/u on a neutron-rich doubly magic unstable nucleus, ^{132}Sn with the quality comparable to data taken with stable nuclei. The extracted strengths for Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions from ^{132}Sn leading to ^{132}Sb exhibit the GT giant resonance (GTR) at the excitation energy of 16.3±0.4(stat)±0.4(syst) MeV with the width of Γ=4.7±0.8 MeV. The integrated GT strength up to E_{x}=25 MeV is S_{GT}^{-}=53±5(stat)_{-10}^{+11}(syst), corresponding to 56% of Ikeda's sum rule of 3(N-Z)=96. The present result accurately constrains the Landau-Migdal parameter as g^{'}=0.68±0.07, thanks to the high sensitivity of the GTR energy to g^{'}. In combination with previous studies on the GTR for ^{90}Zr and ^{208}Pb, the result of this work shows the constancy of this parameter in the nuclear chart region with (N-Z)/A=0.11 to 0.24 and A=90 to 208.

The key parameter to discuss the possibility of the pion condensation in nuclear matter, i.e., the so-called Landau-Migdal parameter g^{'}, was extracted by measuring the double-differential cross sections for the (p,n) reaction at 216 MeV/u on a neutron-rich doubly magic unstable nucleus, ^{132}Sn with the quality comparable to data taken with stable nuclei. The extracted strengths for Gamow-Teller (GT) transitions from ^{132}Sn leading to ^{132}Sb exhibit the GT giant resonance (GTR) at the excitation energy of 16.3±0.4(stat)±0.4(syst) MeV with the width of Γ=4.7±0.8 MeV. The integrated GT strength up to E_{x}=25 MeV is S_{GT}^{-}=53±5(stat)_{-10}^{+11}(syst), corresponding to 56% of Ikeda's sum rule of 3(N-Z)=96. The present result accurately constrains the Landau-Migdal parameter as g^{'}=0.68±0.07, thanks to the high sensitivity of the GTR energy to g^{'}. In combination with previous studies on the GTR for ^{90}Zr and ^{208}Pb, the result of this work shows the constancy of this parameter in the nuclear chart region with (N-Z)/A=0.11 to 0.24 and A=90 to 208.

International audience; Dineutron decay is a forefront topic in nuclear structure that still lacks a firm experimental claim. The spontaneous emission of a dineutron should be favored in nuclei that are unbound with respect to two-neutron emission but bound with respect to single-neutron emission. A very interesting candidate can be found by adding two neutrons to the most neutron-rich Beryllium isotope,$^{14}$Be, a well-known 2n-halo nucleus. The intriguing nature of the phenomenon has motivated recent theoretical calculations and a new experimental campaign at RIKEN RIBF. In this work, the decay properties of$^{16}$Be and the structure of$^{15}$Be have been probed via the proton-knockout reaction from a$^{17}$B beam.

Isotopic production cross sections were measured for proton- and deuteron-induced reactions on 93 Nb by means of the inverse kinematics method at RIKEN Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory. The measured production cross sections of residual nuclei in the reaction 93 Nb + p at 113 MeV/u were compared with previous data measured by the conventional activation method in the proton energy range between 46 and 249 MeV. The present inverse kinematics data of four reaction products (90 Mo, 90 Nb, 88 Y, and 86 Y) were in good agreement with the data of activation measurement. Also, the model calculations with PHITS describing the intra-nuclear cascade and evaporation processes generally well reproduced the measured isotopic production cross sections.

The charge-exchange (p, n) reaction at 220 MeV has been measured to extract the strength distribution of Gamow-Teller transitions from the doubly magic unstable nucleus 132Sn. A recently developed experimental technique of measuring the (p, n) reaction in inverse kinematics has been applied to the study of unstable nuclei in the mass region around A∼100 for the first time. We have combined the low-energy neutron detector WINDS and the SAMURAI spectrometer at the RIKEN radioactive isotope beam factory (RIBF). The particle identification plot for the reaction residues obtained by the spectrometer provides the clear separation of the CE reaction channel from other background events, enabling us to identify kinematic curves corresponding the (p, n) reaction. Further analysis to reconstruct the excitation energy spectrum is ongoing., International Conference on Nuclear Structure and Related Topics (NSRT15)

High-speed 8:1 multiplexer and 1:8 demultiplexer ICs composed of GaAs direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL) have been designed and fabricated. The ICs were designed with a tree-type architecture and using memory-cell-type flip-flops (MCFFs). Self-aligned GaAs MESFETs with a gate length of 0.5 mu m were used in these ICs. The propagation delay time of the DCFL inverter was 19.0 ps/gate. Both ICs operated up to 8 Gb/s with power dissipations of 1.5 W for the multiplexer and 1.9 W for the demultiplexer at a single power supply voltage of 2.0 V. These ICs are applicable for multigigabit lightwave communication systems. >

Summary Objective: Although all the mechanisms of elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) by Interferon (IFN) have not been fully elucidated, the 2′-5′-oligoadenylate (2-5A) system is one of the mechanisms of the antiviral effect of IFN. Consequently, the measurement of 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5AS) activity could be useful for the evaluation of IFN treatment. This retrospective study was aimed at assessing whether 2-5AS activity functions as a clinical marker of virological response to PEG-interferon-α2b (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin therapy of chronic hepatitis C. Methods: The 32 patients included in this study had high viral loads of serum HCV-RNA of genotype 1b with chronic hepatitis C. All the patients received a regimen of PEG-IFN plus ribavirin for 48 weeks, and were then divided into two groups: one group (effective group) with undetectable serum HCV-RNA levels at 24 weeks (n = 22) of therapy, the other group (ineffective group) with persistent presence of HCV-RNA in serum at 24 weeks (n = 10). The 2-5AS activity in serum was measured 2, 8 and 12 weeks before initial administration. Results: The 2-5AS response ratio (measured value/measured value of baseline 2-5AS) at 2, 8 and 12 weeks after the administration in the effective group was significantly higher than that in the ineffective group. Conclusions: These results suggest that the ratio of 2-5AS is closely related to the antiviral effect, and that the measurement of 2-5AS response ratio may be a useful clinical parameter of virological response to PEG-IFN plus ribavirin therapy of chronic hepatitis C.

A decision circuit with a function of detecting the phase difference between the input data signal and the clock signal is presented. The novel circuit technology has been used for the phase detectors. A linear and wide-rage phase detection was achieved as well as a wide phase margin of 288/spl deg/ and a small decision ambiguity of 27 mVPP up to 10 Gb/s.

Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin improves the rate of eradication of the virus by less than 20% in patients with genotype 1b and a high viral load. In this study we assessed whether IFN-beta induction/IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin enhances the efficacy of the therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The efficacy of IFN-beta induction/IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin therapy (group A, n=7) was compared with that of IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin (group B, n=7) in 14 patients with high levels of HCV-RNA (100 K/U/ml). No significant differences were observed in the clearance of HCV-RNA between the two groups (A and B, respectively) 2 weeks after the start of the treatment (0% and 14.3%), at the end of the treatment (71.4% and 100%) and 6 months after the end of the treatment (28.6% and 14.3%). Recovery was complete in 28.6% and 14.3%, transient in 42.9% and 85.7% and absent in 28.6% and 0% in groups A and B, respectively. Early log changes in the viral load from the baseline after 2 weeks of treatment were 2.41 +/- 0.91 and 2.77 +/- 0.20 in groups A and B, respectively, with no significant difference between the two groups. In the present study, we were not able to demonstrate that IFN-beta induction/IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin therapy was superior to IFN-alpha2b plus ribavirin therapy in patients with genotype 1b and high viral loads.

Web3D technologies have made it possible for users to browse and manipulate 3D CG model data on the Web. Usually, such data requires users to interact with it in order to see its attribute information and its attached behavior. To automatically present 3D CG data and its attribute information, it is necessary to create 3D CG animation in advance. However, much time and cost is needed to create 3D CG animation that introduces its shape and its attribute information. We aim at constructing a mechanism that automatically produces 3D CG animation from the original 3D CG model data and its attribute information. 3D CG data has become popular on mobile phones such as i-mode. It is, however, difficult for users to interact with such data on mobile phones, because of their limited interaction capability and small-size screen. To cope with the problem, we also need to have a mechanism that produces 3D CG animation in an autonomous manner. We propose a way to automatically generate 3D CG animation from the original 3D CG model data and its attribute information. With the proposed method, users can browse 3D CG data and its attribute information in a "less clicking and more watching" manner. The proposed system automatically generates CG animation synchronized with synthesized speech from 3D CG contents and their attribute data. We also propose a method to generate a presentation for multiple 3D CG objects, that emphasizes the major differences in their attribute information.

A novel type of GaAs DCFL (direct-coupled FET logic) static flip-flop named MCFF (memory-cell-type flip-flop) is described. This circuit was implemented as a D-flip-flop and as a T-flip-flop IC (integrated circuit) using 0.5- mu m gate-length GaAs MESFETs fabricated by the advanced self-alignment process technique. An operating data bit rate of 10 Gb/s with a phase margin of 51 degrees was achieved in the D-flip-flop with a power dissipation of 98 mW. The maximum toggle frequency of 16 GHz was obtained in the T-flip-flop with a power dissipation of 48 mW. >

An 8:1 multiplexer and 1:8 demultiplexer chip set composed of GaAs direct-coupled FET logic (DCFL) has been designed and fabricated. The circuits were designed with tree type architecture and used memory cell type flip-flop (MCFF) as a flip-flop. Self-aligned GaAs MESFETs with a gate length of 0.5 mu m were used in these ICs. Both circuits operated up to 8 Gb/s with power dissipations of 1.5 W for the multiplexer and 1.9 W for the demultiplexer at a single power supply voltage of 2.0 V. >

A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), ts-S1, contains a mutation in a putative RNA polymerase gene, which is involved in late viral gene expression. When 4th-instar silkworm larvae were infected with 1.0 x 10(5) TCID50 of ts-S1 per larva and reared at 33 degrees C, the titre of budded virus (BV) and number of occlusion bodies (OBs) in the haemolymph of the infected larvae were very low in the early stage but markedly increased in the late stage of infection. In contrast, a rapid increase in both BV titre and OB number was detected in the haemolymph of infected larvae reared at 25 degrees C. LD50 values of ts-S1 and wild type BmNPV (wtBmNPV) for 4th-instar larvae were 2.41 and 0.96 TCID50 per larva at 25 degrees C, and1.0 x 10(6) and 1.70 TCID50 per larva at 33 degrees C, respectively. These results indicate that the virulence of ts-S1 for the larvae reared at 33 degrees C was markedly reduced. To examine further the reduction of ts-S1 virulence at the non-permissive temperature of 33 degrees C, silkworm larvae were infected with ts-S1 at the multiplicity of 1.0 x 10(2) - 1.0 x 10(6) TCID50 per larva, reared for various time at 33 degrees C and then shifted to 25 degrees C. Longer rearing periods at 33 degrees C resulted in better survival rates indicating that the reduction of virulence of ts-S1 was proportional to cumulative rearing time at 33 degrees C. When large virus inocula were used, a growth alteration of larvae was preferentially induced. However, when small virus inocula were used, the appearance of abortive infection due to the non-permissive temperature became more evident.

Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) DNA was partially digested with BamHI and BglII, or EcoRI, and cloned into the cosmid pWE15. Eight cosmid clones possessing viral DNA fragments with a size range from 34.9 kb to 45.1 kb were obtained, and they covered the entire viral DNA sequence. Using the cosmid library and plasmid libraries obtained previously, physical maps of BmNPV DNA were constructed for EcoRI, SmaI, PstI, SacI and SacII.

A DC500kV transmission system will be operated at the beginning of the 21st century in Japan, and DC GIS will be used in this system. As DC500kV GIS is the first application of its type in the world, many insulation problems had to be solved.

Electron transfer reactions of Co complexes with Fe 2+ (inner sphere) and with V 2+ (outer sphere) are studied in the presence of polyelectrolytes. Anionic polyelectrolytes accelerate the reactions remarkably, as expected. Two points are noteworthy: (1) the acceleration for the Fe 2+ systems is larger than that for the V 2+ reactions, in spite of the fact that both are divalent, and (2) electron transfer reaction between cationic species (Co(NH 3 ) 4 (N 3 ) 2 + and Fe 2+ ) is accelerated, though slightly, by addition of a cationic polyelectrolyte. This is in qualitative agreement with predictions based on Brönsted-Bjerrum-Manning theory. Temperature dependence study shows that the acceleration observed for the Fe 2+ cases is due to entropic gain whereas that in the case of V 2+ is ascribed to decrease in the enthalpy of activation.

One-track m-n-p codes can be obtained by considering conjugate class of the group elements, that originally produce one of the one-track m-n-p codes. The codes are good to digitize angular or linear analog quantity with small amounts of errors.

Surface compositions of Cu-Ni(50 wt%) alloy under 3 keV Ar + ion bombardment were measured by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS). In situ AES measurement of sputter-deposited layer and sputtered sample surface indicated that surface composition became Ni-rich due to Ar + ion sputtering at steady state, in accord with previous reports of preferential sputtering. ISS measurements with 3 keV Ar + ions, however, have suggested that the composition of the outermost atom layer is not Ni-rich but slightly copper-rich. This leads to the conclusion that the degree of preferential sputtering is small and that the question of preferential sputtering, particularly, the ratio of the sputtering yields, S Cu / S Ni , based on AES measurement requires further examination.

Surface segregations of Cu and S in a Cu-Ni (50wt%) alloy at elevated temperatures of ∼600°C were studied under scanning Auger electron microscope, JAMP-3. Scanning images of S, Cu and Ni Auger signals have revealed that the surface segregations of both Cu and S take place preferentially depending on grains and the contrasts in S and Cu Auger images are complementary. This leads to another confirmation of the previous work, namely, that the surface segregation of Cu is considerably suppressed by the existence of S at the outermost atom layer.

Fur die Diffusion von Farbstoffen in Gelatinegelen gilt annahernd der Satz C1/3 D = K, wenn C1/8 die mittlere EntfernungzweierGelatineteilchen, D den Diffusionsweg bedeutet, in Worten: Die mittlere Wegelange eines Farbstoffteilchens in Gelen von verschiedener Gelatinekonzentration ist proportional der mittleren Entfernung zweier Gelatineteilchen. Fur Agar und Seifengele gilt dieser Satz nicht.