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IntroductionThere are two types of hydropower harvesting methods: conventional and unconventional. In the conventional method, the potential energy of water is harvested using a dam or barrage. However, in the unconventional method, the kinetic energy of flowing water is extracted using hydrokinetic turbines. Resource assessment is a pivotal step in developing hydrokinetic energy sites. Power density (power per unit area) is used to estimate the theoretical hydrokinetic power of a site. Flow velocity and cross-sectional area are the two variables that constitute the power density. Researchers use various methods such as numerical simulation, direct velocity measurement, or indirect velocity calculation using discharge data to conduct resource assessment. In the latter method, the Manning equation is used to convert the discharge data into velocity values. While this method is straightforward for canals, given their fixed and known geometry, it is cumbersome to calculate the hydraulic radius in rivers. To overcome this challenge, numerous researchers have proposed the utilization of hydraulic geometry (HG) to estimate the width and depth of a river reach, and then calculate the hydraulic radius based on these estimated values. The main objective of this study is to present and implement a fast method for assessing theoretical hydrokinetic power using the HG and the Manning equation.Materials and MethodsIn the present study, two hydrometry stations (Gachsar and Siera-Karaj) were selected in the Karaj dam watershed in Iran to implement resource assessment based on HG. A computer code comprising the following four steps was developed in Python using the Google COLAB environment. Data Preparation: The monthly-averaged discharge, Manning roughness coefficient, and slope were collected and imported into the code. The roughness coefficient could be determined directly or indirectly. In the present study, it was considered to be 0.045 for the Karaj River according to the literature review. ArcGIS software and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) were used to extract the local slope of each hydrometry station. For this purpose, the stream network of Alborz province was first extracted, and then the longitudinal elevation profile was measured using the 3D Analyst tools. Discharge Data Processing: The flow duration curve (FDC) is one of the computational tools used by engineers to describe the hydrological regime of watersheds. FDC is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution of flows. In the present study, an all-time record FDC for each station was constructed, and fitted with five different probability distribution functions (PDF). The results of PDF fittings were evaluated by different goodness-of-fit indices, and the best PDF was selected. Calculations of HG and the Manning Equation: The HG formulas were used to calculate the width and depth of flow using the reconstructed FDC from the previous step. These values, along with the roughness coefficient and slope, were used to calculate flow velocity using the Manning equation. After obtaining the flow velocity values, the power density was easily computed. Generating Outputs: In the final step, two categories of outputs are generated: (1) duration curves for width, depth, flow velocity, and power density, and (2) theoretical and turbine-extracted energy diagrams.Results and DiscussionThe goodness-of-fit indices for PDF fitting indicated that the log-normal PDF is the most suitable distribution to describe the FDC with a coefficient of determination of 0.99. The calculated average discharge (Q50) for the Gachsar and Siera stations was 2.34 and 7.68 m3s-1, respectively. These values are consistent with findings from previous studies. The results of the Manning equation calculations revealed that the flow velocity does not differ significantly between these stations (8% higher at Siera). The base flow depth at the Gachsar and Siera stations is less than 1 m. Therefore, as indicated in the literature review, axial flow (propeller) turbines are not suitable for installation in these rivers because they need to be fully submerged and require at least 1 m of depth. Overall, the use of wide and short turbines, such as Savonius turbines, is suggested in the Karaj River. The energy analysis results show that the maximum monthly theoretical energy at Gachsar and Siera equals 38,500 and 125,500 kWh, respectively. However, considering a turbine with a 1 m2 swept area and a power coefficient of 0.2, the maximum monthly extracted energy is limited to 940 and 1,142 kWh at these two stations.ConclusionThis study presents a fast method for the theoretical assessment of hydrokinetic power, which was applied to two hydrometry stations in the Karaj dam watershed. The results of HG calculations revealed that the base velocity (V90) of 1.34 and 1.49 m/s is present at the Gachsar and Siera stations, respectively. According to the available depths at these stations, the use of wide and short turbines such as Savonius turbines is suggested. Each individual Savonius turbine with a unit swept area at Gachsar and Siera is estimated to extract a maximum monthly energy of 940 and 1,142 kWh, respectively.

The purpose of this research was surveying effectiveness of group therapy based on detached mindfulness meta-cognitive model on hypertension-suffering female patients’ hypertension and anxiety. For this, 30 women suffering hypertension were selected by simple random sampling and were categorized in two test group (15 persons) and control group (15 persons). The methodology of research was testing. The applied tools were Beck anxiety questionnaire and mercury manometer. Test group attended in 8-session group therapy based on detached mindfulness meta-cognitive model. The resulted data were analyzed by covariance analysis test. Findings showed that group therapy based on detached mindfulness meta-cognitive model could reduce female patients’ hypertension and anxiety.

One of the most significant and common methods for early detection of breast cancer in the world is lymphoscintigraphy. In clinical trials, [99mTc]Tc-phytate has shown remarkable results for the detection of metastatic axillary lymph nodes prior to surgery. It is expected that the introduction and development of an appropriate alternative radiopharmaceutical including 67Ga for lymphoscintigraphy will be an important deal in the clinic as the half-life of 67Ga is longer than that of 99mTc (78.25 hours versus 6 hours). Radiolabeling of phytic acid with 67Ga is conducted in this study. Based on radioactive thin layer chromatography (RTLC), the radiochemical purity (RCP) was estimated at >99%. The final product represented satisfactory stability under human serum conditions, which was calculated to be greater than 89% during 3 days of study. Pre-clinical studies confirmed the urinary system as the main excretion route for radiopharmaceuticals. A human estimation dosimetry study based on preclinical data was also presented.

IntroductionDue to the disadvantages of using chemical materials as pretreatment before grape drying, the application of non-chemical methods that not only take the environmental issues into account but also increase the drying rate and improve the quality of the produced raisins is vitally important. The high-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB) is one of the non-chemical methods that can be used as a suitable alternative for chemical pretreatment in grape drying. In this research, the design, construction, and evaluation of a high-humidity hot air impingement blanching system are discussed in terms of the drying kinetics of white seedless grapes. The results are compared against the control and chemical pretreatment.Materials and MethodsHigh-humidity hot air impingement blanching (HHAIB) systemThe HHAIB system is composed of the steam generator, steam transfer pipes, side channel pump, closing and opening valves, air recycling channel, electric air heater, hot-humid air transfer channel, pretreatment chamber, hot-humid air distribution chamber, nozzles, temperature and humidity sensors and controllers. The performance of the system depends on the humid air temperature, the output fluid velocity from the nozzle, the distance of the nozzles from the product surface, as well as the diameter and arrangement of the nozzles. In order to achieve optimal design of the nozzle array, the relationships existed for the heat transfer coefficient, air mass flow, and blowing power were considered.Application of the HHAIB pretreatment and evaluation of its effect on the grape drying processExperiments were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature and duration of HHAIB pretreatment on the kinetics of grape drying. A two-factor completely randomized factorial design with three replications was used to analyze the data.According to the studies, the air at temperatures of 90, 100, and 110°C, a velocity of 10 m s-1, and relative humidity in the range of 40-45% was applied to the product. Pretreatment durations of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 s were also considered. Experiments were conducted with three replicates and control treatment and acid pretreatment were used to compare the drying process. Due to the high quality of shade-dried raisins, this method was used to study the process.The effect of the pretreatment duration on the drying kinetics of white seedless grapes was assessed by observing variations in moisture ratio and drying rate over time, as well as determining the effective diffusivity of water.For the color evaluation of the produced raisins, chroma (C), hue angle H°, and total color difference (ΔE) parameters were calculated after measuring L*, a*, and b* values.Results and DiscussionThe comparison of the drying process among the control, chemical, and HHAIB showed the positive efficacy of HHAIB on the drying rate of grapes. Compared to fresh grapes, the increase in drying rate under the influence of HHAIB varied from 8% for a duration of 30 s at 90°C to 68% for a duration of 150 s at 110°C. The values of the diffusion coefficient of grapes for the HHAIB pretreatment at temperatures of 90, 100, and 110°C and durations of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 s, as well as for the control and chemical pretreatments were determined. The values of the coefficient changed from 2.28×10-10 m2 s-1 for 30 s of applying pretreatment at 90°C to 3.53×10-10 m2 s-1 for 150 s of applying the pretreatment at 110°C. The highest value of this coefficient (7.46×10-10 m2 s-1) was associated with the chemical pretreatment. The value of the diffusion coefficient increased with increasing temperature and duration of the HHAIB pretreatment. In general, this increase in the drying rate and the diffusion coefficient can be attributed to the effect of the HHAIB pretreatment on the texture and destruction of the cell wall, as well as the microcracks created on the skin of the grapes. Moreover, the findings reveal that, in comparison with the hot air temperature, the duration of the HHAIB pretreatment was more effective in enhancing the drying rate. Additionally, based on the color analysis, a temperature of 110°C and a duration range of 90-150 s were achieved as suitable conditions for applying pretreatment.ConclusionThe HHAIB pretreatment, which combines the benefits of hot air blanching with jet technology, affects the texture and skin of grapes, accelerates the drying process, and increases the quality of the produced raisins. However, the correct application of this pretreatment depends on the proper design of the system and appropriate conditions, including duration, temperature, and relative humidity. The results of drying kinetics showed that the drying rate increased with an increase in the temperature and duration of the pretreatment. The findings indicate that the HHAIB pretreatment could improve the color indices of the raisins, resulting in an increase in the drying rate and acceptable quality of the final product. This provides a basis for the use of HHAIB on larger and industrial scales.

Background and Objective: Dermoid cysts or mature cystic teratoma are one of the most common benign ovarian tumors. In this study, a case of rare ovarian dermoid cyst containing hair, teeth, bone and intestine is reported. Case Report: The patient is a 36-year-old woman who referred with abdominal pain, nausea and change in menstruation since 2 months ago. The pain was not related to menstruation and there was no tenderness in the abdomen. Diagnosis of the mass was performed with ultrasound and MRI, and a cystic mass was detected in the right and left ovary. The patient underwent laparoscopic surgery. During the operation, the right ovary and the left ovarian cyst were removed completely and without damage. The dermoid cyst of the right ovary contained hair, teeth, bones and nails. The patient was discharged 1 day after the operation, and no complications from the surgery were reported in the follow-up. In the pathological examinations, intestinal tissue was seen in the cyst, which is important, so this case was reported. Conclusion: According to the results of this reported case, intestinal tissue may be present in dermoid cyst. Complete resection is recommended in these patients.

One of the most important hydraulic structures in a dam is the spillway. The design of the ogee spillway crest is based on the lower profile of the free-flow jet passing through the sharp-crested weir. When the downstream ogee spillway profile for the design discharge conforms to the lower profile of the free-jet passing through the sharp-crested weir, the pressure on that surface of the spillway becomes zero. In this study, the design of the ogee spillway was performed initially based on both two- and three-dimensional numerical modeling and then compared to the USBR standard method. The comparison of the final numerical and analytical results showed that although the vertical two-dimensional outputs were completely in agreement with the USBR standard profile, the three-dimensional profiles were different because in this model, guide walls were not considered. According to the analysis, if the flow entering the spillway is parallel to its axis, the lower profile of the sharp-edge spillway will be in complete agreement with the standard profile. Since, the design of guide wall geometry for ogee spillways is carried out using physical modeling which iteratively revises during a high-cost trial and error procedure, this research based on the case study of the spillway of Karun-3 dam has been tried using numerical modeling. The closest geometry to the geometry of the overflow guide wall was obtained which creates the least difference in transverse velocities. In this way, the design of guide walls can be done with more accuracy and low cost in comparison to physical modeling.

One of the reasons for the increase in induced drag is the vortices created at the wing tip, which has a significant effect on reducing aerodynamic efficiency. Therefore, in order to reduce vortices and the induced drag as well as to improve the aerodynamic performance, the use of wing grid is recommended. Wing grids perform better at low Reynolds numbers, and combination of parameters such as taper ratio, aspect ratio, and twist has a better effect on wing performance and reducing turbulence intensity and induced drag. The purpose of this paper is to improve the aerodynamic performance of compound wing using the wing grids. In this study, the numerical and experimental approaches have been used to investigate the effect of these parameters and also, two key parameters: the grid dihedral angle and sweep angle. Also, a force balance test has been performed for force analysis and numerical solution validation. Wing grid dihedral angle decreases induced drag by increasing the space between separated tip vortices and prevents reinforcing effects due to superposition. On the other hand, dihedral angle should be arranged to increase the aerodynamic efficiency. In other words, increase in dihedral angle may defect the overall performance of the wing. The optimum configuration is found to be symmetric, where the dihedral distribution with a 40° angle for the first grid is reduced gradually to a value of -20° for the last one. In addition, sweep angle distribution for the obtained optimized dihedral angle is also investigated. Initially, each grid span is decreased from the first grid to the last at a constant rate. This increases the sweep angle and enhances the aerodynamic efficiency by 15%. Furthermore, the span of the side grids is reduced from the middle grid and marching the wing leading and trailing edges. Elliptical wing configuration has also been shown to increase aerodynamic efficiency by approximately 50%.

Background and Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the materials, methods, and equipment used by general dentists in southeastern Iran for endodontic treatments in 2021. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 121 standard questionnaires were distributed among general dentists in Rafsanjan city, Iran. The questionnaire included demographics and questions regarding the type of materials, methods, and equipment selected by general dentists. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 using the Chi-square test and ANOVA. Results: The response rate of the participants was 83%(n=100); of which, 55% were females and 45% were males. Only 28% of dentists performed pulp vitality tests, and 46% performed sinus tract tracing in case of infection. Cotton rolls were used by 71% for further isolation, apex locator and radiography were used concurrently to determine the working length by 62%, and canal preparation was done by rotary and manual files by 48%. Rotary M3 and ProTaper files were more commonly used by dentists. Electric rotary handpieces were used for canal instrumentation by 64%, and rotary orifice shapers were more commonly used for canal flaring (61%). The most commonly used obturation method was lateral compaction. Most general dentists used formocresol-impregnated cotton pellets for pulpotomy (43%). Half of the dentists used saline for canal irrigation. Calcium hydroxide was the most commonly used intracanal medicament (87%), and 53% used polymerized sealers. Conclusion: General dentists evaluated in this study violated some of the standards and need to take more training courses.

Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles has made many developments to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Many parameters such as size, concentration, type, and intracellular position of nanoparticles, as well as type and energy of the radiation source, affect the sensitivity. In this study, the effect of the presence of gadolinium in the cell has been investigated, and the role of these physical parameters has been evaluated in the dose-enhancement factor (DEF). Using Geant4 software, different distributions of gadolinium nanoparticles (GdNP) and gadolinium atoms were simulated inside a cell. The sources of low energy (25 keV- 80 keV) and high energy from linear electron accelerator (Eave =2 MeV) were irradiated to a single cell, and the dose was obtained in its membrane cytoplasm, and the nucleus was calculated. Then, the effect of its size and X-ray source energy on the DEF value was investigated by simulating a nanoparticle. At the cellular scale, a rapid increase in DEF occurred after the Gd K-edge. The lowest DEF is in the core. The maximum DEF belongs to the distribution of Gd atoms in the cytoplasm and the distribution of Gd nanoparticles in the membrane with the values of 1.20 and 1.17 at 52 keV, respectively. At 2 MeV, the DEF in all distributions is close to 1. At the nanoscale, it was also found that the highest DEF was related to nanoparticles with a radius of 50 nm. Also, the DEF value increases sharply after the Gd K-edge, but at 2 MeV, the DEF value approaches 1.

IntroductionConsidering the conditions of Iran in terms of water resources, high consumption of nitrogen fertilizer and low consumption of potassium fertilizer, less water use in rice cultivation and balance in chemical fertilizer consumption will play very important role in saving and wasting water. Rice production should increase in the coming years due to population growth, and this is possible due to the use of improved cultivars and agricultural management. Water is the most important factor for sustainable production in many agricultural products. About 75% of the rice produced (50% of the total rice fields in the world) is irrigated. Mineral nutrition includes; Supply, absorption and consumption of nutrients are essential for the growth and yield of crops. Non-use of nitrogen in rice plant at the beginning of tillering reduces plant height and non-use of nitrogen in full clustering stage reduces 1000-seed weight.Materials and MethodsThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation methods and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield, yield components, water use efficiency and nitrogen consumption efficiency of Gilaneh rice cultivar in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 cropping years. The shredded load was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Rasht. The size of the experimental units was nine square meters (dimensions of the main plot were 3 × 3 m, the sub-plot was 3 × 1 m and the sub-plot was 1 × 1 m). Accordingly, experimental treatments include irrigation at two levels of permanent flooding and irrigation interval of once every 10 days as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer at three levels of 0, 60 and 120 kg.ha-1 as a secondary factor and potassium fertilizer at three levels. Zero, 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 were sub-factors. To determine the grain yield by observing the margin effect (removal of two rows) in each plot in the physiological maturation stage was taken and grain yield was calculated based on 14% moisture.Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that the highest grain yield of 5198 kg.ha-1 in flooding treatment, application of 120 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer and 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and the lowest yield in 10 days irrigation cycle and no use of two types Potassium and nitrogen fertilizers equivalent to 887 kg.ha-1 were obtained. Increasing the irrigation distance reduced the number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight and paddy yield. The highest nitrogen crop yield (45.8 kg.kg-1) was recorded in both irrigation regimes at 160 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer with 60 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. By increasing the irrigation cycle, treatments of 60 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer along with 160 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer equivalent to 0.764 kg.m-3 in the first year and equivalent to 0.775 kg.m-3 in the second year increased water use efficiency. With increasing irrigation frequency, 1000-seed weight was reduced in all three levels of nitrogen fertilizer, which was significant only in one level of nitrogen fertilizer. The maximum weight of 1000 seeds per hectare with consumption of 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and 60 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was equal to 23.31 g. Increasing the irrigation cycle in all three levels of potassium fertilizer reduced the number of full grains in the panicle.ConclusionNitrogen and potassium fertilizer application, in addition to optimizing fertilizer application, increased the yield and yield components of Gilaneh rice. Irrigation period of 10 days and non-application of two types of potassium and nitrogen fertilizers, the lowest grain yield and consumption of 80 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer and 120 kg.ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer in flooded conditions recorded the highest grain yield.

Background and Objective: With the spread of coronavirus disease 2019, secondary ocular manifestations were observed as common complications in COVID-19 patients, which can challenge the diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between laboratory parameters and ocular diseases and to determine their specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 89 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the intensive care unit of Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol were examined from December 2020 to February 2021. Clinical examinations were performed according to the global standards for ophthalmology examinations for patients, and patients were examined in terms of intraocular pressure, cup-to-disc ratio, ocular manifestations, and ocular diseases. Routine hematology and biochemical laboratory tests were performed for all patients. Patients were compared in the group with an ocular disease (manifestation) and the group without that ocular disease (manifestation). Findings: Out of 89 patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the intensive care unit, 44 women and 45 men participated in the study and the mean age of the patients was 58.5±14.64 years. The number of white blood cells was significantly lower in COVID-19 patients with pinguecula compared to non-pinguecula patients (p=0.026). Furthermore, the relative percentage of lymphocytes was significantly lower (p=0.003) in COVID-19 patients with cataract (9.64±13.20%) compared to non-cataract patients (14.25±17.95%). The relative percentage of neutrophils was higher in COVID-19 patients with cataract compared to non-cataract patients (p=0.01). RBC is significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients with chemosis (p=0.024). For the relative percentage of neutrophils greater than or equal to 82.55%, cataract for COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit with 0.83% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity is positive. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that blood cells and some biochemical parameters are associated with ocular diseases in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

In this research, squeezing fragility due to thermal bath, in quantum squeezed state generation, is simulated. For this purpose, single mode dissipative cavity with non-zero second-order susceptibility is used. Cavity nonlinear medium is driving by laser pump with known frequency, and pairs of identical photons are created, with one-half frequency of driving pump. This process known as degenerate parametric down conversion. In the absence of any dissipation, simulation shows linear time dependent squeezing parameter, which is in agreement with theoretical results. In two photon loss of cavity in contact with cold reservoir, competition between gain and two photon loss, results in stable squeezing of initial vacuum, in steady state of system. At the end, has been shown that, non-zero thermal reservoir, omits the squeezing and leads the final cavity field to the thermal mixture of Fock states.

The growth of contaminating microorganisms in food products causes serious diseases in humans, and the use of lactic acid bacteria to control these contaminants is a promising and developing method. In this study, lactic acid bacteria were isolated from traditional yogurts and a total of 140 isolates were isolated. The probiotic potential of these lactic acid bacteria including resistance to acidic conditions, resistance to bile salts and sensitivity to ten important antibiotics were investigated and then bacteria with probiotic potential were used to inhibit food pathogens. The measured halo diameters of the bacterial medium were measured and recorded, and the antimicrobial properties of the strains were compared. ARDRA technique was also used to identify the strains. The results showed that all strains have excellent tolerance to pH 2.5 and bile salt of 0.3% and isolates Numbers 12, 100 and 102 are recognized as the most resistant strains against studied food pathogens. Findings from this study showed that yogurt samples are an important source for the production of bacteria with probiotic potential with antimicrobial activity and can be used against food pathogens.

Accurate determination of the response of structures under dynamic loads such as earthquake loads plays an important role in the safe and economical design of structures. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a novel solution method based on the use of exponential basis functions for dynamic analysis of Bernoulli beam subjected to different types of base excitations. This method was firstly introduced for solving scalar wave propagation problems, named as stepwise time-weighted residual method. The proposed method considers the solution as a series of exponential basis functions with unknown constant coefficients; and the problem is solved in time without the need for spatial discretization of the beam and by using an appropriate recursive relation to correct the coefficients of the exponential bases. In order to apply the earthquake excitation, first by using the central finite difference relation, the earthquake acceleration history is converted to displacement history. Moreover, the displacement history is applied to the beam as a time-varying boundary condition. In this study, the capabilities of the proposed method in solving several sample problems of vibration of single and multi-span beams under various stimuli such as earthquake acceleration variations are compared with the results of other existing methods.

the Scandium-47 shows undertaking capability in therapeutic radionuclide, particularly in the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) technique. In this study, for the production of the 47Sc, the proton interaction on natural titanium was investigated by the Karaj cyclotron. At first, the excitation functions for the production of 47Sc and accompanying impurities via proton bombardment of titanium targets were evaluated by three nuclear codes, TALYS-1.9, ALICE/ASH, and EMPIRE-3.2.2. The target thickness for the best range of suggested energy estimated through the stopping power using the SRIM-2013 code. The theoretical yields for each reaction were calculated using Simpson's integral. The natTi foil was irradiated by a 29.5 MeV incident proton beam in the Karaj Cyclotron. The total current irradiated on the target was 5 μA·h at the end of the bombardment. The liquid-liquid extraction (LLX) method was employed for the separation of radiochemical impurities. Quality control was performed by γ-ray spectrometry. The separation yield of scandium-47 was 95%. The results showed good agreement with simulated and published experimental data.

Abstract Urban overheating, driven by global climate change and urban development, is a major contemporary challenge that substantially impacts urban livability and sustainability. Overheating represents a multifaceted threat to the well‐being, performance, and health of individuals as well as the energy efficiency and economy of cities, and it is influenced by complex interactions between building, city, and global scale climates. In recent decades, extensive discipline‐specific research has characterized urban heat and assessed its implications on human life, including ongoing efforts to bridge neighboring disciplines. The research horizon now encompasses complex problems involving a wide range of disciplines, and therefore comprehensive and integrated assessments are needed that address such interdisciplinarity. Here, our objective is to go beyond a review of existing literature and instead provide a broad overview and integrated assessments of urban overheating, defining holistic pathways for addressing the impacts on human life. We (a) detail the characterization of heat hazards and exposure across different scales and in various disciplines, (b) identify individual sensitivities to urban overheating that increase vulnerability and cause adverse impacts in different populations, (c) elaborate on adaptive capacities that individuals and cities can adopt, (d) document the impacts of urban overheating on health and energy, and (e) discuss frontiers of theoretical and applied urban climatology, built environment design, and governance toward reduction of heat exposure and vulnerability at various scales. The most critical challenges in future research and application are identified, targeting both the gaps and the need for greater integration in overheating assessments.

This research was undertaken to investigate the causal relationship between family cohesion, family conflict, and school satisfaction mediated by self-efficacy among female elementary school students. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all female 5th and 6th graders in Khorramabad in 2018-19 school year. For the purpose of sampling, random cluster sampling method was utilized and 300 students were selected. According to Hu and Bentler criteria (1999), 15 individuals were selected for each variable and 28 questionnaires were excluded due to incompleteness. Eventually, the sample size was reduced to 272. The instruments included the Family Environment Scale (Moos & Moos, 1986), Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for Children (Muris, 2001), and Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 2001). Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the data. The results revealed that family cohesion and family conflict were significantly correlated with school satisfaction. Test of mediation using bootstrapping established a significant mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between family cohesion, family conflict, and school satisfaction. In explaining the findings, it can be said that when children have a sincere perception of the relationship with their parents which is without control and protection and also have a cohesive family, they will experience the consequence of their actions by feeling both satisfaction and happiness in academic life and also by believing in their controllable ability to succeed in education. Because students with a strong sense of efficacy spend more effort and time working and studying, they have better academic outcomes and, as a result, greater school satisfaction.

Many metallic mineral deposits have sufficient physical property contrasts, particularly density, to be detectable using seismic methods. These deposits are sometimes significant for our society and economic growth and can help to accelerate the energy transition towards decarbonization. However, their exploration at depth requires high-resolution and sensitive methods. Following a series of 2D seismic trials, a sparse, narrow source–receiver azimuth, 3D seismic survey was conducted in the Blötberget mine, in central Sweden, covering an area of approximately 6 km2 for deep-targeting iron oxide deposits and their host rock structures. The survey benefited from a collaborative work by putting together 1266 seismic recorders and a 32 t vibrator, generating 1056 shot points in a fixed geometry setup. Shots were fired at every 10 m where possible, and receivers were placed at every 10–20 m. Notable quality data were acquired despite the area being dominated by swampy places as well as by built-up roads and historical tailings. The data processing had to overcome these challenges for the static corrections and strong surface waves in particular. A tailored for hardrock setting and processing workflow was developed for handling such a dataset, where the use of mixed 2D and 3D refraction static corrections was relevant. The resulting seismic volume is rich in terms of reflectivity, with clear southeast-dipping reflections originating from the iron oxide deposits extending vertically and laterally at least 300 m beyond what was known from available boreholes. As a result, we estimate potential additional resources from the 3D reflection seismic experiment on the order of 10 Mt to be worth drilling for detailed assessments. The mineralization is crosscut by at least two major sets of northwest-dipping reflections interpreted to dominantly be normal faults and to be responsible for much of the lowland in the Blötberget area. Moreover, these post-mineralization faults likely control the current 3D geometry of the deposits. Curved and submerged reflections interpreted from folds or later intrusions are also observed, showing the geological complexity of the study area. The seismic survey also delineates the near-surface expression of a historical tailing as a by-product of refraction static corrections, demonstrating why 3D seismic data are so valuable for both mineral exploration and mine planning applications.

The Electromagnetic Isotopes Separator (EMIS) installed in Karaj, has the capability to separate isotopes in a wide range of elements. Zirconium is successfully separated using this method for the first time in Iran. Zirconium element has five stable isotopes, 90Zr, 91Zr, 92Zr, 94Zr, and 96Zr, and the natural abundance of 90Zr is 51.45%. The 90Zr isotope is used to produce radioisotope 90Nb via 90Zr(p, n) 90Nb that has a high potential for antibody labeling application in PET as a radionuclide. Copper pockets and graphite front plate were designed and fabricated for separating and collecting of Zr isotopes. After choosing the appropriate composition for the initial material, the electrical parameters of the ion source and electromagnet were determined. The mass spectra of Zirconium isotopes were recorded. Deposited 90Zr isotopes were first extracted from the copper pocket and then purified by electrodeposition and purification methods. The formation of 90ZrO2 was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Chemical purity and isotope purification of 90Zr isotope were 99.22% and 99.85%, which measured by TIMS and PIXE method analysis, respectively.

In vegetated landscapes, rain must pass through plant canopies and litter to enter soils. As a result, some rainwater is returned to the atmosphere (i.e., interception, I) and the remainder is partitioned into a canopy (and gap) drip flux (i.e., throughfall) or drained down the stem (i.e., stemflow). Current theoretical and numerical modeling frameworks for this process are almost exclusively based on data from woody overstory plants. However, herbaceous plants often populate the understory and are the primary cover for important ecosystems (e.g., grasslands and croplands). This study investigates how overstory throughfall (PT,o) is partitioned into understory I, throughfall (PT) and stemflow (PS) by a dominant forb in disturbed urban forests (as well as grasslands and pasturelands), Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam., dogfennel). Dogfennel density at the site was 56 770 stems ha−1, enabling water storage capacities for leaves and stems of 0.90±0.04 and 0.43±0.02 mm, respectively. As direct measurement of PT,o (using methods such as tipping buckets or bottles) would remove PT,o or disturb the understory partitioning of PT,o, overstory throughfall was modeled (PT,o′) using on-site observations of PT,o from a previous field campaign. Relying on modeled PT,o′, rather than on observations of PT,o directly above individual plants means that significant uncertainty remains with respect to (i) small-scale relative values of PT and PS and (ii) factors driving PS variability among individual dogfennel plants. Indeed, PS data from individual plants were highly skewed, where the mean PS:PT,o′ per plant was 36.8 %, but the median was 7.6 % (2.8 %–27.2 % interquartile range) and the total over the study period was 7.9 %. PS variability (n=30 plants) was high (CV > 200 %) and may hypothetically be explained by fine-scale spatiotemporal patterns in actual overstory throughfall (as no plant structural factors explained the variability). The total PT:PT,o′ was 71 % (median PT:PT,o′ per gauge was 72 %, with a 59 %–91 % interquartile range). Occult precipitation (mixed dew and light rain events) occurred during the study period, revealing that dogfennel can capture and drain dew to their stem base as PS. Dew-induced PS may help explain dogfennel's improved invasion efficacy during droughts (as it tends to be one of the most problematic weeds in the improved grazing systems in the southeastern US). Overall, dogfennel's precipitation partitioning differed markedly from the site's overstory trees (Pinus palustris), and a discussion of the limited literature suggests that these differences may exist across vegetated ecosystems. Thus, more research on herbaceous plant canopy interactions with precipitation is merited.

In the treatment of the tumors using proton therapy, the synchrotron emits a monoenergetic beam that transports most of its energy in a special position after entering the target. There are two approaches to invading the entire tumor tissue. One of these methods, which the present work deals with, is known as passive scattering. The proton beam should be passed through a rotating scatterer, called modulation wheel, to cover the total volume of the tumor. This scattering device, in its turning, places different thicknesses of materials on the path of the proton and converts this monoenergetic beam to a spectrum with lower energy. This beam is absorbed in the lower depth of the tissue. The goal of this approach is to achieve an energy absorption curve with a maximum flat area in the tumor volume and a fast reduction to zero after passing through the tumor. Investigating the effect of materials and the geometric changes of the dispersive components in the path of the proton beam is a significant issue affecting the shape of the absorption curve. Using the Geant4 toolkit which is based on the Monte Carlo method, this dispersive system was simulated. The calculation of the geometric characteristics of the range modulator wheel, which leads to a flattened absorption curve in the tumor area, has been studied in the literature. In the present work, a Python program with an iterative algorithm has been written to design an acceptable plane curve.

Background: High Dose Rate (HDR) brachytherapy sources with high photon energy have been widely used in treating tumors. Dosimetric parameter of these brachytherapy sources should be determined according to the AAPM TG-43 recommendation. Gafchoromic films are reliable tools for this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare dose accuracy of the two-brachytherapy sources in a dedicated phantom.Material and Methods: In this analytical study, two common sources, including Cobalt and Iridium, were loaded into the dedicated phantom. The two-dimensional dose distribution around the source was calculated by TPS system for certain activities and geometries around the sources. Then, the experimental dose measured by Gafchromic film dosimetry was reported for different angles ranging from 0 to 180 degrees. Results: The difference between calculated and measured doses was less than 6 percent (-5 to +6 percent) for all of the channels and angles. These errors are smaller and mainly more than zero (Dfilm>DTPS) for angles less than 20 and larger than 110 degrees. There is no statistically significant discrepancy in dose calculation by treatment planning system. Conclusion: Although the estimated error in dose calculation is not significant, there is still an opportunity to increase the treatment precision. The correlation between the error and the angle should be considered in further plans of brachytherapy. The present study showed comparable errors compared to results of other research studies.

Considering the SU(2) Yang-Mills theory in a 4-dimensional Einstein Gravity, we find a black brane solution in the AdS space. For this setup, by using the AdS/CFT holography, we find non-Abelian color conductivity of the gauge theory on the boundary of the AdS space. Color conductivity is defined by the generalized Ohm’s law and computed by applying holography to the linear response theory.

Today, nondestructive methods are widely used to determine the quality of agricultural products. Meanwhile, visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy is regarded as one of the most widely used methods in the field of quality assessment of agricultural products. In this study, a system was developed to measure the Vis/NIR spectra of tomato fruit samples in the half-transmittance mode of measurement. Halogen lamps were used as the sources of irradiation and a portable fiber optic spectrometer was utilized to collect the spectra in the range of 400-100 nm. Immediately after collecting the spectra of 170 tomato samples, harvested at different stages of ripening, the firmness of the samples was measured using the standard Magness-Taylor penetration test. In order to eliminate the effects of irregular factors, different preprocessing methods were applied to the collected spectra. Then, partial least squares (PLS) regression was implemented to develop the firmness predictive models. Preliminary results showed two absorption peaks around 670 and 990 nm in the acquired spectra that were related to the chlorophyll and water contents of tomato, respectively. The spectroscopy method could nondestructively predict the tomato fruit firmness with a correlation coefficient (rp) of 0.920 and the root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.5 nm.

I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, a s‌e‌m‌i-a‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌a‌l c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m, w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌n‌c‌o‌r‌p‌o‌r‌a‌t‌e‌s a m‌a‌g‌n‌e‌t‌o‌r‌h‌e‌o‌l‌o‌g‌i‌c‌a‌l d‌a‌m‌p‌e‌r, i‌s d‌e‌v‌i‌s‌e‌d, b‌u‌i‌l‌t, a‌n‌d i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d i‌n a t‌w‌o-d‌e‌g‌r‌e‌e-o‌f-f‌r‌e‌e‌d‌o‌m s‌h‌e‌a‌r f‌r‌a‌m‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l. F‌i‌r‌s‌t, p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s o‌f t‌h‌e d‌a‌m‌p‌e‌r m‌o‌d‌e‌l a‌r‌e i‌d‌e‌n‌t‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e B‌o‌u‌c-w‌e‌n m‌o‌d‌e‌l u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌e‌s‌t d‌a‌t‌a. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, t‌w‌o c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌s, i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e s‌k‌y‌h‌o‌o‌k a‌n‌d P‌I‌D, a‌r‌e i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e. T‌h‌e p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌s i‌s t‌h‌e‌n e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌d v‌i‌a s‌h‌a‌k‌e t‌a‌b‌l‌e t‌e‌s‌t‌s f‌o‌r a s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e e‌a‌r‌t‌h‌q‌u‌a‌k‌e. E‌x‌p‌e‌r‌i‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌l r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s r‌e‌v‌e‌a‌l t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e s‌k‌y‌h‌o‌o‌k c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m c‌a‌n s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s‌f‌u‌l‌l‌y m‌i‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌m‌i‌t‌t‌e‌d a‌c‌c‌e‌l‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s t‌o t‌h‌e f‌l‌o‌o‌r‌s. A‌s a r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t, t‌h‌e b‌a‌s‌e s‌h‌e‌a‌r i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌a‌b‌l‌y d‌e‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e‌d. F‌u‌r‌t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌o‌r‌e, i‌t i‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌n t‌h‌a‌t p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d P‌I‌D c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m i‌s q‌u‌i‌t‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌a‌b‌l‌e w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌a‌t o‌f t‌h‌e i‌d‌e‌a‌l s‌k‌y‌h‌o‌o‌k o‌n‌e, i‌m‌p‌l‌y‌i‌n‌g s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s‌f‌u‌l p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e o‌f t‌h‌e P‌I‌D c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l‌l‌e‌r i‌n t‌a‌c‌k‌l‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e s‌e‌i‌s‌m‌i‌c d‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌b‌a‌n‌c‌e.

This article is to represent the linguistic indicators of gender in, Kalidar, the longest Persian novel. In this work of art, which is not so far from an anthropological report, women have an important and complicated place. Despite of a fundamental role they play in different aspects of daily life, Kalidar women are humiliated under literary gender clichés. The novel is full of proverbs and ironies which have been commonplace in vulgar Persian language for ridiculing and despising femininity. Our main question is: what is the place of women in Kalider from the point of view of a moderate feminism? And our hypothesis is that there is a paradoxical position for women in this novel. On one hand, they are represented as a source of life for men and for all of the family and thereby for the whole community, in some extent, because of the very particular life style of nomadic people, and on the other hand, they have a sense of insult and contempt, due to the general treatment whit women in almost every pre modern community. It means that those clichés have not been deducted from a low role of women in real life, but are constructed by a sexist culture.

Airlines have introduced a back-to-front boarding process in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is motivated by the desire to reduce passengers' likelihood of passing close to seated passengers when they take their seats. However, our prior work on the risk of Ebola spread in aeroplanes suggested that the driving force for increased exposure to infection transmission risk is the clustering of passengers while waiting for others to stow their luggage and take their seats. In this work, we examine whether the new boarding processes lead to increased or decreased risk of infection spread. We also study the reasons behind the risk differences associated with different boarding processes. We accomplish this by simulating the new boarding processes using pedestrian dynamics and compare them against alternatives. Our results show that back-to-front boarding roughly doubles the infection exposure compared with random boarding. It also increases exposure by around 50% compared to a typical boarding process prior to the outbreak of COVID-19. While keeping middle seats empty yields a substantial reduction in exposure, our results show that the different boarding processes have similar relative strengths in this case as with middle seats occupied. We show that the increased exposure arises from the proximity between passengers moving in the aisle and while seated. Such exposure can be reduced significantly by prohibiting the use of overhead bins to stow luggage. Our results suggest that the new boarding procedures increase the risk of exposure to COVID-19 compared with prior ones and are substantially worse than a random boarding process.

The ultralong coherent networks of Si nanocrystals (NCs) via lattice‐enhanced dipole–dipole coupling and the formation of disordered arrays of phase‐correlated field hotspots are studied. Such arrays occur in structures consisting of Si NCs randomly positioned inside long strips that are periodically repeated. The theoretical results predict the formation of all‐dielectric coherent networks of Si NCs, formed via in‐phase coupling of the resonances generated by diffraction of light. Such networks are extended along the lengths of the strips while supporting high field enhancement associated with the phase‐correlated chains of field hotspots between the nanocrystals. It is shown that these phenomena occur at the wavelengths where the Rayleigh anomaly condition is satisfied. Under this condition the electric field is squeezed between two field‐impenetrable regions, causing efficient concentration of electromagnetic energy along the disordered arrays of Si NCs in each strip. The results show that these arrays act as coherently assembled units that are efficiently coupled with the lattice modes, forming highly tunable collective resonances with spectral widths less than 5 nm. These results pave the way for all‐dielectric‐tunable optical filters with very small losses and near‐perfect reflectivity and laser systems based on Si NCs.

Three water-soluble copper complexes based on the amine/pyridine functionalities were investigated, along with quantum dots, as a catalyst–photosensitizer assembly, respectively, for fundamental understanding of photoinduced electron transfer. Luminescence quenching and lifetime measurements were performed to try and establish the actual process that leads to the quenching, such as electron transfer, energy transfer, or complex formation (static quenching). Cyclic voltammetry and dynamic light scattering experiments were also performed. Irrespective of the similar reduction potentials of the three complexes, very different photoluminescence properties were observed.

Objective: Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer which often involves women in the fifth and sixth decades. Herein, we report a rare case of MBC with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) morphology, presented in a young breast-feeding woman with recurrence and metastasis. Patients and Methods: A 29-year-old female was admitted with left breast mass unresponsive to chemo-radiation for mastectomy. The mass was noticed by the patient starting from 10 months before, during breast feeding. First surgery at the same time confirmed MBC with squamous cell carcinoma morphology. Second surgery one month later showed involvement of two out of six axillary lymph nodes. Results: Immunohistochemistry was done with the following results: estrogen, progesterone, androgen receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and P53 negative. Ki-67 was present in 30% of tumor cells. Third surgery was consisted of mastectomy and lymph node dissection which confirmed remnants of malignancy but free lymph nodes. Four months later on follow-up, imaging findings suggested metastasis to lungs and kidneys. Conclusions: We reported a rare case of breast carcinoma with pure SCC morphology which presented at a young age (less than 30 years in spite of more than 50 years in the usual presentation) and the relatively rare occurrence of lymph node involvement in this subtype

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hematopoietic stem cells are one of the new therapeutic options for treating skin ulcers. Recently, a new perspective has been developed to better utilize stem cells using nanofiber scaffolds. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GT) nanofiber scaffold on the therapeutic function of hematopoietic stem cells. METHODS: In this experimental study, 15 male BALB / c mice were divided into three groups of five, including the control group, the group receiving stem cells in the wound site (cell group) and the group receiving cell + PCL nanofiber scaffold. PCL/GT nanofiber scaffold was prepared by electrotherapy. After hematoxylin and eosin staining, the parameters of epidermal repair and hair follicle formation in the wound site were evaluated by fluorescence microscope and Image J and SPSS programs. FINDINGS: On day 28 after transplantation, the highest and lowest epidermal thicknesses were observed in the cell + scaffold group and control group, which were 10.5±0.3 and 27.3±0.9 μm, respectively, which was significant (p

Aims: Individuals faced with an injury do not have the flexibility approach in dealing with stress and do not seek a new meaning for life. Regarding the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on cognitive flexibility and meaning of life in individuals faced with mine explosion leading to maim. Materials and methods: In this experimental study with pre-test post-test design with control group, 40 people faced with mine explosion leading to maim, who were supported by martyr foundation of Gilan-e-Gharb in the first half of 2017, were randomly selected, using simple sampling method. They were divided into the experimental and control groups, each consisting of 20 people. A cognitive flexibility questionnaire and Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) were used for data collection. Eight sessions of self-compassion training were performed for the experimental group. The data were analyzed, using SPSS 21 software by multivariate covariance analysis. Findings: After modifying the pre-test scores, the mean scores of cognitive flexibility (F=11.22) and sub-components of perception of control (F=13.16), perception of several solutions (F=5.64) and mean scores of meaning in life (F=13.24), and the sub-components of the current meaning in life (F=3.78) and search for meaning in life (F=19.07) were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (p

International treaties governing to compensation of third parties for aircraft operation, including the Montreal protocol of 1978 and the Montreal conventions of 2009 has not identified any responsibility for the aircraft operator in relation nuclear damages occurring during the carriage of aircraft and referred it to the Paris treaty 1960 and Vienna convention 1963. The question raised by examining of these documents is that who is responsible for compensation of nuclear damage during air transport? In this paper we first study obstacles created in international sources of aviation responsibility governing airspace and then analyze the reason of these exceptional rules. The result of this article is that with the accession of Iran to the Vienna convention, the operator of installation will be solely responsible for the compensation of damage created during air transportation, but this will not preclude the primary or even ultimate responsibility of aircraft operator.

Aims: Impairment in executive functions can result in impaired self-regulatory behavior and social skills deficiency, and experiential avoidance is a strong predictor of psychological signs and symptoms. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on executive function and experiential avoidance among veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Materials & Methods: This study was conducted in a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design with control group in 2017. The studied population was included all male veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder referred to Quds hospital in Sanandaj. 40 veterans were selected using available sampling method and were divided randomly in two experimental and control groups. The Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) and acceptance and action questionnaire (AAQ) were used to collect information. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software by multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: After controlling the pre-test scores, the results showed that the mean scores of experimental group in number of categories and preservative error as the sub-components of executive function, and experiential avoidance were significantly lower than the control group (p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cancer is one of the main causes of death in human societies. The epidemiological research and cancer control policy in developed countries is dependent on the record of various types of cancer and of mortality information on cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of mortality from cancer in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital of Babol. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on all patients who died of cancer in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital during 5 years. The available information in medical records was collected using researcher-made form (containing demographic characteristics and cause of death). FINDINGS: The most of died patients were over 60 years (49.21%). Gastrointestinal (38.17%) and blood and lymph cancers (31.54%) had higher prevalence than other cancers. Frequency of mortality was different in studied gender and age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cancer mortality has a growing trend. Since the gastrointestinal cancer has been reported as the main cause of death, routinely identifying the factors related to the prevention of cancer in people at risk and screening tests for early detection of gastrointestinal cancers are necessary

Aims: After more than 25 years of Iran-Iraq war, it is required to have a standard and normalized tool to assess the post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) as a screening tool, based on the newest copy of the statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-V). The aim of the study was to investigate validity and reliability of the post-traumatic stress index (PCL-5) in the veterans. Instrument & Methods: In the applied descriptive study, 400 male veterans with chronic PTSD, who were residents of Tehran City and hospitalized in the army hospitals and being treated by the army psychologists and psychiatrists based on the diagnostic symptoms and signs, were studied from December 2015 to April 2016. The subjects were selected via purposeful and available sampling method. Data, collected by PCL-5, was analyzed through the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, correlational method, and Cronbach’s alpha, as well as retest. Findings: To explain and fit, the structure, based on four sub-scales, was proper. In addition, PCL-5 showed favorable convergent evidences (p=0.001; r=0.68). The credibility coefficients of Cronbach’s alpha and the index retest were more than 0.70 and satisfactory in the total scale and its dimensions. Conclusion: PCL-5 has proper validity and reliability and it can be used in the screening of the veterans.

OBJECTIVE: Myeloid sarcomas (MSs) are rare tumors of myeloid blasts and immature cells. Rare cases of splenic involvement are on record. We report a case of MS in a young female which is confirmed on pathologic examination of the spleen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 20-year-old female was admitted with the chief complaints of abdominal pain, fever, anorexia, and dyspnea. She was a known case of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The spiral computed tomography scan without contrast showed a massive splenic enlargement. The ultrasound examination showed liver and spleen were larger than normally measured 190 and 210 mm, respectively, with normal parenchymal echo. RESULTS: The patient underwent surgery with clinical suspicion of MS. The specimen consisted of the red spleen with several infarcted areas totally measuring 22x14x10 cm and weighing 1885 g. The pathology report was splenic infarction with myeloid sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of misdiagnosis is high in the pathologic exam, especially in non-leukemic forms and low clinical suspicion. It is important to consider this entity in the differential diagnosis of splenomegaly or splenic mass in any age group.